WO2024101263A1 - 二次電池用複合活物質、及び二次電池 - Google Patents
二次電池用複合活物質、及び二次電池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2024101263A1 WO2024101263A1 PCT/JP2023/039571 JP2023039571W WO2024101263A1 WO 2024101263 A1 WO2024101263 A1 WO 2024101263A1 JP 2023039571 W JP2023039571 W JP 2023039571W WO 2024101263 A1 WO2024101263 A1 WO 2024101263A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- silicon
- active material
- composite active
- phase
- secondary batteries
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/483—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides for non-aqueous cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a composite active material for secondary batteries and a secondary battery containing the composite active material for secondary batteries.
- LIBs lithium-ion batteries
- EVs electric vehicles
- Graphite the mainstream LIB anode material
- silicon, tin, and oxides have a problem in that their volume expands and contracts significantly as they absorb and release lithium ions, and repeated charging and discharging causes the active material to pulverize, deteriorating the charge and discharge characteristics.
- Patent Document 1 describes a negative electrode material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries that has silicon nanoparticles and a coating layer that covers the silicon nanoparticles, the coating layer having an amorphous silicon oxide and a silicon carbide phase, and at least a portion of the silicon carbide phase being present on the surface of the silicon nanoparticles.
- Patent Document 2 describes that in carbon-coated silicon particles, at least a portion of the surface is coated with carbon, at least a portion of the interface between the carbon coating and the silicon particle has a silicon carbide layer, and the ratio in powder X-ray diffraction analysis is equal to or less than a certain value.
- Patent document 3 describes a silicon anode active material that includes a double clamping layer having a silicon core containing silicon particles, a silicon carbide layer on the silicon core, and a silicon oxide layer between the silicon core and the silicon carbide layer.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a composite active material for secondary batteries that can suppress the collapse of silicon particles as described above and can maintain high charge/discharge performance, such as capacity retention rate and initial coulombic efficiency, when used in a secondary battery, and a secondary battery that contains the composite active material for secondary batteries in the negative electrode.
- a composite active material having a structure of silicon particles having a silicon nitride phase and/or silicon carbide phase and a matrix phase containing these silicon particles by including a transition metal element, it is possible to impart a film-like or particulate silicon nitride or silicon carbide phase to the silicon particle surface through its catalytic action, thereby improving the chemical durability of the silicon particle surface and controlling the surface layer structure on the silicon particles.
- a composite active material for a secondary battery comprising silicon particles, a silicon nitride phase and/or a silicon carbide phase, and a matrix phase containing the silicon particles, wherein at least one phase selected from the group consisting of the silicon nitride phase, the silicon carbide phase, and the matrix phase contains a transition metal element.
- the composite active material for secondary batteries of the present invention can improve the chemical durability of the silicon particle surface and control the surface layer structure on the silicon particles, and can maintain high charge/discharge performance such as the capacity retention rate and initial coulombic efficiency in secondary batteries.
- FIG. 1 shows a HADDF-STEM image and the results of elemental EDS mapping analysis of the composite active material for secondary batteries obtained in Example 1.
- the composite active material for a secondary battery of the present invention has silicon particles, a matrix phase encapsulating the silicon particles, and a silicon nitride phase and/or a silicon carbide phase, and contains a transition metal element in at least one phase selected from the group consisting of the silicon nitride phase, the silicon carbide phase, and the matrix phase.
- the composite active material for secondary batteries of the present invention has a structure having silicon particles, a matrix phase surrounding the silicon particles, and a silicon nitride phase and/or a silicon carbide phase, and a transition metal element is supported in at least one phase selected from the group consisting of the silicon nitride phase, the silicon carbide phase, and the matrix phase.
- silicon nitride phase and/or silicon carbide phase means either one or both of the silicon nitride phase and the silicon carbide phase.
- the silicon nitride phase and/or silicon carbide phase may be present inside the silicon particles, on the surface of the silicon particles, in the matrix phase, or in all of these.
- the matrix phase is present so as to further cover the silicon particles covered with the silicon nitride phase and/or silicon carbide phase.
- a silicon nitride phase and/or silicon carbide phase is present at a high concentration on or near the surface of the silicon particles rather than in the matrix phase.
- the silicon nitride phase and/or silicon carbide phase is present on or near the surface of the silicon particles, and is, for example, in an embodiment having a high concentration of silicon nitride phase and/or silicon carbide phase as shown in Figure 1.
- This embodiment efficiently prevents the oxidation reaction between oxygen and Si during high-temperature firing of the active material.
- the vicinity of the surface of the silicon particle refers to a region preferably within 10 nm from the surface of the silicon particle toward the outside of the silicon particle.
- the transition metal element has a catalytic action and is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cu, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, and La, from the viewpoint of effectively generating a silicon nitride phase or a silicon carbide phase, and is particularly preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, and La.
- the transition metal element in the present invention is considered to be present in the form of metal ions in at least one phase selected from the group consisting of a silicon nitride phase, a silicon carbide phase, and a matrix phase. In other words, when the transition metal element is Mn, it is considered to be present as Mn 2+ .
- the content of the transition metal element is preferably 0.01 atm% to 5 atm%, more preferably 0.1 atm% to 4 atm%, and even more preferably 0.2 atm% to 3 atm%, based on the total amount of silicon (Si element) present in the silicon particles in the composite active material for secondary batteries.
- the content of the transition metal element is preferably 0.001 atm% to 5 atm%, more preferably 0.003 atm% to 4 atm%, and even more preferably 0.005 atm% to 3 atm%, based on the total amount of silicon in the composite active material for secondary batteries of the present invention.
- the silicon nitride phase or silicon carbide phase generated by catalytic action is in an appropriate amount for improving the charge/discharge performance of the composite active material.
- the content of the transition metal element can be measured by various quantitative analyses of element content such as ICP mass (inductively coupled plasma mass) analysis, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDX) analysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, EPMA (electron probe microanalyzer) analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), etc.
- the location of the transition metal element can be identified by HADDF-STEM analysis or EDX element mapping analysis.
- the silicon nitride phase is an inorganic compound represented by the chemical formula SiNx (0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.33), and has electrochemical reactivity with lithium ions, as well as excellent fracture toughness, high temperature characteristics, and thermal shock resistance.
- the silicon nitride phase is a structure that is generated by a solid-phase reaction at high temperatures (for example, 1200°C or higher), but can be easily formed at lower temperatures due to the catalytic effect of transition metal ions.
- the components and crystalline state of the silicon nitride phase can be appropriately controlled by changing the type and amount of transition metal ions and the conditions of the solid-phase reaction.
- the range of x can be easily controlled by adjusting the amount of transition metal element added that acts as a catalyst and the high-temperature reaction conditions (temperature, time, atmosphere), etc.
- This SiNx (0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.33) can easily react with Li ions, and therefore has a certain electrochemical reaction activity.
- silicon nitride phases are widely used as gas barrier materials and have the function of blocking oxygen diffusion. In the present invention, when a silicon nitride phase is formed on the surface of silicon particles during high-temperature sintering in the production of a composite active material, oxygen diffusion into the silicon particles is prevented, and the oxidation reaction of silicon is effectively suppressed.
- a natural oxide film it is common for a natural oxide film to exist on silicon particles, and during high-temperature firing, transition metal ions can diffuse through this natural oxide film, causing a catalytic effect that greatly promotes the nitridation reaction of silicon.
- silicon nitride crystals are formed between the surface oxide film and the silicon crystals in the center of the silicon particles, blocking contact between the silicon crystals and oxygen from outside the silicon or the surrounding area, suppressing the oxidation reaction on the surface of the silicon particles.
- Silicon carbide in the silicon carbide phase is represented by the chemical formula SiC and is a compound of carbon and silicon in a 1:1 ratio. It has properties intermediate between diamond and silicon, and has excellent hardness characteristics, heat resistance, and chemical stability.
- the silicon nitride phase and/or silicon carbide phase may have, for example, a film or particle shape.
- there is no particular limitation on the structure of the silicon nitride phase or silicon carbide phase and both crystalline and amorphous structures are applicable.
- the silicon nitride phase or silicon carbide phase may be in a crystalline or amorphous state, and the presence of the silicon nitride phase or silicon carbide phase can be confirmed by solid-state 29 Si-NMR spectrum.
- a peak A in the chemical shift range of 0 ppm to -20 ppm, which is assigned to the silicon carbide phase, a peak B in the chemical shift range of -30 ppm to -60 ppm, which is assigned to the silicon nitride phase, and a peak C in the chemical shift range of -70 ppm to -100 ppm, which is assigned to silicon, are detected in the solid-state 29 Si-NMR spectrum, and the area ratio R of each of the peaks calculated by the following formula (1) is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 1.0.
- R (A + B) / C ...
- the peaks A and B are Si elements other than zero valence, such as SiO 4 and SiO 2 , and the peak C is zero valence Si.
