ZA200406620B - A reactive distillation process for the alkylationof aromatic hydrocarbons - Google Patents
A reactive distillation process for the alkylationof aromatic hydrocarbons Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ZA200406620B ZA200406620B ZA200406620A ZA200406620A ZA200406620B ZA 200406620 B ZA200406620 B ZA 200406620B ZA 200406620 A ZA200406620 A ZA 200406620A ZA 200406620 A ZA200406620 A ZA 200406620A ZA 200406620 B ZA200406620 B ZA 200406620B
- Authority
- ZA
- South Africa
- Prior art keywords
- zone
- olefin
- catalyst
- aromatic
- reboiler
- Prior art date
Links
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 49
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 37
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims description 34
- 238000000066 reactive distillation Methods 0.000 title claims description 16
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 91
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 79
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 70
- 238000005804 alkylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 230000029936 alkylation Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011973 solid acid Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 105
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 8
- RWGFKTVRMDUZSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N cumene Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 RWGFKTVRMDUZSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 6
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 4
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- -1 benzene and cumene Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052680 mordenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 2
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011949 solid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004951 benzene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000001555 benzenes Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;dioxosilane;oxygen(2-);hydrate Chemical compound O.[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3].O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000539 dimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003623 enhancer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052901 montmorillonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Polymers [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003303 reheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
- C07C2/54—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition of unsaturated hydrocarbons to saturated hydrocarbons or to hydrocarbons containing a six-membered aromatic ring with no unsaturation outside the aromatic ring
- C07C2/64—Addition to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C2/66—Catalytic processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
- C07C2/54—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition of unsaturated hydrocarbons to saturated hydrocarbons or to hydrocarbons containing a six-membered aromatic ring with no unsaturation outside the aromatic ring
- C07C2/64—Addition to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C15/00—Cyclic hydrocarbons containing only six-membered aromatic rings as cyclic parts
- C07C15/02—Monocyclic hydrocarbons
- C07C15/067—C8H10 hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
- C07C2/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US10/091,199 US6642425B2 (en) | 2002-03-05 | 2002-03-05 | Reactive distillation process for the alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ZA200406620B true ZA200406620B (en) | 2006-06-28 |
Family
ID=27804107
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA200406620A ZA200406620B (en) | 2002-03-05 | 2004-08-19 | A reactive distillation process for the alkylationof aromatic hydrocarbons |
Country Status (18)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6642425B2 (ru) |
| EP (1) | EP1487765A4 (ru) |
| JP (1) | JP2005519130A (ru) |
| KR (1) | KR100967976B1 (ru) |
| CN (1) | CN100337998C (ru) |
