CA1323316C - Drum - Google Patents
DrumInfo
- Publication number
- CA1323316C CA1323316C CA000586491A CA586491A CA1323316C CA 1323316 C CA1323316 C CA 1323316C CA 000586491 A CA000586491 A CA 000586491A CA 586491 A CA586491 A CA 586491A CA 1323316 C CA1323316 C CA 1323316C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- ring
- drum
- vessel
- shell
- rolling ring
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D1/00—Containers having bodies formed in one piece, e.g. by casting metallic material, by moulding plastics, by blowing vitreous material, by throwing ceramic material, by moulding pulped fibrous material, by deep-drawing operations performed on sheet material
- B65D1/12—Cans, casks, barrels, or drums
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Containers Having Bodies Formed In One Piece (AREA)
- Rigid Containers With Two Or More Constituent Elements (AREA)
- Details Of Rigid Or Semi-Rigid Containers (AREA)
- Rolling Contact Bearings (AREA)
- Buffer Packaging (AREA)
- Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Cookers (AREA)
- Table Devices Or Equipment (AREA)
- Toys (AREA)
- Tires In General (AREA)
- Stackable Containers (AREA)
- Rolls And Other Rotary Bodies (AREA)
- Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
- Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A drum of thermoplastic material comprises a rolling ring which projects from the drum shell in the vicinity of the bottom of the drum. The rolling ring in the cross-section is approximately trapezium-shaped. The narrowest area of the ring is at the base of the ring groove, and the axial end face of the ring is coplanar with the plane of the drum bottom.
A drum of thermoplastic material comprises a rolling ring which projects from the drum shell in the vicinity of the bottom of the drum. The rolling ring in the cross-section is approximately trapezium-shaped. The narrowest area of the ring is at the base of the ring groove, and the axial end face of the ring is coplanar with the plane of the drum bottom.
Description
This invention relates to a drum of a thermoplastic material, the drum having a rolling ring which extends from the shell of the drum in the vicinity of the bottom of the drum as an axial extension of the cylindrical portion of the drum shell, wherein the area of the drum shell that is adjacent to, and extends from, a groove base disposed between the rolling ring and the shell merges conically with the bottom of the drum.
Drums are usually equipped with carrying/transporting rings of a substantial cross-section, the rings having each a horizontal and a vertical contact surface adapted to gripping arms of a drum gripping device. The rings are disposed near the respective end surfaces of thee drum.
Mostly, the drums in question are made entirely by blow moulding wherein the carrying/transporting rings are formed as integral with the drum shell. However, it is also known to manufacture separately the tubular part of the drum shell and the end sections, the latter complete with the carrying/transporting rings. The injection moulded end sections are then welded onto the tubular body in a further operation.
In the case of angled impact of a full drum, when falling down from a certain height, the carrying/transporting rings are extremely Jeopardized due to their respectively small wall thickness. Therefore, the rings must be provided wieh a so-called crumple zone in which most of the impact energy is absorbed, or dissipated. This goal is achieved by arranging the rings below, and at a distance from, the top or bottom edges of the drum respectively. The region of the drum shell that protrudes above the annular groove extends conically in relation to the axis of the drum.
When such a drum falls, the resulting oblique or vertical impact causes the elastic end portions of the drum disposed over the rings to undergo a deformation before the rings are affected by the impact.
Due to a relatively small spacing between the rings and the top or bottom of the drum respectively, it is possible for an operator, when rolling the drum askew, to hand-grip both rings whereby very convenient handling of the drum is achieved.
When rolling a filled drum aslant, the bottom edge of the drum flattens under the weight of the drum. Thus, such rolling involves deleterious compression forces. As the respective carrying/transporting ring is supported against the drum body, the deformation of the bottom edge may be expected to be partly absorbed and hence the deleterious compression forces moderated.
Still, rolling the drum over its bottom edge has strong drawbacks. Moreover, the area of the edge between the drum side wall and the bottom is relatively thin-walled and can be overstressed due to rough handling, particularly due to oblique rolling by hand.
Further, when tilting and rolling the drum upon the height-extending rolling ring, there is the risk of accidental jamming of the operator's foot under that ring.
Obviously, it is only the upper carrying/transporting ring that provides an abutment for a drum gripping device (which serves to lift and transport the drums). Therefore, the lower carrying/transporting ring offers a possibility of its being adapted, by reshaping, to perform another function. It is also essential to absorb the deformation forces generated during the fall of a filled drum, in a non-destructive manner.