- the area ratio R of each peak calculated by formula (1) being in the above range means that the proportion of Si (zero valence) is greater than Si (other than zero valence), which indicates that oxidation is not advanced (low oxidation state) in the silicon particles constituting the secondary battery composite active material of the present invention. In this way, the silicon particles are in a low oxygen state, which can effectively improve the initial Coulombic efficiency of the composite active material.
- a silicon nitride phase or a silicon carbide phase is present on the surface of the silicon particles, since the chemical stability of the silicon particles is increased and the cycle characteristics during charging and discharging can be improved.
- the silicon nitride phase and silicon carbide phase can also be measured by a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR). Specifically, if the stretching absorption peaks of the Si-N bond (900 cm-1) and the Si-C bond (800 cm-1) are detected in the FT-IR measurement results, it can be determined that the silicon nitride phase and silicon carbide phase have been formed.
- FT-IR Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer
- the silicon nitride phase or silicon carbide phase is in a crystalline state, it can be confirmed by XRD (X-ray diffraction, CuK ⁇ light source) measurement or TEM observation.
- XRD X-ray diffraction, CuK ⁇ light source
- TEM observation TEM observation.
- XRD X-ray diffraction, CuK ⁇ light source
- ⁇ -Si 3 N 4 PDF #41-0360
- ⁇ -Si 3 N 4 PDF #33-1160
- ⁇ -SiC PDF #49-1430
- ⁇ -SiC PDF #29-1129
- the Si crystal has the property of being able to highly exhibit charge/discharge performance, particularly in secondary batteries, such as charge/discharge capacity and initial coulombic efficiency.
- the silicon nitride phase and silicon carbide phase is present on the surface of the silicon particles.
- the total thickness of the silicon nitride phase and silicon carbide phase is preferably 0.1 nm to 10 nm, more preferably 0.3 nm to 8 nm, and even more preferably 0.5 nm to 6 nm.
- the silicon particle surface can be endowed with very excellent fracture toughness, high temperature characteristics, thermal shock resistance, and chemical stability, and the collapse of the silicon particles due to charging and discharging can be suppressed.
- the thickness of the silicon nitride phase and silicon carbide phase can be measured by cutting with a focused ion beam (FIB) and observing the cross section with FE-SEM, or by slicing the sample and observing the cross section of the silicon particles with TEM.
- FIB focused ion beam
- the average particle size of the silicon particles is preferably in the range of 10 nm to 300 nm, more preferably 30 nm to 250 nm, and even more preferably 50 nm to 200 nm.
- the "average particle size” is the D50 value that can be measured using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer or the like. In other words, when a volume cumulative distribution curve is drawn from the small diameter side in the particle size distribution, the particle size at which the cumulative 50% is reached is the average particle size.
- the average particle size can be measured by dynamic light scattering using a laser particle size analyzer or the like.
- the specific surface area of the silicon particles is preferably 50 m 2 /g to 400 m 2 /g, more preferably 100 m 2 /g to 300 m 2 /g, and even more preferably 150 m 2 /g to 230 m 2 /g.
- the "specific surface area” is a value determined by the BET method, and can be determined by nitrogen gas adsorption measurement, for example, by using a specific surface area measuring device.
- the silicon particles may be granular, needle-like, or flake-like in shape, but are preferably crystalline.
- the silicon particles are crystalline, it is preferable from the viewpoint of initial coulombic efficiency and cycle characteristics if the crystallite diameter obtained from the diffraction peak assigned to Si(111) in X-ray diffraction is in the range of 5 nm to 14 nm.
- the crystallite diameter is more preferably 12 nm or less, and even more preferably 10 nm or less.
- the silicon particles preferably have a length in the long axis direction of 30 nm to 300 nm and a thickness of 1 nm to 60 nm.
- a needle-like or flake-like shape with an aspect ratio which is the ratio of thickness to length, of 0.5 or less is preferable.
- the shape of the silicon particles can be measured by dynamic light scattering to measure the average particle size, but the aspect ratio of a sample can be more easily and precisely identified by using analytical means such as a transmission electron microscope (TEM) or a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM).
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- FE-SEM field emission scanning electron microscope
- the sample can be cut with a focused ion beam (FIB) and the cross section can be observed with an FE-SEM, or the sample can be sliced and the state can be identified by TEM observation.
- the aspect ratio of silicon particles is a calculation result based on the main part of 50 particles of the sample within the field of view of the TEM image.
- the silicon particles preferably have an amorphous oxide film on their outer surfaces.
- an amorphous oxide film is further present on the outer surface of the silicon nitride phase and/or the silicon carbide phase.
- the amorphous oxide film is an oxide film in an amorphous state, preferably an oxide film of silicon (Si), particularly preferably a SiO2 film.
- the presence of such an amorphous oxide film can impart superior fracture toughness, high temperature characteristics, thermal shock resistance and chemical stability to the silicon particle surface without significantly affecting the charge/discharge performance (capacity, initial coulombic efficiency), and can suppress the collapse of the silicon particles due to charge/discharge.
- the amorphous oxide film is preferably present on at least a part of the outer surface of the silicon particle, and may be present on the entire surface.
- the amorphous oxide film can be formed on the surface of the silicon particle by an oxidation reaction during high-temperature firing.
- the thickness of the amorphous oxide film is preferably 8 nm or less, more preferably 1 nm to 7 nm, and particularly preferably 2 nm to 6 nm, from the viewpoint of achieving a good balance between the effects (positive and negative) resulting from the amorphous oxide film.
- the thickness of the amorphous oxide film is within this range, the extent of deterioration in the charge/discharge performance of the silicon particles (capacity and initial coulombic efficiency) can be minimized, and cycle characteristics can be improved by suppressing the collapse of silicon particles during charge/discharge.
- the matrix phase in the composite active material for secondary batteries of the present invention preferably contains carbon. By including carbon in the matrix phase, the electrical conductivity of the composite active material can be improved.
- the matrix phase has a composition represented by SiOx (1 ⁇ x ⁇ 2).
- SiOx (1 ⁇ x ⁇ 2) the chemical stability of the composite active material can be improved.
- the matrix phase preferably contains a silicon-based material.
- This silicon-based material contains silicon, carbon, and oxygen elements, and has a three-dimensional network structure of a silicon-oxygen-carbon skeleton.
- the silicon-based material preferably further contains carbon (carbonaceous phase).
- the three-dimensional network structure of a silicon-oxygen-carbon skeleton has relatively high chemical stability, and by forming a composite structure with carbon (carbonaceous phase), the volume change due to the absorption and release of lithium can be reduced.
- the silicon-based material may contain a nitrogen element in addition to silicon, carbon, and oxygen.
- the matrix phase preferably contains a silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) structure.
- the matrix phase contains silicon oxycarbide, which can improve the chemical stability of the matrix.
- the composite active material for secondary batteries preferably has a carbon layer on the surface, that is, has a carbon coating on at least a part of the surface.
- the carbon layer (carbon coating) is preferably a coating made of low-crystalline carbon.
- the low-crystalline carbon refers to a carbon material in an amorphous state in which the lattice period regular structure is hardly observed or only a small amount of short-period structure is present, unlike graphitic carbon materials.
- the amount of the carbon layer (carbon coating) is preferably 0.1% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less, more preferably 1% by mass or more and 25% by mass or less, and even more preferably 5% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less, based on 100% by mass of the composite active material for secondary batteries.
- the amount of the carbon layer (carbon coating) can be measured by thermal analysis.
- the average thickness of the carbon coating is preferably 10 nm or more and 300 nm or less.
- the composite active material for secondary batteries has a carbon layer (carbon coating) on part of its surface, and from the viewpoint of improving chemical stability and thermal stability, it is preferable that the carbon layer (carbon coating) covers 1% or more of the surface of the composite active material, and more preferably 10% or more.
- the composite active material for secondary batteries may have a carbon layer (carbon coating) on its surface continuously or intermittently.
- the carbon layer (carbon coating) is preferably formed on the surface of the composite active material by chemical vapor deposition.
- the composite active material for secondary batteries preferably further contains Li and/or Mg from the viewpoint of improving the initial coulombic efficiency when used in a secondary battery.
- the total content (molar ratio) of Li and Mg is preferably 0.5 mol% to 10.0 mol%, more preferably 1.0 mol% to 7.0 mol%, and even more preferably 2.0 mol% to 6.0 mol%, based on the total Si content of the composite active material for secondary batteries.
- the contents of Li and Mg can be measured by various quantitative analyses of element contents such as ICP mass (inductively coupled plasma mass) analysis, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDX) analysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, EPMA (electron probe microanalyzer) analysis, etc.
- Li and Mg are considered to exist as metal ions (Li + and Mg 2+ ) in the composite active material for secondary batteries.
- the true density of the composite active material for secondary batteries is preferably 1.6 g/cm 3 or more and 2.0 g/cm 3 or less. When the true density is within the above range, the energy density of the resulting secondary battery can be improved.
