ZA979704B - Heavy oils having improved properties and an additive therefor - Google Patents

Heavy oils having improved properties and an additive therefor

Info

Publication number
ZA979704B
ZA979704B ZA979704A ZA979704A ZA979704B ZA 979704 B ZA979704 B ZA 979704B ZA 979704 A ZA979704 A ZA 979704A ZA 979704 A ZA979704 A ZA 979704A ZA 979704 B ZA979704 B ZA 979704B
Authority
ZA
South Africa
Prior art keywords
improved properties
heavy oils
additive therefor
therefor
additive
Prior art date
Application number
ZA979704A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Guenther Hertel
Michael Feustel
Hakan Bystroem
Geoffrey Richards
Original Assignee
Clariant Gmbh
Bycosin Ab
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Clariant Gmbh, Bycosin Ab filed Critical Clariant Gmbh
Publication of ZA979704B publication Critical patent/ZA979704B/xx

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/143—Organic compounds mixtures of organic macromolecular compounds with organic non-macromolecular compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C10L10/04—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for minimising corrosion or incrustation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/1608—Well defined compounds, e.g. hexane, benzene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/1616—Hydrocarbons fractions, e.g. lubricants, solvents, naphta, bitumen, tars, terpentine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
    • C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C10L1/1824—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms mono-hydroxy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/185—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones
    • C10L1/1852—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Orthoesters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
    • C10L1/1881—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
    • C10L1/1881—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom
    • C10L1/1883—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom polycarboxylic acid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
    • C10L1/1885—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof resin acid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
    • C10L1/1888—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof tall oil
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/238—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/24—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium
    • C10L1/2431—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium sulfur bond to oxygen, e.g. sulfones, sulfoxides
    • C10L1/2437—Sulfonic acids; Derivatives thereof, e.g. sulfonamides, sulfosuccinic acid esters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/26—Organic compounds containing phosphorus
    • C10L1/2633—Organic compounds containing phosphorus phosphorus bond to oxygen (no P. C. bond)
    • C10L1/2641—Organic compounds containing phosphorus phosphorus bond to oxygen (no P. C. bond) oxygen bonds only

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
  • Emulsifying, Dispersing, Foam-Producing Or Wetting Agents (AREA)
  • Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
ZA979704A 1996-10-30 1997-10-29 Heavy oils having improved properties and an additive therefor ZA979704B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19643832A DE19643832A1 (de) 1996-10-30 1996-10-30 Schwere Öle mit verbesserten Eigenschaften und ein Additiv dafür

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
ZA979704B true ZA979704B (en) 1998-07-27

Family

ID=7809624

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
ZA979704A ZA979704B (en) 1996-10-30 1997-10-29 Heavy oils having improved properties and an additive therefor

Country Status (20)

Country Link
US (1) US6488724B1 (fr)
EP (1) EP0938534B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN1235629A (fr)
AR (1) AR008902A1 (fr)
AU (1) AU727164B2 (fr)
BR (1) BR9712463A (fr)
CA (1) CA2270218C (fr)
CO (1) CO4870788A1 (fr)
DE (2) DE19643832A1 (fr)
DK (1) DK0938534T3 (fr)
ES (1) ES2165031T3 (fr)
HU (1) HUP9904230A3 (fr)
ID (1) ID22062A (fr)
MY (1) MY121236A (fr)
NO (1) NO317758B1 (fr)
RU (1) RU2177980C2 (fr)
TR (1) TR199900929T2 (fr)
UA (1) UA52704C2 (fr)
WO (1) WO1998018885A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA979704B (fr)

Families Citing this family (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2789999B1 (fr) * 1999-02-18 2004-05-28 Arc Chimie Procede de traitement des melanges d'hydrocarbures contenant des asphaltenes
CA2424910A1 (fr) * 2002-04-23 2003-10-23 Rohm And Haas Company Produits d'addition entre une amine et un acide insature utilises comme dispersants d'asphaltenes dans du petrole brut
ITRM20020509A1 (it) * 2002-10-08 2004-04-09 Chimec Spa Additivo per olio combustibile.
US20040232043A1 (en) * 2003-05-23 2004-11-25 Ravindranath Mukkamala Amine-unsaturated acid adducts as asphaltene dispersants in crude oil
US7625466B2 (en) * 2005-05-20 2009-12-01 Value Creation Inc. System for the decontamination of asphaltic heavy oil and bitumen
CO5930080A1 (es) * 2006-12-06 2008-06-27 Ecopetrol Sa Aditivo anti-coquizante y estabilizante de asfalteno y procedimiento para su obtencion
WO2009013536A2 (fr) * 2007-07-20 2009-01-29 Innospec Limited Amélioration des compositions d'hydrocarbures ou concernant les compositions d'hydrocarbures
US9255043B2 (en) 2011-08-31 2016-02-09 Chevron Oronite Company Llc Liquid crude hydrocarbon composition
US9212330B2 (en) * 2012-10-31 2015-12-15 Baker Hughes Incorporated Process for reducing the viscosity of heavy residual crude oil during refining
KR101836946B1 (ko) * 2015-09-17 2018-04-19 이영서 온실가스, 질소산화물 및 입자상 물질 저감을 위한 연료첨가제
CN109219649B (zh) * 2016-03-18 2021-01-15 韩国化学研究院 借助于沥青质高分散化的重质油转化方法
US10781378B2 (en) 2017-12-05 2020-09-22 Fqe Chemicals Inc. Compositions and methods for dissolution of heavy organic compounds
CA3225519A1 (fr) 2021-07-16 2023-01-19 Innospec Limited Compositions de mazout et procedes et utilisations associes

