ZA200301534B - Fischer-Tropsch process. - Google Patents
Fischer-Tropsch process. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ZA200301534B ZA200301534B ZA200301534A ZA200301534A ZA200301534B ZA 200301534 B ZA200301534 B ZA 200301534B ZA 200301534 A ZA200301534 A ZA 200301534A ZA 200301534 A ZA200301534 A ZA 200301534A ZA 200301534 B ZA200301534 B ZA 200301534B
- Authority
- ZA
- South Africa
- Prior art keywords
- reaction vessel
- catalyst
- process according
- slurry
- hydrogen
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 44
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims description 41
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 130
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 85
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 81
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 59
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 49
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 49
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 49
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 46
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 41
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 39
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 28
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000021715 photosynthesis, light harvesting Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 22
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 9
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 5
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxy(oxo)manganese;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000012263 liquid product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004949 mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003716 rejuvenation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035899 viability Effects 0.000 description 2
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012809 cooling fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005243 fluidization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000013341 scale-up Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011949 solid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002459 sustained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon
- C10G2/30—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
- C10G2/32—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen with the use of catalysts
- C10G2/34—Apparatus, reactors
- C10G2/342—Apparatus, reactors with moving solid catalysts
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GBGB0023781.8A GB0023781D0 (en) | 2000-09-28 | 2000-09-28 | Process |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
ZA200301534B true ZA200301534B (en) | 2004-02-25 |
Family
ID=9900300
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
ZA200301534A ZA200301534B (en) | 2000-09-28 | 2003-02-25 | Fischer-Tropsch process. |
Country Status (16)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6914083B2 (es) |
EP (1) | EP1322575B1 (es) |
JP (1) | JP5154730B2 (es) |
CN (1) | CN1246267C (es) |
AR (1) | AR030764A1 (es) |
AU (2) | AU9204501A (es) |
BR (1) | BR0114256B1 (es) |
CA (1) | CA2422478C (es) |
DZ (1) | DZ3419A1 (es) |
EA (1) | EA005789B1 (es) |
GB (1) | GB0023781D0 (es) |
GC (1) | GC0000305A (es) |
NO (1) | NO333831B1 (es) |
OA (1) | OA12371A (es) |
WO (1) | WO2002026667A1 (es) |
ZA (1) | ZA200301534B (es) |
Families Citing this family (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2004088227A2 (en) * | 2003-03-28 | 2004-10-14 | Conocophillips Company | Process and apparatus for controlling flow in a multiphase reactor |
FR2870544B1 (fr) * | 2004-05-19 | 2006-06-30 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede de synthese fischer-tropsch comprenant une regulation amelioree |
US20090100752A1 (en) * | 2004-06-26 | 2009-04-23 | Sessa John P | Device for converting carbonaceous matter into synthesis gas and associated methods |
WO2006099573A1 (en) | 2005-03-16 | 2006-09-21 | Fuelcor Llc | Systems, methods, and compositions for production of synthetic hydrocarbon compounds |
EA200702047A1 (ru) * | 2005-03-23 | 2008-04-28 | Юниверсити Оф Зе Витватерсрэнд, Йоханнесбург | Способ получения синтез-газа |
EP1746143A1 (en) * | 2005-07-20 | 2007-01-24 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Fischer-Tropsch process |
US8394861B2 (en) | 2007-06-27 | 2013-03-12 | Hrd Corporation | Gasification of carbonaceous materials and gas to liquid processes |
US8026403B2 (en) | 2007-06-27 | 2011-09-27 | H R D Corporation | System and process for production of liquid product from light gas |
GB0800792D0 (en) * | 2008-01-16 | 2008-02-27 | Lancer Gb Llp | Liquid dispensing system |
FR2933391B3 (fr) * | 2008-07-03 | 2012-02-03 | Physiques Ecp Et Chimiques | Conversion du glycerol en carburant liquide propre et renouvelable |
WO2010038396A1 (ja) * | 2008-09-30 | 2010-04-08 | 独立行政法人石油天然ガス・金属鉱物資源機構 | 炭化水素化合物合成反応ユニット及びその運転方法 |
US20100084350A1 (en) * | 2008-10-06 | 2010-04-08 | Jing Liu | Systems and Methods for Continuous Multiphase Reaction and Separation |
KR20120093202A (ko) * | 2009-10-09 | 2012-08-22 | 다우 글로벌 테크놀로지스 엘엘씨 | 단열식 플러그 흐름 반응기 및 염화 및/또는 불화 프로펜 및 고급 알켄의 제조 방법 |
US8592492B2 (en) * | 2010-03-08 | 2013-11-26 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Using fossil fuels to increase biomass-based fuel benefits |
GB201019940D0 (en) * | 2010-11-24 | 2011-01-05 | Davy Process Techn Ltd | Process |
JP5703096B2 (ja) * | 2011-03-31 | 2015-04-15 | 独立行政法人石油天然ガス・金属鉱物資源機構 | スラリー中の微粒子含有量の見積もり方法及び炭化水素油の製造方法 |
AU2012265887B2 (en) * | 2011-06-07 | 2016-12-22 | Sasol Technology (Proprietary) Limited | Process for producing at least one product from at least one gaseous reactant in a slurry bed |