| AU (1) | AU2003205193B2 (ru) |
| BR (1) | BR0308194A (ru) |
| CA (1) | CA2482337A1 (ru) |
| CO (1) | CO5631426A2 (ru) |
| EA (1) | EA006785B1 (ru) |
| EC (1) | ECSP045273A (ru) |
| EG (1) | EG23540A (ru) |
| HN (1) | HN2004000358A (ru) |
| IL (2) | IL163582A0 (ru) |
| MX (1) | MXPA04008561A (ru) |
| NO (1) | NO20043863L (ru) |
| WO (1) | WO2003076369A1 (ru) |
| ZA (1) | ZA200406620B (ru) |
Families Citing this family (24)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7199068B2 (en) | 2002-03-05 | 2007-04-03 | Sasol North America Inc. | Reactive distillation alkylation process including in situ catalyst regeneration |
| KR20050071471A (ko) * | 2002-08-08 | 2005-07-07 | 스미스클라인 비참 코포레이션 | 티오펜 화합물 |
| CN1886362B (zh) | 2003-07-24 | 2010-10-13 | 皇后医学中心 | 烷基化剂的制备和用途 |
| US6977319B2 (en) * | 2004-03-12 | 2005-12-20 | Chevron Oronite Company Llc | Alkylated aromatic compositions, zeolite catalyst compositions and processes for making the same |
| US7304198B2 (en) | 2004-05-14 | 2007-12-04 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Staged alkylation in microchannels |
| CA2586971C (en) * | 2004-11-12 | 2013-07-23 | Velocys Inc. | Process using microchannel technology for conducting alkylation or acylation reaction |
| US20060260927A1 (en) * | 2005-05-19 | 2006-11-23 | Armen Abazajian | Apparatus and method for continuous catalytic reactive distillation and on-line regeneration of catalyst |
| US7566429B2 (en) * | 2005-06-14 | 2009-07-28 | Sandia Corporation | Catalytic reactive separation system for energy-efficient production of cumene |
| US7728178B2 (en) * | 2005-08-31 | 2010-06-01 | Sasol Technology (Proprietary) Limited | Production of detergent range alcohols |
| US7888537B2 (en) * | 2006-12-29 | 2011-02-15 | Uop Llc | Solid acid catalyst and process for decomposition of cumene hydroperoxide |
| US8608942B2 (en) * | 2007-03-15 | 2013-12-17 | Kellogg Brown & Root Llc | Systems and methods for residue upgrading |
| TWI367878B (en) * | 2008-01-09 | 2012-07-11 | Uop Llc | Process for separating diisopropylbenzene (dipb) and triisopropylbenzene (tipb) from a feed comprising dipb, tipb, and polyalkylate heavies |
| US7883618B2 (en) * | 2008-02-28 | 2011-02-08 | Kellogg Brown & Root Llc | Recycle of olefinic naphthas by removing aromatics |
| EP2720990B1 (en) | 2011-06-15 | 2018-03-07 | UT-Battelle, LLC | Zeolitic catalytic conversion of alcohols to hydrocarbons |
| TWI546278B (zh) * | 2011-08-23 | 2016-08-21 | 信實工業有限公司 | 用於製備烷基化芳香烴的方法 |
| US9434658B2 (en) | 2013-03-06 | 2016-09-06 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Catalytic conversion of alcohols to hydrocarbons with low benzene content |
| EP3016923B1 (en) | 2013-07-02 | 2019-12-18 | UT-Battelle, LLC | Catalytic conversion of alcohols selected from n-heptanol and n-octanol to a hydrocarbon blendstock |
| BR102014002154A2 (pt) * | 2014-01-28 | 2015-10-27 | Whirlpool Sa | processo de produção de composto alquilaromático, processo de transalquilação de polialquilaromáticos para produção seletiva de composto monoalquilaromático, e, processo de alquilação e transalquilação de compostos aromáticos e/ou poliaromáticos |
| MX2017006689A (es) * | 2014-11-25 | 2018-01-15 | Badger Licensing Llc | Proceso para reducir el contenido de benceno de la gasolina. |
| TWI530479B (zh) * | 2015-04-30 | 2016-04-21 | 長春石油化學股份有限公司 | 烷基酚製造方法 |
| US10696606B2 (en) | 2016-06-09 | 2020-06-30 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Zeolitic catalytic conversion of alcohols to hydrocarbon fractions with reduced gaseous hydrocarbon content |
| CN114436736B (zh) * | 2020-10-19 | 2024-01-26 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 用于重芳烃转化的催化反应系统和催化重芳烃转化的方法 |
| CN113248349A (zh) * | 2021-06-16 | 2021-08-13 | 南京元素科技有限公司 | 一种用于间甲酚和/或对甲酚烷基化连续反应的装置 |
| CN115261064B (zh) * | 2022-08-08 | 2023-11-21 | 内蒙古伊泰煤基新材料研究院有限公司 | 一种费托轻质油制烷基芳烃的原料预处理系统及方法 |
Family Cites Families (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU585282B2 (en) * | 1985-01-07 | 1989-06-15 | Chemical Research & Licensing Company | Alkylation of organic aromatic compounds |
