WO2025176227A1 - 一种具有高强度和高断裂伸长率的聚酰亚胺及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
一种具有高强度和高断裂伸长率的聚酰亚胺及其制备方法与应用Info
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- WO2025176227A1 WO2025176227A1 PCT/CN2025/090258 CN2025090258W WO2025176227A1 WO 2025176227 A1 WO2025176227 A1 WO 2025176227A1 CN 2025090258 W CN2025090258 W CN 2025090258W WO 2025176227 A1 WO2025176227 A1 WO 2025176227A1
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- polyimide
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
- C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G73/10—Polyimides; Polyester-imides; Polyamide-imides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
- C08G73/14—Polyamide-imides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
- C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G73/10—Polyimides; Polyester-imides; Polyamide-imides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
- C08G73/1067—Wholly aromatic polyimides, i.e. having both tetracarboxylic and diamino moieties aromatically bound
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
- C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G73/10—Polyimides; Polyester-imides; Polyamide-imides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
- C08G73/1067—Wholly aromatic polyimides, i.e. having both tetracarboxylic and diamino moieties aromatically bound
- C08G73/1071—Wholly aromatic polyimides containing oxygen in the form of ether bonds in the main chain
Definitions
- the present invention belongs to the field of polymer materials, and in particular relates to a polyimide with high strength and high elongation at break, and a preparation method and application thereof.
- the strength and modulus of polyimide can be significantly improved by adding inorganic reinforcements, such as carbon fiber, glass fiber, and other inorganic fibers, as well as nano- or submicron inorganic materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, nanocarbon fibers, and whiskers.
- inorganic reinforcements such as carbon fiber, glass fiber, and other inorganic fibers, as well as nano- or submicron inorganic materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, nanocarbon fibers, and whiskers.
- these inorganic reinforcements can lead to increased density and a significant decrease in elongation at break.
- biaxial stretching has been reported to increase the tensile strength of polyimide films to over 180 MPa.
- biaxial stretching requires significant investment in production equipment, is complex, and is costly.
- the elongation at break of biaxially stretched polyimide films is generally less than 80%. Therefore, there remains a need for a simpler technology that can further improve the strength and elongation at break of linear polyimide macromolecules without increasing the polyimide density.
- Patent document No. CN109337065A discloses that a composition obtained by addition reaction or physical mixing of an amino-substituted soluble rigid rod polymer with a thermosetting resin has significantly improved strength and toughness compared to pure thermosetting resin.
- Thermosetting resins are small-molecule compounds with a far greater number of reactive functional groups than those in amino-substituted soluble rigid-rod polymers. Therefore, when the two are mixed and reacted in a solvent, crosslinking, gelation, and precipitation are avoided. After removing the solvent and subjecting the polymer to high-temperature treatment to complete the chemical crosslinking reaction (curing), the resulting polymer system comprises a three-dimensional, random, cross-linked macromolecular network embedded with rigid-rod macromolecules, resulting in significantly improved mechanical properties.
- thermosetting polymers significantly inhibits the vibration, rotation, stretching, and slippage of the macromolecular chains. Therefore, even after toughening with amino-substituted soluble rigid rod polymers, the elongation at break of thermosetting polymers is unlikely to exceed 10%. Furthermore, improvements in mechanical properties are also limited.
- non-thermosetting linear macromolecules obviously also have the need for reinforcement and toughening, but to date, there have been no reports on the effective reinforcement and toughening of linear macromolecules using rigid rod-shaped polymers.
- the present invention also provides a method for preparing the polyimide with high strength and high elongation at break, comprising the following steps: subjecting an amino-substituted soluble rigid rod-shaped polymer and a polyamic acid linear macromolecule having anhydride end groups, or a polyamic acid linear macromolecule having anhydride end groups and a monofunctional end-capping agent, to an amino-anhydride reaction in an organic solvent and then to an imidization reaction;
- the invention uses amino-substituted soluble rigid rod-shaped polymer and polyamic acid linear macromolecule with anhydride end groups or polyamic acid linear macromolecule with anhydride end groups and a monofunctional end-capping agent as raw materials, mixes them in an organic solvent, and generates polyamic acid-grafted rigid rod-shaped polymer through nucleophilic substitution reaction between amino groups and anhydride groups.
- the polyamic acid-grafted rigid rod-shaped polymer is then subjected to imidization reaction to dehydrate and ring-close the polyamic acid chain segments therein, thereby preparing the polyimide.
- the amino-substituted soluble rigid-rod polymer can be prepared from a nitro-substituted soluble rigid-rod polymer in an organic solvent by a conventional method of reducing nitro groups to amino groups, such as Pd/C catalytic hydrogenation.
- the amino-substituted aromatic polyamide, amino-substituted polyamide-amic acid copolymer, or amino-substituted polyamic acid can be prepared from a nitro-substituted aromatic polyamide, a nitro-substituted polyamide-amic acid copolymer, or a nitro-substituted polyamic acid, respectively, by catalytic hydrogenation reduction.
- the reaction temperature of the catalytic hydrogenation reduction reaction is 50-180° C.
- the reaction pressure is 0.1-5 MPa
- the reaction time is 2-48 h
- the amount of the catalyst added is 0.5-10% of the mass of the nitro-substituted soluble rigid rod polymer.
- the aromatic diacid of the present invention can also be converted into aromatic diacid chloride first and then reacted with aromatic diamine.
- the nitro-substituted aromatic polyamide prepared by the present invention includes amino-terminated nitro-substituted aromatic polyamide and carboxyl-terminated nitro-substituted aromatic polyamide.
- the preparation steps of the nitro-substituted aromatic polyamide are: adding aromatic diacid (or its dichloride), aromatic diamine, organic solvent, acid absorbent, activator and salt into a reactor, stirring, and performing polycondensation reaction to obtain the nitro-substituted aromatic polyamide.
- the aromatic diacid comprises one or more of the aromatic diacids of general formulas (1) to (4);
- the aromatic diamine comprises one or more of the aromatic diamines of general formulas (5) to (8);
- the molar ratio of the aromatic diacid to the aromatic diamine is (2:1) to (1:2), and the mass concentration of the aromatic diacid in the solution is 0.1 to 30 wt%.
- the organic solvent includes one or more of N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylformamide or hexamethylphosphoramide.
- the acid absorbent includes one or more of pyridine, NaOH solution, Ca(OH) 2 solution or triethylamine, and the mass concentration of the acid absorbent in the solution is 1 to 40 wt%.
- the copolymerization temperature is -20°C to 100°C, and the time is 1 to 24 hours.
