CA1065268A - Method for manufacturing alcohol or alcoholic beverage - Google Patents
Method for manufacturing alcohol or alcoholic beverageInfo
- Publication number
- CA1065268A CA1065268A CA240,474A CA240474A CA1065268A CA 1065268 A CA1065268 A CA 1065268A CA 240474 A CA240474 A CA 240474A CA 1065268 A CA1065268 A CA 1065268A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- slurry
- maize
- temperature
- ground
- mixture
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 235000013334 alcoholic beverage Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 120
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 235000016383 Zea mays subsp huehuetenangensis Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 235000009973 maize Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 244000239348 Echinochloa crus galli var. praticola Species 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 240000005498 Setaria italica Species 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 240000006394 Sorghum bicolor Species 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 235000011684 Sorghum saccharatum Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 235000009430 Thespesia populnea Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 235000002252 panizo Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 240000005979 Hordeum vulgare Species 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 235000007340 Hordeum vulgare Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 240000008114 Panicum miliaceum Species 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 235000007199 Panicum miliaceum Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000004382 Amylase Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- GXCLVBGFBYZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N-methylprop-2-en-1-amine Chemical compound CN(CCC1=CNC2=C1C=CC=C2)CC=C GXCLVBGFBYZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 108010073178 Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase Proteins 0.000 claims description 14
- 102100022624 Glucoamylase Human genes 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 241000209140 Triticum Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 210000001161 mammalian embryo Anatomy 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001476 alcoholic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010411 cooking Methods 0.000 abstract description 37
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 244000098338 Triticum aestivum Species 0.000 abstract 1
- 229940088598 enzyme Drugs 0.000 description 33
- 235000014680 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nutrition 0.000 description 20
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 8
- 102000013142 Amylases Human genes 0.000 description 6
- 108010065511 Amylases Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 235000019418 amylase Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 4
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 4
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 3
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000062793 Sorghum vulgare Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019713 millet Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000005253 yeast cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 108010077805 Bacterial Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920002261 Corn starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002488 Hemicellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 206010037660 Pyrexia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000952054 Rhizopus sp. Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000082988 Secale cereale Species 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013361 beverage Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000009172 bursting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002844 continuous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008120 corn starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940079919 digestives enzyme preparation Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940100486 rice starch Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000012976 tarts Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 1
- IEDVJHCEMCRBQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoprim Chemical compound COC1=C(OC)C(OC)=CC(CC=2C(=NC(N)=NC=2)N)=C1 IEDVJHCEMCRBQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
- C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
- C12P7/06—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12H—PASTEURISATION, STERILISATION, PRESERVATION, PURIFICATION, CLARIFICATION OR AGEING OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; METHODS FOR ALTERING THE ALCOHOL CONTENT OF FERMENTED SOLUTIONS OR ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES
- C12H6/00—Methods for increasing the alcohol content of fermented solutions or alcoholic beverages