To achieve this objective, the lower carrying/transporting ring must be reshaped into a rolling ring and its position on the drum shell must be somewhat changed.
In one aspect, the invention provides a thermoplastic vessel with a rolling ring protruding from the shell of the vessel near the bottom thereof in-axial extension of the cylindrical shell and in which the shell area adjoining the base of the groove between the rolling ring and shell conically merges into the bottom head of the vessel, characterized in that the inside wall surface of rolling ring, starting from base of the groove, merges into an axial end face which, in turn, merges with a convex arc-shaped corner surface into a radial end surface of the ring with the cross section of the rolling ring thickening, as measured further from the base of said groove and the radial end surface merges from its upper outer edge into the outside surface of drum shell by a conical outside surface facing away from the bottom head of the vessel and the prolongation of the center axis drawn through the cross-section of the ring and generally parallel to the conical outside surface thereof, intersects the vertical center axis of the vessel, when empty, centrally of its axial length.
3 _ It can be seen now that the lower crumple zone has been eliminated so that the rolling motion of the drum is now only possible over the rolling ring.
The impact energy released during an oblique or vertical impact of a falling drum is now absorbed directly by the rolling ring which can bend inwards about the narrow connecting area on the drum wall and thus become elastically deformed up to the position in which the ring abuts the conical part of the shell and rests against it. In this manner, the impact energy becomes dissipated by means of the deformable rolling ring.
- 3a-The rolling ring and the bottom of the drum absorb the vertical stacking forces, wherein the forces become distributed over the cylindrical part of the shell into the ring and over the conical part of the shell, into the drum bottom. The end force of the bottom can be slightly retreating relative to the axial end face of the rolling ring in order to ensure a satisfactory support on the base surface.
When the drum is up-ended (tipped on its edge) and rolled, it bends slightly. The diagonal loading which occurs when the drum is rolled over its edge, can be better absorbed, according to the invention, by that the rolling ring, starting from the groove base, is slightly bent outwards, wherein the extension of the centre axis, passing through the ring cross-section, crosses the centre-of-mass area within the drum. This relieves the rolling ring to a large extent of bending forces when the drum is rolled, so that merely a small deformation of the ring results in a relatively closely llmited ground contact, which facilitates the rolling operation. The stacking forces are transmitted directly through the rolling ring to the drum shell.
A loss-free palletizing of the drum is ensured when the outer diameter of the radial end face of the rolling ring corresponds to the peripheral diameter of the drum shell.
An embodiment of the invention is illustrated by way of example in the accompanying drawing, in which:-Figure 1 is a side view of a drum Figure 2 is an enlarged cutout of the top side of the drum, and Figure 3 is an enlarged cutout of the bottom side of the drum.
In the drawing, the shell of a drum 9 has a cylindrical part 4, a top end face 10 and a bottom end face 7. At the top of the drum are disposed bungs, not illustrated.
In the vicinity of the drum top is disposed a carrying/transporting ring 11, solid in the cross-section, which has a horizontal contact surface 13 and a vertical contact surface 14 to accommodate gripping arms of a drum gripping device, not illustrated in the drawing.
The carrying/transporting ring 11 is integral with the drum shell 4 with which it is connected through a connect~ng ring 1 5~which joins the ring 11 a~ the horizontal contact surface 13. In the embodiment illustrated herein, the groove base between the connecting ring 15 and shell portion 12 that extends conically towards the top end face 10, is disposed below, and spaced from, the horizontal contact surface 13 of the carrying/transporting ring 11.
The rolling ring 1 disposed at the bottom of the drum is, in the cross-section, approximately trapezium shaped. The narrowest, or thinnest, area of the rolling ring 1 is at the groove ~ase 2. In addition to a better weldability of the material, compressed during molding, the narrowing creates a sort of hinge so that the ring 1 can bend inwards under lateral deformation forces. The thickness of the ring 1 increases from the narrowest spot towards the opposite thickened end.
The axial end face 5 of the ring 1 is approximately coplanar with the plane of the bottom end face 7 of the drum.
The end face 7 extends into the cylindrical drum shell 4 through a conical part 6 of the shell. The radial end face 3 of the ring 1 corresponds to the peripheral diameter of the drum shell 4.
Beginning from the groove base 2, the rolling ring 1 is slightly sloped conically outwards. The extension of a centre axis 8 (broken line) which passes through the cross-section of the ring 1, crosses the centre-of-mass area of the drum 9, not shown in the drawing. In a desirable embodiment of the present invention the ring (1) in its narrowest cross-section in the inner and outer peripheral area is braced by means of uniformly distributed stiffening ribs.
