CN113615522B

CN113615522B - High-yield high-efficiency low-non-point source pollution risk fertilization management technology for chives

Info

Publication number: CN113615522B
Application number: CN202110958703.5A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 刘新红; 王光飞; 郭德杰; 马艳
Original assignee: Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Current assignee: Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Priority date: 2021-08-20
Filing date: 2021-08-20
Publication date: 2022-10-11
Anticipated expiration: 2041-08-20
Also published as: CN113615522A

Abstract

The invention relates to a chive high-yield high-efficiency low-non-point source pollution risk fertilization management technology, which can accurately control indexes such as plant height, single plant weight and the like of chive plants after an organic fertilizer and a chemical fertilizer are applied by controlling total nitrogen input, controlling different organic and inorganic source nitrogen input structures, finely controlling additional manuring and the like, and simultaneously, the yield is obviously higher than that of the chive plants after the chemical fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer are applied only and are matched with the common chemical fertilizer and the organic fertilizer. In addition, after the chives are planted by adopting the nitrogen nutrient structure control technology, the soil nitrate nitrogen content of the soil subsurface (20-40 cm) and the total nitrogen concentration in runoff water caused by leaching are in a significant reduction trend, which shows that the fertilizer application technology can effectively reduce the risk of nitrogen non-point source pollution, is also beneficial to weakening the acidification and salinization degree of soil, reduces the soil nitrate nitrogen content, improves the soil fertility, relates to increasing the content of effective phosphorus and quick-acting potassium in the soil, and can also increase the content of organic matters in the soil.

Description

Chive high-yield high-efficiency low-non-point source pollution risk fertilization management technology

Technical Field

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to planting field management, and more particularly relates to a chive fertilization management technology.

Background

As one of important products of dehydrated vegetables in export of foreign trade, chives are an important industry for increasing income of local agriculture and leading farmers to become rich. It has strong meristematic ability and high yield, and the yield per mu can reach more than ten thousand jin.

In order to meet the stable and high yield of chives, a large amount of nutrient input is often required. Among nutrients required by the growth of the chives, nitrogen is a key element for high yield of the chives, in order to meet high yield, a large amount of chemical fertilizers are commonly used, however, a large amount of practices prove that excessive use of the chemical fertilizers easily causes a series of problems of soil acidification, salinization, soil fertility reduction and the like, and thus crop yield reduction and quality reduction are caused. Practice proves that the purposes of improving soil fertility, increasing crop yield and improving crop quality can be achieved by the matched application of the chemical fertilizer and the organic fertilizer. Based on the problems, the organic fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer are popularized to a certain extent in the last decade. However, the schemes are generally extensive distribution, and no fine investigation index exists for the distribution of organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers in the distribution. Meanwhile, with the highly intensive development of agriculture, it is important to pay attention to that nitrogen nutrients are also main elements of farmland non-point source pollution. In conclusion, organic fertilizer varieties suitable for chives are searched in various organic fertilizer varieties on the market at present, the total nitrogen nutrient input amount and nitrogen nutrient input structures from different sources under the condition of the matched application of the organic fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer are determined, and a matched management technology is researched and developed, so that a series of problems caused by excessive application of the chemical fertilizer are solved while the high yield and high efficiency of the chives are ensured, particularly the non-point source pollution risk is reduced, and the problem to be solved urgently in chive planting at present is solved.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to solve the technical problems of deep research on planting of the Xinghua chives, particularly research on double effects of nitrogen nutrient input on high yield, high efficiency and low non-point source pollution, which are not noticed in the research on fertilization management, so that the method ensures that the use amount of a chemical fertilizer is reduced, the use amount of an organic fertilizer is increased, crops grow well, the yield of the crops is high-efficiency, the risk of non-point source pollution is reduced and the accurate input management of the chemical fertilizer and the organic fertilizer is realized by searching the total nitrogen nutrient input amount suitable for planting the Xinghua chives and the nitrogen nutrient input structure of different sources of the chemical fertilizer organic fertilizer.

