CA2090752A1 - Method of preparing a foodstuff - Google Patents
Method of preparing a foodstuffInfo
- Publication number
- CA2090752A1 CA2090752A1 CA002090752A CA2090752A CA2090752A1 CA 2090752 A1 CA2090752 A1 CA 2090752A1 CA 002090752 A CA002090752 A CA 002090752A CA 2090752 A CA2090752 A CA 2090752A CA 2090752 A1 CA2090752 A1 CA 2090752A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- foodstuff
- meat
- frozen
- products
- liquid coating
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 235000015067 sauces Nutrition 0.000 claims description 18
- 235000019688 fish Nutrition 0.000 claims description 17
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 claims description 14
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical group O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000013622 meat product Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000019211 fat replacer Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000013594 poultry meat Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000013599 spices Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 108010082495 Dietary Plant Proteins Proteins 0.000 claims description 4
- 108010058643 Fungal Proteins Proteins 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000013351 cheese Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000013355 food flavoring agent Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000008216 herbs Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ZIIUUSVHCHPIQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,6-trimethyl-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzenesulfonamide Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=CC(C)=C1S(=O)(=O)NC1=CC=CC(C(F)(F)F)=C1 ZIIUUSVHCHPIQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004150 EU approved colour Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 102000002322 Egg Proteins Human genes 0.000 claims description 2
- 108010000912 Egg Proteins Proteins 0.000 claims description 2
- 102000015439 Phospholipases Human genes 0.000 claims description 2
- 108010064785 Phospholipases Proteins 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000015173 baked goods and baking mixes Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940071162 caseinate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013365 dairy product Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013345 egg yolk Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 210000002969 egg yolk Anatomy 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013601 eggs Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011868 grain product Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940006093 opthalmologic coloring agent diagnostic Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000287828 Gallus gallus Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000019687 Lamb Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 108010073771 Soybean Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000015278 beef Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000013330 chicken meat Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000006071 cream Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000015277 pork Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000013580 sausages Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000019710 soybean protein Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000014122 turkey meat Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000008939 whole milk Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000291564 Allium cepa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002732 Allium cepa var. cepa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000143060 Americamysis bahia Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000007124 Brassica oleracea Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003899 Brassica oleracea var acephala Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011301 Brassica oleracea var capitata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000001169 Brassica oleracea var oleracea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000004160 Capsicum annuum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000008534 Capsicum annuum var annuum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000007862 Capsicum baccatum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 102000011632 Caseins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010076119 Caseins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000238557 Decapoda Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920000168 Microcrystalline cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000209140 Triticum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 alkyl ether derivatives of glycerol Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- OGBUMNBNEWYMNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N batilol Chemical class CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOCC(O)CO OGBUMNBNEWYMNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015223 cooked beef Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011194 food seasoning agent Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019813 microcrystalline cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008108 microcrystalline cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940016286 microcrystalline cellulose Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920000223 polyglycerol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011369 resultant mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940080237 sodium caseinate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000153 supplemental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000015113 tomato pastes and purées Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23B—PRESERVATION OF FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES
- A23B4/00—Preservation of meat, sausages, fish or fish products
- A23B4/06—Freezing; Subsequent thawing; Cooling
- A23B4/08—Freezing; Subsequent thawing; Cooling with addition of chemicals or treatment with chemicals before or during cooling, e.g. in the form of an ice coating or frozen block
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23B—PRESERVATION OF FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES
- A23B2/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general
- A23B2/80—Freezing; Subsequent thawing; Cooling
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23B—PRESERVATION OF FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES
- A23B2/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general
- A23B2/80—Freezing; Subsequent thawing; Cooling
- A23B2/805—Materials not being transported through or in the apparatus with or without shaping, e.g. in the form of powders, granules or flakes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23B—PRESERVATION OF FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES
- A23B2/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general
- A23B2/80—Freezing; Subsequent thawing; Cooling
- A23B2/85—Freezing; Subsequent thawing; Cooling with addition of or treatment with chemicals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23B—PRESERVATION OF FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES
- A23B2/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general
- A23B2/80—Freezing; Subsequent thawing; Cooling
- A23B2/85—Freezing; Subsequent thawing; Cooling with addition of or treatment with chemicals
- A23B2/88—Freezing; Subsequent thawing; Cooling with addition of or treatment with chemicals with direct contact between the food and the chemical, e.g. liquid N2 at cryogenic temperature
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
- A23L13/00—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L13/03—Coating with a layer; Stuffing, laminating, binding, or compressing of original meat pieces
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
- A23L13/00—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L13/06—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof with gravy or sauce
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
- A23L17/00—Food-from-the-sea products; Fish products; Fish meal; Fish-egg substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L17/75—Coating with a layer, stuffing, laminating, binding or compressing of original fish pieces
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23P—SHAPING OR WORKING OF FOODSTUFFS, NOT FULLY COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS
- A23P20/00—Coating of foodstuffs; Coatings therefor; Making laminated, multi-layered, stuffed or hollow foodstuffs
- A23P20/10—Coating with edible coatings, e.g. with oils or fats
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23P—SHAPING OR WORKING OF FOODSTUFFS, NOT FULLY COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS
- A23P20/00—Coating of foodstuffs; Coatings therefor; Making laminated, multi-layered, stuffed or hollow foodstuffs
- A23P20/10—Coating with edible coatings, e.g. with oils or fats
- A23P20/11—Coating with compositions containing a majority of oils, fats, mono/diglycerides, fatty acids, mineral oils, waxes or paraffins
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23P—SHAPING OR WORKING OF FOODSTUFFS, NOT FULLY COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS
- A23P20/00—Coating of foodstuffs; Coatings therefor; Making laminated, multi-layered, stuffed or hollow foodstuffs
- A23P20/10—Coating with edible coatings, e.g. with oils or fats
- A23P20/15—Apparatus or processes for coating with liquid or semi-liquid products
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23P—SHAPING OR WORKING OF FOODSTUFFS, NOT FULLY COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS
- A23P20/00—Coating of foodstuffs; Coatings therefor; Making laminated, multi-layered, stuffed or hollow foodstuffs
- A23P20/10—Coating with edible coatings, e.g. with oils or fats
- A23P20/15—Apparatus or processes for coating with liquid or semi-liquid products
- A23P20/18—Apparatus or processes for coating with liquid or semi-liquid products by spray-coating, fluidised-bed coating or coating by casting
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
- General Preparation And Processing Of Foods (AREA)
- Freezing, Cooling And Drying Of Foods (AREA)
- Meat, Egg Or Seafood Products (AREA)
- Jellies, Jams, And Syrups (AREA)
- Formation And Processing Of Food Products (AREA)
- Food Preservation Except Freezing, Refrigeration, And Drying (AREA)
- Grain Derivatives (AREA)
- Seeds, Soups, And Other Foods (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A method of preparing a frozen, coated, particulate foodstuff material, in which the foodstuff material is simultaneously frozen or deep frozen and coated with a substantially continuous coating, by contacting edible liquid coating material in the presence of an innocuous refrigerant with the foodstuff particles or pieces with continuous agitation.
A method of preparing a frozen, coated, particulate foodstuff material, in which the foodstuff material is simultaneously frozen or deep frozen and coated with a substantially continuous coating, by contacting edible liquid coating material in the presence of an innocuous refrigerant with the foodstuff particles or pieces with continuous agitation.
Description
s ~ ~
METHOD O~_PR~P~RING A FOOD~UFF
The present invention relates to a method of preparing a ~rozen, coated particulate foodstuff, as well as to the frozen, coated particulate ~oodstuf* thus obtained.
The preparation of quick-frozen, individually coated food pieces has been described in American Patent Specification US-A-3,~07,113 (Th.L. ~oth). In this process individual food pieces are first quick-rozen and then - weighed and transferred into an insulated, rotary tumbling : drum, where they are sprayed with a sauce. The sauce is prepared by mixing various ingredients, homogenising at ~ least a portion of the mixture, chilling the sauce to for -~ 15 example 28 to 30F (-2O2OC to -1.1C) and then spraying it :: in this chilled condition on to the foodstuff pieces. This is a very cumbersome procedure, which requires much energy ~: and is very labour~intensive.
: 20 There is there*ore still a need for a simple, but yet reliable method of coating food pieces or particulate *ood material.
EP 93 506 ~Chef Automatique~ discloses a method of freezing moist food with adhering powdered additive comprising agitating the foodstuff in freezing gas.
:
It has now been surprisingly found that it is possible to obtain a superior product to that described by the prior ~.
METHOD O~_PR~P~RING A FOOD~UFF
The present invention relates to a method of preparing a ~rozen, coated particulate foodstuff, as well as to the frozen, coated particulate ~oodstuf* thus obtained.
The preparation of quick-frozen, individually coated food pieces has been described in American Patent Specification US-A-3,~07,113 (Th.L. ~oth). In this process individual food pieces are first quick-rozen and then - weighed and transferred into an insulated, rotary tumbling : drum, where they are sprayed with a sauce. The sauce is prepared by mixing various ingredients, homogenising at ~ least a portion of the mixture, chilling the sauce to for -~ 15 example 28 to 30F (-2O2OC to -1.1C) and then spraying it :: in this chilled condition on to the foodstuff pieces. This is a very cumbersome procedure, which requires much energy ~: and is very labour~intensive.
: 20 There is there*ore still a need for a simple, but yet reliable method of coating food pieces or particulate *ood material.
EP 93 506 ~Chef Automatique~ discloses a method of freezing moist food with adhering powdered additive comprising agitating the foodstuff in freezing gas.
