CN104718867A - Winter wheat one-step fertilization method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a winter wheat one-step fertilization method. The method includes 1, in a plain wheat producing area allowing machines to enter easily, after last crops are harvested, performing soil preparation by plowing and subsoiling deeply combined with rotary tilling; 2, allowing a wheat seeder to sow seeds and fertilize by one step, and omitting the post additional fertilization. The nitrogenous fertilizer application is determined according to controlled release nitrogen fertilizer release period, special wheat biodegradable controlled release nitrogen fertilizer is applied or matching with 10% to 20% humic acid urea; or thermosetting / thermal plastic resin coated controlled release nitrogen fertilizer is applied independently or matching with 10% to 30% quick acting urea; phosphate fertilizer is one of phosphate ammonium, diammonium phosphate, calcium superphosphate or triple superphosphate; potassium fertilizer is one of potassium chloride or potassium sulfate. By the one-step fertilization method, fertilizer investment can be saved, the ecological environment can be optimized, labor force is saved, and more benefit can be gained.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to winter wheat single fertilization, fertilizing method without the need to topdressing, belonging to agricultural fertilizer technical field.
Background technology
Wheat is distribute in the world the widest, cultivated area and the maximum crop of total trade volume, to world food security implication far above other crop.Wheat is the second largest cereal crops that China is only second to paddy rice, the cultivation history of more than 5000 year is had in China, long-term cultivated area about 3.55 hundred million mu, output more than 960 hundred million tons, output and sowing area account for 1/3 of world food, and sowing area, gross yield, quantity in stock and consumption figure all occupy first place in the world.In the grain ration total quantity consumed of China, wheat has accounted for about 43%, is the Major Foods of the especially northern resident of Chinese residents.Wheat Production is directly connected to growth of agricultural efficiency and increasing peasant income, is related to China's grain security.
China is based on winter wheat, long-term cultivated area and output account for more than 90% of the wheat gross area and total product, the breeding time of winter wheat is generally at about 240 days, experience autumn and winter, spring and early summer, law of nutritive absorption changes greatly in time, the Nutrient Absorption cycle is long, therefore to nutrient plan strategies for management particularly important, winter wheat Different growth phases needs different precipitations, according to fertilising Classification Management winter wheat can be divided into following three phases: the winter early stage, turn green to shooting stage, booting to the maturing stage.Winter wheat growing area is mainly distributed in Huang-Huai-Hai plain on the south Great Wall and the Yangtze river basin.In the wheat cultivation of routine, winter wheat generally will carry out 2 ~ 3 fertilisings, topdresses often, energy consumption is high, fertilising decline in benefits.Production is taken a lot of work effort, along with the rapid propelling of rural urbanization, labour constantly outwards shifts, and do not topdress in grain-production or the irrational phenomenon ubiquity of topdressing method, utilization rate of fertilizer is still on the low side, have impact on stabilizing and increasing of grain yield.
At present, existing patent relates to wheat and simplifies fertilizer practice, as Chinese patent literature CN102918980A discloses winter wheat Summer Maize Rotation land for growing field crops special sustained/controlled release urea one base one dressing fertilizer method, this disclosure of the invention a kind of winter wheat Summer Maize Rotation land for growing field crops special sustained/controlled release urea one base one dressing fertilizer method, nitrogenous fertilizer adopts 60% ~ 100% special sustained/controlled release urea in land for growing field crops to coordinate common urea, but the fertilizer that this patent relates to and fertilising process do not have commercialization, are difficult to large scale application.Chinese patent literature CN102017839A discloses a grow wheat, the Corn Rotation System anniversary simplify fertilizing method, this patent is by apply fertilizer in traditional wheat season 2 times or 3 times, the habits fertilization method of more than 2 times of applying fertilizer in corn season, change into and applying fertilizer in wheat season 2 times, apply fertilizer in corn season the anniversary fertilization method of 1 time.Although simplify fertilising process, the single-dose application of wheat could not be realized.Do not have this type of fertilizing method open in prior art yet.
Summary of the invention
For the deficiencies in the prior art, the invention provides a kind of fertilizing method of winter wheat single fertilization later stage without the need to topdressing.
Technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:
Winter wheat single fertilization method, comprises the steps:
(1), in the wheat belt, Plain that machinery easily enters, after first crop crop harvesting, soil deep ploughing or subsoiling are carried out whole in conjunction with rotary tillage;
(2) carry out the disposable operation of seeding and fertilizing by wheat seeder, the later stage no longer topdresses;
Nitrogenous fertilizer is determined to use one of following according to the Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer Nitrogen releasing phase, following percentage is with the total input amount of purity nitrogen for radix, mass ratio meter:
A. wheat special bio degradable Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer is all used;
B. the humic acid urea that wheat special bio degradable Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer coordinates 10% ~ 20% is used;
C. thermohardening resin coated controlled-release nitrogenous fertilizer is all used;
D. the quick-acting urea that thermohardening resin coated controlled-release nitrogenous fertilizer coordinates 10% ~ 30% are used;
E. thermoplastic resin membrane wrapping control-releasing nitrogenous fertilizer is all used;
F. the quick-acting urea that thermoplastic resin membrane wrapping control-releasing nitrogenous fertilizer coordinates 10% ~ 30% are used;
Phosphate fertilizer selects MAP, diammonium phosphate, superphosphate or double superphosphate;
Potash fertilizer selects potassium chloride or potassium sulfate;
Rate of fertilizer is as follows:
The middle high fertility soil of target output>=500kg/ mu, applied nitrogen (by pure N) 14 ~ 20kg/ mu, phosphate fertilizer is (by P
2o
5meter) 7 ~ 9kg/ mu, potash fertilizer is (by K
2o counts) 5 ~ 7kg/ mu;
The middle low fertility soil of target output <500kg/ mu, applied nitrogen (by pure N) 12 ~ 14kg/ mu, phosphate fertilizer is (by P
2o
5meter) 5 ~ 7kg/ mu, potash fertilizer is (by K
2o counts) 3 ~ 5kg/ mu.
It is preferred according to the present invention,
Wheat special bio degradable Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer quality described in step (2) meets nitrogen initial stage release rate≤15%, Nitrogen releasing phase >=60 days, preparation >=80% of Nitrogen releasing phase.
Step (2) if described in thermoplasticity or thermohardening resin coated controlled-release nitrogenous fertilizer product nitrogen release period >=4 month, the quick-acting urea of 20% ~ 30% need be coordinated to use.
Step (2) if described in thermoplastic resin membrane wrapping control-releasing nitrogenous fertilizer Nitrogen releasing phase < 4 months, and nitrogen initial stage release rate >=5%, then can use separately; If nitrogen initial stage release rate < 5%, then need to join the quick-acting urea executing 10% ~ 30%.
Step (2) if described in thermohardening resin coated controlled-release nitrogenous fertilizer Nitrogen releasing phase < 4 months, and nitrogen initial stage release rate >=5%, then can use separately; If but nitrogen initial stage release rate < 5%, then need to join the quick-acting urea executing 10% ~ 20%.
Described humic acid urea nitrogen content is N >=28%.
Described quick-acting urea are common instant nitrogenousfertilizer, content >=46%.
The disposable method of operating of described seeding and fertilizing is as follows: the wheat seeder described in step (2) hangs on mini-size tillage machine, relies on the traction of mini-size tillage machine to carry out operation, plants case and fertilizer device and transmitting device and all separates; The degree of depth that ditch outputed by the plough connecting fertilizer device is that 5 ~ 8cm applies for fertilizer; After fertilizer is discharged, surrounding soil falls after rise; Seed lowering position and Term Fertilization position relative misalignment, defertilizing opening and sowing port lateral separation are 10 ~ 12cm; Even the degree of depth of ditch outputed by another plough of inoculating hood is that 2 ~ 4cm falls into for seed, and on the soil that seed falls after rise after dropping on fertilising, the suppression effect of press wheel is immediately carried out lid kind and covered fertile.
Method and apparatus used in the present invention not specified all conventionally.
Excellent results of the present invention is as follows:
1, the fertilizer needed for single fertilization of the present invention is commercially produced, market is easy to buy, easy to use.
2, single fertilization method of the present invention avoids the burning seedling phenomenon using seedling stage in current Wheat Production common high-nitrogen compound fertilizer to cause in a large number, dissimilar Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer collocation uses the Nitrogen supplying that take into account wheat whole breeding time, both ensure that fertility fertilizer not too much in early stage, in turn ensure that the later stage was not de-fertile.
3, fertilizing method of the present invention can save fertilizers input cost, reduces labour and drops into, realize " binodal about ", more than cost-saving 100-120 unit/mu, can reduce nitrogenous fertilizer and drop into 15%-20% under basic yield condition.
4, fertilizing method of the present invention can ensure that wheat stable yields is increased production, and improves peasant income.
5, improve the ecological environment, nitrogen material availability improves 5-10%, reduces nitrate nitrogen and runs off more than 20%.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is wheat seeder, and in figure, each label is: 1, frame, 2, fertilizer can, 3, seed-box, 4, plough, 5, front an animal-drawn seed plough leg, 6, middle an animal-drawn seed plough leg, 7, rear an animal-drawn seed plough leg, 8, covering device, 9, compact wheel, 10, defertilizing tube, 11, front discharging tube, 12, rear discharging tube.