In order to solve the technical problem, the invention discloses a chive fertilization management technology, which comprises the following steps:

(1) The input amount of nitrogen nutrients in the whole growth period is controlled according to the total input amount.

The nitrogen nutrient input in the whole growth period = the nitrogen nutrient input of the base fertilizer + the nitrogen nutrient input of the additional fertilizer

The input amount of nitrogen nutrients of the base fertilizer: the input amount of the fertilizer nitrogen nutrient =1.02:1

The total input of nitrogen nutrients in the whole growth period is 61.25 kg/mu.

(2) The nitrogen nutrient of the base fertilizer distributes the nitrogen of the chemical fertilizer and the nitrogen of the organic fertilizer according to a certain proportion structure, the base fertilizer formed by mixing the organic fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer which accord with the nitrogen nutrient input structure is spread in the soil and turned over, wherein the dosage of the chemical fertilizer and the organic fertilizer is calculated according to the following formula,

organic fertilizer dosage (kg/mu) = organic fertilizer nitrogen input amount (kg/mu)/organic fertilizer nitrogen content;

chemical fertilizer dosage (kg/mu) = chemical fertilizer nitrogen input amount (kg/mu)/chemical fertilizer nitrogen content;

input amount of organic fertilizer nitrogen: fertilizer nitrogen input =8.4:1;

(3) Selecting seedlings which are emerald green in leaf color, grow healthily and have no plant diseases and insect pests as transplanted seedlings, and transplanting the seedlings into the soil treated by the base fertilizer;

(4) Performing field management according to a conventional method, and simultaneously selecting six times of topdressing respectively in a seedling revival stage, a green turning stage, a tillering prosperity stage, a rapid growth stage and a mature stage in the growth period of the Xinghua chives;

(5) And (4) harvesting the matured chives.

Preferably, in the step (1), the input amount of organic fertilizer nitrogen is 27.56 kg/mu, and the input amount of chemical fertilizer nitrogen is 3.3 kg/mu.

Preferably, the topdressing amount in six topdressing after seedling delaying, green turning stage, tillering stage, rapid growth stage and maturation stage is respectively 12.5%, 25% and 12.5% in terms of nitrogen.

Further preferably, the top dressing adopts urea.

As a preferred technical scheme, the organic fertilizer is an organic fertilizer formed by mixing a commercial organic fertilizer, bacillus and functional trichoderma according to the proportion of 1.

Preferably, the commercial organic fertilizer is one or more of chicken manure mushroom residue organic fertilizer, pig manure mushroom residue organic fertilizer and cow manure mushroom residue organic fertilizer.

Further preferably, the soil in the step (1) is loamy clay comprising upper soil and lower soil, wherein the background nutrient index of the upper soil is pH7.2, EC (us/cm) 80.9, N (%) 0.18, alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen (mg/L) 148.4, available phosphorus (mg/L) 26.9, and available potassium (mg/L) 198.5; wherein the background nutrient indexes of the lower soil layer are pH7.55, EC (us/cm) 90.1, N (%) 0.15, alkaline nitrogen (mg/L) 91.9, available phosphorus (mg/L) 18.0 and quick-acting potassium (mg/L) 141.0.

Further preferably, the transplanting is performed 3 days after the fertilization.

In a preferred technical scheme, topdressing is respectively carried out about 15 days (after seedling delay), about 30 days (green returning period), about 100 days (tillering period), about 120 days (tillering prosperity period), about 140 days (rapid growth period) and about 155 days (mature period) after transplantation.

