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  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
  • B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
  • B01J23/83—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with rare earths or actinides
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
  • B01J21/02—Boron or aluminium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
  • B01J21/04—Alumina
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/40—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by dimensions, e.g. grain size
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  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
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  • B01J35/45—Nanoparticles
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  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/50—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their shape or configuration
  • B01J35/51—Spheres
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  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
  • B01J35/61—Surface area
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
  • B01J35/61—Surface area
  • B01J35/613—10-100 m2/g
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
  • B01J35/61—Surface area
  • B01J35/615—100-500 m2/g
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
  • B01J35/63—Pore volume
  • B01J35/633—Pore volume less than 0.5 ml/g
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
  • B01J35/64—Pore diameter
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
  • B01J35/64—Pore diameter
  • B01J35/647—2-50 nm
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/70—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their crystalline properties, e.g. semi-crystalline
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/0009—Use of binding agents; Moulding; Pressing; Powdering; Granulating; Addition of materials ameliorating the mechanical properties of the product catalyst
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/08—Heat treatment
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B7/00—Halogens; Halogen acids
  • C01B7/01—Chlorine; Hydrogen chloride
  • C01B7/03—Preparation from chlorides
  • C01B7/04—Preparation of chlorine from hydrogen chloride
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2235/00—Indexing scheme associated with group B01J35/00, related to the analysis techniques used to determine the catalysts form or properties
  • B01J2235/15—X-ray diffraction

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst and a method for producing the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst.
• a hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is known in which copper, potassium, and samarium are dispersed in alumina (see, for example, Patent Document 1 below).
• the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst described in Patent Document 1 can lose its shape and turn into powder (pulverization) when used for a long period of time (operation of the chlorine production equipment). This can cause clogging and make it difficult to continue producing chlorine.
• hydrogen chloride oxidation catalysts are required to have excellent activity. If the activity of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is excellent, the chlorine yield during chlorine production can be increased.
• the present invention provides a hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst that is able to suppress powdering after long-term use and has excellent catalytic activity, and a method for producing the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst.
• the present invention [2] includes the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst described in [1], in which the ratio is 0.005 or more and 0.350 or less.
• the present invention [3] includes the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst described in [1] or [2], in which the support is alumina.
• the present invention [4] includes the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst according to any one of [1] to [3], wherein the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is made of particles and has a specific surface area of 34 m 2 /g or more and 50 m 2 /g or less.
• the present invention [5] includes the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst according to any one of [1] to [4], in which the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is made of particles and the average pore diameter of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is 10 nm or more and 19 nm or less.
• the present invention [6] includes the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst according to any one of [1] to [5], in which the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is made of particles, and the average particle size of the particles is 1.5 mm or more and 6 mm or less.
• the present invention [7] includes the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst according to any one of [1] to [6], in which the content of copper in the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is 1.5% by mass or more and 10.0% by mass or less, the content of alkali metal in the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is 1.5% by mass or more and 8.0% by mass or less, and the content of rare earth element in the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is 5.0% by mass or more and 15.0% by mass or less.
• the present invention [8] includes a hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst described in any one of [1] to [7], which is a fixed bed catalyst.
• the present invention [9] is a method for producing a hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst according to any one of [1] to [8], and includes a method for producing a hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst comprising a step (1) of calcining a support at 550°C or higher and 980°C or lower, and a step (2) of supporting copper, an alkali metal, and a rare earth element on the support.
• the present invention [10] includes the method for producing the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst described in [9], in which in the step (1), the support is calcined for x hours at y°C, and any one of the following formulas (1) to (3) is satisfied.
• the present invention [11] includes a method for producing a hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst according to [9] or [10], which satisfies the following formulas (4) and (5).
• the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst of the present invention can suppress powdering after long-term use and has excellent catalytic activity.
• the manufacturing method of the present invention can produce a hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst that can suppress powdering after long-term use and has excellent catalytic activity.
