CN111264115B - Application of fertilizer capable of improving soil fertility in winter wheat topdressing-free planting - Google Patents
Application of fertilizer capable of improving soil fertility in winter wheat topdressing-free planting Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
Abstract
The invention discloses application of a fertilizer for improving soil fertility in winter wheat topdressing-free planting, wherein the fertilizer comprises a biological organic fertilizer and a chemical fertilizer, and the chemical fertilizer comprises the following components: controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer, quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer; the invention relates to a fertilizer application method, which comprises the following steps: crushing straws, uniformly paving the straws on the ground surface, uniformly spreading a biological organic fertilizer and a chemical fertilizer, deeply ploughing the soil by 20-25cm or deeply loosening by 35-40cm before all the fertilizers are applied, uniformly spreading the biological organic fertilizer on the ground surface after the soil is deeply loosened, carrying out rotary tillage to the depth of 10-15cm, fully and uniformly mixing the soil layer and the biological organic fertilizer, ditching and sowing wheat and applying the chemical fertilizer in a seed and fertilizer simultaneous sowing mode, and not topdressing any more at the later stage; the invention realizes the purpose of no topdressing of winter wheat, saves labor input, can quickly improve the organic matter content and the biological fertility of soil, has the function of water retention, improves the soil structure and plays a role in increasing the yield and the efficiency.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a winter wheat topdressing-free fertilization method capable of improving soil fertility, and belongs to the technical field of crop fertilization.
Background
The growth period of winter wheat is as long as about 240 days, in conventional production, the whole growth period of winter wheat is generally applied with one-time base fertilizer (mainly applied with common nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer), and the spring is turned green and is applied with additional fertilizer (mainly applied with nitrogen fertilizer, which is determined by the characteristics of nitrogen conversion and loss, and phosphorus and potassium nutrients are not easily lost through gas volatilization, aqueous solution and other forms when applied to soil) so as to meet the nutrient requirement of the whole growth period. The traditional fertilization mostly adopts quick-acting fertilizers, the nutrient supply speed is high, the loss is high, and the utilization rate is low; the spring top dressing time is after the spring festival, most farmers return to the city to do farmers, and because the grain crop benefit is low and the labor cost is high, the proportion that top dressing cannot be carried out timely or not in production is improved year by year, so that the wheat is subjected to late growth period fertilizer removal and yield reduction, and the national grain safety cannot be guaranteed. In addition, organic fertilizers are not basically used in the current wheat-corn grain production, and chemical fertilizers are used throughout the year, so that the organic matter in soil is seriously consumed, the biological diversity is reduced, and the soil biological fertility is reduced; although returning the straws to the field is vigorously advocated, the corn straws are huge in plants and slow in decomposition speed, and most of land plots have the problems of poor soil tilth, weak wheat seedling emergence and the like. In conclusion, simplified fertilization methods considering yield and benefit, soil fertility, ecological environment protection and the like in winter wheat production are lacked, and the sustainable production capacity of soil is low.
Chinese patent document CN109608272A (application No. 201910103652.0) discloses a top dressing-free fertilizer for field crop base application, wherein the top dressing-free fertilizer can be used for field crops such as rice, wheat, corn and the like, because the growth period and nutrient absorption characteristics of different field crops are obviously different, the fertilizer adopting one formula is difficult to meet the nutrient requirements of all types of crops, in addition, potassium (potassium chloride) is easy to fix when being applied into soil and has weak mobility, and the potassium fertilizer is coated during production, so that the production cost is increased, and the yield is very small; chinese patent document 106747833A (application number: 201710064983.9) discloses a urea formaldehyde slow release wheat special blended compound fertilizer, wherein urea formaldehyde, urea, calcium superphosphate, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, zinc sulfate and borax are mentioned as components of the blended fertilizer to provide relatively complete major and minor trace element nutrients for wheat, but the urea formaldehyde fertilizer hardly meets the nitrogen nutrient absorption characteristic of winter wheat under the conditions of season change and large temperature and humidity change range due to relatively fixed single slow release characteristic, and the blended fertilizer only contains inorganic chemical nutrients and cannot provide special effects on the aspects of soil aggregate structure formation and soil fertility improvement, so that soil organic matter consumption and soil biological fertility reduction are caused after long-term application.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a topdressing-free fertilization method for winter wheat, which can improve the soil fertility. Mainly comprises a fertilizer free of top dressing for winter wheat and a using method thereof.
The technical scheme is as follows:
the fertilizer for improving the fertility of soil without additional fertilization for winter wheat comprises a biological organic fertilizer and a chemical fertilizer, wherein the biological organic fertilizer is applied in an amount of 100 plus 250 parts by weight, and the chemical fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by weight of pure nutrients:
4-11 parts of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer
2-7 parts of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer
4-9 parts of phosphate fertilizer
3-8 parts of potash fertilizer
Except the biological organic fertilizer, other components are evenly mixed according to the parts.