The inventor of the invention creatively takes the nitrogen input amount and the input structure as the matching and application investigation index, and provides a refined investigation index for the matching and application effectiveness of organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers. The new mode has not seen related reports in China. By adopting the technical scheme disclosed by the invention, the indexes of plant height, single plant weight and the like of the chive plants after the organic fertilizer is partially applied to replace the chemical fertilizer can be accurately controlled, and the harvested net yield is obviously higher than that of the singly applied chemical fertilizer and the organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer distribution treatment of the proportion of the organic fertilizer to replace the chemical fertilizer in the common sense. In addition, the content of nitrate nitrogen in soil on a subsurface layer (0-20 cm) of the soil, the content of available phosphorus and the total nitrogen concentration in runoff water after the implementation of the technical scheme are all in a reduction trend, which shows that the risk of non-point source pollution can be effectively reduced by controlling the total amount of nitrogen nutrients and accurately regulating and controlling a nitrogen nutrient input structure, the degrees of soil acidification and salinization can be weakened, the content of nitrate nitrogen in the soil is reduced, the content of available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil is increased, and the content of organic matters in the soil can also be increased.

Detailed Description

In order that the invention may be better understood, we now provide further explanation of the invention with reference to specific examples.

Example 1

The experimental site is arranged in a typical buttress field chive planting area of Xinghua market bamboo hongzhen Xie village, the periphery of the experimental site is surrounded by a river ditch and is connected with other areas through a bridge, and soil is loamy clay. The soil background nutrient indexes are shown in table 1:

TABLE 1

The shallots used in the tests are special shallots, have strong meristematic capacity and are mainly used for producing dehydrated vegetables.

The organic fertilizer is a chicken manure mushroom residue organic fertilizer, wherein the nitrogen content of the organic fertilizer is 0.79%.

The test was carried out as follows:

The input of nitrogen nutrient in the whole growth period = the input of base fertilizer nitrogen nutrient and the input of additional fertilizer nitrogen nutrient

The input amount of nitrogen nutrients of the base fertilizer: fertilizer application nitrogen nutrient input =1.02:1

The input amount of nitrogen nutrient in the whole growth period is 61.25 kg/mu.

(2) Spreading a base fertilizer formed by mixing a chemical fertilizer and an organic fertilizer in soil, and ploughing, wherein the depth of ploughing is 20cm, the dosage of the chemical fertilizer and the organic fertilizer is calculated according to the following formula,

organic fertilizer nitrogen input: fertilizer nitrogen input = 8.4;

preferably, in the embodiment, the input amount of organic fertilizer nitrogen is 27.56 kg/mu, and the input amount of chemical fertilizer nitrogen is 3.3 kg/mu.

The organic fertilizer dosage in the embodiment is 3503 kg/mu and the chemical fertilizer dosage is 22 kg/mu through conversion.

(3) Selecting green-green chive seedlings which grow vigorously and have no plant diseases and insect pests as transplanting seedlings, and transplanting the transplanting seedlings into the soil treated by the base fertilizer; in the embodiment, the ridge surface is firstly leveled, then the green onion seedlings are transplanted according to the line spacing of 10cm multiplied by 10cm, the tillers of the green onion seedlings are respectively separated during transplanting, 2 effective tillers are planted in each hole, and proper deep planting is paid attention to, and the strong seedlings are promoted.

(4) Performing field management according to a conventional method, and simultaneously selecting six times of topdressing respectively in a seedling reviving stage, a green turning stage, a tillering stage, a rapid growth stage and a maturation stage in the growth period of the chives; in the field management in the embodiment, the seedlings are mainly watered with root fixing water after being transplanted, the soil humidity is kept, and during the planting period of the chives, common pest and disease control such as gray mold, downy mildew, thrips, leaf miner, onion maggot and the like are normally carried out. Because the water filling of the piled fields depends on ships and water pumps, the top dressing can be applied before rain in a proper selection mode. Preferably, urea is used as a chemical fertilizer for top dressing in the embodiment, and the ratio of the top dressing amount in six top dressing of the post-seedling stage, the green turning stage, the tillering stage, the full tillering stage, the rapid growth stage and the maturation stage is respectively 12.5%, 25%, 12.5% by nitrogen, and the total top dressing amount in six times is 66 kg/mu.

(5) And (4) harvesting the matured chives.