Embodiment
By the following examples the present invention is further described, but the present invention is not limited only to following examples.Thermoplasticity used in embodiment or thermohardening resin coated controlled-release nitrogenous fertilizer, the coated release-controlled nitrogenous fertilizer of biodegradable are produced by Shandong Kingenta Bio-engineering Stock Co., Ltd..Wheat seeder structure as shown in Figure 1, see CN102835209A.
" % " in embodiment is mass percent.
Embodiment 1
A kind of winter wheat single fertilization method, comprises the steps:
(1), in the wheat belt, Plain that machinery easily enters, after first crop crop harvesting, soil deep ploughing or subsoiling are carried out whole in conjunction with rotary tillage;
(2) carry out the disposable operation of seeding and fertilizing by wheat cultivation fertilizer distributor, the later stage no longer topdresses;
Select thermoplastic resin membrane wrapping control-releasing nitrogenous fertilizer, if product nitrogen release period >=4 month, the coordinate 23% quick-acting urea of (by purity nitrogen, the nitrogen namely in urea nitrogen and diammonium phosphate accounts for 23% of total nitrogen), diammonium phosphate selected by phosphate fertilizer, and potash fertilizer can select granule potassium chloride;
Output be about 500kg/ mu on high fertility soil, nitrogen fertilizer amount is (by pure N) 15kg/ mu, and phosphate fertilizer drops into (P
2o
5) 7.5kg/ mu, potash fertilizer drops into (K
2o) 5.5kg/ mu;
The disposable method of operating of seeding and fertilizing is as follows: described wheat seeder hangs on mini-size tillage machine, relies on the traction of mini-size tillage machine to carry out operation, plants case and fertilizer device and transmitting device and all separates; The degree of depth that ditch outputed by trench digging fertilizer apparatus is 7cm; After fertilizer is discharged, surrounding soil falls after rise; Seed lowering position and Term Fertilization position relative misalignment, defertilizing opening and sowing port lateral separation are 10cm; The degree of depth that trench digging seeder outputs ditch is 3cm, and on the soil that seed falls after rise after dropping on and applying fertilizer, lid kind of lid fertilizer is carried out in the suppression effect of press wheel immediately.
Embodiment 2
A kind of winter wheat single fertilization method, comprises the steps:
(1), in the wheat belt, Plain that machinery easily enters, after first crop crop harvesting, soil deep ploughing or subsoiling are carried out whole in conjunction with rotary tillage;
(2) carry out the disposable operation of seeding and fertilizing by wheat cultivation fertilizer distributor, the later stage no longer topdresses;
Select thermohardening resin coated controlled-release nitrogenous fertilizer, Nitrogen releasing phase < 4 months, nitrogen initial stage release rate < 5%, join the quick-acting urea (nitrogen namely in urea nitrogen and MAP account for 15% that total nitrogen drops into) executing 15%, MAP selected by phosphate fertilizer, and potash fertilizer can select granule potassium chloride;
On high fertility soil about output is 650kg/ mu, nitrogen fertilizer amount is (by pure N) 18kg/ mu, and phosphate fertilizer drops into (P
2o
5) 9kg/ mu, potash fertilizer drops into (K
2o) 7kg/ mu;
The disposable method of operating of seeding and fertilizing is as follows: described wheat seeder hangs on mini-size tillage machine, relies on the traction of mini-size tillage machine to carry out operation, plants case and fertilizer device and transmitting device and all separates; The degree of depth that ditch outputed by trench digging fertilizer apparatus is 8cm; After fertilizer is discharged, surrounding soil falls after rise; Seed lowering position and Term Fertilization position relative misalignment, defertilizing opening and sowing port lateral separation are 12cm; The degree of depth that trench digging seeder outputs ditch is 3.5cm, and on the soil that seed falls after rise after dropping on and applying fertilizer, lid kind of lid fertilizer is carried out in the suppression effect of press wheel immediately.