:
It has now been surprisingly found that it is possible to obtain a superior product to that described by the prior ~.
2~7~
art by simultaneously freezing and coating food particles with a liquid coating material. This product has the advantages that (a) the liquid coating material provides a better base for sauce preparation and (b) the coating allows prolonged storage without either rancidity or dehydration problems.
Accordingly, the present invention relates to a method of preparing a frozen, coated, particulate foodstuff in which a particulate foodstuff material is simultaneously frozen or deep-frozen and coated with a substantially continuous coating by contacting an edible liquid coating material with the foodstuff material with continuous agitation in the presence of an innocuous refrigerant.
By "deep-frozen" is understood throughout this specification and the attached claims as meaning having a temperature of at least -20C.
.
The particles or pieces of foodstuff material are selected from the group consisting of vegetables; fruit;
; fish, such as fish, shrimp; mammal meat and meat products, like beef, pork or lamb meat; poultry meat and meat products, like chicken or turkey meat; vegetable proteins, like soybean protein; fungal proteins, like mycoprotein;
cheese, bakery products, cereal products, and mixtures of these materials. The use of fish, mammal meat, poultry meat, vegetables and mixtures thereof is preferred.
Examples of meat products are various types of sausages.
; The average particle size of the foodstuff material ranges from 3mm to 50mm and the shape of the particles or pieces may be of any kind, such as round, oval, ellipsoid, rectangular, multifacetted and the like. The shape of fantasy figures, likes, trees, fish and letters is a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
:, . . . .
. . . - :
20~0752 The foodstuff mat~rial may previously at least partially have been cook~d, and may have been treated with seasoning or flavouring agents, liquid smoke, herbs, spices or may have been marinaded and the like.
The pieces or particles of the foodstuf~ material may be homogeneous, i.e. consisting of one material, but may also comprise different foodstuffs, such as ~or instance combinations of meat and vegetables, meat and cheese, and the like.
The edible liquid coating material advantageously provides the particulate foodstuff material with a solid, substantially continuous, coating so that the ~oodstuff material upon prolonged ~torage does not loose substantial amounts of water due to evaporation. Furthermore the coating provides protection against rancidity.
The edible liquid coating material may additionally have the function to provide a specific taste. and/or aroma to the particulate foodstuf~ material.
The edible liquid coating material may be selected from vegetable, animal or synthetic oils, fats, fat fractions, fat replac~rs, fat derivatives, sauces, aromatizing compositions, flavouring compositions and ~` mixtures thereof.
The edible liquid coating material may comprise a material selected from fish, like fish, shrimps; mammal meat and meat products, like beef, pork and lamb meat, sausage product, poultry meat and meat products, like chicken and turkey meat; vegetable proteins, like soybean protein; oils, fats and fat replacers; water; bouillon;
fungal proteins, like mycoprotein; caseinate; vegetables, like onion, red peppers, cabbage; dairy products, lik~
cheese; egg material, fruit; herbs; spices; flavouring :
, . . ~ . - ~ , :
.
. - . , : - :~ -~
: - .
2~907~2 agents, particularly savoury flavouring agents; colouring agents; antioxidants; egg yolk material which has been modified with phospholipase A, and mixtures of the~e various materials.
Preferred fat derivatives are acylated monoglycerides and/or acylated di~lyceride.
The fat may be of vegetable or animal origin and may be synthetic fat. It may be a single fat or fat fraction or a mixture of fats and/or fat ~ractions. At least part of the fat may be replaced by a low-calorie fat replacer.
Particularly suitable fat replacers are the edible polyesters of polyhydric alcohols having at least four free hydroxyl groupsl such as polyglycerols, sugars or sugar alcohols, and saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched alkyl chain C8-C24 fatty acids. The polyhydric alcohol fatty acid polyesters include such polyesters or mixtures thereof of which, on an average, at least 70% o~
the polyhydric alcohol hydroxyl groups have been esterified with the fatty acids. Also fatty alkyl ether derivatives of glycerol, esters of C~-C24 fatty alcohols and polycarboxylic acids, waxes and microcrystalline cellulose can be used for replacing at least part of the fat.
The proportion of edible liquid coating material to the foodstuff material may be from 5 to 40 percent by weight, preferably from 10 to 30 percent by weight.
The innocuous refrigerant which i5 used in the method according to the present invention prefexably is carbon dioxide. The refrigerant is introduced into the apparatus in which the method is carried out, but part of tha refrigerant may be admixed in solid form together with the particulate foodstuff material.
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2~7~2 The method of the pres~nt invention is carried out in a closed apparatus in which means have been provided for continuously agitating the particulate foodstuff material.
Preferably the apparatus consists of two adjacent troughs which are in open connection with one another, in each of which an axis with paddles has been provided.