The organic matter content of the biological organic fertilizer is more than or equal to 42 percent by mass percent, the bacterium content is more than or equal to 0.5 hundred million/g, and the biological organic fertilizer contains bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, trichoderma and saccharomycetes;
the slow-release nitrogen fertilizer is a mixture of three types, namely a sulfur-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer, a resin-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer and a difurfurylidene trialdehyde urea slow-release fertilizer;
the sulfur-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer meets the conditions that the initial release rate of nitrogen is less than or equal to 12 percent, the release rate of accumulated nutrients in 28 days is less than or equal to 75 percent, the release rate of accumulated nutrients in a nitrogen release period is more than or equal to 80 percent, and the release period of nitrogen nutrients is more than or equal to 60 days;
the resin coated controlled release nitrogen fertilizer meets the requirements that the initial release rate of nitrogen is less than or equal to 12 percent, the release rate of accumulated nutrients in 28 days is less than or equal to 75 percent, the release rate of accumulated nutrients in a nitrogen release period is more than or equal to 80 percent, and the nitrogen release period is more than or equal to 120 days;
the difurfurylidene trialdehyde urea slow release fertilizer is prepared by condensing furfural residues and urea;
the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is one or the mixture of more than two of common urea with the nitrogen content of more than or equal to 46 percent by mass percent, monoammonium phosphate with the nitrogen content of more than or equal to 12 percent by mass percent and diammonium phosphate with the nitrogen content of more than or equal to 18 percent by mass percent;
the phosphate fertilizer is one or a mixture of more than two of monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, superphosphate and triple superphosphate;
the potash fertilizer is one or a mixture of potassium chloride and potassium sulfate.
According to the invention, the biological organic fertilizer comprises the following components in percentage by mass calculated as pure nutrients: 1.2% of nitrogen, phosphorus pentoxide (P)2O5) 0.8% of potassium oxide (K)2O) is 1 percent.
According to the invention, the fertilizer is preferably granular and convenient to apply.
According to the invention, the controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer is preferably a mixture of the sulfur-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer, the resin-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer and the difurfurylene trialdehyde urea controlled-release fertilizer in a weight ratio of 1:1: 1.
According to the invention, the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is preferably common urea, and the nitrogen content is more than or equal to 46 percent in mass percentage.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the phosphate fertilizer is triple superphosphate containing P2O5Amount in mass percent P2O5≥44%。
According to the invention, the potassium fertilizer is preferably potassium chloride containing K2The amount of O is K in mass percent2O≥60%。
The application method of the fertilizer comprises the following specific steps:
(1) in the wheat-corn crop rotation planting area, after corn is harvested, the straws are crushed and uniformly spread on the ground surface, the bio-organic fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer are uniformly spread, and the soil is deeply ploughed for 20-25 cm;
or in the wheat-corn crop rotation planting area, after the corn is harvested, the straw is crushed and uniformly paved on the ground surface, and the soil is deeply loosened by 35-40 cm;
(2) carrying out rotary tillage on the soil deeply ploughed in the step (1) to a rotary tillage depth of 10-15 cm; then ditching and sowing wheat, wherein the sowing depth is 3-5cm, immediately covering soil and pressing, and no additional fertilizer is applied in the later period;
or (2) uniformly spreading the bio-organic fertilizer on the ground surface of the soil subjected to deep scarification in the step (1), carrying out rotary tillage with the depth of 10-15cm, fully and uniformly mixing the soil layer and the bio-organic fertilizer, carrying out ditching and seeding on wheat and applying a chemical fertilizer in a seed and fertilizer co-seeding mode with the seeding depth of 3-5cm, carrying out ditching and strip application on all fertilizers except the bio-organic fertilizer at a position 5-7cm lateral to seeds with the fertilizing depth of 8-13cm, covering soil and pressing, and not carrying out topdressing in the later period.