- the true density is more preferably 1.75 g/cm 3 or more, and even more preferably 1.80 g/cm 3 or more.
- the true density is a value measured using a true density measuring device.
- the average particle size of the composite active material for secondary batteries is preferably 2 ⁇ m or more and 15 ⁇ m or less. If the average particle size of the composite active material for secondary batteries is 2 ⁇ m or more, a significant increase in the specific surface area can be suppressed, and when the material is used as a secondary battery, the generation of SEI during charging and discharging can be suppressed, and a decrease in the reversible charge and discharge capacity per unit volume can be suppressed. Furthermore, if the average particle size is 15 ⁇ m or less, peeling from the current collector during electrode film production can be suppressed.
- the average particle size of the composite active material for secondary batteries is more preferably 2.5 ⁇ m or more, and even more preferably 3.0 ⁇ m or more. Furthermore, the average particle size of the composite active material for secondary batteries is more preferably 12 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the specific surface area of the composite active material for secondary batteries is preferably 0.3 m 2 /g or more and 10 m 2 /g or less.
- the specific surface area is more preferably 0.5 m 2 /g or more, and particularly preferably 1 m 2 /g or more.
- the specific surface area is in the above range, the amount of solvent absorbed during electrode preparation can be appropriately maintained, and the amount of binder used to maintain binding properties can also be appropriately maintained.
- the method for producing a composite active material for secondary batteries of the present invention includes at least the steps of wet-pulverizing raw silicon under conditions of adding a dispersant (wet-pulverizing step), supporting a transition metal element-containing compound on the surface of the pulverized raw silicon (transition metal element supporting step), uniformly mixing a polysiloxane compound, a carbon source resin, and the silicon slurry obtained in the wet-pulverizing step, and then removing the solvent and drying the mixture (homogenizing step), and performing a high-temperature treatment in a non-oxidizing atmosphere at a temperature range of 900 to 1300° C. (high-temperature treatment step).
- the homogenizing step may be performed either before or after the transition metal element supporting step.
- the composite active material for secondary batteries of the present invention described above is not limited to that obtained by the method for producing a composite active material for secondary batteries of the present invention.
- the raw silicon is dispersed in a solvent such as an organic solvent to obtain a silicon slurry, which is a dispersion of the raw silicon.
- the silicon slurry is obtained by adjusting the raw silicon while grinding it in a wet grinding device.
- a dispersant is added to the organic solvent to promote grinding of the raw silicon.
- the wet grinding device include a roller mill, a high-speed rotary grinder, a container-driven mill, and a bead mill.
- the preferred average particle size of the ground raw silicon in the obtained silicon slurry is the same as the average particle size of the silicon particles described in the above [Composite active material for secondary batteries].
- organic solvent examples include ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and diisobutyl ketone; alcohols such as ethanol, methanol, normal propyl alcohol, and isopropyl alcohol; and aromatics such as benzene, toluene, and xylene.
- ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and diisobutyl ketone
- alcohols such as ethanol, methanol, normal propyl alcohol, and isopropyl alcohol
- aromatics such as benzene, toluene, and xylene.
- the above-mentioned dispersants can be of aqueous or non-aqueous type, with non-aqueous dispersants being preferred.
- non-aqueous dispersants include polymeric types such as polyethers, alcohols, polyalkylene polyamines, and polycarboxylic acid partial alkyl esters, low molecular weight types such as polyhydric alcohol esters and alkyl polyamines, and inorganic types such as polyphosphates.
- the concentration of solids in the raw silicon in the silicon slurry is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 5% to 40% by mass, and more preferably 10% to 30% by mass, with the total amount of the organic solvent, dispersant, and raw silicon being 100% by mass.
- transition metal element supporting step a transition metal element-containing compound is added to the silicon slurry obtained in the wet grinding step, and the mixture is stirred, and the mixture is dried after removing the solvent. This results in a pulverized raw silicon material containing a transition metal element.
- the transition metal element-containing compound is preferably at least one salt of a transition metal element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cu, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, and La.
- the salt include inorganic salt compounds such as sulfates, hydrochlorides, and carbonates, and also organic salt compounds such as anhydrous acetates and acetylacetonate ligand compounds.
- transition metal element-containing compound examples include manganese chloride (II), anhydrous manganese acetate (II), manganese sulfate (II), manganese acetate (II), and manganese (II, III) acetylacetonate when the transition metal element is manganese (Mn).
- the metal element-containing compound may be added by dispersing it in an organic solvent (polar, non-polar).
- the above stirring can be performed with a stirrer equipped with stirring blades, and the stirring time is, for example, 5 minutes to 2 hours, preferably 10 minutes to 1 hour.
- the stirring can be performed at room temperature, or while heating to about 30 to 50°C.
- the above solvent can be removed by a common method such as filtration.
- the above drying is performed, for example, with a dryer, a reduced pressure dryer, a spray dryer, or the like.
- the drying temperature is preferably 80°C or higher, and 120°C or lower. Drying can be performed while applying a reduced pressure.
- the matrix phase which is a three-dimensional network structure of silicon-oxygen-carbon skeleton, is mixed with the pulverized raw material silicon to homogenize it, and then the solvent is removed and the mixture is dried to obtain a composite active material precursor.
- This matrix phase is formed from a polysiloxane compound and a carbon source resin.
- the polysiloxane compound may be a resin containing at least one of a polycarbosilane structure, a polysilazane structure, a polysilane structure, and a polysiloxane structure. It may be a resin containing only these structures, or a composite resin having at least one of these structures as a segment and chemically bonded to other polymer segments.
- the form of the composite may be graft copolymerization, block copolymerization, random copolymerization, alternating copolymerization, etc.
- Examples include a composite resin having a graft structure in which a polysiloxane segment is chemically bonded to the side chain of a polymer segment, and a composite resin having a block structure in which a polysiloxane segment is chemically bonded to the end of a polymer segment.
- the polysiloxane segment is preferably a polysiloxane compound having a structural unit represented by the following general formula (S-1) and/or the following general formula (S-2).
- the polysiloxane compound has a carboxy group, an epoxy group, an amino group, or a polyether group on the side chain or terminal of the main skeleton of the siloxane bond (Si-O-Si).
- R1 represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group or an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an epoxy group, a carboxy group, etc.
- R2 and R3 each independently represent an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group or an aralkyl group, an epoxy group, a carboxy group, etc.
- alkyl group examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-ethylpropyl, hexyl, isohexyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 1,1-dimethylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl, 1-ethyl-2-methylpropyl, and 1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl.
- cycloalkyl group examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,
- aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 4-vinylphenyl, and 3-isopropylphenyl groups.
- aralkyl groups examples include benzyl groups, diphenylmethyl groups, and naphthylmethyl groups.
- polymer segments other than polysiloxane segments contained in polysiloxane compounds include vinyl polymer segments such as acrylic polymers, fluoroolefin polymers, vinyl ester polymers, aromatic vinyl polymers, and olefin polymers, as well as polymer segments such as urethane polymer segments, ester polymer segments, and ether polymer segments. Among these, vinyl polymer segments are preferred.
- the polysiloxane compound may be a composite resin in which polysiloxane segments and polymer segments are bonded in a structure shown in the following structural formula (S-3), or may have a three-dimensional network-like polysiloxane structure.
- the carbon atom is a carbon atom that constitutes the polymer segment, and the two silicon atoms are silicon atoms that constitute the polysiloxane segment.
- the polysiloxane segment of the polysiloxane compound may have a functional group capable of reacting by heating, such as a polymerizable double bond, in the polysiloxane segment.
- a functional group capable of reacting by heating such as a polymerizable double bond
- the crosslinking reaction proceeds, and the compound becomes solid, making it easier to carry out the thermal decomposition treatment.
- polymerizable double bonds examples include vinyl groups and (meth)acryloyl groups.
- two or more polymerizable double bonds are present in the polysiloxane segment, more preferably 3 to 200, and even more preferably 3 to 50.
- the crosslinking reaction can be easily promoted.
- the polysiloxane segment may have a silanol group and/or a hydrolyzable silyl group.
- the hydrolyzable group in the hydrolyzable silyl group include a halogen atom, an alkoxy group, a substituted alkoxy group, an acyloxy group, a phenoxy group, a mercapto group, an amino group, an amide group, an aminooxy group, an iminoxy group, and an alkenyloxy group.
- the hydrolyzable silyl group becomes a silanol group.
- a hydrolysis condensation reaction proceeds between the hydroxyl group in the silanol group and the hydrolyzable group in the hydrolyzable silyl group, thereby obtaining a solid polysiloxane compound.
- the silanol group in this invention is a silicon-containing group having a hydroxyl group directly bonded to a silicon atom.
- the hydrolyzable silyl group in this invention is a silicon-containing group having a hydrolyzable group directly bonded to a silicon atom, and specific examples include groups represented by the following general formula (S-4).