- C12H6/02—Methods for increasing the alcohol content of fermented solutions or alcoholic beverages by distillation
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Alcoholic Beverages (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP13681374A JPS5646831B2 (Direct) | 1974-11-26 | 1974-11-26 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1065268A true CA1065268A (en) | 1979-10-30 |
Family
ID=15184094
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA240,474A Expired CA1065268A (en) | 1974-11-26 | 1975-11-25 | Method for manufacturing alcohol or alcoholic beverage |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4092434A (Direct) |
| JP (1) | JPS5646831B2 (Direct) |
| CA (1) | CA1065268A (Direct) |
| GB (1) | GB1503760A (Direct) |
Families Citing this family (61)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4241183A (en) * | 1979-04-30 | 1980-12-23 | Grain Processing Corporation | Starch liquefaction process |
| US4285975A (en) * | 1980-01-29 | 1981-08-25 | Miles Laboratories, Inc. | Production of brewer's wort |
| US4306023A (en) * | 1980-02-04 | 1981-12-15 | Robert S. Butler | Production of alcohol |
| US4316956A (en) * | 1980-02-06 | 1982-02-23 | Novo Industri A/S | Fermentation process |
| ZA817856B (en) * | 1980-11-25 | 1982-10-27 | Process Engineering Co | Method of continuous treatment of grain mash for producing ethanol |
| GB2089836B (en) * | 1980-12-16 | 1984-06-20 | Suntory Ltd | Process for producing alcohol by fermentation without cooking |
| DE3132556A1 (de) * | 1981-08-18 | 1983-07-07 | Technische Universität München, 8000 München | Verfahren und anlage zur herstellung von maischen |
| US4612284A (en) * | 1984-09-28 | 1986-09-16 | A. E. Staley Manufacturing Company | Process for the enzymatic hydrolysis of non-gelatinized granular starch material directly to glucose |
| US4618579A (en) * | 1984-09-28 | 1986-10-21 | Genencor, Inc. | Raw starch saccharification |
| DE3530009A1 (de) * | 1985-08-22 | 1987-02-26 | Roehm Gmbh | Bierherstellungsverfahren |
| US4675192A (en) * | 1985-12-13 | 1987-06-23 | Ronald Thyfault | Method of making wheat wine |
| US4735807A (en) * | 1985-12-13 | 1988-04-05 | Ronald Thyfault | Method of making cereal wine |
| JPS63157970A (ja) * | 1986-12-22 | 1988-06-30 | Tamanoisu Kk | 無蒸煮アルコ−ル醪からの酸調味料製造法 |
| FR2609046B1 (fr) * | 1986-12-30 | 1989-07-13 | Bourgogne Biodyne | Procede de production d'ethanol en continu par hydrolyse a froid et fermentation simultanees d'un substrat amylace broye |
| US4897272A (en) * | 1987-11-20 | 1990-01-30 | Tamanoi Vinegar Corporation Limited | Process for producing rice vinegar |
| US5231017A (en) * | 1991-05-17 | 1993-07-27 | Solvay Enzymes, Inc. | Process for producing ethanol |
| GB2292748B (en) * | 1994-09-05 | 1998-05-06 | Ermine Ltd | A method for preparing a mash |
| WO1996036723A1 (fr) * | 1995-05-17 | 1996-11-21 | Doru Silion | Procede et installation de fabrication simultanee de l'alcool et de fourrages riches en proteines |
| CZ9902389A3 (cs) * | 1999-07-01 | 2000-10-11 | Karel Ing. Šašek | Způsob výroby lihu bez vzniku výpalků |
| KR100436355B1 (ko) * | 2001-08-14 | 2004-06-18 | 박정호 | 항산화물질, 옥타코사놀 및 베타글루칸을 함유한 발효음료및 그의 제조방법 |
| WO2003066826A2 (en) * | 2002-02-08 | 2003-08-14 | Genencor International, Inc. | Methods for producing ethanol from carbon substrates |
| US20030203454A1 (en) * | 2002-02-08 | 2003-10-30 | Chotani Gopal K. | Methods for producing end-products from carbon substrates |
| AU2003283220A1 (en) * | 2002-12-05 | 2004-06-23 | Novozymes A/S | Beer mashing process |
| ES2245621T3 (es) * | 2003-03-10 | 2010-05-19 | Novozymes A/S | Procesos para un producto alcoholico. |
| US20050233030A1 (en) * | 2004-03-10 | 2005-10-20 | Broin And Associates, Inc. | Methods and systems for producing ethanol using raw starch and fractionation |
| BRPI0408215B1 (pt) * | 2003-03-10 | 2015-11-03 | Broin And Associates Inc | processo para a produção de etanol usando amido bruto |
| ATE550424T1 (de) | 2003-11-21 | 2012-04-15 | Danisco Us Inc | Expression granuläre stärke hydrolysierender enzyme in trichoderma und verfahren zur herstellung von glucose aus granulären stärkesubstraten |
| US7332319B2 (en) * | 2004-05-27 | 2008-02-19 | Genencor International, Inc. | Heterologous alpha amylase expression in Aspergillus |
| CA2567612A1 (en) * | 2004-05-27 | 2005-12-15 | Genencor International, Inc. | Heterologous expression of an aspergillus kawachi acid-stable alpha amylase and applications in granular starch hydrolysis |
| EP1751281A2 (en) * | 2004-05-27 | 2007-02-14 | Genencor International, Inc. | Aspergillus kawachi acid-stable alpha amylase and applications in granular starch hydrolysis |
| WO2006073839A2 (en) * | 2004-12-30 | 2006-07-13 | Genencor International, Inc. | Acid fungal proteases |
| US20070037267A1 (en) * | 2005-05-02 | 2007-02-15 | Broin And Associates, Inc. | Methods and systems for producing ethanol using raw starch and fractionation |