- the polyamic acid having anhydride end groups is obtained by reacting a dianhydride and a diamine monomer at -20°C to 100°C with stirring for at least 10 minutes, wherein the molar ratio of the dianhydride to diamine monomer is 1:0 to 0.999.
- the dianhydride and diamine are not particularly limited and can be aromatic or aliphatic, with or without a flexible linking group.
- the monofunctional end-capping agent is a monofunctional compound with anhydride or amino group, without special limitation, and can be phthalic anhydride, naphthalene dicarboxylic anhydride, aniline, naphthylamine, benzylamine or maleic anhydride, phenyl benzoic anhydride, alkynyl aniline, naphthalene dicarboxylic anhydride, etc.
- the monofunctional end-capping agent cannot guarantee that all polyamic acid macromolecular chains have only one anhydride end group, but it can greatly reduce the content of polyamic acid macromolecular chains with anhydride end groups at both ends, thereby greatly reducing the probability of crosslinking and gelation.
- the present invention can reduce the risk of cross-linking structure formation and gelation by controlling the addition amount of the amino-substituted soluble rigid rod polymer and introducing a monofunctional end-capping agent, thereby ensuring the fluidity, uniformity and processability of the solution.
- the conditions of the amino-anhydride reaction are: mixing the amino-substituted soluble rigid rod polymer with a polyamic acid linear macromolecule having anhydride end groups, or a polyamic acid linear macromolecule having anhydride end groups and a monofunctional end-capping agent in an organic solvent at -20°C to 100°C to obtain a mixed solution, and stirring the mixed solution at room temperature for more than 10 minutes.
- the organic solvent includes one or more of dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dioxane, sulfolane, N-methylpyrrolidone or hexamethylphosphoramide, and the viscosity of the mixed solution system is 1-30%.
- the imidization reaction includes a thermal imidization reaction or a chemical imidization reaction.
- the conditions of the thermal imidization reaction are: preparing the product of the amino-anhydride reaction into a film, and reacting it at 100-400° C. for 3-6 hours.
- the nanomaterial, an amino-substituted soluble rigid rod polymer, and a polyamic acid linear macromolecule with anhydride end groups, or a polyamic acid linear macromolecule with anhydride end groups and a monofunctional end-capping agent are added together into an organic solvent to carry out an amino-anhydride reaction and then an imidization reaction to prepare a polyimide composite material containing the nanomaterial.
- the present invention also provides the use of the polyimide or polyimide composite material in the preparation of polyimide films, coatings, molding powders, honeycomb materials, or fibers.
- the polyimide or polyimide composite material obtained by the present invention has extremely excellent mechanical properties. In the absence of biaxial stretching, its tensile strength reaches 200 to 340 MPa and its elongation at break can reach over 140%. It has important application value in the fields of polyimide films, coatings, molding powders, honeycomb materials, fibers, and composite materials.
- the present invention has at least the following beneficial effects:
- the present invention prepares polyimide by subjecting an amino-substituted soluble rigid rod-shaped polymer to an amino-anhydride reaction with a polyamic acid linear macromolecule having anhydride end groups, or a polyamic acid linear macromolecule having anhydride end groups and a monofunctional end-capping agent, and then subjecting the polyimide to an imidization reaction in an organic solvent.
- the rigid rod-shaped polymer main chain itself has excellent mechanical properties and a reinforcing effect, and can react with the anhydride end groups of the branched chains through its amino side groups to form branched macromolecules, thereby enhancing the chain entanglement between the macromolecular chains.
- the polyimide thus prepared has extremely excellent mechanical properties.
- the polyimide of the present invention has a tensile strength of 200-340 MPa and an elongation at break of over 140% without biaxial stretching. These properties are not only far superior to thermosetting resins modified with amino-substituted soluble rigid rod-shaped polymers, but also double the tensile strength and more than triple the elongation at break of linear polyimide macromolecules. They can even surpass DuPont's commercial biaxially stretched polyimide film, Kapton (tensile strength ⁇ 252 MPa, elongation ⁇ 72%). These improvements in mechanical properties are unattainable with currently known technologies and overcome the problem of inorganic fiber or nanomaterial reinforcement technologies increasing polyimide strength while simultaneously reducing elongation at break.
- FIG1 is a curve showing the relationship between shear viscosity and shear rate of the polyamic acid solution of Comparative Example 1 and the polyamic acid mixed solutions of Examples 11-15.
- FIG2 is a tensile stress-strain curve of the polyimide of Comparative Example 1 and Examples 11-16.
- FIG3 is a tensile stress-strain curve of the polyimide of Comparative Example 2 and Examples 17-20.
- FIG4 is a tensile stress-strain curve of the polyimide of Comparative Example 2 and Examples 21-25.
- FIG5 is a tensile stress-strain curve of the polyimide composite materials containing graphene oxide (GO) of Comparative Example 1 and Examples 43-47.
- step (3) After vacuum defoaming the mixed solution obtained in step (3), the film was scraped onto a clean glass plate using a coater. The film was baked at 80°C for 2 hours to remove residual solvent, and then transferred to a heating furnace and heated at 120°C, 200°C, 250°C, and 300°C for 1 hour to complete imidization, and finally heated at 380°C for 0.5 hour.
- the (NH 2 ) 2 -PPTA contents in Examples 11-16 are 0.2wt%, 0.3wt%, 0.4wt%, 0.6wt%, 0.8wt% and 1.0wt%, respectively.
- the tensile stress-strain curves are shown in FIG2 , wherein Example 13 has the best mechanical properties, with a tensile strength of 201 MPa and an elongation at break of 166%.
- polyimide containing (NH 2 ) 2 -PPTA and phthalic anhydride end-capping agent are as follows:
- step (3) After vacuum defoaming the mixed solution obtained in step (3), the film was scraped using a coating machine. The film was baked at 80°C for 2 hours to remove residual solvent, and then transferred to a heating furnace and heated at 120°C, 200°C, 250°C, and 300°C for 1 hour to complete imidization, and finally heated at 380°C for 1 hour.
- polyimide containing NH 2 '-PPTA and phthalic anhydride end-capping agent are as follows:
- Solution A with a concentration of 10 wt% was prepared according to the method of Examples 17-20.
- Example 22 had the best mechanical properties, with a tensile strength of 283MPa and a maximum elongation at break of 144%.
- the ratio of solution A to solution B in step (2) is such that the contents of amino-substituted aromatic amide acid in Examples 39-43 are 0.3 wt%, 0.5 wt%, 1.0 wt%, 1.5 wt% and 3.0 wt%, respectively, the tensile strength of the obtained polyimides is higher than 200 MPa, and the elongation at break is higher than 100%.