(3) The nutrient input amount is as follows:
in high-fertility wheat field soil: the thickness of a plough layer is more than or equal to 20cm, the soil organic matter content of a soil layer of 0-20cm is more than or equal to 2.0 percent in mass percent, the total nitrogen content is more than or equal to 0.125 percent in mass percent, the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content is more than or equal to 120mg/kg, the quick-acting phosphorus content is more than or equal to 30mg/kg, the quick-acting potassium content is more than or equal to 150mg/kg, and the pH value is 6.0-8.0; the biological organic fertilizer is added into the fertilizer by 200 plus 250 kg/mu, and the fertilizer is added with pure nutrients: the nitrogen fertilizer is 14-17 kg/mu calculated by nitrogen, the phosphate fertilizer is 6-9 kg/mu calculated by phosphorus pentoxide, and the potassium fertilizer is 6-8 kg/mu calculated by potassium oxide;
in medium-fertility wheat field soil: soil organic matter content of soil layers with thickness of 15-20cm and 0-20cm is 1.5-2.0 percent by mass percent, total nitrogen content is 0.10-0.125 percent by mass percent, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content is 90-120mg/kg, quick-acting phosphorus content is 20-30mg/kg, quick-acting potassium content is 100-150mg/kg, and pH is 8.0-8.5 or 5.5-6.0; the biological organic fertilizer is added into the fertilizer of 150 plus 200 kg/mu, and the fertilizer is added with pure nutrients: the nitrogen fertilizer is 11-14 kg/mu calculated by nitrogen, the phosphate fertilizer is 5-6 kg/mu calculated by phosphorus pentoxide, and the potassium fertilizer is 4-6 kg/mu calculated by potassium oxide;
in low-fertility wheat field soil: the thickness of a plough layer is less than or equal to 15cm, the content of organic matters in soil of a soil layer of 0-20cm is less than or equal to 1.5 percent by mass percent, the content of total nitrogen is less than or equal to 0.10 percent, the content of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen is less than or equal to 90mg/kg, the content of quick-acting phosphorus is less than or equal to 20mg/kg, the content of quick-acting potassium is less than or equal to 100mg/kg, and the pH value is 8.5-9.0 or 5; the biological organic fertilizer is added into 100 plus 150 kg/mu, and the fertilizer is added with pure nutrients: the nitrogen fertilizer is 8-11 kg/mu calculated by nitrogen, the phosphate fertilizer is 4-5 kg/mu calculated by phosphorus pentoxide, and the potassium fertilizer is 3-4 kg/mu calculated by potassium oxide.
Technical effects of the invention
1. The fertilizer for the winter wheat, which is disclosed by the invention, adopts a method of full-layer mixed application of a biological organic fertilizer, full-layer mixed application of a chemical fertilizer or fixed-point deep application, the application depth can reach 20-25cm, and the two fertilizers play a synergistic role by combining different fertilizer compositions and application modes, so that the winter wheat is free from additional application, the labor input is saved, the organic matter content and the biological fertility of soil can be quickly improved, the water retention function is realized, the soil structure is improved, and the effects of increasing the yield and the efficiency are achieved.
2. The fertilizer used in the fertilizing method without additional fertilization is commercially produced, is easy to purchase in the market and is convenient to use; combined operation machines that simultaneously achieve a top application-free fertilization technique are also common on the market.
3 in the fertilizing method of the winter wheat without additional fertilizer, the organic nitrogen in the biological organic fertilizer is matched with the slow controlled release nitrogen fertilizers of different types and release periods, and the nitrogen supply at different stages of the whole growth period of the wheat is considered, so that the condition that the fertilizer is not excessively supplied in the early growth period is ensured, the seedling burning phenomenon caused by using a large amount of common high-nitrogen compound fertilizer as a base fertilizer in the current wheat production is avoided, the condition that the fertilizer is not removed in the later period is ensured, and the stable yield and the yield increase of the wheat are ensured.
4. The fertilization method can reduce the fertilizer input, reduce the nitrogen fertilizer input by 15-20 percent compared with the traditional method of recommending the common fertilizer for twice, achieve the purpose of saving fertilizer, simultaneously reduce the labor operation of spring topdressing, save labor input, realize double-saving, save cost and increase income by 120 yuan/mu.
5. The continuous supply of nitrogen nutrients in the fertilization method ensures the growth demand of wheat, the nitrogen utilization rate is high, and the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate is improved by 5-10 percent compared with the traditional fertilization; meanwhile, the volatilization loss of ammonia is reduced by 8%, the loss of nitrate nitrogen is reduced by more than 20%, the loss of nitrogen is reduced, and agricultural non-point source pollution can be effectively prevented and controlled.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, without limiting the scope of the invention thereto.
Sources of materials
The contents of various effective chemical elements in the fertilizer are expressed by mass percent calculated by pure nutrients.
The bio-organic fertilizer and the difurfurylidene trialdehyde urea slow release fertilizer are produced by Shandong Zhifeng agriculture group company Limited;
b, biological organic fertilizer: nitrogen (N) content 1.2%, phosphorus (P)2O5) Content of 0.8%, potassium (K)2O) content is 1 percent, organic matter content is more than or equal to 42 percent by mass percent, and bacteria content is more than or equal to 0.5 hundred million/g;
difurfurylidene trialdehyde urea slow release fertilizer: the content of nitrogen (N) is more than or equal to 25 percent
The sulfur-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer and the resin-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer are produced by Shandong Jinzhengda ecological engineering Co., Ltd;
sulfur coated controlled release nitrogen fertilizer: the content of nitrogen (N) is more than or equal to 42 percent
Resin coated controlled release nitrogen fertilizer: the content of nitrogen (N) is more than or equal to 43 percent
The compound fertilizer, urea, calcium superphosphate, triple superphosphate, potassium chloride and potassium sulfate are produced by Luxi chemical group Limited company;
compound fertilizer: nitrogen (N) content of 15%, phosphorus (P)2O5) 15% of potassium (K)2O) content is 15%
The organic fertilizer is produced by Shandong grain source biological organic fertilizer company Limited;
organic fertilizer: nitrogen (in N) content of 2.05%, phosphorus (P)2O5) 1.2% of potassium (K)2O) content is 1.75 percent, and organic matter content is more than or equal to 45 percent in mass percentage;
the bio-organic fertilizer used in comparative example 2 of application example 3 is a bio-organic fertilizer produced by Shandong grain-sourced bio-organic fertilizer Co., Ltd, wherein the content of nitrogen (N) is 1.35%, and phosphorus (P) is2O5) 0.9% of potassium (K)2O) content is 0.75 percent, organic matter content is more than or equal to 42 percent, bacterium content is more than or equal to 0.5 hundred million/g, and the bacillus subtilis and the bacillus megaterium are contained.
