ATE39716T1 - Verstaerkte fahrbahnmarkierungsstreifen. - Google Patents

Verstaerkte fahrbahnmarkierungsstreifen.

Info

Publication number
ATE39716T1
ATE39716T1 AT84307502T AT84307502T ATE39716T1 AT E39716 T1 ATE39716 T1 AT E39716T1 AT 84307502 T AT84307502 T AT 84307502T AT 84307502 T AT84307502 T AT 84307502T AT E39716 T1 ATE39716 T1 AT E39716T1
Authority
AT
Austria
Prior art keywords
road marking
sheet material
marking strips
thermoplastic polymer
reinforced road
Prior art date
Application number
AT84307502T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Stanley J C O Minnesota Jordan
Hudson Road Company
Original Assignee
Minnesota Mining & Mfg
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Minnesota Mining & Mfg filed Critical Minnesota Mining & Mfg
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of ATE39716T1 publication Critical patent/ATE39716T1/de

Links

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C43/00Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C43/003Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of material
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01FADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F9/00Arrangement of road signs or traffic signals; Arrangements for enforcing caution
    • E01F9/50Road surface markings; Kerbs or road edgings, specially adapted for alerting road users
    • E01F9/506Road surface markings; Kerbs or road edgings, specially adapted for alerting road users characterised by the road surface marking material, e.g. comprising additives for improving friction or reflectivity; Methods of forming, installing or applying markings in, on or to road surfaces
    • E01F9/512Preformed road surface markings, e.g. of sheet material; Methods of applying preformed markings
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C43/00Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C43/22Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor of articles of indefinite length
    • B29C43/24Calendering
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29KINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2021/00Use of unspecified rubbers as moulding material
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29KINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2105/00Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
    • B29K2105/06Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts
    • B29K2105/16Fillers
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29KINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2223/00Use of polyalkenes or derivatives thereof as reinforcement
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29LINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2007/00Flat articles, e.g. films or sheets
    • B29L2007/008Wide strips, e.g. films, webs
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/25Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and including a second component containing structurally defined particles
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/25Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and including a second component containing structurally defined particles
    • Y10T428/251Mica
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/25Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and including a second component containing structurally defined particles
    • Y10T428/259Silicic material

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Road Signs Or Road Markings (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Road Repair (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
  • Synthetic Leather, Interior Materials Or Flexible Sheet Materials (AREA)
AT84307502T 1983-11-01 1984-10-31 Verstaerkte fahrbahnmarkierungsstreifen. ATE39716T1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/547,663 US4490432A (en) 1982-04-23 1983-11-01 Reinforced pavement-marking sheet material
EP84307502A EP0141646B1 (de) 1983-11-01 1984-10-31 Verstärkte Fahrbahnmarkierungsstreifen

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
ATE39716T1 true ATE39716T1 (de) 1989-01-15

Family

ID=24185607

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
AT84307502T ATE39716T1 (de) 1983-11-01 1984-10-31 Verstaerkte fahrbahnmarkierungsstreifen.

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US4490432A (de)
EP (1) EP0141646B1 (de)
JP (1) JPH06869B2 (de)
AT (1) ATE39716T1 (de)
AU (1) AU569114B2 (de)
CA (1) CA1225217A (de)
DE (1) DE3475925D1 (de)
ZA (1) ZA848514B (de)