- the tensile strength of the polyimides prepared directly from solution A obtained in step (1) under the same imidization conditions without adding amino-substituted aromatic polyamide acid is lower than 140 MPa, and the elongation at break is lower than 90%.
- a 10 wt% polyamic acid solution (Solution A) was prepared according to the method and conditions of step (1) of Example 13.
- Solution A and a 1.0 wt% (NH 2 ) 2 -PPTA solution in DMAc (Solution B) were mixed and stirred at 30° C. for 2 hours to achieve a (NH 2 ) 2 -PPTA content of 0.4 wt% of the polyamic acid.
- the mechanical properties of the obtained polyimide composite film are shown in FIG5 , wherein the tensile strength of Example 45 reaches 280 MPa, and the elongation at break reaches 132%, which are much higher than those of the polyimide film without (NH 2 ) 2 -PPTA and graphene oxide added.
- a 10 wt% polyamic acid solution (Solution A) was prepared according to the method and conditions of step (1) of Example 13.
- Solution A was mixed with a 1.0 wt% ( NH2 ) 2- PPTA solution in DMAc (Solution B) and stirred for 2 hours to achieve a ( NH2 ) 2 -PPTA content of 0.4 wt% based on the polyamic acid.
- DMAc solution containing 0.5 wt% oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and 0.5 wt% graphene oxide (Solution C) was added to achieve a 0.4 wt% content of both oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide based on the polyamic acid content, and stirred uniformly.
- a mixed solution of solution A and solution B was prepared according to the conditions of Example 49, such that the ( NH2 ) 2 -PPTA content was 0.4 wt% of the polyamic acid.
- a DMAc solution containing 3.0 wt% of aramid nanofibers was added, such that the aramid nanofiber content was 1.0 wt% of the polyimide, and the mixture was stirred evenly.
- the above solution was vacuum defoamed and then scraped into a film.
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种具有高强度和高断裂伸长率的聚酰亚胺及其制备方法与应用。所述聚酰亚胺包括刚性棒状聚合物主链和聚酰亚胺线性大分子支链,其中所述的刚性棒状聚合物主链包括芳香族聚酰胺或聚酰胺酰亚胺,刚性棒状聚合物主链与聚酰亚胺线性大分子支链通过酰亚胺基团连接。与传统的聚酰亚胺线性大分子相比,本发明的聚酰亚胺具有突出的力学性能,其同时具备高的拉伸强度(200-340MPa)和高的断裂伸长率(>140%),在聚酰亚胺薄膜、涂层、模塑粉、蜂窝材料、纤维以及复合材料等领域都具有重要的应用价值。
Description
本发明属于高分子材料领域,具体涉及一种具有高强度和高断裂伸长率的聚酰亚胺及其制备方法与应用。
聚酰亚胺是一种高性能工程塑料,具有突出的耐热性和较好的机械性能。其薄膜、涂层、模压板/棒及其机械加工零件在工业领域应用非常广泛。聚酰亚胺包括具有三维交联分子网络结构的热固性聚酰亚胺以及线性大分子结构的非热固性聚酰亚胺。但是,无论是否是热固性聚合物,纯聚酰亚胺的力学性能有限,在一定程度上限制了其应用。
通过添加无机增强剂,如碳纤维、玻璃纤维等无机纤维以及石墨烯、碳纳米管、纳米碳纤维、晶须等纳米或亚微米无机材料均可显著提升聚酰亚胺的强度和模量。但是上述无机增强剂会导致密度增加以及断裂伸长率的大幅度下降。
此外,拉伸取向也是提高聚酰亚胺线性大分子力学性能的有效方法。据报道,双向拉伸能够将聚酰亚胺膜的拉伸强度提升至180MPa以上,但是,双向拉伸生产设备投资大、生产工艺复杂、成本高,并且双向拉伸聚酰亚胺膜的断裂伸长率一般小于80%。因此,仍然需要开发一种在不增加聚酰亚胺密度前提下能够进一步提高聚酰亚胺线性大分子的强度和断裂伸长率并且比较简便的技术。