Preferably, in this embodiment, the time management of the base fertilizer and the top dressing is as follows: the base fertilizer application time is 24 days in 10 months in 2020, the chive transplanting time is 27 days in 10 months in 2020, and the additional fertilizer is carried out for six times according to the growth nodes of the chives, wherein the specific time is shown in table 2:

table 2.

Example 2

Referring to the method of example 1, in the present example, a commercially available organic fertilizer is an organic fertilizer of pig manure mushroom residue, the nitrogen content of the organic fertilizer is 1.56%, and the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 1766 kg/mu, which is different from example 1.

Example 3

Referring to the method of example 1, different from example 1, the organic fertilizer commercially available in this example is cow dung mushroom residue organic fertilizer, the nitrogen content of which is 1.31%, and the application amount is calculated to be 2109 kg/mu.

After different commercial organic fertilizers are selected and planted in the embodiment 1, the embodiment 2 and the embodiment 3, growth indexes and yield indexes of the chives at all stages are compared, and the influence of the organic fertilizer types on the growth indexes and the yield indexes is not statistically significant. This indicates that the effect of the commercial organic fertilizer formed by the livestock manure and the mushroom residue on the nitrogen equivalent level is not greatly different.

Example 4

Referring to the method of example 1, different from example 1, in this example, a commercial organic fertilizer is used, and the organic fertilizer is obtained by sufficiently blending the commercial organic fertilizer, the active microbial inoculum bacillus and the functional trichoderma according to a ratio of 1.

Experiments prove that compared with the embodiment 1, the long-term execution of the organic fertilizer in the embodiment 4 has an increasing trend of improving the soil environment and improving the soil fertility.

Example 5

In this example, the influence of different nitrogen nutrient input structures, i.e. the ratio of different organic fertilizer nitrogen input amounts to chemical fertilizer nitrogen input amounts, on the plant and soil chemical indexes and on the fertilizer utilization efficiency is examined. Therefore, the procedure was the same as in example 1 except that a different amount ratio of organic fertilizer to chemical fertilizer was set for fertilization. The formulation of the base fertilizer in each test is shown in table 3,

TABLE 3

Soil and plants were sampled and analyzed at the green turning stage (11 months and 25 days), tillering end stage (3 months and 22 days) and harvest stage (2021 years and 5 months and 10 days), respectively. Soil samples (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm) and plant samples were obtained from each plot using a 5-point method.

And (4) taking the soil sample back to the room for natural air drying, and then respectively sieving the soil sample through a 1mm sieve and a 0.15mm sieve for basic physicochemical index determination. The pH value of the soil is measured by adopting an electrode method after shaking and leaching for 2 minutes by adopting a soil-water ratio of 1; the soil salinity content is measured by a conductivity meter after shaking extraction for 2 minutes by adopting the soil-water ratio of 1. The content of organic matters in the soil is measured by adopting an external heating-potassium dichromate oxidation method, and the content of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the soil is measured by adopting a potassium chloride leaching flow analyzer. The soil available phosphorus is measured by adopting a sodium bicarbonate leaching-molybdenum blue colorimetric method; the soil quick-acting potassium is measured by ammonium acetate extraction-flame photometry.

The plant height and tillering number indicators are respectively obtained by measuring and counting through a graduated scale. The nutrient content of the plants is digested by H2SO4-H2O2, the nitrogen content is measured by an automatic nitrogen determination instrument, the phosphorus content is measured by a molybdenum blue colorimetric method, and the potassium content is measured by a flame photometer. The fertilizer utilization rate is calculated according to the fertilizer utilization rate = (the absorption amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the overground part of the vegetables in the fertilizing area-the absorption amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the overground part of the vegetables in the non-fertilizing area)/the application amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the fertilizer x 100%.

The growth of the chives is shown in table 4,

table 4.

From the plant height index, the plant heights of different treatments in the green turning period are between 30.15 cm and 34.79cm, no significant difference exists among the treatments, and the fertilization treatment is slightly higher than the non-fertilization treatment. The plant height at the end stage of tillering is between 38.87 cm and 47.08cm, and the plant height of the plant in example 1 is obviously higher than that of the plant subjected to other treatments, full-amount fertilizer treatment and no-fertilizer treatment. The plant height performance of each treatment in the harvest period is similar to that of the final tillering period.