Drums are usually equipped with carrying/transporting rings of a substantial cross-section, the rings having each a horizontal and a vertical contact surface adapted to gripping arms of a drum gripping device. The rings are disposed near the respective end surfaces of thee drum.
Mostly, the drums in question are made entirely by blow moulding wherein the carrying/transporting rings are formed as integral with the drum shell. However, it is also known to manufacture separately the tubular part of the drum shell and the end sections, the latter complete with the carrying/transporting rings. The injection moulded end sections are then welded onto the tubular body in a further operation.
In the case of angled impact of a full drum, when falling down from a certain height, the carrying/transporting rings are extremely Jeopardized due to their respectively small wall thickness. Therefore, the rings must be provided wieh a so-called crumple zone in which most of the impact energy is absorbed, or dissipated. This goal is achieved by arranging the rings below, and at a distance from, the top or bottom edges of the drum respectively. The region of the drum shell that protrudes above the annular groove extends conically in relation to the axis of the drum.
When such a drum falls, the resulting oblique or vertical impact causes the elastic end portions of the drum disposed over the rings to undergo a deformation before the rings are affected by the impact.
Due to a relatively small spacing between the rings and the top or bottom of the drum respectively, it is possible for an operator, when rolling the drum askew, to hand-grip both rings whereby very convenient handling of the drum is achieved.
When rolling a filled drum aslant, the bottom edge of the drum flattens under the weight of the drum. Thus, such rolling involves deleterious compression forces. As the respective carrying/transporting ring is supported against the drum body, the deformation of the bottom edge may be expected to be partly absorbed and hence the deleterious compression forces moderated.
Still, rolling the drum over its bottom edge has strong drawbacks. Moreover, the area of the edge between the drum side wall and the bottom is relatively thin-walled and can be overstressed due to rough handling, particularly due to oblique rolling by hand.
Further, when tilting and rolling the drum upon the height-extending rolling ring, there is the risk of accidental jamming of the operator's foot under that ring.
Obviously, it is only the upper carrying/transporting ring that provides an abutment for a drum gripping device (which serves to lift and transport the drums). Therefore, the lower carrying/transporting ring offers a possibility of its being adapted, by reshaping, to perform another function. It is also essential to absorb the deformation forces generated during the fall of a filled drum, in a non-destructive manner.
To achieve this objective, the lower carrying/transporting ring must be reshaped into a rolling ring and its position on the drum shell must be somewhat changed.
In one aspect, the invention provides a thermoplastic vessel with a rolling ring protruding from the shell of the vessel near the bottom thereof in-axial extension of the cylindrical shell and in which the shell area adjoining the base of the groove between the rolling ring and shell conically merges into the bottom head of the vessel, characterized in that the inside wall surface of rolling ring, starting from base of the groove, merges into an axial end face which, in turn, merges with a convex arc-shaped corner surface into a radial end surface of the ring with the cross section of the rolling ring thickening, as measured further from the base of said groove and the radial end surface merges from its upper outer edge into the outside surface of drum shell by a conical outside surface facing away from the bottom head of the vessel and the prolongation of the center axis drawn through the cross-section of the ring and generally parallel to the conical outside surface thereof, intersects the vertical center axis of the vessel, when empty, centrally of its axial length.
3 _ It can be seen now that the lower crumple zone has been eliminated so that the rolling motion of the drum is now only possible over the rolling ring.
The impact energy released during an oblique or vertical impact of a falling drum is now absorbed directly by the rolling ring which can bend inwards about the narrow connecting area on the drum wall and thus become elastically deformed up to the position in which the ring abuts the conical part of the shell and rests against it. In this manner, the impact energy becomes dissipated by means of the deformable rolling ring.
- 3a-The rolling ring and the bottom of the drum absorb the vertical stacking forces, wherein the forces become distributed over the cylindrical part of the shell into the ring and over the conical part of the shell, into the drum bottom. The end force of the bottom can be slightly retreating relative to the axial end face of the rolling ring in order to ensure a satisfactory support on the base surface.
When the drum is up-ended (tipped on its edge) and rolled, it bends slightly. The diagonal loading which occurs when the drum is rolled over its edge, can be better absorbed, according to the invention, by that the rolling ring, starting from the groove base, is slightly bent outwards, wherein the extension of the centre axis, passing through the ring cross-section, crosses the centre-of-mass area within the drum. This relieves the rolling ring to a large extent of bending forces when the drum is rolled, so that merely a small deformation of the ring results in a relatively closely llmited ground contact, which facilitates the rolling operation. The stacking forces are transmitted directly through the rolling ring to the drum shell.