It will be clear, however, that in principle any other apparatus, provided it i6 closed and is able to with~tand some gas pres~ure, will be suitable to carry out the method according to the present invention.
The invention is ~urther illustrated by Figure 1, which is a schematical drawing of an apparatus 1, suita~le for effecting the method according to the present invention. This apparatus consists of two elongate, adjacent troughs 2, 3 each of which has been providsd with an axis 4, 5 onto which paddles 6 have been mounted. These paddles 6 may be attached in a suitable configuration with regard to the axis 4, 5. By the revolving paddles 6 the particulate foodstuff material 7, optionally admixed with some solid carbon dioxide, in the adjacent troughs 2, 3 is continuously agitated and at sufficient circumferential speed of the paddles 6, the`particles or pieces of the foodstuff material are brought into a more or less ~luidized state. Through main 8 the refrigerant is introduced into apparatus 1. Through the action of the innocuous refrigerant, the foodstuff material particles 7 are frozen or deep-frozen, i.e. brought in a relatively short time to a temperature of about ~30C to -40C.
Meanwhile, the edible liquid coating material is sprayed on to the agitated foodstuff material particles or pieces by means of a suitable spray nozzle ~. There may be provided a series of nozzles so as to distribute the liquid coating material evenly over the foodstuff material particles or pieces throughout the apparatus. In general, the nozzles are provided over the length direction o~ the ad~acent ~ ~ ' - - .
2~7~2 troughs 2, 3. The liquid coating material usually is kept in a pressurized vessel 10 in which the liquid coating m~terial can be heated or cooled. Main 11 connects the pressurized vessel with the liquid coating material preparation department.
In a different embodiment of the present invention the foodstuf~ material particles or pieces may already have been froze.n previously before thay are brought into the mixing apparatus and in that case the foodstuff material particles are simultaneously deep-frozen and coated in the apparatus. For example, fish particles may have been frozen to -20C before they are brought into the mixing apparatus of Fig. 1. By introducing carbon dioxide, the fish particles are deep-fro~en to -35C to -40C after which a sauce concentrate i5 introduced into th~ mixing apparatus and is sprayed by the nozzles 9 on to the agitated foodstuff material particles of pieces 7 during which the temperature in the mixing apparatus by suitable introduction of refrigerant is kept at for instance -35C.
I~ the coating process was completed, the free-flowing, deep-frozen sauce coated fish pieces were removed from the mixing apparatus 1 by bottom outlets 12, 13. The deep-frozen sauce coated pieces can be served as such, bu-t may also be mixed with frozen vegetable particles and subsequently filled into boxes. Since both components of this mixture are deep-frozen, there is no need to freeze the package afterwards. Since the entire mixture is in a particulate, free-flowing form, it is very convenient for the consumer to dose required amounts from the package.
The invention will now be illustrated by the following examples:
~' ,.
, . . .
~ . .
- - : : : `: ~ ~ , ' .
... .
2 0 ~ 2 E~am~ls I
A sauce concentrate was prepared by mixing the following ingredients at room temperature, homogenizing the resultant mixtures for 2 minutes, taking care that the temperature was kept below 20C:
sauce 24 kg whole milk 40 kg `~ 10 wheat flour 10 kg starch 5 Xg sodium caseinate 2.5 kg sodium chloride 2.5 kg :` spice mixture 7.2 kg : 100 kg of frozen ~-20C~ fish pieces ~31x20x12 mm) were brought into a mixing apparatus of the type as depicted in Fig. 1. Carbon dioxide was introduced through main 8 to ~ bring the air tPmperature in the mixing apparatus to -35C
`; 20 to -40C, whilst agitating the fish pieces. Subsequently, 25 litre~ of the sauce concentrate were sprayed on to the ~; agitated fish pieces in 2 minutes, whilst keaping the air temperature in the mixing apparatus below -35C by ~: introduction of supplemental carbon dioxide. A~ter having finished the coating process, the free-flowing, deep-frozen, sauce-coated fish pieces were removed from the mixing apparatus through outlet openings 12, 13.
The free-flowing, deep-frozen, sauce-coated fish pieces were mixed with deep-frozen, free-flowing vegetable particles in a weight ratio of 2 parts fish pieces to 1 part vegetable pieces. The mixture thus obtained was packaged in top-opening cardboard boxes, contailling 400 grams of the particulate, deep-frozen mixture.
:' ~ '~
.-: :: - : .
: , .~` ' ~ ' - - ~
2~9~7~2 The product allowed a convenient individual portioning and could be prepaared in a conventional or microwave oven or in a pan after addition of the required amount of wa~er, milX or cream.
An excellent f ish and vegetable dish with sauce was :~
obtained.