• FIG. 2 is an image processing diagram of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst of Example 3 after 35 days of hydrogen chloride oxidation test.
• FIG. 1 is an image processing diagram of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst of Example 10 after 35 days of hydrogen chloride oxidation test.
• FIG. 2 is an image processing diagram of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst of Comparative Example 3 after 35 days of hydrogen chloride oxidation test.
• FIG. 1 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a fixed bed catalytic reactor prepared for evaluation in the examples.
• the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst of the present invention and the method for producing the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst will be described in order.
• the upper or lower limit value described in one numerical range may be replaced with the upper or lower limit value of another numerical range described in stages.
• the upper or lower limit value of that numerical range may be replaced with a value shown in the examples.
• the amount of each component in the composition means the total amount of the multiple substances present in the composition, unless otherwise specified.
• process refers not only to an independent process, but also to a process that cannot be clearly distinguished from other processes, as long as the intended purpose of the process is achieved.
• the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is a catalyst for oxidizing hydrogen chloride.
• the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst includes a carrier, copper, an alkali metal, and a rare earth element.
• the carrier contains alumina as a main component.
• the carrier is mainly composed of alumina.
• Alumina has a crystal structure.
• the alumina includes ⁇ -alumina and ⁇ -alumina.
• the carrier is allowed to contain a small amount of impurities that are inevitably mixed in.
• the alumina content in the carrier is, for example, 99.0 mass% or more, preferably 99.5 mass% or more.
• the alumina content in the carrier can be calculated from the X-ray diffraction pattern described later.
• the carrier preferably contains only alumina.
• the carrier preferably consists of alumina. That is, the carrier is preferably alumina.
• Copper, alkali metals, and rare earth elements are active components in the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst. Copper, alkali metals, and rare earth elements are supported on a carrier.
• alkali metals examples include lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium, with potassium being preferred.
• Rare earth elements include 17 types, including scandium, yttrium, and lanthanides (15 types), of which lanthanides are preferred, praseodymium, neodymium, lanthanum, europium, and samarium are more preferred, and samarium is even more preferred.
• the copper content in the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is, for example, 1.0 mass% or more, preferably 1.5 mass% or more, and more preferably 2.0 mass% or more.
• the copper content in the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is, for example, 12.0 mass% or less, preferably 10.0 mass% or less, more preferably 9.0 mass% or less, and more preferably 6.0 mass% or less.
• the copper content in the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is preferably 1.0% by mass to 10.0% by mass, more preferably 1.5% by mass to 10.0% by mass, even more preferably 2.0% by mass to 9.0% by mass, and particularly preferably 2.0% by mass to 6.0% by mass.
• the alkali metal content in the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is, for example, 1.0 mass% or more, preferably 1.2 mass% or more, more preferably 1.5 mass% or more, and, for example, 12.0 mass% or less, preferably 10.0 mass% or less, more preferably 8.0 mass% or less, and even more preferably 3.5 mass% or less.
• the content of the alkali metal in the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is preferably 1.0% by mass to 12.0% by mass, more preferably 1.2% by mass to 10.0% by mass, even more preferably 1.5% by mass to 8.0% by mass, and particularly preferably 1.5% by mass to 3.5% by mass.
• the content of rare earth elements in the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is, for example, 1.0 mass% or more, preferably 3.0 mass% or more, more preferably 5.0 mass% or more, and even more preferably 10 mass% or more, and is, for example, 20.0 mass% or less, preferably 18.0 mass% or less, and more preferably 15.0 mass% or less.
• the content of rare earth elements in the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is preferably 1.0% by mass to 20.0% by mass, more preferably 3.0% by mass to 18.0% by mass, even more preferably 5.0% by mass to 18.0% by mass, particularly preferably 5.0% by mass to 15.0% by mass, and extremely preferably 10.0% by mass to 15.0% by mass.