- R4 is a monovalent organic group such as an alkyl group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group
- R5 is a halogen atom, an alkoxy group, an acyloxy group, an allyloxy group, a mercapto group, an amino group, an amido group, an aminooxy group, an iminoxy group, or an alkenyloxy group
- b is an integer of 0 to 2.
- alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-ethylpropyl, hexyl, isohexyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 1,1-dimethylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl, 1-ethyl-2-methylpropyl, and 1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl groups.
- aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 4-vinylphenyl, and 3-isopropylphenyl groups.
- aralkyl groups examples include benzyl groups, diphenylmethyl groups, and naphthylmethyl groups.
- Halogen atoms include, for example, fluorine atoms, chlorine atoms, bromine atoms, iodine atoms, etc.
- alkoxy groups include methoxy groups, ethoxy groups, propoxy groups, isopropoxy groups, butoxy groups, sec-butoxy groups, and tert-butoxy groups.
- acyloxy groups include formyloxy groups, acetoxy groups, propanoyloxy groups, butanoyloxy groups, pivaloyloxy groups, pentanoyloxy groups, phenylacetoxy groups, acetoacetoxy groups, benzoyloxy groups, and naphthoyloxy groups.
- allyloxy group examples include a phenyloxy group and a naphthyloxy group.
- alkenyloxy groups include vinyloxy groups, allyloxy groups, 1-propenyloxy groups, isopropenyloxy groups, 2-butenyloxy groups, 3-butenyloxy groups, 2-pentenyloxy groups, 3-methyl-3-butenyloxy groups, and 2-hexenyloxy groups.
- polysiloxane segments having structural units represented by the above general formula (S-1) and/or the above general formula (S-2) include those having any of the structures represented by the following formulas (1) to (8).
- the polymer segment may have various functional groups as necessary, as long as they do not impair the effects of the present invention.
- functional groups that can be used include a carboxyl group, a blocked carboxyl group, a carboxylic anhydride group, a tertiary amino group, a hydroxyl group, a blocked hydroxyl group, a cyclocarbonate group, an epoxy group, a carbonyl group, a primary amide group, a secondary amide, a carbamate group, and the functional group represented by the following structural formula (S-5).
- the polymer segment may also have a polymerizable double bond such as a vinyl group or a (meth)acryloyl group.
- the polysiloxane compound is preferably produced, for example, by the methods shown in (1) to (3) below.
- a polymer segment containing a silanol group and/or a hydrolyzable silyl group is prepared in advance as a raw material for the polymer segment.
- a polysiloxane is also prepared in advance by subjecting a silane compound having both a silanol group and/or a hydrolyzable silyl group and a polymerizable double bond to a hydrolysis and condensation reaction. The polymer segment and the polysiloxane are then mixed together to carry out a hydrolysis and condensation reaction.
- polysiloxane compounds examples include the Ceranate (registered trademark) series (organic-inorganic hybrid coating resin; manufactured by DIC Corporation) and the Compoceran SQ series (silsesquioxane hybrid; manufactured by Arakawa Chemical Industries, Ltd.).
- the carbon source resin has good miscibility with polysiloxane compounds, and is carbonized by high-temperature baking in an inert, non-oxidizing atmosphere, and can be used as the carbon material in the present invention.
- the carbon source resin or the resin contained in the carbon source resin composition is not particularly limited, and may include a molecular structure having a benzene ring or an aromatic functional group.
- thermosetting resins examples include thermosetting resins; thermoplastic resins; petroleum-based or coal-based tar or pitch, such as petroleum-based tar or pitch produced as a by-product during ethylene production, coal tar produced during coal dry distillation, heavy components or pitch obtained by distilling off low-boiling components of coal tar, and tar or pitch obtained by liquefying coal; and further, the above tar or pitch that has been crosslinked.
- thermosetting resins such as thermoplastic resins; petroleum-based or coal-based tar or pitch, such as petroleum-based tar or pitch produced as a by-product during ethylene production, coal tar produced during coal dry distillation, heavy components or pitch obtained by distilling off low-boiling components of coal tar, and tar or pitch obtained by liquefying coal; and further, the above tar or pitch that has been crosslinked.
- thermosetting resins such as petroleum-based tar or pitch produced as a by-product during ethylene production, coal tar produced during coal dry distillation, heavy components or pitch
- Thermosetting resins are not particularly limited, and examples include phenolic resins such as novolac-type phenolic resins and resol-type phenolic resins; epoxy resins such as bisphenol-type epoxy resins and novolac-type epoxy resins; melamine resins; urea resins; aniline resins; cyanate resins; furan resins; ketone resins; unsaturated polyester resins; urethane resins; and the like. Modified versions of these resins modified with various components can also be used. When using a thermosetting resin, a curing agent for it can be used in combination.
- Thermoplastic resins are not particularly limited, and examples include polyethylene, polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile, acrylonitrile-styrene (AS) resin, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resin, polypropylene, vinyl chloride, methacrylic resin, polyethylene terephthalate, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyacetal, polyphenylene ether, polybutylene terephthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyetheretherketone, polyetherimide, polyamideimide, polyimide, polyphthalamide, etc.
- the resin or resin composition used as the raw material for the carbon material in the present invention preferably contains nitrogen-containing resins as the main resin component from the viewpoint of promoting the formation of silicon nitride.
- nitrogen-containing resins as the main resin component from the viewpoint of promoting the formation of silicon nitride.
- the catalytic action of transition metal ions on the formation of nitrogen compounds is enhanced, and a carbon material containing nitrogen can also be obtained.
- nitrogen is contained in carbon, the electronegativity of nitrogen can impart suitable electrical properties to the carbon (carbon material for lithium ion secondary batteries). This promotes the absorption and release of lithium ions, and can impart high charge and discharge properties.
- Thermosetting resins include melamine resin, urea resin, aniline resin, cyanate resin, urethane resin, as well as phenolic resin and epoxy resin modified with nitrogen-containing components such as amines.
- the type is not particularly limited.
- hexamethylenetetramine which is a hardener for novolac-type phenolic resins
- aliphatic polyamines aromatic polyamines
- dicyandiamide which are hardeners for epoxy resins
- nitrogen-containing compounds such as amine compounds, ammonium salts, nitrates, and nitro compounds that do not function as hardeners, can be used.
- the nitrogen-containing compound may be used alone or in combination of two or more kinds, whether or not the main component resin contains nitrogen-containing resins.
- the method for preparing the resin composition used as the raw material of the carbon material in the present invention is not particularly limited.
- the above-mentioned main component resin and other components are blended in a predetermined ratio, and these components are dissolved in a solvent and mixed.
- the precursor of the composite active material of the present invention can be prepared by mixing these components with the above-mentioned silicon slurry.
- the precursor of the composite active material after drying in the homogenization step is fired in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
- the apparatus used for the high-temperature treatment can be appropriately selected from among a fluidized bed reactor, a rotary furnace, a vertical moving bed reactor, a tunnel furnace, a batch furnace, a rotary kiln, and the like, depending on the purpose.
- the high-temperature treatment is performed according to a firing program that is defined by the heating rate, the holding time at a constant temperature, and the like.
- the firing temperature is preferably, for example, in the range of 900°C to 1300°C, with the maximum reaching temperature. This allows the composite active material for secondary batteries of the present invention to be obtained.
- the non-oxidizing atmosphere during the high-temperature firing means an atmosphere in which the oxygen concentration is 100 ppm or less.
- gas used as the non-oxidizing atmosphere examples include nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, and nitrogen/hydrogen mixed gas. Among these, the use of nitrogen gas is preferred from the viewpoint of promoting the formation of the silicon nitride phase.
- the sintered product obtained in the high-temperature treatment step is pulverized and classified as necessary to obtain a composite active material of the desired particle size.
- the pulverization may be performed in one step until the desired particle size is obtained, or may be performed in several steps. If the particle size of the sintered composite active material is a lump or agglomerate of 10 mm or more, it may be coarsely pulverized using a jaw crusher, roll crusher, etc., and then pulverized using a glow mill, ball mill, etc., and further pulverized using a bead mill, jet mill, etc.
- the particle size is the average particle size and is the D50 value.
- the composite active material produced by pulverization contains coarse particles, it is preferable to remove them by classifying the material to remove fine powder and adjust the particle size distribution.
- the classifier used may be an air classifier, a wet classifier, or other type depending on the purpose, but when removing coarse particles, a classification method that passes the material through a sieve is preferable as this can reliably achieve the purpose.
- the obtained composite active material is coated with a carbon coating in a chemical vapor deposition apparatus at a temperature range of 700°C to 1000°C in a flow of pyrolytic carbon source gas and carrier inert gas.
- pyrolytic carbon source gas include acetylene, ethylene, acetone, alcohol, propane, methane, and ethane.
- inert gas include nitrogen, helium, and argon, and nitrogen is usually used.
