ZA200007117B - Cryogenic ultra cold hybrid liquefier. - Google Patents

Cryogenic ultra cold hybrid liquefier.

Info

Publication number
ZA200007117B
ZA200007117B ZA200007117A ZA200007117A ZA200007117B ZA 200007117 B ZA200007117 B ZA 200007117B ZA 200007117 A ZA200007117 A ZA 200007117A ZA 200007117 A ZA200007117 A ZA 200007117A ZA 200007117 B ZA200007117 B ZA 200007117B
Authority
ZA
South Africa
Prior art keywords
ultra cold
liquefier
cryogenic ultra
cold hybrid
pulse tube
Prior art date
Application number
ZA200007117A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Arun Acharya
Christian Friedrich Gottzmann
Bayram Arman
John Henri Royal
Dante Patrick Bonaquist
Original Assignee
Praxair Technology Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Praxair Technology Inc filed Critical Praxair Technology Inc
Publication of ZA200007117B publication Critical patent/ZA200007117B/xx

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0225—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using other external refrigeration means not provided before, e.g. heat driven absorption chillers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B25/00—Machines, plants or systems, using a combination of modes of operation covered by two or more of the groups F25B1/00 - F25B23/00
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/002—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant
    • F25B9/006—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant the refrigerant containing more than one component
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/14—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the cycle used, e.g. Stirling cycle
    • F25B9/145—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the cycle used, e.g. Stirling cycle pulse-tube cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0005—Light or noble gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0005—Light or noble gases
    • F25J1/0007—Helium
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0005—Light or noble gases
    • F25J1/001—Hydrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0012—Primary atmospheric gases, e.g. air
    • F25J1/0015—Nitrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0012—Primary atmospheric gases, e.g. air
    • F25J1/002—Argon
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B21/00—Machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2309/00—Gas cycle refrigeration machines
    • F25B2309/14—Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the cycle used 
    • F25B2309/1424—Pulse tubes with basic schematic including an orifice and a reservoir
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2215/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the product stream
    • F25J2215/32—Neon
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
    • F25J2270/90—External refrigeration, e.g. conventional closed-loop mechanical refrigeration unit using Freon or NH3, unspecified external refrigeration
    • F25J2270/908—External refrigeration, e.g. conventional closed-loop mechanical refrigeration unit using Freon or NH3, unspecified external refrigeration by regenerative chillers, i.e. oscillating or dynamic systems, e.g. Stirling refrigerator, thermoelectric ("Peltier") or magnetic refrigeration
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
    • F25J2270/90—External refrigeration, e.g. conventional closed-loop mechanical refrigeration unit using Freon or NH3, unspecified external refrigeration
    • F25J2270/908—External refrigeration, e.g. conventional closed-loop mechanical refrigeration unit using Freon or NH3, unspecified external refrigeration by regenerative chillers, i.e. oscillating or dynamic systems, e.g. Stirling refrigerator, thermoelectric ("Peltier") or magnetic refrigeration
    • F25J2270/91—External refrigeration, e.g. conventional closed-loop mechanical refrigeration unit using Freon or NH3, unspecified external refrigeration by regenerative chillers, i.e. oscillating or dynamic systems, e.g. Stirling refrigerator, thermoelectric ("Peltier") or magnetic refrigeration using pulse tube refrigeration
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)
  • Sorption Type Refrigeration Machines (AREA)
  • Fixed Capacitors And Capacitor Manufacturing Machines (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
ZA200007117A 1999-12-03 2000-12-01 Cryogenic ultra cold hybrid liquefier. ZA200007117B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US09/453,297 US6205812B1 (en) 1999-12-03 1999-12-03 Cryogenic ultra cold hybrid liquefier

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
ZA200007117B true ZA200007117B (en) 2001-06-06

Family

ID=23799986

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
ZA200007117A ZA200007117B (en) 1999-12-03 2000-12-01 Cryogenic ultra cold hybrid liquefier.

Country Status (12)

Country Link
US (1) US6205812B1 (xx)
EP (1) EP1106944B1 (xx)
JP (1) JP2001208437A (xx)
KR (1) KR100498149B1 (xx)
CN (1) CN1129765C (xx)
AT (1) ATE261571T1 (xx)
BR (1) BR0005681A (xx)
CA (1) CA2327227C (xx)
DE (1) DE60008838T2 (xx)
ES (1) ES2212957T3 (xx)
NO (1) NO20006104L (xx)
ZA (1) ZA200007117B (xx)