• the content of the alkali metal relative to 100 parts by mass of copper is, for example, 20 parts by mass or more, preferably 30 parts by mass or more, more preferably 40 parts by mass or more, and for example, 200 parts by mass or less, preferably 150 parts by mass or less, more preferably 100 parts by mass or less, and even more preferably 90 parts by mass or less.
• the content of the alkali metal relative to 100 parts by mass of copper is preferably 20 to 200 parts by mass, more preferably 30 to 150 parts by mass, even more preferably 40 to 100 parts by mass, and particularly preferably 40 to 90 parts by mass.
• the content of rare earth elements per 100 parts by mass of copper is, for example, 20 parts by mass or more, preferably 30 parts by mass or more, more preferably 100 parts by mass or more, and for example, 350 parts by mass or less, preferably 300 parts by mass or less.
• the content of rare earth elements per 100 parts by mass of copper is preferably 20 parts by mass to 350 parts by mass, more preferably 30 parts by mass to 350 parts by mass, and even more preferably 100 parts by mass to 300 parts by mass.
• the copper, alkali metal, and rare earth element contents are within the above ranges, the copper, alkali metal, and rare earth elements are easily combined, and the catalytic activity of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst tends to be high.
• the total amount of copper, alkali metals, and rare earth elements in the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is, for example, 5 mass% or more, preferably 10 mass% or more, more preferably 15 mass% or more, and, for example, 25 mass% or less.
• the peak of the (440) plane of an alumina crystal is a peak derived from a ⁇ -alumina crystal.
• the measurement of X-ray diffraction using the above-mentioned X-ray diffraction device will be described in detail in the examples below.
• the catalytic activity of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst will be insufficient.
• the content of ⁇ -alumina in the carrier is too low, which reduces the interface area between ⁇ -alumina and ⁇ -alumina.
• Many lattice defects e.g. oxygen defects
• copper, alkali metals, and rare earth elements are effectively supported at the interface. If the interface area is reduced, copper, alkali metals, and rare earth elements cannot be efficiently stabilized (fixed) at the interface. Therefore, copper, alkali metals, and rare earth elements are not efficiently supported.
• the catalytic activity of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst decreases.
• the catalytic activity of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst becomes insufficient.
• the following is presumed to be the cause of the above. It is assumed that the ⁇ -alumina content is excessive due to the enlargement of the ⁇ -alumina crystals. As a result, the interface area between ⁇ -alumina and ⁇ -alumina decreases. This reduces the catalytic activity of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst.
• the ratio is preferably 0.003 or more, more preferably 0.005 or more, even more preferably 0.010 or more, and particularly preferably 0.040 or more.
• the ratio is preferably 0.400 or less, more preferably 0.350 or less, even more preferably 0.300, particularly preferably 0.250 or less, and most preferably 0.200 or less.
• the ratio is preferably 0.003 to 0.400, more preferably 0.005 to 0.350, even more preferably 0.010 to 0.300, particularly preferably 0.040 to 0.250, and most preferably 0.04 to 0.200.
• the ratio is also preferably 0.005 to 0.200, more preferably 0.008 to 0.180, and even more preferably 0.010 to 0.160.
• the catalytic activity of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst can be further improved.
• the shape of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is not particularly limited, and any shape can be used, but examples thereof include powder, particulate, granular, and pellet shapes. From the viewpoint of suppressing powdering of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst and improving catalytic activity, the shape of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is preferably particulate. In other words, the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is preferably made of particles. The hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst preferably contains a large number of particles.
• the shape of the particles is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a spherical shape, a cylindrical shape, and a cylindrical shape (or a noodle shape), and preferably a spherical shape. The above-mentioned shapes can be confirmed, for example, by visual observation.
• the spherical shape includes a true spherical shape and a spheroidal shape.