A loss-free palletizing of the drum is ensured when the outer diameter of the radial end face of the rolling ring corresponds to the peripheral diameter of the drum shell.
An embodiment of the invention is illustrated by way of example in the accompanying drawing, in which:-Figure 1 is a side view of a drum Figure 2 is an enlarged cutout of the top side of the drum, and Figure 3 is an enlarged cutout of the bottom side of the drum.
In the drawing, the shell of a drum 9 has a cylindrical part 4, a top end face 10 and a bottom end face 7. At the top of the drum are disposed bungs, not illustrated.
In the vicinity of the drum top is disposed a carrying/transporting ring 11, solid in the cross-section, which has a horizontal contact surface 13 and a vertical contact surface 14 to accommodate gripping arms of a drum gripping device, not illustrated in the drawing.
The carrying/transporting ring 11 is integral with the drum shell 4 with which it is connected through a connect~ng ring 1 5~which joins the ring 11 a~ the horizontal contact surface 13. In the embodiment illustrated herein, the groove base between the connecting ring 15 and shell portion 12 that extends conically towards the top end face 10, is disposed below, and spaced from, the horizontal contact surface 13 of the carrying/transporting ring 11.
The rolling ring 1 disposed at the bottom of the drum is, in the cross-section, approximately trapezium shaped. The narrowest, or thinnest, area of the rolling ring 1 is at the groove ~ase 2. In addition to a better weldability of the material, compressed during molding, the narrowing creates a sort of hinge so that the ring 1 can bend inwards under lateral deformation forces. The thickness of the ring 1 increases from the narrowest spot towards the opposite thickened end.
The axial end face 5 of the ring 1 is approximately coplanar with the plane of the bottom end face 7 of the drum.
The end face 7 extends into the cylindrical drum shell 4 through a conical part 6 of the shell. The radial end face 3 of the ring 1 corresponds to the peripheral diameter of the drum shell 4.
Beginning from the groove base 2, the rolling ring 1 is slightly sloped conically outwards. The extension of a centre axis 8 (broken line) which passes through the cross-section of the ring 1, crosses the centre-of-mass area of the drum 9, not shown in the drawing. In a desirable embodiment of the present invention the ring (1) in its narrowest cross-section in the inner and outer peripheral area is braced by means of uniformly distributed stiffening ribs.
Claims (5)
1. A thermoplastic vessel with a rolling ring protruding from the shell of the vessel near the bottom thereof in axial extension of the cylindrical shell and in which the shell area adjoining the base of a groove between the rolling ring and shell conically merges into the bottom head of the vessel, characterized in that the inside wall surface of rolling ring, starting from base of the groove, merges into an axial end face which, in turn, merges with a convex arc-shaped corner surface into a radial end surface of the ring with the cross section of the rolling ring thickening, as measured further from the base of said groove and the radial end surface merges from its upper outer edge into the outside surface of drum shell by a conical outside surface facing away from the bottom head of the vessel and the prolongation of the canter axis drawn through the cross-section of the ring and generally parallel to the conical outside surface thereof, intersects the vertical center axis of the vessel, when empty, centrally of its axial length.
2. The vessel according to claim 1, wherein the rolling ring in its narrowest cross-section at the base of the groove is reinforced by evenly distributed axial ribs.
3. The vessel according to claim 1 wherein the prolongation of said center axis extends through the arc-shaped corner surface of the ring.
4. The vessel according to claim 1 wherein the axial end face of the ring ends in the plane of the bottom head of the vessel.