公开号为CN109337065A的专利文献利用氨基取代可溶刚性棒状聚合物与热固性树脂进行加成反应或者物理混合得到的组合物具有相对于纯热固性树脂显著提高的强度和韧性。
热固性树脂是小分子化合物,其反应性官能团的数量相对于氨基取代可溶刚性棒状聚合物中的氨基数量而言是远远过量的,所以当两者在溶剂中混合并反应后不会出现交联、凝胶化以及沉淀等现象。去除溶剂后再通过高温处理以完成化学交联反应(固化),最终得到嵌有刚性棒状大分子的三维无规大分子交联网络结构的聚合物体系,其力学性能获得比较显著的改善。
然而,热固性聚合物的交联结构大幅度抑制了大分子链的振动、旋转、拉伸、滑移等运动,因此即使经过氨基取代可溶刚性棒状聚合物的增韧改性,热固性聚合物的断裂伸长率也很难超过10%。此外,其力学性能的提升也有限。专利文献CN109337065A以及期刊(Fully aminated rigid-rod aramid reinforced high strength epoxy resin and its composite with carbon fibers,Composites Science and Technology,2022,221;New reactive rigid-rod aminated aromatic polyamide for the simultaneous strengthening and toughening of epoxy resin and carbon fiber/epoxy composites;Composites Part B-Engineering,197,108044)表明氨基取代可溶刚性棒状聚合物改性热固性树脂的强度最高只有约140MPa,断裂伸长率小于10%。
如上所述,非热固性的线性大分子显然也有增强增韧的需求,但迄今为止,未见以刚性棒状聚合物对线性大分子进行有效增强增韧研究的报道。
相对于小分子量的热固性树脂(分子量一般为数百)而言,以刚性棒状聚合物对线性大分子(分子量一般为数千至数万)进行增强增韧改性非常困难。这是因为氨基取代可溶刚性棒状聚合物是一种多官能团聚合物,当其能够与聚酰亚胺线性大分子在溶液中发生化学反应时,两者很容易发生交联而使溶液黏度急剧增加直至失去流动性而形成化学凝胶。这种情况使其溶液的加工成形变得非常困难,而且即便勉强成形也会导致聚合物内部结构严重的不均匀且断裂伸长率显著下降;而当两者之间不发生化学反应时显然可以避免由于溶液的凝胶化而失去可加工性,但是,未反应的氨基将使聚合物的耐热性、稳定性等各项性能大幅度下降,失去应用价值。
为解决现有技术的问题,本发明提供了一种具有高强度和高断裂伸长率的聚酰亚胺,该聚酰亚胺具有极为优异的力学性能,在聚酰亚胺薄膜、涂层、模塑粉、蜂窝材料、纤维以及复合材料等领域都具有重要的应用价值。
一种具有高强度和高断裂伸长率的聚酰亚胺,所述的聚酰亚胺包括刚性棒状聚合物主链和聚酰亚胺线性大分子支链,其中所述的刚性棒状聚合物主链包括芳香族聚酰胺或聚酰胺酰亚胺,所述的刚性棒状聚合物主链与聚酰亚胺线性大分子支链通过酰亚胺基团连接。
刚性棒状聚合物主链本身具有优异的力学性能,具有增强作用,并且能够通过其氨基侧基与支链的酸酐端基发生反应,形成枝化大分子,增强了大分子链之间的链缠结,从而使所述的聚酰亚胺具有高强度和高断裂伸长率。
一种聚酰亚胺复合材料,包括所述的聚酰亚胺和纳米级分散剂,所述的纳米级分散剂包括石墨烯、碳纳米管、纳米碳纤维、芳纶纳米纤维中的一种或多种。其中石墨烯、碳纳米管等可以经过氧化等表面修饰方法提高其在聚酰亚胺复合材料中的分散均匀性。
本发明的聚酰亚胺复合材料可在仅仅添加少量纳米级分散剂的情况下表现出前所未有的、极为优异的拉伸强度以及断裂伸长率。纳米级分散剂具有极大的比表面积,与聚合物基体相互作用强,能够分散和承受应力,抑制裂纹产生和扩展,从而进一步提高材料的力学性能。
优选地,所述的纳米级分散剂占聚酰亚胺复合材料的0.1~20wt%。聚酰亚胺复合材料中纳米级分散剂含量低于0.1wt%时,增强效果不明显;聚酰亚胺复合材料中纳米级分散剂含量高于20wt%时则会发生团聚。
本发明还提供了所述的具有高强度和高断裂伸长率的聚酰亚胺的制备方法,包括以下步骤:将氨基取代可溶刚性棒状聚合物与具有酸酐端基的聚酰胺酸线性大分子,或者具有酸酐端基以及单官能团封端剂的聚酰胺酸线性大分子在有机溶剂中进行氨基-酸酐反应后再进行酰亚胺化反应,
其中,所述的氨基取代可溶刚性棒状聚合物包括氨基取代芳香族聚酰胺、氨基取代聚酰胺酰胺酸共聚物或者氨基取代聚酰胺酸;
所述的单官能团封端剂包括带有酸酐或者氨基的单官能团化合物。
本发明以氨基取代可溶刚性棒状聚合物与具有酸酐端基的聚酰胺酸线性大分子或具有酸酐端基以及单官能团封端剂的聚酰胺酸线性大分子为原料,在有机溶剂中进行混合,两者通过氨基和酸酐基团之间的亲核取代反应生成聚酰胺酸接枝刚性棒状聚合物,再将聚酰胺酸接枝刚性棒状聚合物进行酰亚胺化反应,使其中的聚酰胺酸链段脱水、闭环,从而制备得到所述的聚酰亚胺。
所述的氨基取代可溶刚性棒状聚合物可由硝基取代可溶刚性棒状聚合物在有机溶剂中通过诸如Pd/C催化加氢等常规的将硝基还原成氨基的方法制备得到。例如所述的氨基取代芳香族聚酰胺、氨基取代聚酰胺酰胺酸共聚物或者氨基取代聚酰胺酸可分别由硝基取代芳香族聚酰胺、硝基取代聚酰胺酰胺酸共聚物或者硝基取代聚酰胺酸通过催化加氢还原反应制备得到。
优选地,所述的催化加氢还原反应的反应温度为50-180℃,反应压力为0.1-5MPa,反应时间为2-48h;所述的催化剂的加入量占硝基取代可溶刚性棒状聚合物质量的0.5-10%。
优选地,所述的加氢还原反应中有机溶剂选自二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺、二甲基亚砜、二氧六环、环丁砜、N-甲基吡咯烷酮或者六甲基磷酰胺等。
优选地,所述的硝基取代可溶刚性棒状聚合物,其大分子链中至少25%摩尔百分含量的苯环上带有硝基侧基。当硝基取代苯环的摩尔百分含量低于25%时,聚合物在有机溶剂中无法溶解,难以通过催化加氢等方法得到氨基取代可溶刚性棒状聚合。