- the secondary battery of the present invention is characterized in that it contains the composite active material for secondary batteries of the present invention in the negative electrode.
- the secondary battery of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it contains the composite active material for secondary batteries in the negative electrode, but may also contain other components such as an organic binder and a conductive assistant.
- the secondary battery of the present invention can be produced by applying a thin film of a slurry containing an organic binder and, if necessary, other components such as conductive additives onto a copper foil collector.
- the negative electrode can also be produced by adding a carbon material such as graphite to the slurry. Examples of carbon materials include natural graphite, artificial graphite, and amorphous carbon such as hard carbon or soft carbon.
- the negative electrode material can be obtained by kneading the composite active material for secondary batteries and the organic binder together with a solvent using a dispersing device such as a stirrer, ball mill, super sand mill, or pressure kneader to prepare a negative electrode material slurry, which is then applied to a current collector to form a negative electrode layer. It can also be obtained by forming the paste-like negative electrode material slurry into a sheet, pellet, or other shape and integrating it with the current collector.
- a dispersing device such as a stirrer, ball mill, super sand mill, or pressure kneader
- organic binder examples include styrene-butadiene rubber copolymers (hereinafter also referred to as "SBR”); ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid esters such as methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, butyl (meth)acrylate, (meth)acrylonitrile, and hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, and unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymers such as (meth)acrylic copolymers made of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid, and maleic acid; and polymeric compounds such as polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polyepichlorohydrin, polyphosphazene, polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyamideimide, and carboxymethylcellulose (hereinafter also referred to as "CMC").
- SBR styrene
- these organic binders may be dispersed or dissolved in water, or dissolved in an organic solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP).
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the content of the organic binder in the negative electrode layer of the secondary battery is preferably 1% to 30% by mass, more preferably 2% to 20% by mass, and even more preferably 3% to 15% by mass.
- the organic binder content is 1% by mass or more, adhesion is better, and damage to the negative electrode structure caused by expansion and contraction during charging and discharging is more suppressed.
- the organic binder content is 30% by mass or less, an increase in electrode resistance is more suppressed.
- a conductive additive may be mixed into the negative electrode material slurry.
- conductive additives include carbon black, graphite, acetylene black, and oxides and nitrides that exhibit electrical conductivity.
- the amount of conductive additive used may be, for example, 1% by mass to 15% by mass relative to the composite active material of the present invention.
- the material and shape of the current collector can be, for example, a strip of copper, nickel, titanium, stainless steel, or the like in foil, perforated foil, mesh, or the like. Porous materials such as porous metal (foamed metal) and carbon paper can also be used.
- Methods for applying the negative electrode material slurry to the current collector include, for example, metal mask printing, electrostatic painting, dip coating, spray coating, roll coating, doctor blade, gravure coating, and screen printing. After application, it is preferable to carry out a rolling process using a flat plate press, calendar roll, etc., as necessary.
- the negative electrode material slurry can also be made into a sheet or pellet shape, and integrated with the current collector by, for example, rolling, pressing, or a combination of these.
- the negative electrode layer formed on the current collector or the negative electrode layer integrated with the current collector is preferably heat-treated according to the organic binder used.
- the heat treatment temperature there are no particular limitations on the heat treatment temperature, but for example, when using a water-based styrene-butadiene rubber copolymer (SBR), heat treatment can be performed at 100 to 130°C, and when using an organic binder with a polyimide or polyamideimide as the main skeleton, heat treatment is preferably performed at 150 to 450°C.
- SBR water-based styrene-butadiene rubber copolymer
- This heat treatment removes the solvent and hardens the binder, increasing strength and improving adhesion between particles and between the particles and the current collector. It is preferable to carry out these heat treatments in an inert atmosphere such as helium, argon, or nitrogen, or in a vacuum atmosphere, to prevent oxidation of the current collector during treatment.
- an inert atmosphere such as helium, argon, or nitrogen
- the negative electrode is preferably subjected to pressure treatment.
- the electrode density is preferably 1 g/cm 3 to 1.8 g/cm 3 , more preferably 1.1 g/cm 3 to 1.7 g/cm 3 , and even more preferably 1.2 g/cm 3 to 1.6 g/cm 3.
- the higher the electrode density the more the adhesion and the volume capacity density of the electrode tend to improve.
- the electrode density is too high, the voids in the electrode are reduced, which weakens the effect of suppressing the volume expansion of silicon, etc., and the capacity retention rate may decrease. Therefore, the optimal range of the electrode density is selected.
- the secondary battery of the present invention includes the composite active material for secondary batteries of the present invention.
- secondary batteries including the composite active material for secondary batteries non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries and solid electrolyte secondary batteries are preferred, and the composite active material exhibits excellent performance particularly when used as the negative electrode of a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the secondary battery of the present invention When used as a wet electrolyte secondary battery, for example, it can be constructed by arranging a positive electrode and a negative electrode containing the composite active material for secondary batteries of the present invention facing each other with a separator interposed therebetween and injecting an electrolyte solution.
- the positive electrode can be obtained by forming a positive electrode layer on the surface of a current collector in the same manner as the negative electrode.
- the current collector can be a strip of metal or alloy such as aluminum, titanium, or stainless steel in the form of foil, perforated foil, mesh, or the like.
- the positive electrode material used in the positive electrode layer is not particularly limited.
- a lithium ion secondary battery is produced among nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries, for example, a metal compound, a metal oxide, a metal sulfide, or a conductive polymer material capable of doping or intercalating lithium ions may be used.
- lithium cobalt oxide LiCoO2
- lithium nickel oxide LiNiO2
- lithium manganese oxide LiMnO2
- lithium manganese spinel LiMn2O4
- lithium vanadium compounds V2O5 , V6O13 , VO2 , MnO2
- TiO2 , MoV2O8 TiS2 , V2S5 , VS2
- MoS2 , MoS3 , Cr3O8 , Cr2O5 olivine type LiMPO4 (wherein M is Co, Ni, Mn or Fe)
- conductive polymers such as polyacetylene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene and polyacene, porous carbon, etc. can be used alone or in combination.
- separator for example, a nonwoven fabric, cloth, microporous film, or a combination of these, whose main component is a polyolefin such as polyethylene or polypropylene, can be used. Note that if the positive and negative electrodes of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery to be fabricated are not in direct contact with each other, there is no need to use a separator.
- a so-called organic electrolyte can be used in which a lithium salt such as LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , or LiSO 3 CF 3 is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, cyclopentanone, sulfolane, 3-methylsulfolane, 2,4-dimethylsulfolane, 3-methyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one, ⁇ -butyrolactone, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, butyl methyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, butyl ethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetra
- the structure of the secondary battery of the present invention is not particularly limited, but typically, the positive and negative electrodes, and a separator that is provided as necessary, are wound into a flat spiral shape to form a wound electrode plate group, or these are stacked as flat plates to form a stacked electrode plate group, and these electrode plate groups are enclosed in an exterior body.
- the half cells used in the examples described below are mainly composed of the composite active material for secondary batteries of the present invention in the negative electrode, and a simple evaluation was performed using metallic lithium as the counter electrode, but this is to more clearly compare the cycle characteristics of the active material itself.
- the secondary battery of the present invention is not particularly limited, but may be used as a paper battery, a button battery, a coin battery, a laminated battery, a cylindrical battery, a square battery, etc.
- the composite active material for secondary batteries of the present invention described above can also be applied to all electrochemical devices that use the insertion and removal of lithium ions as a charging and discharging mechanism, such as hybrid capacitors and solid-state lithium secondary batteries.
- Synthesis Example 1 Preparation of Silicon Slurry (Si1 to Si5)" Zirconia beads (particle size range: 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm) and 100 ml of methyl ethyl ketone solvent (MEK) were placed in a container (150 ml) of a small bead mill device at a filling rate of 60%, and then raw silicon (average particle size 5 ⁇ m) and a cationic dispersant liquid (BYK Japan, BYK145) were placed as shown in Table 1 below, and wet pulverization was performed using the bead mill under the conditions shown in Table 1 below to obtain a dark brown liquid silicon slurry (solid concentration 30 mass%; Si1 to Si5).
- MK methyl ethyl ketone solvent
- the average particle size (D50) of the pulverized raw silicon was measured using a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer (Malvern Panalytical, Mastersizer 3000), and the D50 of the pulverized raw silicon was confirmed by TEM observation.
- the average particle size (D50) of the pulverized raw silicon is shown in Table 1.
- the condensate obtained by this hydrolysis condensation reaction was distilled at a temperature of 40 to 60 ° C. and a reduced pressure of 40 to 1.3 kPa (referring to the condition that the reduced pressure condition at the start of distillation of methanol is 40 kPa, and the pressure is finally reduced to 1.3 kPa), and by removing the methanol and water generated during the reaction, 1,000 parts by mass of a liquid (active ingredient 70 mass%) containing a condensate of MTMS having a number average molecular weight of 1,000 to 5000 was obtained.