Example 1
The fertilizer for improving the fertility of soil without additional fertilization for winter wheat comprises 200 parts by weight of a biological organic fertilizer and a chemical fertilizer, wherein the chemical fertilizer comprises the following components (in parts by weight of pure nutrients):
10.24 parts of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer, 5.76 parts of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, 8.96 parts of phosphate fertilizer and 7.04 parts of potassium fertilizer.
The content of nitrogen (N) in the biological organic fertilizer is 1.2 percent, and phosphorus (P) in the biological organic fertilizer2O5) 0.8% of potassium (K)2O) content of 1 percent, organic matter content of 42 percent and bacterium content of 0.5 hundred million/g, and contains bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, trichoderma and saccharomycetes.
The sustained and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer is a mixture of three types of sulfur coated controlled release nitrogen fertilizer, resin coated controlled release nitrogen fertilizer and difurfurylidene trialdehyde urea sustained release fertilizer, and the weight portion ratio of the mixture is (1: 1: 1)
The quick-acting nitrogenous fertilizer is common urea, the phosphate fertilizer is triple superphosphate, and the potash fertilizer is potassium chloride.
Except the biological organic fertilizer, other components are evenly mixed according to the parts. The fertilizers are all granular.
The fertilizer comprises the following specific using steps:
(1) in the wheat-corn crop rotation planting area with easy mechanical entry, after corn is harvested, straws are crushed and uniformly spread on the ground surface, a biological organic fertilizer and a chemical fertilizer are uniformly spread, the soil is deeply ploughed by 25cm, and all the biological organic fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer are fully mixed with the soil of 0-25 cm;
(2) carrying out rotary tillage on the deeply ploughed soil, wherein the rotary tillage depth is 15 cm; ditching and sowing, wherein the sowing depth is 3cm, immediately covering soil and pressing, and no additional fertilization is carried out in the later period;
(3) the bio-organic fertilizer is applied to 200 kg/mu in a field with a plough layer thickness of 20cm, a soil layer thickness of 0-20cm, an organic matter content of 2.2 percent, a total nitrogen content of 0.13 percent, an alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content of 125mg/kg, a quick-acting phosphorus content of 35mg/kg, a quick-acting potassium content of more than or equal to 160mg/kg and a pH value of 7.2, and the fertilizer is prepared from the following pure nutrients: nitrogen (calculated as pure N) 16 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (calculated as P)2O5Calculated) 8.96 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (in terms of K)2Calculated by O) 7.04 kg/mu.
Example 2
The fertilizer for improving the fertility of soil without additional fertilization for winter wheat comprises 160 parts by weight of a bio-organic fertilizer and a chemical fertilizer, wherein the chemical fertilizer comprises the following components (in parts by weight of pure nutrients):
7.2 parts of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer, 5.76 parts of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, 6 parts of phosphate fertilizer and 5.04 parts of potassium fertilizer.
The content of nitrogen (N) in the biological organic fertilizer is 1.2 percent, and phosphorus (P) in the biological organic fertilizer2O5) 0.8% of potassium (K)2O) content of 1 percent, organic matter content of 42 percent and bacterium content of 0.5 hundred million/g, and contains bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, trichoderma and saccharomycetes.
The slow-release nitrogen fertilizer is a mixture of three types of sulfur-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer, resin-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer and difurfurylene trialdehyde urea slow-release fertilizer, and the mixing proportion is (1: 1: 1)
The quick-acting nitrogenous fertilizer is urea, the phosphate fertilizer is calcium superphosphate, and the potash fertilizer is potassium sulfate.
Except the biological organic fertilizer, other components are evenly mixed according to the parts. The fertilizers are all granular.
The fertilizer comprises the following specific using steps:
(1) in the wheat-corn crop rotation planting area with easy mechanical entry, after the corn is harvested, the straws are crushed and uniformly spread on the ground surface, and the soil is deeply loosened to the depth of 40 cm;
(2) uniformly spreading the bio-organic fertilizer on the ground surface of the deeply loosened soil, carrying out rotary tillage with the depth of 14cm to fully and uniformly mix a soil layer of 0-14cm with the bio-organic fertilizer, ditching and sowing wheat and applying a chemical fertilizer in a seed and fertilizer co-sowing mode, wherein the sowing depth is 3.5cm, the chemical fertilizer except the bio-organic fertilizer is ditched at a position 6cm lateral to seeds and applied in a strip mode, the fertilizing depth is 9cm, covering soil and pressing are carried out, and no additional fertilizer is applied in the later period.