Families Citing this family (80)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4648689A (en) * 1983-04-11 1987-03-10 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Pavement marking tape
JPH0745723B2 (ja) * 1984-10-22 1995-05-17 アトム化学塗料株式会社 高輝度路面標示用シ−ト材
CA1311160C (en) * 1985-06-13 1992-12-08 Asok Sengupta Intersection markings
AU586300B2 (en) * 1986-01-13 1989-07-06 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Pavement markings containing transparent non-vitreous ceramic microspheres
JPS6345812U (de) * 1986-09-06 1988-03-28
US4837069A (en) * 1987-01-07 1989-06-06 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Transparent alumina microspheres
JPS6421106A (en) * 1987-07-17 1989-01-24 Seibulite Int Inc Sheet material for displaying two layer structure road surface
US5227221A (en) * 1988-06-09 1993-07-13 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Patterned skid preventative sheet
US5094902A (en) * 1988-09-07 1992-03-10 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Skid-resistant surface marking material
US4937127A (en) * 1988-09-07 1990-06-26 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Skid-resistant pavement markings
US5124178A (en) * 1988-09-07 1992-06-23 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Skid-resistant surface marking material
US5053253A (en) * 1988-09-07 1991-10-01 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Skid-resistant pavement markings
US4969713A (en) * 1988-12-12 1990-11-13 Brite Line Corporation Marker strip surface for roadways and the like
US5087148A (en) * 1989-02-10 1992-02-11 Brite Line Corporation Surface marker strip and methods for providing improved integrity and adhesion to roadways and the like
US5316406A (en) * 1989-02-10 1994-05-31 Briteline Industries, Inc. Surface marker strip and methods for providing improved integrity and adhesion to roadway and the like
US5139590A (en) * 1989-02-10 1992-08-18 Brite-Line Industries, Inc. Surface marker strip and methods for providing improved integrity and adhesion to roadways and the like
ES2049328T3 (es) * 1989-02-10 1994-04-16 Briteline Corp Tira marcadora de superficies.
US5082715A (en) * 1989-08-28 1992-01-21 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Conformable polymeric marking sheet
US5120154A (en) * 1989-08-28 1992-06-09 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Trafficway conformable polymeric marking sheet
JPH03119038A (ja) * 1989-09-29 1991-05-21 Sumitomo Chem Co Ltd 着色プリプレグ及び着色繊維強化樹脂成形体
US6464713B2 (en) * 1990-06-28 2002-10-15 Peter M. Bonutti Body tissue fastening
US5108218A (en) * 1990-09-25 1992-04-28 Brite-Line Industries Roadway and similar marker strip and method of forming same
US5194113A (en) * 1990-12-24 1993-03-16 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Process for making conformable thermoplastic marking sheet
ZA919417B (en) * 1990-12-24 1992-12-30 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Thermoplastic marking sheet
DE69222189T2 (de) * 1991-02-28 1998-03-12 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Markierungselement mit silikonkleber
IT1255125B (it) * 1992-05-04 1995-10-20 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Nastro segnaletico stradale preformato altamente conformabile
US5374465A (en) * 1993-09-02 1994-12-20 Plymouth Rubber Company Economical roadway marking sheeting matrix
CA2147711C (en) 1994-05-20 2005-08-16 James H. C. Harper Retroreflective article with non-continuous top coat
CA2147821C (en) * 1994-05-20 2006-04-11 Thomas P. Hedblom Patterned pavement markings with upright retroreflectors
US5593246A (en) * 1994-08-26 1997-01-14 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Patterned chalk-resistant pavement marking and method of making
US6468678B1 (en) 1994-11-17 2002-10-22 3M Innovative Properties Company Conformable magnetic articles for use with traffic bearing surfaces methods of making same systems including same and methods of use
US6063838A (en) * 1995-02-16 2000-05-16 3M Innovative Properties Company Blended pressure-sensitive adhesives
US5676488A (en) * 1995-06-29 1997-10-14 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Pavement marking with multiple topcoats
ES2152570T3 (es) * 1995-10-18 2001-02-01 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Articulos magneticos conformables aplicados debajo de superficies que soportan trafico.
US5744239A (en) * 1996-09-27 1998-04-28 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Addition of antimicrobial agents to pavement marking materials
US6846893B1 (en) 1996-10-23 2005-01-25 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Polymer mixtures containing polydiorganosiloxane urea-containing components
US5777791A (en) * 1996-11-26 1998-07-07 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Wet retroreflective pavement marking articles
US6861141B2 (en) * 1996-12-04 2005-03-01 Gina M. Buccellato Pavement marking article and raised pavement marker that uses pressure sensitive adhesive
EP0850755A1 (de) 1996-12-23 1998-07-01 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Anpassungsfähige Markierungsfolie