Example IT
Example I was repeated, but now using a sauce concentrate, prepared of:
whole milk 60 kg ~5 cream ~00 kg salt 14 kg tomato paste 13 kg spice mixture 10 kg :
starch 14 kg Instead of using fish pieces, pieces of cooked beef (about 20 mm cubes) wera coated in the same way as described in Example I and the free-flowing deep frozen, sauce-coated pieces were further processed as described in Example I. Upon preparation in a microwave oven an ;--excellent meat and vegetable dish wi~h sauce was obtained.
~ .
.' ' '~
,, :
-
art by simultaneously freezing and coating food particles with a liquid coating material. This product has the advantages that (a) the liquid coating material provides a better base for sauce preparation and (b) the coating allows prolonged storage without either rancidity or dehydration problems.
Accordingly, the present invention relates to a method of preparing a frozen, coated, particulate foodstuff in which a particulate foodstuff material is simultaneously frozen or deep-frozen and coated with a substantially continuous coating by contacting an edible liquid coating material with the foodstuff material with continuous agitation in the presence of an innocuous refrigerant.
By "deep-frozen" is understood throughout this specification and the attached claims as meaning having a temperature of at least -20C.
.
The particles or pieces of foodstuff material are selected from the group consisting of vegetables; fruit;
; fish, such as fish, shrimp; mammal meat and meat products, like beef, pork or lamb meat; poultry meat and meat products, like chicken or turkey meat; vegetable proteins, like soybean protein; fungal proteins, like mycoprotein;
cheese, bakery products, cereal products, and mixtures of these materials. The use of fish, mammal meat, poultry meat, vegetables and mixtures thereof is preferred.
Examples of meat products are various types of sausages.
; The average particle size of the foodstuff material ranges from 3mm to 50mm and the shape of the particles or pieces may be of any kind, such as round, oval, ellipsoid, rectangular, multifacetted and the like. The shape of fantasy figures, likes, trees, fish and letters is a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
:, . . . .
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20~0752 The foodstuff mat~rial may previously at least partially have been cook~d, and may have been treated with seasoning or flavouring agents, liquid smoke, herbs, spices or may have been marinaded and the like.
The pieces or particles of the foodstuf~ material may be homogeneous, i.e. consisting of one material, but may also comprise different foodstuffs, such as ~or instance combinations of meat and vegetables, meat and cheese, and the like.
The edible liquid coating material advantageously provides the particulate foodstuff material with a solid, substantially continuous, coating so that the ~oodstuff material upon prolonged ~torage does not loose substantial amounts of water due to evaporation. Furthermore the coating provides protection against rancidity.
The edible liquid coating material may additionally have the function to provide a specific taste. and/or aroma to the particulate foodstuf~ material.
The edible liquid coating material may be selected from vegetable, animal or synthetic oils, fats, fat fractions, fat replac~rs, fat derivatives, sauces, aromatizing compositions, flavouring compositions and ~` mixtures thereof.
The edible liquid coating material may comprise a material selected from fish, like fish, shrimps; mammal meat and meat products, like beef, pork and lamb meat, sausage product, poultry meat and meat products, like chicken and turkey meat; vegetable proteins, like soybean protein; oils, fats and fat replacers; water; bouillon;
fungal proteins, like mycoprotein; caseinate; vegetables, like onion, red peppers, cabbage; dairy products, lik~
cheese; egg material, fruit; herbs; spices; flavouring :
, . . ~ . - ~ , :
.
. - . , : - :~ -~
: - .
2~907~2 agents, particularly savoury flavouring agents; colouring agents; antioxidants; egg yolk material which has been modified with phospholipase A, and mixtures of the~e various materials.
Preferred fat derivatives are acylated monoglycerides and/or acylated di~lyceride.
The fat may be of vegetable or animal origin and may be synthetic fat. It may be a single fat or fat fraction or a mixture of fats and/or fat ~ractions. At least part of the fat may be replaced by a low-calorie fat replacer.
Particularly suitable fat replacers are the edible polyesters of polyhydric alcohols having at least four free hydroxyl groupsl such as polyglycerols, sugars or sugar alcohols, and saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched alkyl chain C8-C24 fatty acids. The polyhydric alcohol fatty acid polyesters include such polyesters or mixtures thereof of which, on an average, at least 70% o~
the polyhydric alcohol hydroxyl groups have been esterified with the fatty acids. Also fatty alkyl ether derivatives of glycerol, esters of C~-C24 fatty alcohols and polycarboxylic acids, waxes and microcrystalline cellulose can be used for replacing at least part of the fat.
The proportion of edible liquid coating material to the foodstuff material may be from 5 to 40 percent by weight, preferably from 10 to 30 percent by weight.
The innocuous refrigerant which i5 used in the method according to the present invention prefexably is carbon dioxide. The refrigerant is introduced into the apparatus in which the method is carried out, but part of tha refrigerant may be admixed in solid form together with the particulate foodstuff material.