| US5082990A (en) | 1988-10-28 | 1992-01-21 | Chevron Research And Technology Company | Alkylation of aromatics-containing refinery streams |
| US5019669A (en) | 1989-03-10 | 1991-05-28 | Chemical Research & Licensing Company | Alkylation of organic aromatic compounds |
| US5476978A (en) * | 1989-09-05 | 1995-12-19 | Chemical Research & Licensing Company | Process for the preparation of ethyl benzene |
| US5113031A (en) * | 1990-11-09 | 1992-05-12 | Angel Sy | Aromatic alkylation process |
| US5258560A (en) * | 1992-06-22 | 1993-11-02 | Uop | Etherification of C5 -plus olefins by catalytic distillation |
| JPH07223978A (ja) * | 1994-02-10 | 1995-08-22 | Mitsubishi Chem Corp | 芳香族化合物の製造方法 |
| US5600049A (en) | 1995-06-01 | 1997-02-04 | Chemical Research & Licensing Company | Process for depropanizing benzene |
| US5777187A (en) | 1996-02-08 | 1998-07-07 | Huntsman Petrochemical Corporation | Two-step process for alkylation of benzene to form linear alkylbenzenes |
| US5770782A (en) | 1996-02-08 | 1998-06-23 | Huntsman Petrochemical Corporation | Process and system for alkylation of aromatic compounds |
| WO1998009929A1 (en) * | 1996-09-09 | 1998-03-12 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Alkylation of organic aromatic compounds using beta zeolite catalyst |
| US5894076A (en) * | 1997-05-12 | 1999-04-13 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Process for alkylation of benzene |
| US5866736A (en) * | 1997-10-14 | 1999-02-02 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Process for the production of alkyl benzene |
-
2002
- 2002-03-05 US US10/091,199 patent/US6642425B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-01-16 CA CA002482337A patent/CA2482337A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-01-16 CN CNB03805258XA patent/CN100337998C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-01-16 KR KR1020047013813A patent/KR100967976B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-01-16 EA EA200401156A patent/EA006785B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-01-16 AU AU2003205193A patent/AU2003205193B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2003-01-16 IL IL16358203A patent/IL163582A0/xx unknown
- 2003-01-16 JP JP2003574593A patent/JP2005519130A/ja active Pending
- 2003-01-16 EP EP03703862A patent/EP1487765A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-01-16 BR BR0308194-0A patent/BR0308194A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-01-16 WO PCT/US2003/001437 patent/WO2003076369A1/en active Application Filing
- 2003-01-16 MX MXPA04008561A patent/MXPA04008561A/es active IP Right Grant
-
2004
- 2004-08-17 IL IL163582A patent/IL163582A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-08-19 ZA ZA200406620A patent/ZA200406620B/en unknown
- 2004-09-02 EC EC2004005273A patent/ECSP045273A/es unknown
- 2004-09-03 CO CO04086983A patent/CO5631426A2/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2004-09-04 EG EGNA2004000084 patent/EG23540A/xx active
- 2004-09-10 HN HN2004000358A patent/HN2004000358A/es unknown
- 2004-09-15 NO NO20043863A patent/NO20043863L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| HN2004000358A (es) | 2008-10-07 |
| CO5631426A2 (es) | 2006-04-28 |
| IL163582A0 (en) | 2005-12-18 |
| AU2003205193A1 (en) | 2003-09-22 |
| CN1639088A (zh) | 2005-07-13 |
| KR100967976B1 (ko) | 2010-07-07 |
| ECSP045273A (es) | 2005-04-18 |
| JP2005519130A (ja) | 2005-06-30 |
| EA006785B1 (ru) | 2006-04-28 |
| BR0308194A (pt) | 2004-12-21 |
| US6642425B2 (en) | 2003-11-04 |
| MXPA04008561A (es) | 2005-04-25 |
| US20030171630A1 (en) | 2003-09-11 |
| EP1487765A4 (en) | 2010-03-10 |
| CA2482337A1 (en) | 2003-09-18 |
| IL163582A (en) | 2010-05-31 |
| KR20040104479A (ko) | 2004-12-10 |
| WO2003076369A1 (en) | 2003-09-18 |
| NO20043863L (no) | 2004-09-15 |
| EA200401156A1 (ru) | 2005-02-24 |
| EP1487765A1 (en) | 2004-12-22 |
| EG23540A (en) | 2006-04-26 |
| AU2003205193B2 (en) | 2009-01-29 |
| CN100337998C (zh) | 2007-09-19 |
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