AU2017229605B2 - Heat treated kaolin pigment with a GE brightness of at least 92 for paper and coatings - Google Patents
Heat treated kaolin pigment with a GE brightness of at least 92 for paper and coatings Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- AU2017229605B2 AU2017229605B2 AU2017229605A AU2017229605A AU2017229605B2 AU 2017229605 B2 AU2017229605 B2 AU 2017229605B2 AU 2017229605 A AU2017229605 A AU 2017229605A AU 2017229605 A AU2017229605 A AU 2017229605A AU 2017229605 B2 AU2017229605 B2 AU 2017229605B2
- Authority
- AU
- Australia
- Prior art keywords
- kaolin
- less
- heat
- weight
- particles
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
- C09C1/40—Compounds of aluminium
- C09C1/42—Clays
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D36/00—Filter circuits or combinations of filters with other separating devices
- B01D36/04—Combinations of filters with settling tanks
- B01D36/045—Combination of filters with centrifugal separation devices
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D37/00—Processes of filtration
- B01D37/03—Processes of filtration using flocculating agents
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03B—SEPARATING SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS
- B03B5/00—Washing granular, powdered or lumpy materials; Wet separating
- B03B5/28—Washing granular, powdered or lumpy materials; Wet separating by sink-float separation
- B03B5/30—Washing granular, powdered or lumpy materials; Wet separating by sink-float separation using heavy liquids or suspensions
- B03B5/32—Washing granular, powdered or lumpy materials; Wet separating by sink-float separation using heavy liquids or suspensions using centrifugal force
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/34—Silicon-containing compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C3/00—Treatment in general of inorganic materials, other than fibrous fillers, to enhance their pigmenting or filling properties
- C09C3/04—Physical treatment, e.g. grinding or treatment with ultrasonic vibrations
- C09C3/043—Drying, calcination
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D17/00—Pigment pastes, e.g. for mixing in paints
- C09D17/004—Pigment pastes, e.g. for mixing in paints containing an inorganic pigment
- C09D17/007—Metal oxide
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
- D21H17/63—Inorganic compounds
- D21H17/67—Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers, pigments
- D21H17/68—Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers, pigments siliceous, e.g. clays
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
- D21H19/36—Coatings with pigments
- D21H19/38—Coatings with pigments characterised by the pigments
- D21H19/40—Coatings with pigments characterised by the pigments siliceous, e.g. clays
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/30—Particle morphology extending in three dimensions
- C01P2004/32—Spheres
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/51—Particles with a specific particle size distribution
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/51—Particles with a specific particle size distribution
- C01P2004/52—Particles with a specific particle size distribution highly monodisperse size distribution
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/62—Submicrometer sized, i.e. from 0.1-1 micrometer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/90—Other morphology not specified above
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/12—Surface area
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/19—Oil-absorption capacity, e.g. DBP values
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/60—Optical properties, e.g. expressed in CIELAB-values
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K2201/00—Specific properties of additives
- C08K2201/002—Physical properties
- C08K2201/003—Additives being defined by their diameter
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
- Pigments, Carbon Blacks, Or Wood Stains (AREA)
- Silicates, Zeolites, And Molecular Sieves (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US201662305252P | 2016-03-08 | 2016-03-08 | |
| US62/305,252 | 2016-03-08 | ||
| US201762449298P | 2017-01-23 | 2017-01-23 | |
| US62/449,298 | 2017-01-23 | ||
| PCT/US2017/021306 WO2017156088A1 (en) | 2016-03-08 | 2017-03-08 | Heat treated kaolin pigment with a ge brightness of at least 92 for paper and coatings |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| AU2017229605A1 AU2017229605A1 (en) | 2018-09-20 |
| AU2017229605B2 true AU2017229605B2 (en) | 2021-09-09 |
Family
ID=58348034
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2017229605A Ceased AU2017229605B2 (en) | 2016-03-08 | 2017-03-08 | Heat treated kaolin pigment with a GE brightness of at least 92 for paper and coatings |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US10253186B2 (https=) |