| US7919289B2 (en) | 2005-10-10 | 2011-04-05 | Poet Research, Inc. | Methods and systems for producing ethanol using raw starch and selecting plant material |
| US7968318B2 (en) * | 2006-06-06 | 2011-06-28 | Genencor International, Inc. | Process for conversion of granular starch to ethanol |
| US20080299622A1 (en) * | 2007-02-07 | 2008-12-04 | Paulson Bradley A | Starch Hydrolysis Using Phytase with an Alpha Amylase |
| US8399224B2 (en) | 2007-03-14 | 2013-03-19 | Danisco Us Inc. | Production of ethanol from barley and DDGS containing reduced beta-glucan and phytic acid |
| DK2201108T3 (en) * | 2007-10-18 | 2015-01-05 | Danisco Us Inc | Compounds for enzyme fermentation |
| CN101939442A (zh) * | 2008-02-06 | 2011-01-05 | 丹尼斯科美国公司 | 产生可发酵糖类和醇的无pH调节系统 |
| US8354256B2 (en) | 2008-03-11 | 2013-01-15 | Danisco Us Inc. | Glucoamylase and Buttiauxiella phytase during saccharification |
| US7906303B2 (en) * | 2008-03-11 | 2011-03-15 | Danisco Us Inc. | Use of Rhizopus amylases in granular starch hydrolysis |
| CA2723164A1 (en) * | 2008-04-30 | 2009-11-05 | Danisco Us Inc. | Enhanced fermentation process using molasses |
| AU2009256456B2 (en) * | 2008-05-29 | 2012-11-08 | Danisco Us Inc. | Process for alcohol and co-product production from grain sorghum |
| US20110020523A1 (en) * | 2008-07-15 | 2011-01-27 | Pepsico, Inc. | Method for Preparing a Low Viscosity Whole Grain Flour Slurry Via Mechanical Treatment |
| US8450094B1 (en) | 2009-03-03 | 2013-05-28 | Poet Research, Inc. | System for management of yeast to facilitate the production of ethanol |
| US20100233771A1 (en) * | 2009-03-03 | 2010-09-16 | Mcdonald William F | System for pre-treatment of biomass for the production of ethanol |
| US9068206B1 (en) | 2009-03-03 | 2015-06-30 | Poet Research, Inc. | System for treatment of biomass to facilitate the production of ethanol |
| US8815552B2 (en) * | 2009-03-03 | 2014-08-26 | Poet Research, Inc. | System for fermentation of biomass for the production of ethanol |
| US20160369304A9 (en) * | 2009-05-18 | 2016-12-22 | Poet Research, Inc. | System for treatment of biomass to facilitate the production of ethanol |
| US20120034659A1 (en) | 2010-08-06 | 2012-02-09 | Danisco Us Inc. | NEUTRAL pH SACCHARIFICATION AND FERMENTATION |
| US20120045812A1 (en) | 2010-08-06 | 2012-02-23 | Danisco Us Inc. | PRODUCTION OF ISOPRENE UNDER NEUTRAL pH CONDITIONS |
| WO2013022799A1 (en) | 2011-08-05 | 2013-02-14 | Danisco Us Inc. | PRODUCTION OF ISOPRENOIDS UNDER NEUTRAL pH CONDITIONS |
| EP2761013A1 (en) | 2011-09-29 | 2014-08-06 | Danisco US Inc. | Liquefaction and saccharification of granular starch at high concentration |
| CN102586050B (zh) * | 2012-02-08 | 2013-12-04 | 叶长东 | 粮食与甘蔗汁发酵的蒸馏酒及其工艺 |
| CN104946448B (zh) * | 2015-06-22 | 2018-12-25 | 吉林省绿富生态农业发展有限公司 | 一种基于玉米直接法的啤酒酿造糖浆生产方法 |
| BR102015016382B1 (pt) * | 2015-07-07 | 2021-12-07 | Margot Stinglwagner | Processo de fabricação de aguardente a partir de farinha de mandioca seca |
| WO2017082866A1 (en) * | 2015-11-10 | 2017-05-18 | Hebert Freddie | System and method for producing a comestible protein meal and fuel from a feedstock |
| WO2018057420A1 (en) | 2016-09-23 | 2018-03-29 | Dupont Nutrition Biosciences Aps | Use of low ph active alpha-1,4/1,6-glycoside hydrolases as a feed additive for ruminants to enhance starch digestion |
| US11076621B2 (en) | 2017-07-31 | 2021-08-03 | Poet Research, Inc. | Remediation of toxins in biorefinery process streams |
| CN113373133B (zh) * | 2021-07-02 | 2023-10-20 | 广西乐酵生物科技有限公司 | 一种胶质玉米生产酒精的液化新工艺 |
| EP4577634A1 (en) | 2022-08-23 | 2025-07-02 | POET Research, Inc. | Methods and systems for propagating microorganisms for mitigating mycotoxin contamination, and related systems and methods |
| EP4630530A1 (en) | 2022-12-07 | 2025-10-15 | Voodoo Scientific USA, Inc. | Enzymatic smoothing of beverages |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2375189A (en) * | 1945-05-08 | Conversion process | ||
| US2198221A (en) * | 1939-10-07 | 1940-04-23 | Musher Foundation Inc | Liquor preparation |
| US2222306A (en) * | 1940-06-03 | 1940-11-19 | Harry G Atwood | Method of processing cereals for rapid filtration and recovery of grain solubles |
| US2790718A (en) * | 1953-04-03 | 1957-04-30 | Knit Wear Patents Inc | Process of manufacturing fermented beverages |
| US3022174A (en) * | 1959-09-28 | 1962-02-20 | Chas A Krause Milling Co | Art of processing cereal grits |
-
1974
- 1974-11-26 JP JP13681374A patent/JPS5646831B2/ja not_active Expired
-
1975
- 1975-11-17 US US05/632,254 patent/US4092434A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1975-11-17 GB GB47219/75A patent/GB1503760A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-11-25 CA CA240,474A patent/CA1065268A/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US4092434A (en) | 1978-05-30 |
| JPS5646831B2 (Direct) | 1981-11-05 |
| JPS5161688A (Direct) | 1976-05-28 |
| GB1503760A (en) | 1978-03-15 |
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