Family Cites Families (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1284378B (de) * 1966-06-01 1968-12-05 Hoechst Ag Verfahren zur Verhuetung von Paraffin- und Asphaltablagerungen bei der Erdoelfoerderung
FR2172797A1 (en) * 1972-02-22 1973-10-05 Gamlen Naintre Sa Oil-sol ferric salts of org acids - for use as paint and varnish siccatives and fuel additives
DE2316230A1 (de) * 1972-04-10 1973-10-18 Drew Chem Corp Heizoel-additiv
US4129589A (en) 1976-07-15 1978-12-12 Surpass Chemicals Limited Over-based magnesium salts of sulphonic acids
US4182613A (en) * 1976-11-24 1980-01-08 Exxon Research & Engineering Co. Compatibility additive for fuel oil blends
US4129508A (en) * 1977-10-13 1978-12-12 The Lubrizol Corporation Demulsifier additive compositions for lubricants and fuels and concentrates containing the same
FR2451364A1 (fr) * 1979-03-16 1980-10-10 Inst Francais Du Petrole Complexes organo-solubles a haute teneur en fer utilisables comme adjuvants de combustion dans les combustibles liquides
FR2476645A2 (fr) * 1979-04-06 1981-08-28 Inst Francais Du Petrole Complexes organo-solubles a haute teneur en fer utilisables comme adjuvants de combustion dans les combustibles liquides
US4505718A (en) * 1981-01-22 1985-03-19 The Lubrizol Corporation Organo transition metal salt/ashless detergent-dispersant combinations
US4604188A (en) * 1983-08-11 1986-08-05 Mobil Oil Corporation Thermal upgrading of residual oil to light product and heavy residual fuel
US4479805A (en) * 1983-09-12 1984-10-30 Columbia Chase Corporation Treating-high asphaltene fuel oils
FR2576032B1 (fr) * 1985-01-17 1987-02-06 Elf France Composition homogene et stable d'hydrocarbures liquides asphalteniques et d'au moins un additif utilisable notamment comme fuel industriel
US4659338A (en) * 1985-08-16 1987-04-21 The Lubrizol Corporation Fuel compositions for lessening valve seat recession
US4690687A (en) * 1985-08-16 1987-09-01 The Lubrizol Corporation Fuel products comprising a lead scavenger
US4804389A (en) * 1985-08-16 1989-02-14 The Lubrizol Corporation Fuel products
DE3638743A1 (de) * 1986-11-13 1988-05-26 Hoechst Ag Verzweigte polyoxalkylenmischpolyester, verfahren zu ihrer herstellung und ihre verwendung
DE3809067A1 (de) * 1988-03-18 1989-09-28 Hoechst Ag Verfahren zum trennen von erdoelemulsionen vom typ wasser-in-oel
FR2632966B1 (fr) * 1988-06-21 1990-11-16 Bycosin Kemi Ab Dispersions d'hydroxydes de fer utiles comme additifs ameliorant la combustion
DE69004692T2 (de) 1990-09-20 1994-03-10 Ethyl Petroleum Additives Ltd Kohlenwasserstoffzusammensetzungen und Zusätze dafür.
EP0584708B1 (fr) * 1992-08-22 1998-05-13 Clariant GmbH Désémulsifiants polyfonctionnels pour huiles brutes

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US6488724B1 (en) 2002-12-03
DK0938534T3 (da) 2001-12-17
BR9712463A (pt) 1999-12-21
RU2177980C2 (ru) 2002-01-10
CA2270218C (fr) 2006-10-31
AU727164B2 (en) 2000-12-07
UA52704C2 (uk) 2003-01-15
TR199900929T2 (xx) 1999-07-21
AU4948797A (en) 1998-05-22
AR008902A1 (es) 2000-02-23
DE19643832A1 (de) 1998-05-07
DE59704734D1 (de) 2001-10-31
EP0938534B1 (fr) 2001-09-26
EP0938534A1 (fr) 1999-09-01
NO991949L (no) 1999-04-23
ID22062A (id) 1999-08-26
HUP9904230A2 (hu) 2000-04-28
CA2270218A1 (fr) 1998-05-07
WO1998018885A1 (fr) 1998-05-07
CO4870788A1 (es) 1999-12-27
NO991949D0 (no) 1999-04-23
HUP9904230A3 (en) 2001-02-28
MY121236A (en) 2006-01-28
CN1235629A (zh) 1999-11-17
NO317758B1 (no) 2004-12-13
ES2165031T3 (es) 2002-03-01

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