| EP (1) | EP3426730B1 (https=) |
| JP (2) | JP7086849B2 (https=) |
| KR (2) | KR20220085843A (https=) |
| CN (1) | CN109247020B (https=) |
| AU (1) | AU2017229605B2 (https=) |
| BR (1) | BR112018067948B1 (https=) |
| CA (1) | CA3016636A1 (https=) |
| MX (1) | MX2018010859A (https=) |
| WO (1) | WO2017156088A1 (https=) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109046741B (zh) * | 2018-07-13 | 2020-04-14 | 威海圆环先进陶瓷股份有限公司 | 基于离心层流法的氮化硅微珠精密尺寸分级装置及分级方法 |
| US11846098B2 (en) | 2019-06-26 | 2023-12-19 | U.S. Silica Company | Solar reflective granules and processes for producing same |
| DE102022127915A1 (de) | 2022-10-21 | 2024-05-02 | Technische Universität Darmstadt, Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts | Verfahren zur Papierveredelung, Zusammensetzung für einen Papierstrich, Papier und Verwendung des Papiers |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2008154614A1 (en) * | 2007-06-13 | 2008-12-18 | Imerys Pigments, Inc. | Methods for dewatering kaolin clay slurries and kaolin-clay filter cakes and kaolin-clay slurries made therefrom |
Family Cites Families (39)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3353668A (en) | 1963-12-16 | 1967-11-21 | Mineral & Chemicals Philipp Co | Method for improving the brightness of clay |
| US3586523A (en) | 1968-01-15 | 1971-06-22 | Engelhard Min & Chem | Calcined kaolin clay pigment |
| GB1361402A (en) * | 1970-07-01 | 1974-07-24 | English Clays Lovering Pochin | Heat treatment of particulate materials |
| US4246039A (en) | 1979-01-08 | 1981-01-20 | Engelhard Minerals & Chemicals Corporation | Kaolin clay processing |
| US4427450A (en) | 1980-08-04 | 1984-01-24 | Engelhard Corporation | Chalking-resistant, calcined kaolin clay pigment and method of making |
| US4717559A (en) | 1986-06-03 | 1988-01-05 | E.C.C. America Inc. | Kaolin calciner waste heat and feed recovery system and method |
| CA2013619C (en) | 1989-05-04 | 1996-06-18 | Steven A. Brown | Cationic processing of kaolin ores |
| US5112782A (en) | 1989-05-04 | 1992-05-12 | Engelhard Corporation | Cationically processed calcined kaolin clay |
| US5074475A (en) | 1990-03-26 | 1991-12-24 | E.C.C. America Inc. | Method for improving bulk density and flowability of calcined kaolin clay products |
| US5098583A (en) | 1990-06-04 | 1992-03-24 | Ecc America Inc. | Method for producing high solids slurries of clay water products |
| BR9303410A (pt) | 1992-08-26 | 1994-03-22 | Engelhard Corp | Pigmentos de caulim calcinados,e processo para produzir os mesmos |
| US5371051A (en) | 1993-12-23 | 1994-12-06 | Ecc International Inc. | Method for producing high opacifying kaolin pigment |
| US5537934A (en) | 1994-10-19 | 1996-07-23 | Engelhard Corporation | Cationically stabilized slurries of calcined kaolin clay |
| US5535890A (en) | 1994-12-07 | 1996-07-16 | Engelhard Corporation | Method for separating mixture of finely divided minerals |
| US5522924A (en) * | 1995-03-17 | 1996-06-04 | Ecc International Inc. | Method for producing high brightness low abrasion calcined kaolin pigment |
| US5624488A (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1997-04-29 | Engelhard Corporation | Ultrahigh brightness calcined clay pigment, manufacture & use thereof |
| US5856397A (en) | 1996-11-12 | 1999-01-05 | Ecc International Inc. | Dry grinding aid for dry milling a calcined kaolin clay and a related method |
| US5997626A (en) * | 1998-05-01 | 1999-12-07 | Engelhard Corporation | Low abrasion calcined kaolin pigments and enhanced filtration method |
| US6136086A (en) | 1998-11-19 | 2000-10-24 | Englehard Corporation | Low sheen opacifying pigments and manufacture thereof by calcination of kaolin clay |
| US6221148B1 (en) | 1999-11-30 | 2001-04-24 | Engelhard Corporation | Manufacture of improved metakaolin by grinding and use in cement-based composites and alkali-activated systems |
| US20030085012A1 (en) | 2001-09-07 | 2003-05-08 | Jones J Philip E | Hyperplaty clays and their use in paper coating and filling, methods for making same, and paper products having improved brightness |
| ATE452943T1 (de) | 2002-04-16 | 2010-01-15 | Imerys Pigments Inc | Kaolinpigment hoher helligkeit und enger teilchengrössenverteilung und verfahren zu dessen herstellung |
| CN100351467C (zh) | 2002-05-03 | 2007-11-28 | 伊梅里斯矿物有限公司 | 纸张涂布颜料 |
| US7758688B2 (en) | 2003-03-19 | 2010-07-20 | Imerys Kaolin, Inc. | Unusually narrow particle size distribution calcined kaolins |
| US7279037B2 (en) | 2004-02-12 | 2007-10-09 | Engelhard Corporation | Process and products of chinese kaolin |
| EP1768937B1 (en) | 2004-06-10 | 2008-11-19 | Imerys Kaolin, Inc. | Ultra-low residue, high solids, wet cake products and methods of making same |
| ES2318511T3 (es) | 2004-07-02 | 2009-05-01 | Basf Catalysts Llc | Usos de caolin calcinado con alto indice de mullita. |