- the effective component is calculated by dividing the theoretical yield (parts by mass) when all methoxy groups of a silane monomer such as MTMS undergo a condensation reaction by the actual yield (parts by mass) after the condensation reaction [theoretical yield (parts by mass) when all methoxy groups of a silane monomer undergo a condensation reaction/actual yield (parts by mass)].
- MMA methyl methacrylate
- BMA butyl methacrylate
- BA butyl acrylate
- MPTS 3-mercaptopropyl)triethoxysilane
- BuOH tert-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexanoate
- TBPEH tert-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexanoate
- Mn / Si (molar ratio) 0.005 / 100
- Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR) measurements showed the stretching absorption peaks of Si-N bond (900 cm -1 ) and Si-C (800 cm -1 ) bonds.
- TEM observation of the cross section of the FIB processed composite active material particle showed a structure that appeared to be a SiNx/SiC crystal on the silicon particle surface.
- HADDF-STEM images and elemental EDS mapping images showed that Mn elements were detected around the Si particles, and it was confirmed that a large amount of N elements was distributed around the area where Mn elements were present ( Figure 1).
- a slurry was prepared by mixing 80 parts by mass of the powder of the composite active material obtained above, 10 parts by mass of acetylene black as a conductive assistant, and 10 parts by mass of a mixture of CMC and SBR as a binder.
- the obtained slurry was formed into a film on a copper foil.
- a coin-type lithium ion battery was prepared as a half cell with Li metal foil as the counter electrode.
- the charge and discharge characteristics of the prepared half cell were evaluated at 25°C using a secondary battery charge and discharge tester (manufactured by Hokuto Co., Ltd.). The cutoff voltage range was 0.005 to 1.5V.
- a positive electrode film was prepared using a single-layer sheet using LiCoO 2 as the positive electrode active material and aluminum foil as the current collector, and a negative electrode film was prepared by mixing graphite powder and active material powder with a discharge capacity design value of 450 mAh / g.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte solution in which lithium hexafluorophosphate was dissolved at a concentration of 1 mol / L in a 1 / 1 (volume ratio) mixture of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate was used as the non-aqueous electrolyte, and a coin-type lithium ion secondary battery was prepared using a polyethylene microporous film with a thickness of 30 ⁇ m as the separator.
- the laminated lithium ion secondary battery was charged at a constant current of 1.2 mA (0.25c based on the positive electrode) at room temperature until the voltage of the test cell reached 4.2 V, and after reaching 4.2 V, the current was reduced to keep the cell voltage at 4.2 V and charging was performed to determine the discharge capacity.
- the capacity retention rate after 100 cycles at 45 ° C was 86% (shown in Table 2 below).
- Various evaluation results are shown in Table 2.
- M silicate 51 Tama Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
- Various evaluation results are shown in Table 2.
- Various evaluation results are shown in Table 2.
- manganese (III) acetylacetonate solution 5 mass%; solvent ethanol
- Mn/Si (molar ratio) 0.2/100
- Various evaluation results are shown in Table 2.
- manganese (III) acetylacetonate solution 5 mass %; solvent ethanol
- curable resin composition (1) average molecular weight 3500
- a phenolic resin average molecular weight 3000
- the composite active material for secondary batteries of the present invention (Examples 1 to 20) has a higher capacity retention rate and initial (coulombic) efficiency when used in a secondary battery than the composite active material not containing a transition metal element (Comparative Examples 1 and 2).
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Electric Double-Layer Capacitors Or The Like (AREA)
- Silicon Compounds (AREA)
- Ceramic Products (AREA)
- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
[1] シリコン粒子と、窒化珪素相及び/又は炭化珪素相と、前記シリコン粒子を内包するマトリクス相とを有し、前記窒化珪素相、炭化珪素相、及びマトリクス相からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つの相に遷移金属元素を含む二次電池用複合活物質。
[2] 前記窒化珪素相及び/又は炭化珪素相の少なくとも一部が、前記シリコン粒子の表面に存在する[1]記載の二次電池用複合活物質。
[3] 前記マトリクス相よりも前記シリコン粒子表面上又は近傍に、高濃度の前記窒化珪素相及び/又は前記炭化珪素相を含む[1]又は[2]に記載の二次電池用複合活物質。
[4] 前記遷移金属元素がFe、Mn、Ni、Cr、Cu、Nb、Mo、Ru、Rh、Pd、及びLaからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一種である[1]~[3]のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用複合活物質。
[5] 前記遷移金属元素がFe、Mn、Ni、Cu、及びLaからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一種である[1]~[4]のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用複合活物質。