• the specific surface area of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is, for example, 15 m2/g or more, preferably 20 m2/g or more, more preferably 30 m2/g or more, even more preferably 34 m2/g or more, particularly preferably 36 m2/g or more, and most preferably 38 m2 /g or more.
• the specific surface area of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is, for example, 80 m2/g or less, preferably 60 m2/g or less, more preferably 50 m2/g or less, and even more preferably 37.5 m2 /g or less.
• the specific surface area of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is, for example, 15 m 2 /g to 80 m 2 /g, preferably 20 m 2 /g to 60 m 2 /g, more preferably 30 m 2 /g to 60 m 2 /g, and even more preferably 33 m 2 /g to 50 m 2 /g.
• the specific surface area of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is preferably 34 m 2 /g to 37.5 m 2 /g, and also preferably 38 m 2 /g to 48 m 2 /g.
• the specific surface area of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is equal to or greater than the lower limit described above, the contact area between the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst and hydrogen chloride can be increased, and the chlorine yield can be increased. If the specific surface area of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is equal to or less than the upper limit described above, powdering of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst can be suppressed, and the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst can be suitably used as a fixed bed catalyst.
• the specific surface area of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst can be measured, for example, using a BET method specific surface area measuring device (BELSORP-max, manufactured by BEL Japan).
• the average pore diameter of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is, for example, 1 nm or more, preferably 5 nm or more, more preferably 10 nm or more, and even more preferably 15 nm or more.
• the average pore diameter of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is, for example, 100 nm or less, preferably 50 nm or less, more preferably 30 nm or less, particularly preferably 19 nm or less, and most preferably 15 nm or less.
• the average pore diameter of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is, for example, 1 nm to 100 nm, preferably 5 nm to 50 nm, more preferably 10 nm to 30 nm, and even more preferably 10 nm to 19 nm.
• the average pore diameter of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is preferably 11 nm to 15 nm.
• the average pore diameter of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is preferably 16 nm to 18 nm.
• the average pore diameter is equal to or greater than the lower limit described above, the diffusion and movement of hydrogen chloride and chlorine can be prevented from slowing down. If the average pore diameter is equal to or less than the upper limit described above, the diffusion of hydrogen chloride and chlorine can be accelerated while preventing a decrease in the frequency of their reaching the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst surface. In addition, there is an excellent balance between preventing the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst from powdering and its catalytic activity.
• the average pore diameter of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is calculated as 4V/A using the BET method using nitrogen adsorption.
• the average particle size of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is, for example, 1 mm or more, preferably 1.5 mm or more, more preferably 2 mm or more, even more preferably 2.5 mm or more, and particularly preferably 2.8 mm or more.
• the average particle size of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is, for example, 10 mm or less, preferably 6 mm or less, more preferably 4 mm or less, and even more preferably 3.5 mm or less.
• the average particle size of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is, for example, 1 mm to 10 mm, preferably 1.5 mm to 6 mm, more preferably 2 mm to 4 mm, even more preferably 2.5 mm to 3.5 mm, and particularly preferably 2.8 mm to 3.5 mm.
• the average particle size of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is equal to or greater than the lower limit described above, powdering of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst can be suppressed, and the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst can be suitably used as a fixed bed catalyst.
• the contact area between the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst and hydrogen chloride can be increased, and the chlorine yield can be increased.
• the average particle size of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is the average particle size of 100 hydrogen chloride oxidation catalysts. Specifically, if the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is spherical, the diameter of each of the 100 hydrogen chloride oxidation catalysts is measured and their average value is obtained. Specifically, the diameters of the 100 hydrogen chloride oxidation catalysts are measured with a caliper and their average value is calculated. The method for measuring the average particle size of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is described in the Examples below.
• the method for producing a hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst includes steps (1) and (2). Steps (1) and (2) are carried out in this order.
• step (1) the support is calcined.
• the physical properties of the support described below are the physical properties of the support as a raw material for the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst, and are not the physical properties of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst.