Embodiment 3
A kind of winter wheat single fertilization method, comprises the steps:
(1), in the wheat belt, Plain that machinery easily enters, after first crop crop harvesting, soil deep ploughing or subsoiling are carried out whole in conjunction with rotary tillage;
(2) carry out the disposable operation of seeding and fertilizing by wheat cultivation fertilizer distributor, the later stage no longer topdresses;
The coated release-controlled nitrogenous fertilizer of winter wheat special bio degradable selected by nitrogenous fertilizer, and double superphosphate selected by phosphate fertilizer, and potash fertilizer can select granular potassium sulfate;
Output be more than 550kg/ mu on high fertility soil, nitrogen fertilizer amount is (by pure N) 16kg/ mu, and phosphate fertilizer drops into (P
2o
5) 7.5kg/ mu, potash fertilizer drops into (K
2o) 6kg/ mu;
The disposable method of operating of seeding and fertilizing is as follows: described wheat seeder hangs on mini-size tillage machine, relies on the traction of mini-size tillage machine to carry out operation, plants case and fertilizer device and transmitting device and all separates; The degree of depth that ditch outputed by trench digging fertilizer apparatus is 7.5cm; After fertilizer is discharged, surrounding soil falls after rise; Seed lowering position and Term Fertilization position relative misalignment, defertilizing opening and sowing port lateral separation are 11cm; The degree of depth that trench digging seeder outputs ditch is 3cm, and on the soil that seed falls after rise after dropping on and applying fertilizer, lid kind of lid fertilizer is carried out in the suppression effect of press wheel immediately.
Following experimental example for illustration of beneficial effect of the present invention, but is not limited thereto.
Experimental example 1
Select the winter wheat single fertilization method of embodiment 1, the local conventional fertilization technology dropped into equal nutrient content carries out comparative trial, test select in Tai'an in 2012-2013, Longkou, 3, Dezhou counties and cities carry out.Conventional fertilization technology precipitation amount is identical with embodiment 1, N P and K derives from composite fertilizer and urea (base fertilizer composite fertilizer, rotary tillage soil-working is spread fertilizer over the fields before sowing, urea carried out spreading fertilizer over the fields irrigating in the phase of standing up in spring again, nitrogen Dressing ratios example is 1:1), sowing operation is carried out separately, and the degree of depth that trench digging seeder outputs ditch is generally 3cm.Other field management operation is consistent.Table 1 is that the aspect such as Canopy structure, average yield of 3 test sites compares analysis.
Table 1 wheat single fertilization method and traditional fertilization contrast
As can be seen from Table 1, single fertilization technology in emergence rate and mu spike number comparatively conventional fertilization technology have significant advantage, although do not carry out imposing of nitrogen in the later stage, grain number per spike and thousand kernel weight aspect are not still in weak tendency, thus 18.7kg/ mu is increased in last average yield, rate of growth 3.6%, successful.
Experimental example 2
Select the winter wheat single fertilization method of embodiment 2, the local conventional fertilization technology dropped into equal nutrient content carries out comparative trial, and test is selected to carry out in middle areas in Shandong Province, southwest in Shandong Province, typical counties, 8, middle and southern in Shandong Province.Conventional fertilization technology precipitation amount is identical with embodiment 2, N P and K derives from composite fertilizer and urea (base fertilizer composite fertilizer, rotary tillage soil-working is spread fertilizer over the fields before sowing, urea carried out spreading fertilizer over the fields irrigating in the shooting stage in spring again, nitrogen Dressing ratios example is 4:6), sowing operation is carried out separately, and the degree of depth that trench digging seeder outputs ditch is generally 3.5cm.Other field management operation is consistent.Table 2 is that 2013-2014 compares analysis from the aspect such as average yield, cost benefit, plant recovery of nutrient, environment of all test sites.
Table 2 wheat single fertilization method and traditional fertilization contrast
As can be seen from Table 2, compared with conventional fertilization technology, although wheat single fertilization technology grain yield amount of increase in production is not remarkable, but apparently higher than traditional fertilization from input cost and mu income, average mu increases income more than 50 yuan, utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer exceeds 5.1%, and nitrate nitrogen loss minimizing 22.7%, technique effect is with the obvious advantage.
Experimental example 3
Select the winter wheat single fertilization method of embodiment 3, the conventional fertilization technology dropped into equal nutrient content carries out comparative trial, and test is selected in Dingtao, Yuncheng, Tengzhou, Mount Tai, Huantai 5 typical counties are carried out.Conventional fertilization technology precipitation is identical with embodiment 3, N P and K derives from composite fertilizer and urea (base fertilizer composite fertilizer, rotary tillage soil-working is spread fertilizer over the fields before sowing, urea spring turn green-shooting stage carries out spreading fertilizer over the fields irrigating again, nitrogen Dressing ratios example is 1:1), sowing operation is carried out separately, and the degree of depth that trench digging seeder outputs ditch is generally 3cm.Other field management operation is consistent.Below that 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 compares analysis from aspects such as average yield, cost benefit, plant recovery of nutrient, environmental influences in 2 years.