优选地,所述的硝基取代芳香族聚酰胺由通式(1)-(4)的芳香族二酸中的一种或多种与通式(5)-(8)的芳香族二胺中的一种或多种缩聚得到,
其中,通式(1)-(8)中,i和j表示0~4的整数,且i和j不能同时为0。
本发明的芳香族二酸还可以先转化成芳香族二酰氯然后再与芳香族二胺进行反应。本发明制备得到的硝基取代芳香族聚酰胺包括氨基封端且硝基取代的芳香族聚酰胺和羧基封端且硝基取代的芳香族聚酰胺。
优选地,所述的硝基取代芳香族聚酰胺的制备步骤为:将芳香族二酸(或者其二酰氯)、芳香族二胺、有机溶剂、酸吸收剂、活化剂和盐加入反应釜中搅拌,进行缩聚反应,得到所述的硝基取代芳香族聚酰胺。
优选地,所述的芳香族二酸包括通式(1)-(4)的芳香族二酸中的一种或多种;所述的芳香族二胺包括通式(5)-(8)中的芳香族二胺中的一种或多种;所述的芳香族二酸和芳香族二胺的摩尔比为(2:1)~(1:2),所述的芳香族二酸在溶液中的质量浓度为0.1~30wt%。
优选地,在硝基取代芳香族聚酰胺制备过程中,所述的有机溶剂包括N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺或六甲基磷酰胺等中的一种或多种。
优选地,所述的酸吸收剂包括吡啶、NaOH溶液、Ca(OH)2溶液或三乙胺中的一种或多种,所述酸吸收剂在溶液中的质量浓度为1~40wt%。
优选地,所述的活化剂包括Ph3P/C2Cl6(摩尔比1:1~1:1.5)、亚磷酸三苯酯或三硝基氯苯中的一种或多种;当选用芳香族二酸单体时,所述的活化剂在溶液中的质量浓度为1~50wt%;当选用芳香族二酰氯单体时,可以不使用活化剂。
优选地,所述的盐包括氯化锂或氯化钙中的一种或多种;所述盐在溶液中的质量浓度为0.1~20wt%。
优选地,所述的缩聚反应温度-20℃-130℃,时间为1-24h。
优选地,所述的硝基取代聚酰胺酰胺酸共聚物由氨基封端且硝基取代的芳香族聚酰胺链段(链段A)与酸酐基团封端且硝基取代聚酰胺酸链段(链段B)共聚得到。
优选地,所述的链段A与链段B的质量比为100:1~100。
优选地,所述的共聚温度为-20℃-100℃,时间为1-24h。
优选地,所述的酸酐基团封端且硝基取代聚酰胺酸由通式(9)-(12)中的芳香族四甲酸二酐(不含柔性连接基团,如醚、酮、砜、亚甲基、异亚丙基等)和通式(5)-(8)中的硝基取代芳香族二胺在室温下搅拌10min以上反应得到,
其中,通式(9)-(12)中,i和j表示0~2的整数。
优选地,所述的通式(9)-(12)中的芳香族四甲酸二酐与通式(5)-(8)中的硝基取代芳香族二胺的摩尔比为1:0.1~0.9。
优选地,所述的硝基取代聚酰胺酸由通式(9)-(12)中的芳香族四甲酸二酐和通式(5)-(8)的硝基取代芳香族二胺在室温下搅拌10min以上反应得到。
优选地,所述的通式(9)-(12)中的芳香族四甲酸二酐与通式(5)-(8)的硝基取代芳香族二胺的摩尔比为1:0.9~1.1。
优选地,所述的氨基取代可溶刚性棒状聚合物与具有酸酐端基的聚酰胺酸的质量比为1:20~1000。
优选地,所述的具有酸酐端基的聚酰胺酸由二酐和二胺单体在-20℃-100℃下搅拌10min以上反应得到,其中所述的二酐和二胺单体的摩尔比1:0~0.999。所述的二酐和二胺没有特定的限制,可以是芳香族或者脂肪族,可以带有或者不带有柔性连接基团。
优选地,所述的氨基取代可溶刚性棒状聚合物与具有酸酐端基以及单官能团封端剂的聚酰胺酸的质量比为1:5~1000。
优选地,所述的具有酸酐端基以及单官能团封端剂的聚酰胺酸由二酐、二胺单体和单官能团封端剂在室温下搅拌10min以上反应得到,其中所述的二酐、二胺单体与单官能团封端剂的摩尔比为1:0.5~0.999:0.001~0.5。其中,所述的单官能团封端剂是带有酸酐或者氨基的单官能团化合物,没有特别的限定,可以是邻苯二甲酸酐、萘二甲酸酐、苯胺、萘胺、苄胺或者马来酸酐、苯炔基苯甲酸酐、炔基苯胺、降冰片烯二酸酐等。单官能团封端剂并不能保证所有的聚酰胺酸大分子链只有一个酸酐端基,但是可以大幅度降低两端均为酸酐端基的聚酰胺酸大分子链的含量,从而大幅度降低交联和凝胶化的概率。
本发明通过控制氨基取代可溶刚性棒状聚合物的添加量以及引入单官能团封端剂可以降低交联结构形成和凝胶化的风险,从而保证溶液的流动性、均匀性和可加工性。
优选地,所述的氨基-酸酐反应的条件为:将氨基取代可溶刚性棒状聚合物与具有酸酐端基的聚酰胺酸线性大分子,或者具有酸酐端基以及单官能团封端剂的聚酰胺酸线性大分子在-20℃-100℃的有机溶剂中混合,得到混合溶液,将混合溶液在室温下搅拌10min以上。
优选地,所述的有机溶剂包括二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺、二甲基亚砜、二氧六环、环丁砜、N-甲基吡咯烷酮或者六甲基磷酰胺等中的一种或多种,所述的混合溶液体系的粘度为1-30%。
优选地,所述的酰亚胺化反应包括热酰亚胺化反应或化学酰亚胺化反应。
优选地,所述的热酰亚胺化反应的条件为:将氨基-酸酐反应后的产物制备成膜,置于100~400℃下反应3~6h。
优选地,将纳米材料与氨基取代可溶刚性棒状聚合物以及具有酸酐端基的聚酰胺酸线性大分子,或者具有酸酐端基以及单官能团封端剂的聚酰胺酸线性大分子共同加入到有机溶剂中进行氨基-酸酐反应后再进行酰亚胺化反应,制备出含纳米材料的聚酰亚胺复合材料。
本发明还提供了所述的聚酰亚胺或聚酰亚胺复合材料在制备聚酰亚胺薄膜、涂层、模塑粉、蜂窝材料或纤维等领域中的应用。本发明得到的聚酰亚胺或聚酰亚胺复合材料具有极为优异的力学性能,在未进行双向拉伸的情况下其拉伸强度达到200~340MPa,断裂伸长率可达到140%以上,在聚酰亚胺薄膜、涂层、模塑粉、蜂窝材料、纤维以及复合材料等领域都具有重要的应用价值。
相比于现有技术,本发明至少具备以下有益效果:
(1)本发明将氨基取代可溶刚性棒状聚合物与具有酸酐端基的聚酰胺酸线性大分子,或者具有酸酐端基以及单官能团封端剂的聚酰胺酸线性大分子在有机溶剂中进行氨基-酸酐反应后再进行酰亚胺化反应制备聚酰亚胺,刚性棒状聚合物主链本身具有优异的力学性能,具有增强作用,并且能够通过其氨基侧基与支链的酸酐端基发生反应,形成枝化大分子,增强了大分子链之间的链缠结,从而制备得到的聚酰亚胺具有极为优异的力学性能。