From the weight of each plant, the weight of each plant in the fertilization treatment in the green turning period has no significant difference, but is significantly higher than that of the plant without fertilization treatment. At the end of tillering, the weight of each plant treated in example 1 is significantly higher than that of the other treatment modes. The highest individual plant weight at harvest time is example 1.

The yield of the chive net obtained by different fertilization treatments is the highest in the embodiment 1, and the yield of the chive per mu is 7545kg.

The physicochemical properties of the treated soils are shown in Table 5,

TABLE 5

With the decrease of the fertilizer and the increase of the replacement proportion of the organic fertilizer, the pH value of the soil tends to increase and is close to that of the treatment without fertilizer application, wherein the treatment of example 1 is the highest (pH 7.28), and the LJF treatment is the lowest (pH 6.85), which are all higher than that of the full-amount fertilizer. From the soil EC value, the soil conductivity tends to decrease with the increase of the fertilizer decrement and the organic fertilizer substitution ratio, the lowest value is the treatment of example 1, and the highest value is the LJF treatment, but the lowest value is obviously lower than the full-amount fertilizer treatment.

The contents of the soil ammonium nitrogen and the nitrate nitrogen are the main forms of the soil quick-acting nitrogen, the content of the soil ammonium nitrogen in different fertilization treatments is between 6.35 and 8.78mg/kg, and no significant difference exists between different treatments. The four organic fertilizers are used for replacing and treating soil nitrate nitrogen, the content of the soil nitrate nitrogen is reduced from 77.14mg/kg (LJF treatment) to 27.91mg/kg (example 1) along with the increase of the replacing proportion, and the different replacing proportions are all lower than 111.3mg/kg of the full-amount fertilizer treatment.

The content of available phosphorus, the content of available potassium and the content of organic matters in the soil treated by the four organic fertilizers are increased along with the increase of the substitution proportion, the contents are increased from 25.6mg/kg, 109mg/kg and 24.3mg/kg to 54.3mg/kg, 172mg/kg and 34.3mg/kg respectively, and the index values of the content of the available phosphorus, the content of the available potassium and the content of the organic matters in the soil treated by the embodiment 1 are all obviously higher than those of the other substitution proportions.

According to the physical and chemical indexes of the soil treated by different organic fertilizers, the reduction of the fertilizer and the increase of the substitution proportion of the organic fertilizer are beneficial to weakening the acidification degree and the salinization degree of the soil, and the acidification degree is respectively weakened by 7% and the salinization degree is respectively weakened by 48% in the season. The nitrogen content of soil nitrate nitrogen is obviously reduced along with the increase of the substitution proportion of the organic fertilizer, and compared with the treatment of full-amount fertilizer, the reduction range is 31-75%. The treatment of different substitution ratios increases the contents of effective phosphorus and quick-acting potassium in soil, and compared with the full-amount fertilizer, the increase range of the effective phosphorus is increased by 41-198 percent, and the increase range of the quick-acting potassium is increased by 19-89 percent.

The nutrient utilization rate of each fertilizer treatment was calculated from the harvested commodity chives, and the results are shown in table 6,

table 6.

The treated fertilizer disclosed in example 1 is most nutrient efficient. Therefore, under the technical scheme of the embodiment 1, the utilization of nitrogen in the fertilizer and the total nutrient can be promoted.

Example 6

In this example, the influence of nitrogen input of different organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers on the surface source pollution risk in the base fertilizer is respectively considered. Thus, the experimental set-up was the same as in examples 1 and 4.

In order to evaluate the risk of non-point source pollution caused by different organic fertilizers, the content of nitrate in the fertilizer from the soil surface layer of 0-20cm to the soil subsurface layer (20-40 cm) and the total nitrogen content of the field runoff water are monitored, and the results are shown in table 7 and table 7.