IN2014DN07489A (es) | 2012-02-24 | 2015-04-24 | Sasol Tech Pty Ltd |
Family Cites Families (21)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4729981A (en) * | 1981-10-13 | 1988-03-08 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | ROR-activated catalyst for synthesis gas conversion |
US4624967A (en) | 1985-12-06 | 1986-11-25 | Exxon Research & Engineering Company | Fe-Co catalyst slurry system for use in alpha olefin production |
GB8623233D0 (en) * | 1986-09-26 | 1986-10-29 | British Petroleum Co Plc | Syngas conversion catalyst |
US5545674A (en) * | 1987-05-07 | 1996-08-13 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Surface supported cobalt catalysts, process utilizing these catalysts for the preparation of hydrocarbons from synthesis gas and process for the preparation of said catalysts |
US4874732A (en) * | 1987-07-13 | 1989-10-17 | Uop | Cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalysts having improved selectivity |
US5102851A (en) * | 1988-12-28 | 1992-04-07 | Den Norske Stats Oljeselskap A.S. | Supported catalyst for hydrocarbon synthesis |
US5348982A (en) * | 1990-04-04 | 1994-09-20 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Slurry bubble column (C-2391) |
CA2038773C (en) | 1990-04-04 | 1999-06-08 | Kym B. Arcuri | Slurry fischer-tropsch process with co/ti02 catalyst |
CA2105940C (en) * | 1992-10-05 | 2001-12-25 | Robert M. Koros | Bubble column, tube side slurry process and apparatus |
US6069179A (en) * | 1993-02-24 | 2000-05-30 | Den Norske Stats Oljeselskap As | Method of conducting catalytic converter multi-phase reaction |
FR2741064B1 (fr) * | 1995-11-10 | 1997-12-12 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede de conversion de gaz de synthese en hydrocarbures |
US5900159A (en) * | 1996-02-29 | 1999-05-04 | Shell Oil Company | Method for separating liquid from a slurry |
FR2751564B1 (fr) * | 1996-07-26 | 2001-10-12 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede et dispositif pour le fonctionnement d'une colonne a bulles triphasique avec application en synthese fischer-tropsch |
IT1283774B1 (it) * | 1996-08-07 | 1998-04-30 | Agip Petroli | Processo di fischer-tropsch con reattore a colonna a bolle multistadio |
US5863856A (en) * | 1997-04-22 | 1999-01-26 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Preparation of high activity catalysts the catalysts and their use |
US6068760A (en) * | 1997-08-08 | 2000-05-30 | Rentech, Inc. | Catalyst/wax separation device for slurry Fischer-Tropsch reactor |
US6076810A (en) * | 1997-10-21 | 2000-06-20 | Exxon Research And Engineering Co. | Throat and cone gas injector and gas distribution grid for slurry reactor |
US6117814A (en) * | 1998-02-10 | 2000-09-12 | Exxon Research And Engineering Co. | Titania catalysts their preparation and use in fischer-tropsch synthesis |
US5973012A (en) * | 1998-10-30 | 1999-10-26 | Exxon Research And Engineering Co. | Hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst slurry rejuvenation with gas disengagement (LAW 783) |
US5977192A (en) * | 1998-11-13 | 1999-11-02 | Exxon Research And Engineering Co. | Small catalyst particle addition to slurry reactor |
US6100304A (en) * | 1999-05-26 | 2000-08-08 | Energy International Corportion | Processes and palladium-promoted catalysts for conducting Fischer-Tropsch synthesis |
-
2000
- 2000-09-28 GB GBGB0023781.8A patent/GB0023781D0/en not_active Ceased
-
2001
- 2001-09-19 AR ARP010104419A patent/AR030764A1/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-09-25 GC GCP20011640 patent/GC0000305A/en active
- 2001-09-28 EA EA200300411A patent/EA005789B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-09-28 WO PCT/GB2001/004372 patent/WO2002026667A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2001-09-28 EP EP01972265A patent/EP1322575B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-09-28 JP JP2002531056A patent/JP5154730B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-09-28 AU AU9204501A patent/AU9204501A/xx active Pending
- 2001-09-28 OA OA1200300055A patent/OA12371A/en unknown
- 2001-09-28 US US10/363,417 patent/US6914083B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-09-28 AU AU2001292045A patent/AU2001292045B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2001-09-28 DZ DZ013419A patent/DZ3419A1/fr active
- 2001-09-28 CN CNB018157505A patent/CN1246267C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-09-28 CA CA002422478A patent/CA2422478C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-09-28 BR BRPI0114256-9A patent/BR0114256B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2003
- 2003-02-25 ZA ZA200301534A patent/ZA200301534B/en unknown
- 2003-03-27 NO NO20031417A patent/NO333831B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EA200300411A1 (ru) | 2003-08-28 |
CA2422478C (en) | 2007-09-11 |
WO2002026667A1 (en) | 2002-04-04 |
GB0023781D0 (en) | 2000-11-08 |
US20040014825A1 (en) | 2004-01-22 |
DZ3419A1 (fr) | 2002-04-04 |
AU9204501A (en) | 2002-04-08 |
NO333831B1 (no) | 2013-09-30 |
BR0114256A (pt) | 2003-12-09 |
NO20031417L (no) | 2003-05-27 |
BR0114256B1 (pt) | 2012-11-27 |
EP1322575B1 (en) | 2012-08-08 |
AU2001292045B2 (en) | 2006-01-12 |
EA005789B1 (ru) | 2005-06-30 |
AR030764A1 (es) | 2003-09-03 |
NO20031417D0 (no) | 2003-03-27 |
CN1458914A (zh) | 2003-11-26 |
CA2422478A1 (en) | 2002-04-04 |
OA12371A (en) | 2004-03-19 |
JP2004509935A (ja) | 2004-04-02 |
GC0000305A (en) | 2006-11-01 |
EP1322575A1 (en) | 2003-07-02 |
JP5154730B2 (ja) | 2013-02-27 |
US6914083B2 (en) | 2005-07-05 |
CN1246267C (zh) | 2006-03-22 |
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