AU4422997A (en) * 1997-05-08 1998-11-27 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Inconspicuous pavement markings and method for making
US5941655A (en) * 1997-07-16 1999-08-24 3M Innovative Properties Company Direction-indicating pavement marking having raised protuberances and method of making
CA2265773A1 (en) 1997-07-16 1999-01-28 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Pavement marking having raised protuberances and method of making
CA2309976A1 (en) 1997-11-19 1999-05-27 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Wear resistant pavement marking
SE513295C2 (sv) * 1998-03-09 2000-08-21 Trelleborg Ind Ab Vägmarkeringstejp för tillfälliga trafikmarkeringar samt förfarande för genomförande av sådana
US6217252B1 (en) 1998-08-11 2001-04-17 3M Innovative Properties Company Wear-resistant transportation surface marking method and materials
US6365262B1 (en) 1998-10-20 2002-04-02 3M Innovative Properties Company Pavement marking articles having enhanced retroreflectivity under dry or wet conditions and method for making same
US6247818B1 (en) 1998-10-20 2001-06-19 3M Innovative Properties Company Method for making retroreflective elements having enhanced retroreflectivity under dry and/or wet conditions
US6966660B1 (en) 1999-10-15 2005-11-22 3M Innovative Properties Company Article exhibiting dry and wet retroreflectivity
US6475316B1 (en) 2000-07-07 2002-11-05 3M Innovative Properties Company Methods of enhancing adhesion
US6841223B2 (en) 2001-08-14 2005-01-11 3M Innovative Properties Company Composite pavement markings
US7169831B2 (en) * 2001-09-27 2007-01-30 3M Innovative Properties Company Pavement marking composition comprising ceramic fibers
US20030123930A1 (en) 2001-12-31 2003-07-03 Jacobs Gregory F. Matrix element magnetic pavement marker and method of making same
US20050064778A1 (en) * 2003-09-19 2005-03-24 Lam Robert C. High coefficient friction material with symmetrical friction modifying particles
US8021744B2 (en) 2004-06-18 2011-09-20 Borgwarner Inc. Fully fibrous structure friction material
US8603614B2 (en) 2004-07-26 2013-12-10 Borgwarner Inc. Porous friction material with nanoparticles of friction modifying material
US7429418B2 (en) 2004-07-26 2008-09-30 Borgwarner, Inc. Porous friction material comprising nanoparticles of friction modifying material
US7879599B2 (en) * 2005-04-22 2011-02-01 Hyclone Laboratories, Inc. Tube ports and related container systems
JP5468252B2 (ja) 2005-04-26 2014-04-09 ボーグワーナー インコーポレーテッド 摩擦材料
KR20080064890A (ko) 2005-11-02 2008-07-09 보르그워너 인코퍼레이티드 탄소 마찰재
US8701441B2 (en) 2006-08-21 2014-04-22 3M Innovative Properties Company Method of making inorganic, metal oxide spheres using microstructured molds
PL1967554T3 (pl) 2007-02-23 2013-01-31 Triflex Gmbh& Co Kg Zestaw podkładowy i zestaw do znakowania
US7744306B2 (en) * 2007-04-02 2010-06-29 Greer Robert F Preformed thermoplastic indicia for airport runways and taxiways
DE102008013907B4 (de) 2008-03-12 2016-03-10 Borgwarner Inc. Reibschlüssig arbeitende Vorrichtung mit mindestens einer Reiblamelle
US20090298617A1 (en) * 2008-05-28 2009-12-03 Bridgestone Sports Co., Ltd. Golf ball material and golf ball
DE102009030506A1 (de) 2008-06-30 2009-12-31 Borgwarner Inc., Auburn Hills Reibungsmaterialien
BR112013012974A2 (pt) 2010-11-30 2016-09-13 3M Innovative Properties Co composição para demarcação de pavimento
CN103842591B (zh) 2011-09-01 2016-03-16 3M创新有限公司 道路标记材料和方法
SG11201503380QA (en) 2012-10-29 2015-06-29 3M Innovative Properties Co Pavement marking compositions
SG11201601665QA (en) * 2013-09-06 2016-04-28 3M Innovative Properties Co Pavement marking tape with a modified polyurethane topcoat
MX2016013042A (es) 2014-04-04 2017-02-28 3M Innovative Properties Co Adhesivos para superficie húmeda y seca.
EP3126414B1 (de) 2014-04-04 2018-06-06 3M Innovative Properties Company Primerzusammensetzung für die bearbeitung von nassen oder feuchten oberflächen
EP3149070A1 (de) 2014-04-29 2017-04-05 3M Innovative Properties Company Copolymere aus poly ethylen-co-acrylsäure) und polydiorganosiloxanen
US9892296B2 (en) 2014-11-12 2018-02-13 Joseph E. Kovarik Method and system for autonomous vehicles
US10889947B2 (en) 2015-06-18 2021-01-12 3M Innovative Properties Company Thermoplastic pavement marking tapes
EP4220263A1 (de) 2016-07-18 2023-08-02 Corning Research & Development Corporation Verteilungsverkabelungssystem
WO2018172887A1 (en) 2017-03-20 2018-09-27 3M Innovative Properties Company White pavement marking
US11011082B2 (en) 2017-05-16 2021-05-18 Promedica Health System, Inc. Stairway safety device
EP3691859A4 (de) 2017-10-03 2021-08-11 Corning Research & Development Corporation Verteilerkabelband, system und bandapplikator
WO2020112444A1 (en) 2018-11-30 2020-06-04 Corning Research & Development Corporation Distribution cabling tape application device with endoscope camera for registration of cable and cabling tape
WO2024003637A1 (en) 2022-06-29 2024-01-04 3M Innovative Properties Company Curable adhesive and articles for bonding pavement and concrete