(2)本发明的聚酰亚胺在未进行双向拉伸的情况下其拉伸强度达到200~340MPa,断裂伸长率可达到140%以上,不仅远远高于由氨基取代可溶刚性棒状聚合物改性的热固性树脂,而且可比聚酰亚胺线性大分子的拉伸强度提高一倍,断裂伸长率提高两倍以上;甚至可以超过杜邦公司的双向拉伸聚酰亚胺薄膜商品Kapton(拉伸强度~252MPa,断裂伸长率~72%)。其力学性能的改善幅度是目前已知的技术无法达到的,而且克服了无机纤维或者纳米材料增强技术在提高聚酰亚胺强度的同时降低断裂伸长率的问题。
图1为对比例1的聚酰胺酸溶液和实施例11-15的聚酰胺酸混合溶液的剪切黏度和剪切速率关系曲线。
图2为对比例1和实施例11-16的聚酰亚胺的拉伸应力-应变曲线。
图3为对比例2和实施例17-20的聚酰亚胺的拉伸应力-应变曲线。
图4为对比例2和实施例21-25的聚酰亚胺的拉伸应力-应变曲线。
图5为对比例1和实施例43-47的含有氧化石墨烯(GO)的聚酰亚胺复合材料的拉伸应力-应变曲线。
下面结合实施例和比较例对本发明进行进一步说明,但本发明不限于这些实施例。此外,本领域技术人员在阅读了本发明的内容后可以对本发明作各种改动或修改,这些等价形式同样落于本申请所附权利要求书所限定的范围。
图2-图5中的拉伸应力-应变曲线系用万能电子试验机按照标准ASTM D-638测试实施例及对比例的聚酰亚胺样条得到。
实施例1-10
氨基取代可溶刚性棒状芳香族聚酰胺的合成步骤如下:
(1)分别按表1中指定的二酸或者二酰氯单体、二胺单体与溶剂、酸吸收剂、活化剂和盐加入反应釜中并搅拌均匀,缩聚反应一段时间,加水沉淀、水洗、过滤、干燥,得到硝基取代芳香族聚酰胺;
(2)将步骤(1)得到的硝基取代芳香族聚酰胺重新溶解在500mL的DMAc等溶剂中,再加入钯碳催化剂,所述的钯碳催化剂的用量占硝基取代聚酰胺质量的1%-20%,0.1-5.0MPa下催化加氢2-48h,冷却、沉淀、过滤、干燥,得到氨基取代芳香族聚酰胺聚酰胺。
其中,实施例4以2-硝基对苯二甲酸(也可以用2-硝基对苯二甲酰氯)和对苯二胺为原料制备氨基取代聚酰胺,简称为NH2’-PPTA;实施例5以2-硝基对苯二甲酸(也可以用2-硝基对苯二甲酰氯)与2-硝基对苯二胺为原料制备氨基取代芳香族聚酰胺,简称为(NH2)2-PPTA。
实施例1-10步骤(1)制备硝基取代芳香族聚酰胺的原料及反应条件如表1所示,步骤(2)制备氨基取代芳香族聚酰胺的具体反应条件如表2所示。
表1实施例1-10步骤(1)制备硝基取代芳香族聚酰胺的原料及反应条件
注:DMF:N,N-二甲基甲酰胺;DMAc:N,N-二甲基乙酰胺;DMSO:二甲基亚砜;NMP:N-甲基吡咯烷酮;HMPA:六甲基磷酰胺;Py:吡啶;TEAE:三乙胺。TPC:对苯二甲酰氯;TPA:对苯二甲酸;NDCA:2,6-萘二甲酸;DNNDCA:二硝基-2,6-萘二甲酸;NTPA:2-硝基对苯二甲酸;2,5-DNTPA:2,5-二硝基对苯二甲酸;BPDA:4,4'-联苯二甲酸;DNBPDA:2,2’-二硝基联苯二甲酸;NDPA:2-硝基对苯二胺;p-PDA:对苯二胺;DNBZD:二硝基二氨基联苯;TPP:亚磷酸三苯酯;PC:三硝基氯苯。
表2实施例1-10步骤(2)制备氨基取代芳香族聚酰胺的反应条件
实施例11-16
含(NH2)2-PPTA的聚酰亚胺的制备步骤如下:
(1)将0.1mol 4,4’-二氨基二苯醚溶解在250mLDMAc中,搅拌均匀。在盐浴(-20℃)和N2气氛下分次加入0.102mol均苯四甲酸二酐后,机械搅拌、反应4小时,用DMAc稀释至10wt%,得到聚酰胺酸溶液A。
(2)将10g(NH2)2-PPTA溶解在990gDMAc中,搅拌均匀后得到浓度为1wt%的溶液B。
(3)将溶液B按照一定比例添加至溶液A中,混合并搅拌2小时,获得均匀且黏稠的混合溶液,实施例11-16中溶液A与溶液B的质量比分别为9.98:0.2、9.97:0.3、9.96:0.4、9.94:0.6、9.92:0.8和9.9:1.0。图1是聚酰胺酸溶液A(与对比例1中的聚酰胺酸溶液相同)和添加不同含量的(NH2)2-PPTA后的混合溶液的剪切黏度与剪切速率的关系曲线。可见添加(NH2)2-PPTA后溶液黏度显著增加,这是由于两者之间的反应大大增加了分子量。
(4)将步骤(3)所得混合溶液真空消泡后,用涂布机在干净的玻璃板上刮膜。将薄膜在80℃烘烤2小时以去除残留溶剂,然后转移到加热炉中分别在120℃、200℃、250℃和300℃下加热1小时完成酰亚胺化,最后在380℃下加热处理0.5小时。
在实施例11-16中(NH2)2-PPTA的含量分别为0.2wt%、0.3wt%、0.4wt%、0.6wt%、0.8wt%和1.0wt%。拉伸应力-应变曲线如图2所示,其中,实施例13的力学性能最好,拉伸强度为201MPa,断裂伸长率为166%。
实施例17-20
含(NH2)2-PPTA和邻苯二甲酸酐封端剂的聚酰亚胺的制备步骤如下:
(1)将0.3mol的4,4’-二氨基二苯醚溶解在500mL DMAc中,搅拌均匀。在冰水浴(0-4℃)和N2气氛加入0.015mol封端剂邻苯二甲酸酐以及0.3mol均苯四甲酸二酐并机械搅拌、反应6小时,用DMAc稀释至10wt%后,得到聚酰胺酸溶液A。
(2)将10g(NH2)2-PPTA溶解在990gDMAc中,搅拌均匀后得到浓度为1wt%的溶液B。
(3)将溶液B按照一定比例添加至溶液A中,30℃下混合并搅拌、反应2小时,以获得均匀且黏稠的溶液。实施例17-20中溶液A与溶液B的质量比分别为9.946:0.54、9.892:1.08、9.838:1.62和9.784:2.16。
(4)将步骤(3)所得混合溶液真空消泡后,用涂布机刮膜。将薄膜在80℃烘烤2小时以去除残留溶剂,然后转移到加热炉中分别在120℃、200℃、250℃和300℃下加热1小时完成酰亚胺化,最后在380℃下加热处理1小时。