| US7494541B2 (en) | 2004-07-07 | 2009-02-24 | Basf Corporation | Kaolin pigments and methods of making the same |
| US8557037B2 (en) | 2004-08-26 | 2013-10-15 | Basf Corporation | Ultrafine hydrous kaolin pigments, methods of making the pigments, and methods of using the pigments in gloss paint formulations |
| AU2005311791B8 (en) | 2004-12-03 | 2011-08-18 | Basf Corporation | Thermal paper |
| ATE517952T1 (de) | 2005-01-14 | 2011-08-15 | Basf Catalysts Llc | Pigmentmischung mit kaolin und titandioxid zur verwendung bei der papierherstellung |
| WO2007030364A2 (en) | 2005-09-08 | 2007-03-15 | Imerys Kaolin, Inc. | Large particle, high mineral purity calcined kaolins and methods of preparing and using same |
| US20090169890A1 (en) | 2005-12-21 | 2009-07-02 | Pruett Robert J | High Brightness and Low Abrasion Calcined Kaolin |
| EP2004566A2 (en) | 2006-03-09 | 2008-12-24 | Imerys Kaolin, Inc. | Large particle, high mineral purity delaminated kaolins and methods of preparing and using same |
| WO2010080453A2 (en) | 2008-12-18 | 2010-07-15 | Basf Corporation | Methods for stabilizing hydrous kaolin |
| AU2010279029A1 (en) | 2009-07-29 | 2012-03-01 | Basf Corporation | Novel glossing system for paper and paperboard coatings |
| ES2595409T5 (es) | 2011-08-15 | 2020-09-02 | Basf Corp | Carga de pigmento de pintura a base de caolín de nueva generación |
| US9228074B2 (en) | 2012-05-07 | 2016-01-05 | Burgess Pigment Company | Spray-dried, hydrous, kaolin clay and methods of making same |
| CN104402012B (zh) * | 2014-10-29 | 2016-07-06 | 唐山麦迪逊高岭土有限公司 | 超细高白煅烧高岭土的制备方法 |
-
2017
- 2017-03-08 WO PCT/US2017/021306 patent/WO2017156088A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2017-03-08 EP EP17711545.8A patent/EP3426730B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2017-03-08 JP JP2018547471A patent/JP7086849B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2017-03-08 MX MX2018010859A patent/MX2018010859A/es unknown
- 2017-03-08 KR KR1020227019695A patent/KR20220085843A/ko not_active Ceased
- 2017-03-08 AU AU2017229605A patent/AU2017229605B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2017-03-08 US US15/453,192 patent/US10253186B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2017-03-08 CA CA3016636A patent/CA3016636A1/en active Pending
- 2017-03-08 BR BR112018067948-8A patent/BR112018067948B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2017-03-08 CN CN201780028195.2A patent/CN109247020B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2017-03-08 KR KR1020187029005A patent/KR102410413B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2019
- 2019-04-08 US US16/378,130 patent/US10988621B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2022
- 2022-06-08 JP JP2022092921A patent/JP2022120052A/ja active Pending
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2008154614A1 (en) * | 2007-06-13 | 2008-12-18 | Imerys Pigments, Inc. | Methods for dewatering kaolin clay slurries and kaolin-clay filter cakes and kaolin-clay slurries made therefrom |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2017229605A1 (en) | 2018-09-20 |
| US20190233653A1 (en) | 2019-08-01 |
| WO2017156088A1 (en) | 2017-09-14 |
| US10988621B2 (en) | 2021-04-27 |
| CA3016636A1 (en) | 2017-09-14 |
| BR112018067948B1 (pt) | 2022-07-12 |
| CN109247020B (zh) | 2021-04-09 |
| JP2022120052A (ja) | 2022-08-17 |
| US20170260396A1 (en) | 2017-09-14 |
| EP3426730A1 (en) | 2019-01-16 |
| BR112018067948A2 (pt) | 2019-01-15 |
| KR20220085843A (ko) | 2022-06-22 |
| KR20180120242A (ko) | 2018-11-05 |
| JP7086849B2 (ja) | 2022-06-20 |
| US10253186B2 (en) | 2019-04-09 |
| KR102410413B1 (ko) | 2022-06-17 |
| CN109247020A (zh) | 2019-01-18 |
| EP3426730B1 (en) | 2020-06-17 |
| MX2018010859A (es) | 2019-01-10 |
| JP2019507823A (ja) | 2019-03-22 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JP5279271B2 (ja) | 超微細含水カオリン顔料、前記顔料の製造方法そして前記顔料を光沢塗料配合で用いる方法 | |
| JP2022120052A (ja) | 紙およびコーティング用の少なくとも92のge輝度を有する熱処理カオリン顔料 | |
| US20190225545A1 (en) | Calcined kaolin as extender for coatings | |
| US20120090506A1 (en) | Compositions comprising fine sedimentary kaolin and methods for preparing same | |
| US7494541B2 (en) | Kaolin pigments and methods of making the same | |
| US7727324B2 (en) | Compositions comprising kaolin having nanosize dimensions | |
| US7780779B2 (en) | Method for separating mixture of finely divided minerals | |
| US20060249270A1 (en) | Compositions comprising fine sedimentary kaolin and methods for preparing same | |
| CN109071964B (zh) | 制备水合高岭土粘土的方法以及所制得的产物 | |
| US20190010333A1 (en) | Coarse calcined kaolin and uses thereof |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FGA | Letters patent sealed or granted (standard patent) | ||
| MK14 | Patent ceased section 143(a) (annual fees not paid) or expired |