.
- :-. ~
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2~7~2 The method of the pres~nt invention is carried out in a closed apparatus in which means have been provided for continuously agitating the particulate foodstuff material.
Preferably the apparatus consists of two adjacent troughs which are in open connection with one another, in each of which an axis with paddles has been provided.
It will be clear, however, that in principle any other apparatus, provided it i6 closed and is able to with~tand some gas pres~ure, will be suitable to carry out the method according to the present invention.
The invention is ~urther illustrated by Figure 1, which is a schematical drawing of an apparatus 1, suita~le for effecting the method according to the present invention. This apparatus consists of two elongate, adjacent troughs 2, 3 each of which has been providsd with an axis 4, 5 onto which paddles 6 have been mounted. These paddles 6 may be attached in a suitable configuration with regard to the axis 4, 5. By the revolving paddles 6 the particulate foodstuff material 7, optionally admixed with some solid carbon dioxide, in the adjacent troughs 2, 3 is continuously agitated and at sufficient circumferential speed of the paddles 6, the`particles or pieces of the foodstuff material are brought into a more or less ~luidized state. Through main 8 the refrigerant is introduced into apparatus 1. Through the action of the innocuous refrigerant, the foodstuff material particles 7 are frozen or deep-frozen, i.e. brought in a relatively short time to a temperature of about ~30C to -40C.
Meanwhile, the edible liquid coating material is sprayed on to the agitated foodstuff material particles or pieces by means of a suitable spray nozzle ~. There may be provided a series of nozzles so as to distribute the liquid coating material evenly over the foodstuff material particles or pieces throughout the apparatus. In general, the nozzles are provided over the length direction o~ the ad~acent ~ ~ ' - - .
2~7~2 troughs 2, 3. The liquid coating material usually is kept in a pressurized vessel 10 in which the liquid coating m~terial can be heated or cooled. Main 11 connects the pressurized vessel with the liquid coating material preparation department.
In a different embodiment of the present invention the foodstuf~ material particles or pieces may already have been froze.n previously before thay are brought into the mixing apparatus and in that case the foodstuff material particles are simultaneously deep-frozen and coated in the apparatus. For example, fish particles may have been frozen to -20C before they are brought into the mixing apparatus of Fig. 1. By introducing carbon dioxide, the fish particles are deep-fro~en to -35C to -40C after which a sauce concentrate i5 introduced into th~ mixing apparatus and is sprayed by the nozzles 9 on to the agitated foodstuff material particles of pieces 7 during which the temperature in the mixing apparatus by suitable introduction of refrigerant is kept at for instance -35C.
I~ the coating process was completed, the free-flowing, deep-frozen sauce coated fish pieces were removed from the mixing apparatus 1 by bottom outlets 12, 13. The deep-frozen sauce coated pieces can be served as such, bu-t may also be mixed with frozen vegetable particles and subsequently filled into boxes. Since both components of this mixture are deep-frozen, there is no need to freeze the package afterwards. Since the entire mixture is in a particulate, free-flowing form, it is very convenient for the consumer to dose required amounts from the package.
The invention will now be illustrated by the following examples:
~' ,.
, . . .
~ . .
- - : : : `: ~ ~ , ' .
... .
2 0 ~ 2 E~am~ls I
A sauce concentrate was prepared by mixing the following ingredients at room temperature, homogenizing the resultant mixtures for 2 minutes, taking care that the temperature was kept below 20C:
sauce 24 kg whole milk 40 kg `~ 10 wheat flour 10 kg starch 5 Xg sodium caseinate 2.5 kg sodium chloride 2.5 kg :` spice mixture 7.2 kg : 100 kg of frozen ~-20C~ fish pieces ~31x20x12 mm) were brought into a mixing apparatus of the type as depicted in Fig. 1. Carbon dioxide was introduced through main 8 to ~ bring the air tPmperature in the mixing apparatus to -35C
`; 20 to -40C, whilst agitating the fish pieces. Subsequently, 25 litre~ of the sauce concentrate were sprayed on to the ~; agitated fish pieces in 2 minutes, whilst keaping the air temperature in the mixing apparatus below -35C by ~: introduction of supplemental carbon dioxide. A~ter having finished the coating process, the free-flowing, deep-frozen, sauce-coated fish pieces were removed from the mixing apparatus through outlet openings 12, 13.
The free-flowing, deep-frozen, sauce-coated fish pieces were mixed with deep-frozen, free-flowing vegetable particles in a weight ratio of 2 parts fish pieces to 1 part vegetable pieces. The mixture thus obtained was packaged in top-opening cardboard boxes, contailling 400 grams of the particulate, deep-frozen mixture.
:' ~ '~
.-: :: - : .