(3) 160 kg/mu of bio-organic fertilizer is applied to a field with the thickness of a plough layer of 16cm, the content of organic matters in soil of 0-20cm soil layers of 1.7%, the content of total nitrogen of 0.12%, the content of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen of 96mg/kg, the content of quick-acting phosphorus of 25mg/kg, the content of quick-acting potassium of 120mg/kg and the pH value of 8.0, and the input amount of pure nutrients of the fertilizer is as follows: nitrogen (calculated as pure N) 12.96 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (calculated as P)2O5Measured) 6 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (in terms of K)2Calculated by O) 5.04 kg/mu.
Example 3
The fertilizer for improving the fertility of soil without additional fertilization for winter wheat comprises 120 parts by weight of a biological organic fertilizer and a chemical fertilizer, wherein the chemical fertilizer comprises the following components (in parts by weight of pure nutrients):
5.94 parts of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer, 3.42 parts of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, 4.86 parts of phosphate fertilizer and 3.78 parts of potassium fertilizer.
The content of nitrogen (N) in the biological organic fertilizer is 1.2 percent, and phosphorus (P) in the biological organic fertilizer2O5) 0.8% of potassium (K)2O) content is 1%, organic matter content is 42%, bacterium content is 0.5 hundred million/g, and the compound fertilizer contains bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, trichoderma and saccharomycetes.
The slow-release nitrogen fertilizer is a mixture of three types of sulfur-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer, resin-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer and difurfurylene trialdehyde urea slow-release fertilizer, and the mixing proportion is (1: 1: 1)
The quick-acting nitrogenous fertilizer is urea, the phosphate fertilizer is triple superphosphate, and the potash fertilizer is potassium sulfate.
Except the biological organic fertilizer, other components are evenly mixed according to the parts. The fertilizers are all granular.
The fertilizer comprises the following specific using steps:
(1) in the wheat-corn crop rotation planting area with easy mechanical entry, after corn is harvested, straws are crushed and uniformly spread on the ground surface, a biological organic fertilizer and a chemical fertilizer are uniformly spread, soil is deeply ploughed to the depth of 23cm, and all the biological organic fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer are fully mixed with the soil of 0-23 cm;
(2) carrying out rotary tillage on the deeply ploughed soil, wherein the rotary tillage depth is 13 cm; then, ditching and sowing wheat, wherein the sowing depth is 4cm, immediately covering soil and pressing, and no additional fertilizer is applied in the later period;
(3) in a field with the thickness of a plough layer of 13cm, the soil organic matter content of a soil layer of 0-20cm is 1.3%, the total nitrogen content is less than or equal to 0.08%, the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content is 68mg/kg, the quick-acting phosphorus content is 17mg/kg, the quick-acting potassium content is 92mg/kg, and the pH value is 8.5, the biological organic fertilizer is applied to 120 kg/mu, and the pure nutrient input amount of the fertilizer is as follows: 9.36 kg/mu of nitrogen (calculated as pure N) and phosphate fertilizer (calculated as P)2O5Calculated as K) 4.86 kg/mu, potash fertilizer2Calculated by O) 3.78 kg/mu.
Application example 1
Example 1' winter wheat topdressing-free fertilization with soil fertility improvementThe method is similar to the traditional sowing and fertilizing method with the same nutrient input amount (comparative example: no organic fertilizer is applied, compound fertilizer is applied as base fertilizer, urea is applied in the green turning period; the total nutrient input is N18.4 kg/mu, P2O510.56 kg/mu, K2O9.04 kg/mu, the nitrogen-based topdressing ratio is 4: 6), other field operations and management methods such as seeding and farming are consistent, and the comparative example and the corresponding examples in the application example are planted in the same land.
The results are shown in table 1, the method for fertilizing the winter wheat without topdressing has the advantages that the biological organic fertilizer is applied to replace the input of part of fertilizer nutrients, the input amount of the chemical fertilizer is small, the nutrients are slowly released, the seedling burning phenomenon is reduced, the seedling emergence rate is improved by 4.9 percent compared with the traditional fertilizing method, the fertilizing method has obvious water retention effect (the water content of a plough layer is improved by 0.8 percent in spring compared with the traditional fertilizing method, the drought resistance effect is achieved), the fertility is improved, particularly in the aspects of soil biological fertility and organic matter content, the soil volume weight can be reduced, and the physical structure of the plough layer is improved. The topdressing-free fertilizing method has obvious yield increasing effect, and compared with the traditional fertilizing method, the yield of the fertilizer is increased by 32.7kg per mu, and the yield is increased by 5.1%.