• the physical properties of the support described below are the physical properties of the support before calcination.
• the carrier is, for example, mainly composed of alumina, and is preferably alumina.
• the carrier is mainly composed of ⁇ -alumina, and is preferably ⁇ -alumina.
• the shape of the carrier can be, for example, powder, particulate, granular, or pellet-like, and is preferably particulate.
• the shape of the particle can be, for example, spherical, cylindrical, or cylindrical (or noodle-like), and is preferably spherical. The above shapes can be confirmed, for example, by visual observation.
• the spherical shape includes a true sphere and a spheroid.
• the specific surface area of the carrier is, for example, 90 m 2 /g or more, preferably 100 m 2 /g or more, more preferably 110 m 2 /g or more.
• the specific surface area of the carrier is, for example, 210 m 2 /g or less, preferably 200 m 2 /g or less, more preferably 190 m 2 /g or less.
• the specific surface area of the carrier is, for example, 90 m 2 /g to 210 m 2 /g, preferably 100 m 2 /g to 200 m 2 /g, more preferably 110 m 2 /g to 190 m 2 /g.
• the specific surface area of the carrier is the above-mentioned lower limit or more, the contact area with hydrogen chloride can be increased, and the chlorine yield can be increased. If the specific surface area of the carrier is the above-mentioned upper limit or less, the powdering of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst can be suppressed, and further, it can be suitably used as a fixed bed catalyst.
• the specific surface area of the support can be measured in the same manner as the specific surface area of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst, or the specific surface area of the support can be determined from a catalog value.
• the average pore diameter of the carrier is, for example, 1 nm or more, preferably 2 nm or more, and more preferably 4 nm or more.
• the average pore diameter of the carrier is, for example, 20 nm or less, preferably, more preferably, 18 nm or less, and even more preferably, 16 nm or less.
• the average pore diameter of the carrier is, for example, 1 nm to 20 nm, preferably, 2 nm to 18 nm, and more preferably, 4 nm to 16 nm. If the average pore diameter of the carrier is equal to or greater than the lower limit described above, the diffusion and movement of hydrogen chloride and chlorine can be prevented from slowing down.
• the average pore diameter of the carrier is equal to or less than the upper limit described above, the diffusion of hydrogen chloride and chlorine can be accelerated while preventing a decrease in the frequency of their reaching the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst surface.
• the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst has an excellent balance between preventing powdering and catalytic activity.
• the method for measuring the average pore diameter of the carrier is the same as the method for measuring the average pore diameter of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst.
• the average pore diameter of the carrier can be a catalog value.
• the average particle size of the carrier is, for example, 1 mm or more, preferably 1.2 mm or more, more preferably 1.4 mm or more, and even more preferably 1.8 mm or more.
• the average particle size of the carrier is, for example, 10 mm or less, preferably 6 mm or less, more preferably 4 mm or less, and even more preferably 3.5 mm or less.
• the average particle size of the carrier is, for example, 1 mm to 10 mm, preferably 1.2 mm to 6 mm, more preferably 1.4 mm to 4 mm, even more preferably 1.6 mm to 3.5 mm, and especially preferably 1.8 mm to 3.5 mm.
• the average particle size of the carrier is equal to or greater than the above-mentioned lower limit, the powdering of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst can be suppressed, and the catalyst can be suitably used as a fixed bed catalyst. If the average particle size of the carrier is equal to or less than the above-mentioned upper limit, the contact area between hydrogen chloride and the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst can be increased, and the chlorine yield can be increased.
• the bulk density of the carrier is, for example, 0.2 g/ml or more, preferably 0.4 g/ml or more, and more preferably 0.6 g/ml or more.
• the bulk density of the carrier is, for example, 5.0 g/ml or less, preferably 3.0 g/ml or less, and more preferably 1.0 g/ml or less.