: , .~` ' ~ ' - - ~
2~9~7~2 The product allowed a convenient individual portioning and could be prepaared in a conventional or microwave oven or in a pan after addition of the required amount of wa~er, milX or cream.
An excellent f ish and vegetable dish with sauce was :~
obtained.
Example IT
Example I was repeated, but now using a sauce concentrate, prepared of:
whole milk 60 kg ~5 cream ~00 kg salt 14 kg tomato paste 13 kg spice mixture 10 kg :
starch 14 kg Instead of using fish pieces, pieces of cooked beef (about 20 mm cubes) wera coated in the same way as described in Example I and the free-flowing deep frozen, sauce-coated pieces were further processed as described in Example I. Upon preparation in a microwave oven an ;--excellent meat and vegetable dish wi~h sauce was obtained.
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,, :
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Claims (7)
1. A method of preparing a frozen, coated, particulate foodstuff in which a particulate foodstuff material is simultaneously frozen or deep-frozen and coated with a substantially continuous coating by contacting an edible liquid coating material with the foodstuff material with continuous agitation in the presence of an innocuous refrigerant.
2. A method according to claim 1, in which the particles or pieces of foodstuff material are selected from the group consisting of vegetables, fruit, fish, mammal meat and meat products, poultry meat and meat products, vegetable proteins, fungal proteins, cheese, bakery products, cereal products, and mixtures thereof.
3. A method according to claim 1, in which the edible liquid coating material is selected from the group consisting of vegetable, animal, or synthetic oils, fats, fat fractions, fat replacers, fat derivatives, sauces, aromatizing compositions, flavouring compositions and mixtures thereof.
4. A method according to claim 1, in which the edible liquid coating material comprises a material, selected from the group consisting of fish, mammal meat and meat products; poultry meat and meat products, vegetable proteins, oils, fats, fat replacers, water, bouillon, fungal protein, caseinate, vegetables, fruit, dairy products, egg material, egg yolk material which has been modified with phospholipase A, herbs, spices, fruit flavouring agents, colouring agents, antioxidants, and mixtures thereof.
5. A method according to claim 1, in which the innocuous refrigerant is carbon dioxide.
6. A method according to claim 1, in which the weight proportion of edible liquid coating material to foodstuff material particles or pieces is from 5% to 40% by weight.
7. A deep-frozen, particulate, coated foodstuff material, whenever obtained by the method claimed in claim 1.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB92200550.9 | 1992-02-26 | ||
| EP92200550 | 1992-02-26 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2090752A1 true CA2090752A1 (en) | 1993-08-27 |
Family
ID=8210446
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002090752A Abandoned CA2090752A1 (en) | 1992-02-26 | 1993-02-24 | Method of preparing a foodstuff |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0560509A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH0787768B2 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR960007999B1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU3381193A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2090752A1 (en) |
| MX (1) | MX9300947A (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA931328B (en) |
Families Citing this family (29)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ES2033573B1 (en) * | 1991-05-09 | 1994-02-01 | Salcedo Penalver Felipe | PROTECTIVE MOISTURIZING CREAM FOR MEAT |
| ZA944812B (en) * | 1993-07-14 | 1996-01-04 | Unilever Plc | Method of manufacturing a food product |
| DE4411525C1 (en) * | 1994-04-02 | 1996-01-25 | Pvt Prozes U Verpackungstechni | Process for the production of molded food products |
| GB2293534B (en) * | 1994-09-29 | 1998-01-07 | G W Padley | A method of preparing a food product |
| PL178919B1 (en) * | 1995-03-15 | 2000-06-30 | Linde Ag | Method of making meat products especially sausages |
| IE76301B1 (en) * | 1995-05-17 | 1997-10-08 | Helix Park Farm Ltd | Fish processing |
| GB9625415D0 (en) * | 1996-12-06 | 1997-01-22 | Agglomeration Technology Ltd | Method of coating particulate matter |
| DE19701157C1 (en) * | 1997-01-15 | 1998-04-09 | Peter Heller Gmbh | Food-freezing assembly has drum with inlet and outlet at opposing ends |