The detection method of the soil moisture content comprises the following steps: drying method
The detection method of the volume weight of the soil comprises the following steps: ring knife method
The detection method of the total amount of the microorganisms comprises the following steps: plate counting method
The detection method of the organic matter content comprises the following steps: external heating method of sulfuric acid-potassium dichromate
TABLE 1
| Treatment of | Emergence of seedlings Rate of change （%） | Return period 0- 20cm of soil layer Amount of water (%) | Soil volume Heavy (g- cm3） | Soil microorganism in the green turning stage Total amount of substance (108/g dry) Soil) | In the mature period Mass content of organic matter （%） | Yield of the product （kg/ Mu) |
| Comparative example (conventional) Fertilizing method | 93.5 | 18.5 | 1.45 | 1.15 | 2.25 | 635.8 |
| Example 1 (Hair Stiches Ming top dressing-free formula Method) | 98.4 | 19.3 | 1.38 | 1.33 | 2.31 | 668.5 |
Application example 2
In example 2, the 'winter wheat topdressing-free fertilizing method capable of improving soil fertility' is compared with the traditional sowing and fertilizing method (comparative example: no organic fertilizer is applied, a base fertilizer is applied with a compound fertilizer, urea is applied in the green turning period, the other nutrient input is the same except nitrogen, the total nutrient input is N18 kg/mu, and P is2O57.28 kg/mu, K2O6.64 kg/muAnd the nitrogen-based topdressing ratio is 5: 5), other field operations and management methods such as seeding and farming are consistent, and the comparative example and the corresponding examples in the application example are planted in the same land.
The results are shown in table 2, compared with the traditional fertilization method, the winter wheat topdressing-free fertilization method can save the nitrogen input by 3.12 kg/mu, save the nitrogen by 17.3%, respectively reduce the ammonia volatilization and the nitrogen leaching loss by 0.28 kg/mu and 0.24 kg/mu, reduce the agricultural non-point source pollution, improve the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate by 5.3 percentage points, and increase the yield by 18.7 kg/mu. Realizing the effects of increasing production, increasing efficiency and reducing emission.
The detection method of the ammonia volatilization loss comprises the following steps: ventilation type ammonia capture-spectrophotometry
The detection method of the leaching loss of the nitrogen comprises the following steps: drainage collector method
The method for detecting the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer comprises the following steps: (nitrogen uptake of crops in nitrogen-applying region-nitrogen uptake of crops in non-nitrogen-applying region)/nitrogen-applying amount 100
TABLE 2
| Treatment of | Dosage of nitrogen nutrient (kg/mu) | Loss of ammonia by volatilization (kg/mu) | Leaching loss of nitrogen (kg/mu) | Nitrogen fertilizer The rate of utilization% | Yield of the product (kg/mu) |
| Comparative example (traditional fertilizer application formula) Method) | 18 | 1.95 | 0.68 | 30.5 | 526.1 |
| Example 2 (of the invention) Topdressing-free method | 14.88 | 1.67 | 0.44 | 35.8 | 544.8 |
Application example 3
In the example 3, compared with the comparative examples 1, 2 and 3, the winter wheat topdressing-free fertilizing method which can improve the soil fertility is consistent with other field operation and management methods such as seeding and farming, and in the application example, the winter wheat topdressing-free fertilizing method is planted in the same land block as the corresponding example in each proportion.
Comparative example 1: applying organic fertilizer, applying compound fertilizer as base fertilizer, applying additional urea in the green turning period, the nutrient input amount is the same as that in example 3, the total nutrient (organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer) input is N10.8 kg/mu, and P is2O55.82 kg/mu, K2O4.98 kg/mu, the nitrogen-based topdressing ratio of the fertilizer is 6:4, and the other aspects are consistent with example 3.
Comparative example 2: the bio-organic fertilizer of example 3 was replaced with another bio-organic fertilizer, which had a nitrogen (N) content of 1.35% and phosphorus (P)2O5) 0.9% of potassium (K)2O) content of 0.75%, organic matter content of 42%, bacteria content of 0.5 hundred million/g, and containing Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium, otherwise the same as in example 3.
Comparative example 3: the slow-release nitrogen fertilizer consists of a sulfur-containing coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer and a resin coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer, the mass ratio of the sulfur-containing coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer to the resin coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer is 1:1, the slow-release nitrogen fertilizer does not contain difurfurylidene trialdehyde urea, and the other aspects are consistent with those of the example 3.
Comparative example 4: the difference from the embodiment 3 is that the method is used for planting the corn without additional fertilizer, after the winter wheat which is planted traditionally is harvested, the corn is planted in a traditional sowing mode by using the same fertilizer type, fertilizer application amount and fertilizer application mode as the embodiment 3, and the additional fertilizer is not needed any more in the later period, so that the conventional field management is carried out.
Comparative example 5: unlike comparative example 4, the same type of fertilizer, amount of fertilizer applied and manner of application as in comparative example 2 were used, and the other aspects were identical to comparative example 4.