• the g/ml of the carrier is, for example, 0.2 g/ml to 5.0 g/ml, preferably 0.4 g/ml to 3.0 g/ml, and more preferably 0.6 g/ml to 1.0 g/ml.
• the carrier can be suitably used as a fixed bed catalyst. If the bulk density of the carrier is equal to or less than the upper limit described above, the contact area between the hydrogen chloride and the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst can be increased, and the chlorine yield can be increased.
• the method for measuring the bulk density of the carrier is described in the examples below. Alternatively, the bulk density of the carrier can be a catalog value.
• the method for measuring the average particle size of the carrier is the same as the method for measuring the average particle size of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst.
• the average particle size of the carrier can be a catalog value.
• the support is calcined at 550°C or higher and 980°C or lower.
• the calcination temperature is preferably 580°C or higher, more preferably 620°C or higher, even more preferably 660°C or higher, particularly preferably 680°C or higher, and most preferably 820°C or higher.
• the calcination temperature is preferably 945°C or lower, more preferably 920°C or lower, even more preferably 880°C or lower, and particularly preferably 830°C or lower.
• the calcination temperature is preferably 580°C to 930°C, more preferably 620°C to 880°C, and even more preferably 660°C to 830°C.
• the calcination temperature is preferably 680°C to 820°C, and also preferably 830°C to 920°C.
• the calcination temperature can be increased stepwise.
• the calcination temperature is equal to or higher than the above-mentioned lower limit and equal to or lower than the above-mentioned upper limit, the catalytic activity of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst can be improved, and the chlorine yield can be improved.
• the calcination time is, for example, 0.25 hours or more, preferably 0.5 hours or more, and more preferably 0.75 hours or more.
• the calcination time is, for example, 50 hours or less, preferably 30 hours or less, more preferably 15 hours or less, and even more preferably 12 hours or less.
• the calcination time is, for example, 0.25 to 50 hours or less, preferably 0.25 to 30 hours, more preferably 0.25 to 15 hours or less, even more preferably 0.5 to 12 hours, and particularly preferably 0.75 to 12 hours.
• the calcination temperature is equal to or greater than the above-mentioned lower limit and equal to or less than the above-mentioned upper limit, the catalytic activity of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst can be improved, and the chlorine yield can be improved.
• step (1) the support is calcined for x hours at y° C. to satisfy any one of the following formulas (1) to (3). 0.25 ⁇ x ⁇ 50 Formula (1) y ⁇ -5.7x+945 Formula (2) y ⁇ -5.7x+620 Formula (3)
• the calcination of the support is carried out, for example, in an air atmosphere or an inert gas atmosphere.
• the calcination of the support is carried out under atmospheric pressure or under reduced pressure. From the viewpoint of production costs, the calcination of the support is preferably carried out in an air atmosphere or under atmospheric pressure.
• the carrier made of ⁇ -alumina becomes a carrier containing ⁇ -alumina and ⁇ -alumina.
• Step (2) is carried out following step (1).
• step (2) copper, an alkali metal and a rare earth element are supported on a carrier.
• copper, an alkali metal and a rare earth element are supported on a carrier after calcination under the above conditions.
• an active component-containing aqueous solution containing the above-mentioned active component compound is blended and mixed with a carrier, and then dried.
• the compound includes chlorides and/or oxides of copper, an alkali metal and a rare earth element.
• the atmosphere of the mixture can be reduced in pressure if necessary.
• the above mixture is heated at a drying temperature of, for example, 25° C. or higher, preferably 50° C. or higher, for example, 250° C. or lower, preferably 150° C. or lower.
• the drying time is not limited.
• the mixture may then be cooled.
• the cooling temperature may be, for example, 50°C or less, 40°C or less, 0°C or more, or 10°C or more.
• the cooling temperature includes room temperature. Room temperature is 20°C to 25°C.
• the cooling time is not limited.
• the mixture may be cooled under reduced pressure.
• the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is used, for example, in both a batch system and a flow system.