Table 3 wheat single fertilization method and traditional fertilization contrast
As can be seen from Table 3, compared with conventional fertilization technology, although wheat single fertilization technology grain yield amount of increase in production is not remarkable, but apparently higher than traditional fertilization from input cost and mu income, average mu increases income more than 60 yuan, and utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer exceeds 4.9%, nitrate nitrogen loss minimizing 28.8%, little to underground water potential threat, technique effect is with the obvious advantage.
Claims (8)
1. winter wheat single fertilization method, is characterized in that, comprises the steps:
(1), in the wheat belt, Plain that machinery easily enters, after first crop crop harvesting, soil deep ploughing or subsoiling are carried out whole in conjunction with rotary tillage;
(2) carry out the disposable operation of seeding and fertilizing by wheat cultivation fertilizer distributor, the later stage no longer topdresses;
Nitrogenous fertilizer is determined to use one of following according to the Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer Nitrogen releasing phase, following percentage is with the total input amount of purity nitrogen for radix, mass ratio meter:
A. wheat special bio degradable Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer is all used;
B. the humic acid urea that wheat special bio degradable Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer coordinates 10% ~ 20% is used;
C. thermohardening resin coated controlled-release nitrogenous fertilizer is all used;
D. the quick-acting urea that thermohardening resin coated controlled-release nitrogenous fertilizer coordinates 10% ~ 30% are used;
E. thermoplastic resin membrane wrapping control-releasing nitrogenous fertilizer is all used;
F. the quick-acting urea that thermoplastic resin membrane wrapping control-releasing nitrogenous fertilizer coordinates 10% ~ 30% are used;
Phosphate fertilizer selects MAP, diammonium phosphate, superphosphate or double superphosphate;
Potash fertilizer selects potassium chloride or potassium sulfate;
Rate of fertilizer is as follows:
The middle high fertility soil of target output>=500kg/ mu, applied nitrogen is by pure N 14 ~ 20kg/ mu, and P pressed by phosphate fertilizer
2o
5meter 7 ~ 9kg/ mu, K pressed by potash fertilizer
2o counts 5 ~ 7kg/ mu;
The middle low fertility soil of target output <500kg/ mu, applied nitrogen is by pure N 12 ~ 14kg/ mu, and P pressed by phosphate fertilizer
2o
5meter 5 ~ 7kg/ mu, K pressed by potash fertilizer
2o counts 3 ~ 5kg/ mu.
2. winter wheat single fertilization method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, wheat special bio degradable Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer quality described in step (2) meets nitrogen initial stage release rate≤15%, Nitrogen releasing phase >=60 days, preparation >=80% of Nitrogen releasing phase.
3. winter wheat single fertilization method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, step (2) if described in thermoplasticity or thermohardening resin coated controlled-release nitrogenous fertilizer product nitrogen release period >=4 month, the quick-acting urea of 20% ~ 30% need be coordinated to use.
4. winter wheat single fertilization method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, step (2) if described in thermoplastic resin membrane wrapping control-releasing nitrogenous fertilizer Nitrogen releasing phase < 4 months, and nitrogen initial stage release rate >=5%, then can use separately; If nitrogen initial stage release rate < 5%, then need to join the quick-acting urea executing 10% ~ 30%.
5. winter wheat single fertilization method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, step (2) if described in thermohardening resin coated controlled-release nitrogenous fertilizer Nitrogen releasing phase < 4 months, and nitrogen initial stage release rate >=5%, then can use separately; If but nitrogen initial stage release rate < 5%, then need to join the quick-acting urea executing 10% ~ 20%.
6. winter wheat single fertilization method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described humic acid urea nitrogen content is N >=28%.
7. winter wheat single fertilization method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described quick-acting urea are common instant nitrogenousfertilizer, content >=46%.
8. winter wheat single fertilization method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, the disposable method of operating of described seeding and fertilizing is as follows: the wheat seeder described in step (2) hangs on mini-size tillage machine, rely on the traction of mini-size tillage machine to carry out operation, plant case and fertilizer device and transmitting device and all separate; The degree of depth that ditch outputed by the plough connecting fertilizer device is that 5 ~ 8cm applies for fertilizer; After fertilizer is discharged, surrounding soil falls after rise; Seed lowering position and Term Fertilization position relative misalignment, defertilizing opening and sowing port lateral separation are 10 ~ 12cm; Even the degree of depth of ditch outputed by another plough of inoculating hood is that 2 ~ 4cm falls into for seed, and on the soil that seed falls after rise after dropping on fertilising, the suppression effect of press wheel is immediately carried out lid kind and covered fertile.
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