TABLE 3
| Treatment of | Amount of labor (mu/mu) | Soil microorganisms in the green turning stage Total amount (108/g dry soil) | Nitrogen fertilizer Rate (%) | Yield of the product （kg/ Mu) | Net gain (Yuan/mu) |
| Comparative example 1 (conventional force application) Fertilizing method | 3 | 0.86 | 27.8 | 418.5 | 450 |
| Comparative example 2 | 2 | 1.12 | 34.2 | 428.7 | 536 |
| Comparative example 3 | 2 | 1.19 | 31.9 | 430.2 | 539 |
| Example 3 (invention) Topdressing-free method of | 2 | 1.21 | 34.6 | 438.8 | 558 |
The results are shown in table 3, compared with the traditional fertilization method (comparative example 1), the winter wheat topdressing-free fertilization method saves 1 labor per mu because topdressing is not carried out in spring, the labor amount is calculated according to the labor of fertilizer spreading, cultivation and later-stage topdressing, the soil biological fertility is obviously improved due to the application of the biological organic fertilizer, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is improved by 6.8 percentage points, the yield is increased by 4.85%, the net income per mu is increased by 108 yuan, the net income = seed sales income-agricultural machinery cost-labor input, and cost saving, efficiency increasing and income increasing are realized. Compared with the embodiment 3, the total amount of the soil microorganisms is obviously reduced in the comparative example 2, and both the yield and the income are reduced; compared with the example 3, the slow-release fertilizer composition lacks the difurfurylidene trialdehyde urea slow-release fertilizer, the nitrogen nutrient supply is slightly poor in matching with the nitrogen nutrient demand of wheat, the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer is reduced by 2.7 percentage points, the yield is reduced by 8.6 kg/mu, and the pure income is reduced.
TABLE 4
| Treatment of | Total amount of soil microorganisms in large flare stage of corn (108/g dry soil) | Yield (kg/mu) |
| Comparative example 4 | 1.31 | 487.3 |
| Comparative example 5 | 1.35 | 490.7 |
The results of comparative example 4 and comparative example 5 are shown in table 4, the application of the fertilizer according to the present invention to corn (comparative example 4) did not significantly increase the total amount of soil microorganisms in the large bell mouth period and relatively decrease the corn yield as compared to the application of the fertilizer according to comparative example 2 to corn (comparative example 5), and the results of comparative example 4 and comparative example 5 show that the topdressing-free fertilizer according to the present invention has specificity to winter wheat, and the fertilizer has certain matching characteristics with the growth characteristics and growth environment (season) of winter wheat, and is not suitable for other field crops.
Claims (8)
1. The fertilizer for improving the soil fertility is applied to the winter wheat topdressing-free planting, the fertilizer comprises a biological organic fertilizer and a chemical fertilizer, wherein the biological organic fertilizer is applied in an amount of 100-250 parts by weight, and the chemical fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by weight of pure nutrients:
4-11 parts of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer
2-7 parts of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer
4-9 parts of phosphate fertilizer
3-8 parts of potash fertilizer
Except the biological organic fertilizer, other components are evenly mixed according to the parts;
the organic matter content of the biological organic fertilizer is more than or equal to 42 percent by mass percent, the bacterium content is more than or equal to 0.5 hundred million/g, and the biological organic fertilizer contains bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, trichoderma and saccharomycetes;
the slow-release nitrogen fertilizer is a mixture of three types, namely a sulfur-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer, a resin-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer and a difurfurylidene trialdehyde urea slow-release fertilizer;
the sulfur-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer meets the conditions that the initial release rate of nitrogen is less than or equal to 12 percent, the release rate of accumulated nutrients in 28 days is less than or equal to 75 percent, the release rate of accumulated nutrients in a nitrogen release period is more than or equal to 80 percent, and the release period of nitrogen nutrients is more than or equal to 60 days;
the resin coated controlled release nitrogen fertilizers meet the conditions that the initial release rate of nitrogen is less than or equal to 12 percent, the release rate of accumulated nutrients in 28 days is less than or equal to 75 percent, the release rate of accumulated nutrients in a nitrogen release period is more than or equal to 80 percent, and the nitrogen release period is more than or equal to 120 days;
the difurfurylidene trialdehyde urea slow release fertilizer is prepared by condensing furfural residues and urea;
the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is common urea with the nitrogen content of more than or equal to 46 percent in mass percent, monoammonium phosphate with the nitrogen content of more than or equal to 12 percent in mass percent, and one or more than two of diammonium phosphate with the nitrogen content of more than or equal to 18 percent in mass percent;
the phosphate fertilizer is one or a mixture of more than two of monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, superphosphate and triple superphosphate;
the potash fertilizer is one or a mixture of potassium chloride and potassium sulfate.