• the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is preferably used in a flow system.
• Examples of the flow system include a fixed bed, a fluidized bed, and a moving bed.
• Examples of the flow system include a fixed bed.
• the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst is preferably a fixed bed catalyst.
• the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst as a fixed bed catalyst is, for example, packed into a fixed bed reactor.
• the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst forms a hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst layer within the reactor.
• hydrogen chloride is contacted with oxygen in the reactor described above.
• Chlorine is produced by the oxidation of hydrogen chloride.
• Water is produced as a by-product along with the production of chlorine.
• Example 1 ⁇ Production of Hydrogen Chloride Oxidation Catalyst> Example 1 First, the carrier made of ⁇ -alumina (1) was fired in an electric furnace (Yamato Scientific Co., Ltd.: FO510) in an air atmosphere for 10 hours at 600° C. Thus, step (1) was carried out.
• an aqueous solution containing the active ingredient was prepared by mixing water, samarium (III) oxide (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., 99.9%), copper (II) chloride dihydrate (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., special reagent grade), potassium chloride (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., special reagent grade), and hydrochloric acid (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Wako Grade 1, 35.0-37.0%) according to the recipe in Table 1.
• Tap water was distilled using a distillation water maker (Advantec Toyo Co., Ltd.: RFD240NA) until the conductivity was 5 ⁇ S/cm or less before use.
• step (2) After mixing the aqueous solution containing the active ingredient with the calcined carrier, the mixture was depressurized, heated, dried, and cooled under the conditions shown in Table 2 to load copper, potassium, and samarium onto the calcined carrier. This completes step (2).
• Examples 2 to 13, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2 A hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst was produced by carrying out step (1) and step (2) in that order in the same manner as in Example 1. However, the contents of copper, potassium and samarium in the active component-containing aqueous solution, the type of carrier, and/or the calcination temperature and time of the carrier in step (1) were changed as shown in Tables 1, 3 and 4.
• Comparative Example 3 A hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that step (1) was not carried out, and the carrier was changed to silica instead of ⁇ -alumina (1).
• Comparative Example 4 A hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the carrier was changed from ⁇ -alumina (1) to silica.
• Comparative Example 5 An attempt was made to produce a hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst in the same manner as in Example 1. However, in the calcination step (1), the support was calcined at 1100°C for 5 hours, converting ⁇ -alumina (1) to ⁇ -alumina. As a result, copper, potassium and samarium could not be sufficiently supported on the support. In other words, in Comparative Example 5, a hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst could not be produced.
• the glass sample plate was attached to a wide-angle X-ray diffraction device (device: MiniFlex600-C, Rigaku Corporation, measurement software: SmartLab Studio II). Specifically, the glass sample plate was attached to the standard sample stage in the sample chamber of the wide-angle X-ray diffraction device.
• the wide-angle X-ray diffraction device and conditions are described below.
• a wide-angle X-ray diffraction profile was measured under the following measurement conditions.
• a diffraction profile was obtained from the wide-angle X-ray diffraction profile measurement.
• the graph obtained by the X-ray diffraction analysis was fitted using the least squares method and baseline correction was performed.
• the maximum value of the peak appearing near 2 ⁇ 40.8° was 3 [Intensity [counts]].
• ⁇ Average particle size of support and hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst before calcination> One hundred particles of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst were randomly selected, and the particle size (diameter) of each particle was measured with a digital caliper (Mitutoyo Corporation: CD-15CX), and the average value was calculated to be the average particle size of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst.
• the average particle size of the support before calcination was also calculated in the same manner as for the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst.
• Specific surface area of support and hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst before calcination The specific surface areas of the support and the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst before calcination were measured using a BET specific surface area measuring device (BELSORPmax, manufactured by BEL Japan, Inc.).
• the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst When measuring the specific surface area of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst, it was heated in an electric furnace (Yamato Scientific Co., Ltd.: FO510) at 200°C for 3 hours in an air atmosphere before carrying out the pretreatment described below.