实施例17-20中(NH2)2-PPTA的含量分别为0.54wt%、1.08wt%、1.64wt%和2.16wt%,拉伸应力-应变曲线如图3所示。其中,实施例18的力学性能最好,拉伸强度为240MPa,最大断裂伸长率为132%。
实施例21-25
含NH2’-PPTA和邻苯二甲酸酐封端剂的聚酰亚胺的制备步骤如下:
(1)按照实施例17-20的方法制备浓度为10wt%的溶液A。
(2)将NH2’-PPTA溶解在DMAc中,按照实施例17-20的条件得到浓度为1wt%的溶液B。
(3)将溶液B按照一定比例添加至溶液A中,混合并搅拌、反应2小时,以获得均匀且黏稠的溶液。实施例21-25中溶液A与溶液B的质量比分别为9.973:0.27、9.946:0.54、9.892:1.08、9.838:1.62和9.784:2.16。
(4)将步骤(3)所得混合溶液真空消泡后,用涂布机刮膜。按照实施例17-20的步骤(4)条件酰亚胺化。
实施例21-25中NH2’-PPTA的含量分别为0.27wt%、0.54wt%、1.08wt%、1.62wt%和2.16wt%,拉伸应力-应变曲线如图4所示。其中,实施例22的力学性能最好,拉伸强度为283MPa,最大断裂伸长率为144%。
实施例26-30
氨基取代可溶刚性芳香族聚酰胺酰胺酸共聚物的合成步骤如下:
(1)在实施例5步骤(1)中得到的氨基封端的硝基取代聚酰胺的溶液中分别添加由表3所示的二酸酐和硝基取代二胺合成的酸酐封端的硝基取代聚酰胺酸溶液,-20℃-100℃下搅拌反应得到硝基取代聚酰胺酰胺酸共聚物溶液;
(2)将步骤(1)得到的硝基取代聚酰胺酰胺酸共聚物的溶液稀释至浓度为1wt%,加入钯碳催化剂,所述钯碳催化剂的用量占硝基取代聚酰胺质量的10%,在150℃、1MPa下催化加氢24h,冷却、过滤去除催化剂后得到氨基取代芳香族聚酰胺酰胺酸共聚物溶液。
表3硝基取代聚酰胺酰胺酸共聚物的制备原料及反应条件
注:DNNDA:二硝基-1,5-萘二胺;NDTFMB:2,2'-双(三氟甲基)-4,4'-二氨基-二硝基联苯
注:DNNDA:二硝基-1,5-萘二胺;NDTFMB:2,2'-双(三氟甲基)-4,4'-二氨基-二硝基联苯
实施例31-35
氨基取代可溶刚性芳香族聚酰胺酸的合成步骤如下:
(1)分别选择表3所示的实施例26-30的二酸酐和硝基取代二胺单体,二酸酐和二胺均为0.2mol,溶解于200mLDMAc中,在30℃和N2气氛下机械搅拌、反应6小时,合成硝基取代聚酰胺酸溶液;
(2)在步骤(1)得到的硝基取代聚酰胺酸的溶液稀释至1wt%,加入0.1wt%的钯碳催化剂,在加热加压条件下进行催化加氢,具体条件均与实施例1相同,反应完成后,冷却,过滤去除催化剂,得到氨基取代芳香族聚酰胺酸溶液。
实施例36-38
含有氨基取代芳香族聚酰胺酰胺酸共聚物的聚酰亚胺的制备步骤如下:
(1)根据表4选择溶剂、二酸酐和二胺单体,在0℃冰水浴和N2气氛下机械搅拌反应6小时,稀释至10wt%,得到聚酰胺酸溶液A。
(2)将溶液A分别和实施例26-28所述的氨基取代芳香族聚酰胺酰胺酸共聚物溶液按照一定比例混合并搅拌2小时,得到混合溶液。
(3)将步骤(2)得到的混合溶液按照实施例11的步骤(4)条件酰亚胺化,得到聚酰亚胺。
步骤(2)中的两种溶液的比例使得实施例36-38所得到的聚酰亚胺中氨基取代芳香族聚酰胺酰胺酸共聚物的含量分别为0.1wt%,0.8wt%和1.5wt%。
所制备的聚酰亚胺的拉伸强度均高于200MPa,断裂伸长率均高于120%。作为对比,将步骤(1)合成的聚酰胺酸溶液A在与步骤(3)相同的条件下消泡、刮膜并进行酰亚胺化和热处理后得到的聚酰亚胺,由于不含氨基取代芳香族聚酰胺酰胺酸共聚物,拉伸强度均低于140MPa,断裂伸长率均低于90%。
表4实施例36-38中溶液A的制备原料及制备条件
实施例39-43
含有氨基取代芳香族聚酰胺酸的聚酰亚胺的制备步骤如下:
(1)按照实施例36步骤(1)的条件制备浓度为10wt%的聚酰胺酸溶液A。
(2)将溶液A和实施例31-35所述的氨基取代芳香族聚酰胺酸溶液(溶液B)分别按照一定比例在室温下混合并搅拌5小时。
(3)将步骤(2)得到的混合溶液按照实施例11步骤(4)条件酰亚胺化,得到聚酰亚胺。
步骤(2)中溶液A和溶液B的比例使实施例39-43中氨基取代芳香族酰胺酸的含量分别为0.3wt%,0.5wt%,1.0wt%,1.5wt%和3.0wt%时,所得到的聚酰亚胺的拉伸强度均高于200MPa,断裂伸长率均高于100%,作为对比,直接由步骤(1)得到的溶液A在相同酰亚胺化条件下制备的未添加氨基取代芳香族聚酰胺酸的聚酰亚胺的拉伸强度均低于140MPa,断裂伸长率均低于90%。
实施例44-48
按照实施例13的步骤(1)的方法和条件制备浓度为10wt%的聚酰胺酸溶液(溶液A);将溶液A和浓度为1.0wt%的(NH2)2-PPTA的DMAc溶液(溶液B)30℃混合、搅拌2小时,使(NH2)2-PPTA的含量为聚酰胺酸的0.4wt%;分别添加浓度为1wt%的氧化石墨烯的DMAc溶液(溶液C),使实施例44-48中的氧化石墨烯的含量分别为聚酰胺酸的0.2wt%、0.4wt%、0.6wt%、0.8wt%和1.0wt%,搅拌均匀。上述溶液真空消泡、刮膜后,按照实施例11的步骤(4)的条件加热干燥并进行热酰亚胺化。所得到的聚酰亚胺复合膜力学性能如图5所示,其中,实施例45的拉伸强度达到280MPa,断裂伸长率达到132%,远远高于未添加(NH2)2-PPTA以及氧化石墨烯的聚酰亚胺膜。
实施例49
按照实施例13的步骤(1)的方法和条件制备浓度为10wt%的聚酰胺酸溶液(溶液A);将溶液A和浓度为1.0wt%的(NH2)2-PPTA的DMAc溶液(溶液B)混合、搅拌2小时,使(NH2)2-PPTA的含量为聚酰胺酸的0.4wt%;添加含有0.5wt%的氧化多壁碳纳米管和0.5wt%的氧化石墨烯的DMAc溶液(溶液C),使氧化多壁碳纳米管和氧化石墨烯的含量均为聚酰胺酸的0.4wt%,搅拌均匀。上述溶液真空消泡后刮膜,按照实施例11的步骤(4)的条件加热干燥并进行热酰亚胺化。所得到的聚酰亚胺复合膜的拉伸强度达到~340MPa,断裂伸长率达到114%,高于未添加氧化多壁碳纳米管和氧化石墨烯且相同(NH2)2-PPTA含量的聚酰亚胺膜(实施例13)。