[6] 前記遷移金属元素の含有量が、シリコン粒子中に存在する珪素の全体量に対して0.01atm%~5atm%である[1]~[5]のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用複合活物質。
[7] 前記マトリクス相が炭素を含む[1]~[6]のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用複合活物質。
[8] 前記マトリクス相がSiOx(1<x<2)で表される組成を有する[1]~[7]のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用複合活物質。
[9] 前記マトリクス相がシリコンオキシカーバイドを有する[1]~[8]のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用複合活物質。
[10] 前記シリコン粒子の平均粒径が10nm~300nm範囲にある[1]~[9]のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用複合活物質。
[11] 前記遷移金属元素が、珪素の全体量に対して0.001atm%~5atm%の範囲である[1]~[10]のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用複合活物質。
[12] 表面に炭素層が存在する[1]~[11]のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用複合活物質。
[13] Li及び/又はMgを含む[1]~[12]のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用複合活物質。
[14] [1]~[13]のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用複合活物質を負極に含む二次電池。
本発明の二次電池用複合活物質は、シリコン粒子と、このシリコン粒子を内包するマトリクス相と、窒化珪素相及び/又は炭化珪素相とを有し、窒化珪素相、炭化珪素相、及びマトリクス相からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つの相に遷移金属元素を含む。
これらの中でも、本実施形態においては、窒化珪素相及び/又は炭化珪素相の少なくとも一部がシリコン粒子の表面に存在することが好ましい。すなわち、シリコン粒子は、その表面の一部又は全部が窒化珪素相及び/又は炭化珪素相によって被覆されていることが好ましい。窒化珪素相及び/又は炭化珪素相の少なくとも一部がシリコン粒子の表面に存在することにより、活物質高温焼成時にシリコン表面の酸化が抑制されることで初回クーロン効率が改善される。さらに、シリコン粒子表面の化学的耐久性が向上することで、二次電池における容量維持率を改善し得る。なお、このときマトリクス相は、窒化珪素相及び/又は炭化珪素相によって被覆されたシリコン粒子をさらに被覆するように存在する。
ここで、シリコン粒子の表面近傍とは、シリコン粒子の表面からシリコン粒子の外側に向かって好ましくは10nm以内のことを指す。
遷移金属元素の含有量は、ICP質量(誘導結合プラズマ質量)分析、エネルギー分散型蛍光X線(EDX)分析、蛍光X線(XRF)分析、EPMA(電子プローブ・マイクロアナライザー)分析、X線光電子分光法(XPS)など各種の元素含有量の定量分析にて測定することができる。また、遷移金属元素の存在位置は、HADDF―STEM分析やEDX元素マッピング分析により特定することができる。
R=(A+B)/C ‥(1)
上記ピークA及びBは、SiO4やSiO2といった0価以外のSi元素であり、上記ピークCは、0価のSiである。式(1)で計算される各ピークの面積比Rが上記範囲であるということはSi(0価以外)よりもSi(0価)の割合が多いことであり、これは本発明の二次電池用複合活物質を構成するシリコン粒子において酸化が進んでいないこと(低酸化状態であること)を表す。このようにシリコン粒子が低酸素化状態であることで、複合活物質の初期クーロン効率を効果的に向上することができる。さらに、窒化物珪素相や炭化珪素相がシリコン粒子の表面上に存在するとシリコン粒子の化学安定性が高まり充放電時のサイクル特性も改善することができるため、特に好ましい。
非晶質酸化膜とは、アモルファス状態の酸化被膜のことであり、好ましくはシリコン(Si)の酸化被膜、特に好ましくはSiO2膜である。このような非晶質酸化膜が存在すると、充放電性能(容量、初回クーロン効率)に大きな悪影響を与えない限りにシリコン粒子表面により優れた破壊靭性、高温特性、耐熱衝撃性及び化学安定性を付与でき、充放電によるシリコン粒子の崩壊を抑制できる。なお、非晶質酸化膜は、シリコン粒子の外表面の少なくとも一部に存在することが好ましく、表面全体に存在していてもよい。非晶質酸化膜は、高温焼成時の酸化反応によりシリコン粒子の表面に形成できる。
炭素層(炭素被膜)の量は、化学安定性や熱安定性の改善の観点から、二次電池用複合活物質の質量を100質量%として、0.1質量%以上30質量%以下が好ましく、1質量%以上25質量%以下がより好ましく、5質量%以上20質量%以下がさらに好ましい。炭素層(炭素被膜)の量は、熱分析によって測定できる。
LiおよびMgの含有量は、ICP質量(誘導結合プラズマ質量)分析、エネルギー分散型蛍光X線(EDX)分析、蛍光X線(XRF)分析、EPMA(電子プローブ・マイクロアナライザー)分析など各種の元素含有量の定量分析にて測定することができる。LiやMgは、二次電池用複合活物質において金属イオン(Li+やMg2+)として存在すると考えられる。
本発明の二次電池用複合活物質の製造方法は、分散剤添加条件下で原料シリコンを湿式粉砕する工程(湿式粉砕工程)と、遷移金属元素含有化合物を原料シリコンの粉砕物の表面上に担持させる工程(遷移金属元素担持工程)と、ポリシロキサン化合物と炭素源樹脂と、上記湿式粉砕工程で得られたシリコンスラリーとを均一に混合させた後、脱溶媒と乾燥を行う工程(均一化工程)、非酸化性雰囲気中900~1300℃の温度範囲条件下にて高温処理を行う工程(高温処理工程)を少なくとも含む。上記均一化工程は、遷移金属元素担持工程の前後いずれであってもよい。なお、上述の本発明の二次電池用複合活物質は、本発明の二次電池用複合活物質の製造方法で得られたものに限定されない。
上記湿式粉砕工程では、原料シリコンを有機溶媒等の溶剤に分散して原料シリコンの分散液であるシリコンスラリーを得る。シリコンスラリーは、原料シリコンを湿式粉砕装置にて粉砕しながら調整することで得られる。本実施形態では、原料シリコンの粉砕を促進させるために有機溶媒に分散剤を添加する。湿式粉砕装置としてはローラーミル、高速回転粉砕機、容器駆動型ミル、ビーズミルなどが挙げられる。なお、得られたシリコンスラリーにおける原料シリコンの粉砕物の好ましい平均粒径は、上記の[二次電池用複合活物質]にて記載したシリコン粒子の平均粒径と同様である。
上記遷移金属元素担持工程では、上記湿式粉砕工程で得られたシリコンスラリーに遷移金属元素含有化合物を加えて攪拌し、脱溶媒後に乾燥を行う。これにより遷移金属元素を含む原料シリコンの粉砕物が得られる。遷移金属元素含有化合物としては、Fe、Mn、Ni、Cr、Cu、Nb、Mo、Ru、Rh、Pd、及びLaからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一種の遷移金属元素の塩が好ましい。塩としては、硫酸塩、塩酸塩、炭酸塩等無機塩化合物が挙げられ、また無水酢酸塩、アセチルアセトナート類配位子化合物など有機塩化合物も例示される。つまり、遷移金属元素含有化合物としては、例えば遷移金属元素がマンガン(Mn)の場合、塩化マンガン(II)、無水酢酸マンガン(II)、硫酸マンガン(II)、酢酸マンガン(II)、マンガン(II、III)アセチルアセトなどが挙げられる。なお、金属元素含有化合物は、有機溶媒(極性、非極性)に分散させて添加してもよい。
上記均一化工程では、珪素-酸素-炭素骨格の三次元ネットワーク構造であるマトリクス相と原料シリコンの粉砕物とを混ぜて均一化させてから、脱溶媒及び乾燥をし、複合活物質の前駆体を得る。このマトリクス相は、ポリシロキサン化合物と炭素源樹脂から形成される。
本発明における炭素材の原材料として用いられる樹脂組成物の調製方法としては特に限定されず、例えば、上記主成分樹脂と、これ以外の成分とを所定の比率で配合し、これらの成分を溶媒に溶解して混合する方法、あるいは、これらの成分と上記シリコンスラリーとの混合により本発明の複合活物質の前駆体を調製することができる。
そして、上記高温処理工程では、均一化工程で乾燥後の複合活物質の前駆体を非酸化性雰囲気中で焼成する。高温処理に用いる装置は、流動層反応炉、回転炉、竪型移動層反応炉、トンネル炉、バッチ炉、ロータリーキルン等をその目的に応じ適宜選択することができる。高温処理は、昇温速度、一定温度での保持時間等により規定される焼成のプログラムに沿って行われる。焼成温度は、例えば、最高到達温度が900℃から1300℃の範囲が好ましい。これにより本発明の二次電池用複合活物質が得られる。
本発明の二次電池は、本発明の二次電池用複合活物質を負極に含むことを特徴とする。本発明の二次電池は、上記二次電池用複合活物質を負極に含む限り特に制限はないが、他に有機結着剤や導電助剤などの成分を含んでいてもよい。
小型ビーズミル装置の容器中(150ml)に60%の充填率でジルコニアビーズ(粒径範囲:0.1mm~0.2mm)及び100mlのメチルエチルケトン溶媒(MEK)を入れた後、下記表1のように原料シリコン(平均粒径5μm)とカチオン性分散剤液(ビックケミー・ジャパン株式会社、BYK145)を入れ、下記表1に示すそれぞれの条件下にてビーズミル湿式粉砕を行い、濃い褐色液体状のシリコンスラリー(固形物濃度30質量%;Si1~Si5)を得た。
レーザー回折式粒度分布測定装置(マルバーン・パナリティカル社製、マスターサイザー3000)で粉砕後の原料シリコンの平均粒径(D50)を測り、さらに、TEM観察で粉砕後の原料シリコンのD50を確認した。粉砕後の原料シリコンの平均粒径(D50)を表1に示す。
まず、攪拌機、温度計、滴下ロート、冷却管及び窒素ガス導入口を備えた反応容器に、メチルトリメトキシシラン(以下、MTMSと称する)1,421部を仕込んで、60℃まで昇温した。次に、この反応容器中にiso-プロピルアシッドホスフェート(SC有機化学株式会社製「Phoslex A-3」)0.17部と脱イオン水207量部との混合物を5分間で滴下した後、80℃の温度で4時間撹拌して加水分解縮合反応させた。この加水分解縮合反応によって得られた縮合物を、温度40~60℃及び40~1.3kPaの減圧下(メタノールの留去開始時の減圧条件が40kPaで、最終的に1.3kPaとなるまで減圧する条件をいう)で蒸留し、反応過程で生成したメタノール及び水を除去することによって、数平均分子量1,000~5000のMTMSの縮合物を含有する液(有効成分70質量%)1,000質量部を得た。