| IT1293615B1 (en) * | 1997-07-16 | 1999-03-08 | Vomm Chemipharma Srl | METHOD AND EQUIPMENT FOR OBTAINING FROZEN COMPOSITE FOOD PRODUCTS |
| GB9722986D0 (en) * | 1997-10-30 | 1998-01-07 | Boc Group Plc | Tumble coating |
| US6337205B1 (en) | 1998-01-06 | 2002-01-08 | Integrated Biosystems, Inc | Cryopreservation vial apparatus and methods |
| US5964100A (en) * | 1998-01-06 | 1999-10-12 | Integrated Biosystems, Inc. | System for freeze granulation |
| US6079215A (en) * | 1998-01-06 | 2000-06-27 | Integrated Biosystems, Inc. | Method for freeze granulation |
| ES2203919T3 (en) * | 1998-04-14 | 2004-04-16 | Dirafrost F.F.I. N.V. | FRESH FRUIT SALAD. |
| US6235330B1 (en) * | 1998-09-18 | 2001-05-22 | Conagra, Inc. | Process for making free-flowing, coated, frozen food |
| FR2784867B1 (en) * | 1998-10-23 | 2001-01-26 | Bonduelle Sa Ets | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR TREATMENT OF FOOD PRODUCTS SUCH AS, IN PARTICULAR, VEGETABLES |
| US6228172B1 (en) * | 1998-10-29 | 2001-05-08 | The Boc Group Plc | Tumble coating |
| DE19929533C2 (en) * | 1999-06-28 | 2003-11-27 | Thomas Christiaans | Process for the production of frozen single fruit or fruit mixtures |
| KR100413048B1 (en) * | 2001-08-30 | 2003-12-31 | 이한준 | appratus for reforming quality of rice using might and method of the same |
| AU2002307638A1 (en) * | 2002-03-27 | 2003-10-08 | Dag Arntsen | Method and apparatus for antibacterial sanitation treatment of rooms and objects |
| EP1529443B1 (en) * | 2003-11-06 | 2006-02-01 | Karin Kaufmann | Deep-frozen fruits or fruit mixture and process of making the same |
| NL1025995C2 (en) | 2004-04-21 | 2005-10-24 | Stork Pmt | Additive application to a product suitable for human consumption. |
| AT7229U3 (en) * | 2004-04-23 | 2005-04-25 | Sallaberger Wolfgang | METHOD OF PORTIONING PRODUCTION OF PREPARED MEALS FROM GARDEN VEGETABLES |
| ES2268929B1 (en) * | 2004-07-05 | 2008-02-16 | Juan Carlos Sanchez Molina | AROMATIZED FRUIT. |
| KR100831966B1 (en) * | 2006-12-29 | 2008-05-23 | 손병수 | Rice cake coating equipment |
| KR101121742B1 (en) * | 2009-01-08 | 2012-03-23 | 주식회사 제너시스비비큐 | Method of processing raw meat |
| US20110104338A1 (en) * | 2009-10-30 | 2011-05-05 | Coleman Edward C | Food Product Pertaining To A Filling-And-Cracker Sandwich |
| KR101443232B1 (en) * | 2012-05-03 | 2014-09-19 | 강원대학교산학협력단 | Manufacturing method of coated salts using speed mixer and applying anti-caking |
| KR102357255B1 (en) * | 2021-05-27 | 2022-02-09 | 농업회사법인 지앤지팜 주식회사 | Manufacturing methods of pet snacks using anti-browning coated mushroom |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3607313A (en) * | 1968-10-14 | 1971-09-21 | Freezecoat Inc | Method of applying an edible coating to individually quick-frozen food pieces by freeze adherence |
| FR2191849A1 (en) * | 1972-07-10 | 1974-02-08 | Normandie Ste Frigorifiq | Continuous prepn of frozen food prods - in individual portions |
| JPS5849145B2 (en) * | 1980-05-07 | 1983-11-02 | 森永製菓株式会社 | Manufacturing method of granular frozen confectionery |
| AU551690B2 (en) * | 1981-10-20 | 1986-05-08 | Japan Food Preservation Laboratories Inc. | Production of frozen foods |
| US4478861A (en) * | 1982-04-19 | 1984-10-23 | Chef Automatique International Ltd. | Preparation of a frozen food product for later use |
| AU561821B2 (en) * | 1983-02-17 | 1987-05-21 | Liquid Air Australia Ltd. | Frozen food preparation |
| US5085884A (en) * | 1990-04-26 | 1992-02-04 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Reduced calorie potato chips and other low moisture fat-containing foods having less waxiness and improved flavor display |
-
1993
- 1993-02-22 MX MX9300947A patent/MX9300947A/en unknown
- 1993-02-24 CA CA002090752A patent/CA2090752A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1993-02-24 EP EP93301367A patent/EP0560509A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1993-02-24 KR KR1019930002531A patent/KR960007999B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-02-25 JP JP5060883A patent/JPH0787768B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-02-25 ZA ZA931328A patent/ZA931328B/en unknown
- 1993-02-26 AU AU33811/93A patent/AU3381193A/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR960007999B1 (en) | 1996-06-19 |
| JPH0787768B2 (en) | 1995-09-27 |
| JPH067137A (en) | 1994-01-18 |
| KR930017500A (en) | 1993-09-20 |
| ZA931328B (en) | 1994-08-25 |
| AU3381193A (en) | 1993-09-02 |
| EP0560509A1 (en) | 1993-09-15 |
| MX9300947A (en) | 1994-08-31 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Discontinued |