From the subsurface soil nitrate nitrogen, the LJF treatment was highest (57.6 mg/kg), followed by the MJF treatment (48.3 mg/kg), both significantly higher than the HJF treatment (25.9 mg/kg) and the example 1 proportional treatment (25.5 mg/kg). From the total nitrogen concentration in the runoff water, the LJF, MJF and HJF abatement treatment protocol (mean 170 mg/kg) was significantly higher than the abatement treatment protocol (112 mg/L) disclosed in example 1. This shows that the risk of nitrogen non-point source pollution can be effectively reduced under the fertilizer reduction and organic fertilizer substitution scheme with the specific proportion disclosed in example 1.

What has been described above is a specific embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various improvements and modifications without departing from the principle of the present invention, and such improvements and modifications are also considered to be within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. The chive low-non-point source pollution risk fertilization management technology is characterized by comprising the following steps of:

(1) Controlling the input amount of nitrogen nutrients in the whole growth period according to the total input amount;

The total input of nitrogen nutrients in the whole growth period is 61.25 kg/mu;

the dosage of the organic fertilizer (kg/mu) = the input amount of organic fertilizer nitrogen (kg/mu)/the content of the organic fertilizer nitrogen;

input amount of organic fertilizer nitrogen: fertilizer nitrogen input = 8.4;

(4) Performing field management according to the conventional method, and simultaneously selecting six times of topdressing respectively in the seedling reviving stage, the green turning stage, the tillering stage, the rapid growth stage and the maturation stage in the growth period of the Xinghua chives;

(4) And (4) harvesting the matured chives.

2. The chive low-non-point source pollution risk fertilization management technology according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the total input of nitrogen in the base fertilizer is 30.86 kg/mu, the input of nitrogen in the organic fertilizer is 27.56 kg/mu, and the input of nitrogen in the chemical fertilizer is 3.3 kg/mu.

3. The chive low-non-point source pollution risk fertilization management technology according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the additional fertilizer in six additional fertilizers in the post-seedling-slowing stage, the green turning stage, the tillering prosperity stage, the rapid growth stage and the maturation stage is respectively 12.5%, 25% and 12.5% in terms of nitrogen.

4. The chive low non-point source pollution risk fertilization management technology according to claim 3, wherein urea is adopted for additional fertilization, and the input amount of urea nitrogen is 30.39 kg/mu.

5. The chive low-non-point source pollution risk fertilization management technology as claimed in claim 1, wherein the organic fertilizer is an organic fertilizer formed by mixing a commercial organic fertilizer, bacillus and functional trichoderma according to a ratio of 1.

6. The chive low-non-point source pollution risk fertilization management technology as claimed in claim 5, wherein the commercial organic fertilizer is one or more of a chicken manure mushroom residue organic fertilizer, a pig manure mushroom residue organic fertilizer and a cow manure mushroom residue organic fertilizer.

7. The chive low non-point source pollution risk fertilization management technology according to claim 1, wherein the soil in the step (1) is loamy clay comprising upper soil and lower soil, wherein the background nutrient index of the upper soil is pH7.2, EC (us/cm) 80.9, N (%) 0.18, alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen (mg/L) 148.4, available phosphorus (mg/L) 26.9, and available potassium (mg/L) 198.5; wherein the background nutrient indexes of the lower soil layer are pH7.55, EC (us/cm) 90.1, N (%) 0.15, alkaline nitrogen (mg/L) 91.9, available phosphorus (mg/L) 18.0 and quick-acting potassium (mg/L) 141.0.

8. The chive low non-point source pollution risk fertilization management technology of claim 1, wherein transplanting is performed 3 days after fertilization.

9. The chive low-non-point source pollution risk fertilization management technology according to claim 1, wherein additional fertilization is performed within about 15 days after transplanting, namely seedling recovery, about 30 days, namely green turning period, about 100 days, namely tillering period, about 120 days, namely tillering full period, about 140 days, namely rapid growth period, and about 155 days, namely maturation period.