2. The use of claim 1, wherein the fertilizer is in granular form for ease of application.
3. The application of the biological organic fertilizer as claimed in claim 1, wherein the biological organic fertilizer comprises the following components in percentage by mass calculated as pure nutrients: 1.2% of nitrogen, 0.8% of phosphorus pentoxide and 1% of potassium oxide.
4. The use of claim 1, wherein the slow-release and controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer is a mixture of a sulfur-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer, a resin-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer and a difurfurylidene trialdehyde urea slow-release fertilizer in a weight ratio of 1:1: 1.
5. The application of claim 1, wherein the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is ordinary urea, and the nitrogen content is more than or equal to 46 percent by mass percent.
6. The use of claim 1, wherein the phosphate fertilizer is triple superphosphate, containing P2O5Amount in mass percent P2O5≥44%。
7. The use according to claim 1, wherein the potash fertilizer is potassium chloride, containing K2The amount of O is K in mass percent2O≥60%。
8. The use of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the method of using the fertilizer comprises the following specific steps:
(1) in the wheat-corn crop rotation planting area, after corn is harvested, the straws are crushed and uniformly spread on the ground surface, the bio-organic fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer are uniformly spread, and the soil is deeply ploughed for 20-25 cm;
or in the wheat-corn crop rotation planting area, after the corn is harvested, the straw is crushed and uniformly paved on the ground surface, and the soil is deeply loosened by 35-40 cm;
(2) carrying out rotary tillage on the soil deeply ploughed in the step (1) to a rotary tillage depth of 10-15 cm; then ditching and sowing wheat, wherein the sowing depth is 3-5cm, immediately covering soil and pressing, and no additional fertilizer is applied in the later period;
or (2) uniformly spreading the bio-organic fertilizer on the ground surface of the soil subjected to deep scarification in the step (1), carrying out rotary tillage with the depth of 10-15cm, fully and uniformly mixing the soil layer and the bio-organic fertilizer, carrying out ditching and sowing wheat and applying a chemical fertilizer in a seed and fertilizer co-sowing mode with the sowing depth of 3-5cm, carrying out ditching and strip application on all fertilizers except the bio-organic fertilizer at a position 5-7cm lateral to seeds with the fertilizing depth of 8-13cm, covering soil and pressing, and not carrying out topdressing at the later stage;
(3) the nutrient input amount is as follows:
in high-fertility wheat field soil: the thickness of a plough layer is more than or equal to 20cm, the soil organic matter content of a soil layer of 0-20cm is more than or equal to 2.0 percent in mass percent, the total nitrogen content is more than or equal to 0.125 percent in mass percent, the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content is more than or equal to 120mg/kg, the quick-acting phosphorus content is more than or equal to 30mg/kg, the quick-acting potassium content is more than or equal to 150mg/kg, and the pH value is 6.0-8.0; the biological organic fertilizer is added into the fertilizer by 200 plus 250 kg/mu, and the fertilizer is added with pure nutrients: the nitrogen fertilizer is 14-17 kg/mu calculated by nitrogen, the phosphate fertilizer is 6-9 kg/mu calculated by phosphorus pentoxide, and the potassium fertilizer is 6-8 kg/mu calculated by potassium oxide;
in medium-fertility wheat field soil: soil organic matter content of soil layers with thickness of 15-20cm and 0-20cm is 1.5-2.0 percent by mass percent, total nitrogen content is 0.10-0.125 percent by mass percent, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content is 90-120mg/kg, quick-acting phosphorus content is 20-30mg/kg, quick-acting potassium content is 100-150mg/kg, and pH is 8.0-8.5 or 5.5-6.0; the biological organic fertilizer is added into the fertilizer of 150 plus 200 kg/mu, and the fertilizer is added with pure nutrients: the nitrogen fertilizer is 11-14 kg/mu calculated by nitrogen, the phosphate fertilizer is 5-6 kg/mu calculated by phosphorus pentoxide, and the potassium fertilizer is 4-6 kg/mu calculated by potassium oxide;
in low-fertility wheat field soil: the thickness of a plough layer is less than or equal to 15cm, the content of organic matters in soil of a soil layer of 0-20cm is less than or equal to 1.5 percent by mass percent, the content of total nitrogen is less than or equal to 0.10 percent, the content of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen is less than or equal to 90mg/kg, the content of quick-acting phosphorus is less than or equal to 20mg/kg, the content of quick-acting potassium is less than or equal to 100mg/kg, and the pH value is 8.5-9.0 or 5; the biological organic fertilizer is added into 100 plus 150 kg/mu, and the fertilizer is added with pure nutrients: the nitrogen fertilizer is 8-11 kg/mu calculated by nitrogen, the phosphate fertilizer is 4-5 kg/mu calculated by phosphorus pentoxide, and the potassium fertilizer is 3-4 kg/mu calculated by potassium oxide.
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| CN102612910B (en) * | 2012-03-20 | 2013-04-17 | 山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所 | Method for fertilizing winter wheat by mixed basal application of nitrogen fertilizer and maize straw |
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