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1287739A (fr) * 1961-04-12 1962-03-16 Matériau en feuille pour la siganlisation routière
GB1383475A (en) * 1973-02-07 1974-02-12 Pneumatiques Caoutchouc Mfg Rubbery materials
JPS49112943A (de) * 1973-02-10 1974-10-28
IT1022451B (it) * 1974-09-30 1978-03-20 Eigenmann Ludwig Striscia prefabbricata per segnale tica stradale orizzontale e metodo per la sua prefabbricazione
US4117192A (en) * 1976-02-17 1978-09-26 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Deformable retroreflective pavement-marking sheet material
US4282281A (en) * 1979-11-02 1981-08-04 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Long-lived heavy-duty pavement marking

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU569114B2 (en) 1988-01-21
EP0141646B1 (de) 1989-01-04
ZA848514B (en) 1986-06-25
CA1225217A (en) 1987-08-11
AU3353984A (en) 1985-05-09
JPS60123542A (ja) 1985-07-02
EP0141646A1 (de) 1985-05-15
JPH06869B2 (ja) 1994-01-05
DE3475925D1 (en) 1989-02-09
US4490432A (en) 1984-12-25

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
ATE39716T1 (de) Verstaerkte fahrbahnmarkierungsstreifen.
DK0658277T3 (da) Fleksible ledende plastelektroder, samt fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af disse
BR9005745A (pt) Elastomero termoplastico curado dinamica e parcialmente e processo para sua producao
AR011566A1 (es) Polimeros vinilaromaticos modificados con caucho injertado y un proceso de polimerizacion para obtener dichos polimeros, articulo moldeado y materialextrusado obtenido con los mismos
FR2527620B1 (fr) Composition pour moulage a base de polymeres thermoplastiques renforces par des charges minerales
ES502623A0 (es) Procedimiento y aparato para la formacion de peliculas de material plastico a partir de resinas termoplasticas por ex-trusion de pelicula soplada.
DE3773568D1 (de) Aus thermoplastischem kunststoff hergestelltes kunststoffrohrteil mit schalldaempfenden eigenschaften und abfahrroehrensystem, welches solche kunststoffrohrteile enthaelt.
DE60013142D1 (de) Dichtungsbahn
MX162476A (es) Aditivos integrales para polimeros termoplasticos con rellenos inorganicos
DE3463079D1 (en) Flexible tube, especially a refuelling flexible tube
DK164919C (da) Taetningsmateriale paa plastbasis
ES527877A0 (es) Procedimiento para la produccion de hojas o laminas electricamente conductoras por calandrado
FR2551393B1 (fr) Procede de production d'un film de caoutchouc chlorobutyle ou bromobutyle vulcanise, renforce au noir de carbone
NO902122L (no) Sammensatt platemateriale.
JPS5556150A (en) Plastic polymer material*its manufacture and its laminate product
ATE141079T1 (de) Verstärkte, druckumformbare thermoplastische platte, verfahren zur herstellung einer solchen platte, sowie deren verwendung
DE69904240D1 (de) Nanoverbundstoff
DE3061502D1 (en) Building materials based on polyethylene, process for their manufacture and their use in the making of a road surface
JPS5349052A (en) Thermoplastic resin compositon
Yu Process for Preparing Arylene Sulfide Copolymers
ATE61072T1 (de) Bitumenbahnen, vorzugsweise elastischmodifizierte bitumenbahnen und polymerbitumenbahnen.
JPS53144970A (en) Wear-resistant glassfiber reinforced plastic wires
FR2824773B1 (fr) Procede de fabrication par moulage d'une piece composite en matiere plastique et en caoutchouc
JPS5226621A (en) Cellulose reinforced palstic and its laying method
SE8802778L (sv) Flexibelt, ark- eller banformigt foerpackningsmaterial

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
UEP Publication of translation of european patent specification
REN Ceased due to non-payment of the annual fee