• the heated hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst was filled into the measurement container of the measurement device.
• the measurement device and measurement conditions are as follows.
• Measuring device BERSORP-max (manufactured by Microtrack Bell) Measurement conditions: Pretreatment: 30°C, 1 kPa, 4 hours. Measurement temperature: -196°C
• the specific surface area of the support before calcination was also measured in the same way as the specific surface area of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst. However, the pretreatment temperature was changed from 30°C to 180°C.
• the average pore diameter (4V/A) of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst was determined by the BET method using nitrogen adsorption.
• the catalyst was heated in an electric furnace (Yamato Scientific Co., Ltd.: FO510) at 200°C for 3 hours in an air atmosphere before being filled into the measurement container of the measurement device.
• the measurement device and measurement conditions are as follows.
• Measuring device BERSORP-max (manufactured by Microtrack Bell) Measurement conditions: Pretreatment: 30°C, 1 kPa, 4 hours. Measurement temperature: -196°C
• the average pore diameter of the support before calcination was also measured, in the same way as the average pore diameter of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst.
• the average pore diameter of the support before calcination was also determined in the same manner as for the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst.
• a straight tube (an example of a reactor) 2 with a diameter of 1.6 cm was filled with 6 mL (apparent volume) of hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst 3 to create a catalyst region 4.
• the length of catalyst region 4 (the length in the direction in which straight tube 2 extends) was 3 cm.
• a fixed-bed catalytic reactor 1 was manufactured that includes straight tube 2, hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst 3, thermocouple 6, and sheath tube 7.
• Thermocouple 6 can measure the temperature of hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst 3.
• Thermocouple 6 can move up and down relative to straight tube 2.
• Sheath tube 7 protects thermocouple 6.
• Sheath tube 7 has a cylindrical shape with a bottom.
• the outer diameter of sheath tube 7 is 0.4 mm.
• catalyst region 4 was placed in the center of the straight tube 2 in the longitudinal direction.
• the fixed bed catalytic reactor 1 is provided with a heating furnace 5 that houses the catalyst region 4 inside.
• the heating furnace 5 is an electric furnace with adjustable temperature.
• the heating furnace 5 is equipped with a program that raises the temperature inside the heating furnace 5 when the temperature of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst 3 drops during use from the initial setting temperature at the start of use so that the temperature of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst 3 becomes the same as the initial setting temperature at the start of use.
• Hydrogen chloride and oxygen were passed through the fixed bed catalytic reactor 1 from the upper end to the lower end at rates of 45 ml/min and 22.5 ml/min, respectively.
• the temperature of the heating furnace 5 was set so that the temperature of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst 3 became the reaction temperature shown in Table 4.
• the rates of hydrogen chloride and oxygen were 90 ml/min and 90 ml/min, respectively.
• the chlorine yield after 50 hours was calculated. Specifically, after 50 hours of use, the generated gas was absorbed for 10 minutes in 300 ml of a 0.3 mol/l potassium iodide solution prepared by dissolving potassium iodide (Kanto Chemical, for oxidant measurement) in water. After that, a 0.1 mol/l sodium thiosulfate solution (Kanto Chemical) was used for this potassium iodide solution to measure the amount of chlorine generated and calculate the chlorine yield.
• the catalyst life was evaluated according to the degree of powdering, according to the following criteria: ⁇ : No powdering was observed. ⁇ : Slight powdering was observed. ⁇ : Powdering was observed.
• FIG. 1 shows a processed image of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst of Example 3 after 35 days.
• FIG. 2 shows a processed image of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst of Example 10 after 35 days.
• FIG. 3 shows a processed image of the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst of Comparative Example 3 after 35 days.
• the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst and the method for producing the hydrogen chloride oxidation catalyst of the present invention can be used to produce chlorine.

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