Families Citing this family (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6293106B1 (en) * 2000-05-18 2001-09-25 Praxair Technology, Inc. Magnetic refrigeration system with multicomponent refrigerant fluid forecooling
US6336331B1 (en) * 2000-08-01 2002-01-08 Praxair Technology, Inc. System for operating cryogenic liquid tankage
US6374617B1 (en) * 2001-01-19 2002-04-23 Praxair Technology, Inc. Cryogenic pulse tube system
US6415611B1 (en) * 2001-02-22 2002-07-09 Praxair Technology, Inc. Cryogenic refrigeration system using magnetic refrigerator forecooling
KR100629215B1 (ko) * 2001-06-21 2006-09-27 에어 워터 가부시키가이샤 축냉형 냉동기 및 펄스관 냉동기
US6502404B1 (en) 2001-07-31 2003-01-07 Praxair Technology, Inc. Cryogenic rectification system using magnetic refrigeration
JP4766800B2 (ja) * 2001-08-30 2011-09-07 アイシン精機株式会社 パルス管冷凍機
US6430938B1 (en) 2001-10-18 2002-08-13 Praxair Technology, Inc. Cryogenic vessel system with pulse tube refrigeration
US6477847B1 (en) 2002-03-28 2002-11-12 Praxair Technology, Inc. Thermo-siphon method for providing refrigeration to a refrigeration load
US6453677B1 (en) 2002-04-05 2002-09-24 Praxair Technology, Inc. Magnetic refrigeration cryogenic vessel system
US6588224B1 (en) 2002-07-10 2003-07-08 Praxair Technology, Inc. Integrated absorption heat pump thermoacoustic engine refrigeration system
US6640552B1 (en) 2002-09-26 2003-11-04 Praxair Technology, Inc. Cryogenic superconductor cooling system
US6640557B1 (en) 2002-10-23 2003-11-04 Praxair Technology, Inc. Multilevel refrigeration for high temperature superconductivity
US6668581B1 (en) 2002-10-30 2003-12-30 Praxair Technology, Inc. Cryogenic system for providing industrial gas to a use point
US6640553B1 (en) 2002-11-20 2003-11-04 Praxair Technology, Inc. Pulse tube refrigeration system with tapered work transfer tube
US6644038B1 (en) * 2002-11-22 2003-11-11 Praxair Technology, Inc. Multistage pulse tube refrigeration system for high temperature super conductivity
US6604364B1 (en) 2002-11-22 2003-08-12 Praxair Technology, Inc. Thermoacoustic cogeneration system
GB2397367B (en) * 2003-01-17 2006-02-15 Oxford Magnet Tech Pulse tube refrigerator with a warm end heat exchanger having a secondary cooling mechanism comprising an additional heat exchanger cooled by the refrigerant
US6865897B2 (en) * 2003-07-10 2005-03-15 Praxair Technology, Inc. Method for providing refrigeration using capillary pumped liquid
US7062922B1 (en) * 2004-01-22 2006-06-20 Raytheon Company Cryocooler with ambient temperature surge volume
FR2868154B1 (fr) * 2004-03-23 2006-05-26 Inst Francais Du Petrole Procede de liquefaction d'un gaz integrant un appareillage de refroidissement thermo-acoustique
US6938426B1 (en) * 2004-03-30 2005-09-06 Praxair Technology, Inc. Cryocooler system with frequency modulating mechanical resonator
DE102008018000B4 (de) * 2008-04-09 2010-04-01 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur CO2-Verflüssigung
US8950193B2 (en) 2011-01-24 2015-02-10 The United States of America, as represented by the Secretary of Commerce, The National Institute of Standards and Technology Secondary pulse tubes and regenerators for coupling to room temperature phase shifters in multistage pulse tube cryocoolers
US9261295B1 (en) 2012-03-26 2016-02-16 Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. Hybrid liquid-hydrogen and helium cryocooler systems and methods
US10808967B2 (en) * 2017-01-16 2020-10-20 Praxair Technology, Inc. Refrigeration cycle for liquid oxygen densification
US11397032B2 (en) 2018-06-05 2022-07-26 Hill Phoenix, Inc. CO2 refrigeration system with magnetic refrigeration system cooling

Family Cites Families (12)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4778497A (en) 1987-06-02 1988-10-18 Union Carbide Corporation Process to produce liquid cryogen
US5441658A (en) 1993-11-09 1995-08-15 Apd Cryogenics, Inc. Cryogenic mixed gas refrigerant for operation within temperature ranges of 80°K- 100°K
FR2723183B1 (fr) * 1994-07-29 1997-01-10 Grenier Maurice Procede et installation de liquefaction d'hydrogene
JPH0933124A (ja) 1995-05-12 1997-02-07 Aisin Seiki Co Ltd 多段型パルス管冷凍機
FR2751060B1 (fr) * 1996-07-09 1998-09-25 Air Liquide Procede et installation de distillation cryogenique d'un melange gazeux
US5743095A (en) 1996-11-19 1998-04-28 Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. Active magnetic refrigerants based on Gd-Si-Ge material and refrigeration apparatus and process
US5836173A (en) 1997-05-01 1998-11-17 Praxair Technology, Inc. System for producing cryogenic liquid
US5799505A (en) 1997-07-28 1998-09-01 Praxair Technology, Inc. System for producing cryogenic liquefied industrial gas
US5934078A (en) 1998-02-03 1999-08-10 Astronautics Corporation Of America Reciprocating active magnetic regenerator refrigeration apparatus
JP2000035253A (ja) * 1998-07-17 2000-02-02 Aisin Seiki Co Ltd 冷却装置
JP2000161803A (ja) * 1998-11-27 2000-06-16 Aisin Seiki Co Ltd 冷却装置
US6076372A (en) * 1998-12-30 2000-06-20 Praxair Technology, Inc. Variable load refrigeration system particularly for cryogenic temperatures

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2212957T3 (es) 2004-08-16
CA2327227C (en) 2003-10-14
NO20006104D0 (no) 2000-12-01
EP1106944B1 (en) 2004-03-10
KR20010062047A (ko) 2001-07-07
NO20006104L (no) 2001-06-05
DE60008838D1 (de) 2004-04-15
KR100498149B1 (ko) 2005-07-01
DE60008838T2 (de) 2005-01-27
CN1129765C (zh) 2003-12-03
US6205812B1 (en) 2001-03-27
JP2001208437A (ja) 2001-08-03
CN1299039A (zh) 2001-06-13
EP1106944A1 (en) 2001-06-13
BR0005681A (pt) 2001-07-31
CA2327227A1 (en) 2001-06-03
ATE261571T1 (de) 2004-03-15

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