实施例50
按照实施例49的条件制备溶液A和溶液B的混合溶液,使(NH2)2-PPTA的含量为聚酰胺酸的0.4wt%。添加含有2.0wt%的氧化气相生长碳纤维的DMAc溶液,使氧化气相生长碳纤维的含量为聚酰胺酸的2.0wt%,搅拌均匀。上述溶液真空消泡后刮膜。按照实施例11的步骤(4)的条件制备得到的聚酰亚胺复合膜拉伸强度达到~230MPa,断裂伸长率达到102%,高于未添加氧化气相生长碳纤维且相同(NH2)2-PPTA含量的聚酰亚胺膜(实施例13)。
实施例51
按照实施例49的条件制备溶液A和溶液B的混合溶液,使(NH2)2-PPTA的含量为聚酰胺酸的0.4wt%。添加含有3.0wt%的芳纶纳米纤维的DMAc溶液,使芳纶纳米纤维的含量为聚酰亚胺的1.0wt%,搅拌均匀。上述溶液真空消泡后刮膜。按照实施例11的步骤(4)的方法和条件热酰亚胺化后拉伸强度达到~240MPa,断裂伸长率达到140%,高于未添加芳纶纳米纤维且(NH2)2-PPTA含量相同的聚酰亚胺膜(实施例13)。
对比例1
按照实施例11-16步骤(1)的方法制备聚酰胺酸溶液A,将其真空消泡后刮膜。按照实施例11的步骤(4)的方法制备成聚酰亚胺。所得聚酰亚胺的拉伸强度仅为107MPa,断裂伸长率仅为88%(见图2),约为实施例13性能的50%。
对比例2
按照实施例17-20的步骤(1)制备聚酰胺酸溶液A,将其按照实施例11的步骤(4)的方法制备成聚酰亚胺,其拉伸应力-应变曲线见图3和图4。拉伸强度仅为134MPa,断裂伸长率仅为43%,远低于各实施例的性能。
通过上述实施例和比较例可以看出本发明的含有纳米材料的聚酰亚胺能够同时显著提高拉伸强度和断裂伸长率,克服了传统聚酰亚胺增强方法在提高拉伸强度的同时大幅度降低断裂伸长率的缺陷。
Claims (10)
- 一种具有高强度和高断裂伸长率的聚酰亚胺,其特征在于,所述的聚酰亚胺具有刚性棒状聚合物主链和聚酰亚胺线性大分子支链,其中所述的刚性棒状聚合物主链包括芳香族聚酰胺或聚酰胺酰亚胺,所述的刚性棒状聚合物主链与聚酰亚胺线性大分子支链通过酰亚胺基团连接。
- 一种聚酰亚胺复合材料,其特征在于,包括权利要求1所述的聚酰亚胺和纳米级分散剂,所述的纳米级分散剂包括石墨烯、碳纳米管、纳米碳纤维、芳纶纳米纤维中的一种或多种,所述的纳米级分散剂占聚酰亚胺复合材料的0.1~20wt%。
- 根据权利要求1所述的聚酰亚胺的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:将氨基取代可溶刚性棒状聚合物与具有酸酐端基的聚酰胺酸线性大分子,或者具有酸酐端基以及单官能团封端剂的聚酰胺酸线性大分子在有机溶剂中进行氨基-酸酐反应后再进行酰亚胺化反应;其中,所述的氨基取代可溶刚性棒状聚合物包括氨基取代芳香族聚酰胺、氨基取代聚酰胺酰胺酸共聚物或者氨基取代聚酰胺酸;所述的单官能团封端剂包括带有酸酐或者氨基的单官能团化合物。
- 根据权利要求3所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的氨基取代芳香族聚酰胺、氨基取代聚酰胺酰胺酸共聚物或者氨基取代聚酰胺酸分别由硝基取代芳香族聚酰胺、硝基取代聚酰胺酰胺酸共聚物或者硝基取代聚酰胺酸在有机溶剂中通过催化加氢还原反应制备得到,其中所述的硝基取代芳香族聚酰胺、硝基取代聚酰胺酰胺酸共聚物或者硝基取代聚酰胺酸中的硝基取代苯环的摩尔百分含量不低于25%。
- 根据权利要求4所述的聚酰亚胺的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的硝基取代芳香族聚酰胺由通式(1)-(4)的芳香族二酸中的一种或多种与通式(5)-(8)的芳香族二胺中的一种或多种缩聚得到,其中所述的芳香族二酸和芳香族二胺的摩尔比为(2:1)~(1:2);
其中,通式(1)-(8)中,i和j表示0~4的整数,且i和j不能同时为0。 - 根据权利要求4所述的聚酰亚胺的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的硝基取代聚酰胺酰胺酸共聚物由氨基封端且硝基取代的芳香族聚酰胺与酸酐基团封端且硝基取代聚酰胺酸共聚得到,其中所述的氨基封端且硝基取代的芳香族聚酰胺与酸酐基团封端且硝基取代聚酰胺酸的质量比为100:1~100。
- 根据权利要求6所述的聚酰亚胺的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的酸酐基团封端且硝基取代聚酰胺酸由通式(9)-(12)中的芳香族四甲酸二酐和通式(5)-(8)中的硝基取代芳香族二胺反应得到,其中通式(9)-(12)中的芳香族四甲酸二酐与通式(5)-(8)中的硝基取代芳香族二胺的摩尔比为1:0.1~0.9;
其中,通式(9)-(12)中,i和j表示0~2的整数。 - 根据权利要求4所述的聚酰亚胺的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的硝基取代聚酰胺酸由通式(9)-(12)中的芳香族四甲酸二酐和通式(5)-(8)的硝基取代芳香族二胺反应得到,其中所述的通式(9)-(12)中的芳香族四甲酸二酐与通式(5)-(8)的硝基取代芳香族二胺的摩尔比为1:0.9~1.1;
其中,通式(5)-(8)中,i和j表示0~4的整数,且i和j不能同时为0;通式(9)-(12)中,i和j表示0~2的整数。 - 根据权利要求3-8中任一项所述的聚酰亚胺的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的氨基取代可溶刚性棒状聚合物与具有酸酐端基的聚酰胺酸的质量比为1:20~1000;所述的氨基取代可溶刚性棒状聚合物与具有酸酐端基以及单官能团封端剂的聚酰胺酸的质量比为1:5~1000;反应体系的粘度为1-30%。
- 根据权利要求1所述的聚酰亚胺或权利要求2所述的聚酰亚胺复合材料在制备聚酰亚胺薄膜、涂层、模塑粉、蜂窝材料或纤维领域中的应用。
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