5. The vessel according to claim 1 wherein the radial diameter of the radial end surface of the rolling ring corresponds to the largest diameter of the drum shell.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE3824176A DE3824176A1 (en) | 1988-07-16 | 1988-07-16 | BARREL |
| DE3824176.5 | 1988-07-16 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1323316C true CA1323316C (en) | 1993-10-19 |
Family
ID=6358835
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000586491A Expired - Lifetime CA1323316C (en) | 1988-07-16 | 1988-12-20 | Drum |
Country Status (30)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH0232949A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1023201C (en) |
| AR (1) | AR246493A1 (en) |
| AT (1) | AT399706B (en) |
| AU (1) | AU610298B2 (en) |
| BE (1) | BE1003048A5 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR8902745A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1323316C (en) |
| CH (1) | CH679475A5 (en) |
| CS (1) | CS271349B2 (en) |
| DD (1) | DD284456A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3824176A1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK173931B1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2013381A6 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI891628A (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2634176B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2220635B (en) |
| GR (1) | GR1000340B (en) |
| HU (1) | HU209544B (en) |
| IL (1) | IL88596A (en) |
| IT (2) | IT8822647A0 (en) |
| MX (1) | MX172183B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL193403C (en) |
| NO (1) | NO172632C (en) |
| PL (1) | PL159310B1 (en) |
| SE (1) | SE501648C2 (en) |
| SG (1) | SG8395G (en) |
| SU (1) | SU1662347A3 (en) |
| TR (1) | TR26351A (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA894652B (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE9007282U1 (en) * | 1990-02-14 | 1990-09-13 | Mauser-Werke GmbH, 5040 Brühl | Stackable barrel |
| US5425454A (en) * | 1990-02-14 | 1995-06-20 | Mauser-Werke Gmbh | Stackable drum |
| US6045000A (en) * | 1997-12-02 | 2000-04-04 | Rauworth; Barry Lee | Blow molded drum |
| JP2010228800A (en) * | 2009-03-30 | 2010-10-14 | Kodama Jushi Kogyo Kk | Resin container |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL7507820A (en) * | 1975-07-01 | 1977-01-04 | Leer Koninklijke Emballage | BARREL FROM PLASTIC. |
| JPS5481568A (en) * | 1977-12-09 | 1979-06-29 | Hitachi Ltd | Continuous filter-separator |
| DE2815326C2 (en) * | 1978-04-08 | 1982-09-23 | Mauser KG, 5040 Brühl | Blown bung drum |
| US4643323A (en) * | 1984-11-06 | 1987-02-17 | Schuetz Udo | Drum of thermoplastic synthetic resin |
| DE3533266A1 (en) * | 1984-11-06 | 1986-05-15 | Udo 5418 Selters Schütz | Vessel made of thermoplastic with bung |
| DE8521677U1 (en) * | 1985-07-27 | 1985-09-12 | Mauser-Werke Gmbh, 5040 Bruehl | Bung barrel |
| DE8716657U1 (en) * | 1987-12-17 | 1988-02-18 | Richter, Günter, 5230 Altenkirchen | Plastic ace |
| DE8800675U1 (en) * | 1988-01-21 | 1988-03-10 | Mauser-Werke GmbH, 5040 Brühl | bung barrel |
-
1988
- 1988-07-16 DE DE3824176A patent/DE3824176A1/en active Granted
- 1988-11-17 IT IT8822647A patent/IT8822647A0/en unknown
- 1988-11-17 IT IT8822163U patent/IT8822163V0/en unknown
- 1988-11-23 AT AT0288188A patent/AT399706B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-11-29 NO NO885317A patent/NO172632C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-11-29 MX MX013969A patent/MX172183B/en unknown
- 1988-11-30 AR AR88312591A patent/AR246493A1/en active
- 1988-12-01 AU AU26457/88A patent/AU610298B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1988-12-06 IL IL88596A patent/IL88596A/en unknown
- 1988-12-09 GB GB8828855A patent/GB2220635B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-12-15 ES ES8803801A patent/ES2013381A6/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-12-20 CA CA000586491A patent/CA1323316C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-12-28 SU SU884613121A patent/SU1662347A3/en active
- 1988-12-31 CN CN89100049A patent/CN1023201C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1989
- 1989-01-03 TR TR89/0023A patent/TR26351A/en unknown
- 1989-01-06 HU HU8949A patent/HU209544B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-01-09 PL PL1989277120A patent/PL159310B1/en unknown
- 1989-01-09 CS CS89145A patent/CS271349B2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-01-16 FR FR898900411A patent/FR2634176B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-01-16 NL NL8900091A patent/NL193403C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-01-30 GR GR890100056A patent/GR1000340B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-02-16 JP JP1035192A patent/JPH0232949A/en active Granted
- 1989-02-23 DK DK198900841A patent/DK173931B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-03-13 SE SE8900877A patent/SE501648C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-04-05 FI FI891628A patent/FI891628A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-06-01 DD DD89329156A patent/DD284456A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-06-05 BE BE8900610A patent/BE1003048A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-06-09 BR BR898902745A patent/BR8902745A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-06-19 ZA ZA894652A patent/ZA894652B/en unknown
- 1989-07-05 CH CH2499/89A patent/CH679475A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1995
- 1995-01-18 SG SG8395A patent/SG8395G/en unknown
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKLA | Lapsed | ||
| MKEC | Expiry (correction) |
Effective date: 20121205 |