なお、有効成分とは、MTMS等のシランモノマーのメトキシ基が全て縮合反応した場合の理論収量(質量部)を、縮合反応後の実収量(質量部)で除した値〔シランモノマーのメトキシ基が全て縮合反応した場合の理論収量(質量部)/縮合反応後の実収量(質量部)〕により算出したものである。
まず、撹拌機、温度計、滴下ロート、冷却管及び窒素ガス導入口を備えた反応容器に、ブタノール(以下、BuOHと称する)150質量部、ポリテトラメトキシシラン(以下、PTMSと称する)105質量部、ジメトキシジメチルシラン(以下、DMDMSと称する)277質量部を仕込んで80℃まで昇温した。次に、同温度でメタクリル酸メチル(以下、MMAと称する)21質量部、ブチルメタクリレート(以下、BMAと称する)4質量部、ブチルアクリレート(以下、BAと称する)3質量部、(3-メルカプトプロピル)トリエトキシシラン(以下、MPTSと称する)2質量部、BuOH3質量部及びtert-ブチルペルオキシ-2-エチルヘキサノエート(以下、TBPEHと称する)0.6質量部を含有する混合物を、反応容器中へ6時間で滴下し、滴下終了後、更に同温度で20時間反応させて加水分解性シリル基を有する数平均分子量が10,000のビニル重合体(a2-1)の有機溶剤溶液を得た。
次に、Phoslex A-3 0.04質量部と脱イオン水 112質量部との混合物を、5分間で滴下し、更に同温度で10時間撹拌して加水分解縮合反応させることで、ビニル重合体(a2-1)の有する加水分解性シリル基と、上記PTMS及びDMDMS由来のポリシロキサンの有する加水分解性シリル基及びシラノール基とが結合した複合樹脂を含有する液を得た。
そして、この液に合成例2で得られたMTMSの縮合物(a1)472質量部、脱イオン水80質量部を添加し、同温度で10時間撹拌して加水分解縮合反応させたものを、合成例2と同様の条件で蒸留することによって生成したメタノール及び水を除去し、次いで、BuOH 250質量部を添加し、不揮発分が60.1質量%の硬化性樹脂組成物(1)を1,000質量部得た。
まず、撹拌機、温度計、滴下ロート、冷却管及び窒素ガス導入口を備えた反応容器に、BuOH 150質量部、PTMS 249質量部、DMDMS 263質量部を仕込んで80℃まで昇温した。
次いで、同温度でMMA 18質量部、BMA 14質量部、BA 7質量部、アクリル酸(AA) 1質量部、MPTS 2質量部、BuOH 6質量部及びTBPEH 0.9質量部を含有する混合物を、前記反応容器中へ5時間で滴下し、滴下終了後、更に同温度で10時間反応させて加水分解性シリル基を有する数平均分子量が20,100のビニル重合体(a2-2)の有機溶剤溶液を得た。
次いで、Phoslex A-3 0.05質量部と脱イオン水 147質量部との混合物を、5分間で滴下し、更に同温度で10時間撹拌して加水分解縮合反応させることで、ビニル重合体(a2-2)の有する加水分解性シリル基と、PTMS及びDMDMS由来のポリシロキサンの有する加水分解性シリル基及びシラノール基とが結合した複合樹脂を含有する液を得た。
次いで、この液に3-グリシドキシプロピルトリメトキシシラン76質量部、合成例2で得られたMTMSの縮合物(a1)231質量部、脱イオン水 56質量部を添加し、同温度で15時間撹拌して加水分解縮合反応させたものを、合成例1と同様の条件で蒸留することによって生成したメタノール及び水を除去し、次いで、BuOH 250質量部を添加し、不揮発分が60.0質量%の硬化性樹脂組成物(2)を1,000質量部得た。
100gのシリコンスラリー(合成例1のSi2、平均粒径D50=100nm、Si含有量=16.7質量%)に、Mn/Si(モル比)=0.005/100に合わせて適量なマンガン(III)アセチルアセトナート溶液(濃度5質量%;溶媒エタノール)を加え、室温下にて1時間撹拌を行った後、上記合成例2で作製したポリシロキサン化合物(硬化性樹脂組成物(1):平均分子量3500)及びフェノール樹脂(平均分子量3000)を、高温焼成後の生成物中に組成質量比Si/SiOC/C=50/20/30になるように加え、撹拌機中にて十分に混合させた後、110℃にて減圧乾燥した。その乾燥物を窒素雰囲気中、1100℃・2時間の条件下にて高温焼成後、粉砕・分級(平均粒径D50=5μm程度)を経て複合活物質の粉末を得た。
フーリエ変換赤外分光光度計(FT-IR)の測定結果は、Si-N結合(900cm-1)とSi-C(800cm-1)結合の伸縮吸収ピークが検出された。FIB加工した複合活物質粒子断面のTEM観察によると、シリコン粒子表面上にSiNx/SiC結晶体と見られる構造が観察された。HADDF―STEM像と元素EDSマッピング像によると、Si粒子の周辺にMn元素が検出され、Mn元素の存在領域を中心に多量なN元素が分布していたことが確認された(図1)。
100gのシリコンスラリー(合成例1のSi2、平均粒径D50=100nm、Si含有量=16.7質量%)に、Mn/Si(モル比)をそれぞれ0.05/100(実施例2);0.5/100(実施例3);1.0/100(実施例4);2.0/100(実施例5);5.7/100(実施例6)に合わせて適量なマンガン(III)アセチルアセトナート溶液(濃度5質量%;溶媒エタノール)を加え、室温下にて1時間撹拌を行った。その他の操作は実施例1と同様の条件で実施した。得られた分析結果やハーフセルの充放電評価結果などを表2に示す。
100gのシリコンスラリー(合成例1のSi2、平均粒径D50=100nm、Si含有量=16.7質量%)に、Mn/Si(モル比)を0.5/100に合わせた適量なマンガン(III)アセチルアセトナート溶液(濃度5質量%;溶媒エタノール)を入れ、さらに各種金属イオン溶液(Fe3+、Ni+、Cu2+,La3+)を下記の条件下にて加えた後、室温下にて1時間撹拌を行った。
実施例7:Mn/Si(モル比)=0.5/100(マンガン(III)アセチルアセトナート溶液使用);Fe/Si(モル比)=0.1/100(無水酢酸鉄(II)溶液使用、溶媒エタノール)
実施例8:Mn/Si(モル比)=0.5/100(マンガン(III)アセチルアセトナート溶液使用);Ni/Si(モル比)=0.1/100(無水酢酸ニッケル溶液使用、溶媒メタノール)
実施例9:Mn/Si(モル比)=0.5/100(マンガン(III)アセチルアセトナート溶液使用);Cu/Si(モル比)=0.1/100(無水酢酸銅(II)溶液使用、溶媒エタノール)
実施例10:Mn/Si(モル比)=0.5/100(マンガン(III)アセチルアセトナート溶液使用);La/Si(モル比)=0.1/100(無水酢酸ランタン(III)溶液使用、溶媒エタノール)
その他の操作は実施例1と同様の条件で実施した。得られた分析結果やハーフセルの充放電評価結果などを表2に示す。
100gのシリコンスラリー(合成例1のSi2、平均粒径D50=100nm、Si含有量=16.7質量%)に、Mn/Si(モル比)=0.2/100に合わせて適量なマンガン(III)アセチルアセトナート溶液(5質量%;溶媒エタノール)を加え、室温下にて1時間撹拌を行った後、上記合成例2のように作製したポリシロキサン化合物(硬化性樹脂組成物(1):平均分子量3500)及びフェノール樹脂(平均分子量3000)を、高温焼成後の生成物中に組成質量比Si/SiOC/C=50/10/40になるように加え、撹拌機中にて十分に混合させた後、110℃にて減圧乾燥した。その乾燥物を窒素雰囲気中、1100℃・2時間の条件下にて高温焼成後、粉砕・分級(平均粒径D50=5μm程度)を経て複合活物質の粉末を得た。その後、25gの上記サンプルの粉末を化学気相蒸着装置(CVD、ディスクロータリキルン、高砂工業株式会社)の反応容器に入れて、アセチレン(流量:0.3L/min)・窒素(流量:0.7L/min)の混合ガスフロー中・850℃/1時間との条件下にて炭素被膜を行った。熱分析結果によると、複合活物質100質量%に対する炭素被膜量は2質量%であった。各種評価結果は表2に示す。
100gのシリコンスラリー(合成例1のSi2、平均粒径D50=100nm、Si含有量=16.7質量%)に、Mn/Si(モル比)=0.2/100に合わせて適量なマンガン(III)アセチルアセトナート溶液(5質量%;溶媒エタノール)を加え、室温下にて1時間撹拌を行った後、上記合成例2のように作製したポリシロキサン化合物(硬化性樹脂組成物(2):平均分子量3500)及びフェノール樹脂(平均分子量3000)を、高温焼成後の生成物中に組成質量比Si/SiOC/C=50/2/48になるように加え、撹拌機中にて十分に混合させた後、110℃にて減圧乾燥した。その乾燥物を窒素雰囲気中、1100℃・2時間の条件下にて高温焼成後、粉砕・分級(平均粒径D50=5μm程度)を経て複合活物質の粉末を得た。各種評価結果は表2に示す。
100gのシリコンスラリー(合成例1のSi2、平均粒径D50=100nm、Si含有量=16.7質量%)に、Mn/Si(モル比)=0.2/100に合わせて適量なマンガン(III)アセチルアセトナート溶液(5質量%;溶媒エタノール)を加え、室温下にて1時間撹拌を行った後、メチルポリシリケートシラン(Mシリケート51、多摩化学工業株式会社)を高温焼成後の生成物中に組成質量比Si/SiOx/C=50/10/40になるように加え、撹拌機中にて十分に混合させた後、110℃にて減圧乾燥した。その乾燥物を窒素雰囲気中、1100℃・2時間の条件下にて高温焼成後、粉砕・分級(平均粒径D50=5μm程度)を経て複合活物質の粉末を得た。各種評価結果は表2に示す。
100gのシリコンスラリー(合成例1のSi2、平均粒径D50=100nm、Si含有量=16.7質量%)に、Mn/Si(モル比)=0.2/100に合わせて適量なマンガン(III)アセチルアセトナート溶液(5質量%;溶媒エタノール)を加え、室温下にて1時間撹拌を行った後、上記合成例2のように作製したポリシロキサン化合物(硬化性樹脂組成物(2):平均分子量3500)及びフェノール樹脂(平均分子量3000)を、高温焼成後の生成物中に組成質量比Si/SiOC/C=40/30/30になるように加え、撹拌機中にて十分に混合させた後、110℃にて減圧乾燥した。その乾燥物を窒素雰囲気中、1100℃・2時間の条件下にて高温焼成後、粉砕・分級(平均粒径D50=5μm程度)を経て複合活物質の粉末を得た。各種評価結果は表2に示す。
100gのシリコンスラリー(合成例1のSi2、平均粒径D50=100nm、Si含有量=16.7質量%)に、Mn/Si(モル比)=0.2/100に合わせて適量なマンガン(III)アセチルアセトナート溶液(5質量%;溶媒エタノール)を入れ、さらに以下条件下にてリチウムイオン化合物及びマグネシウムイオン化合物を加え、室温下にて1時間撹拌を行った。上記合成例2のポリシロキサン化合物(硬化性樹脂組成物(1):平均分子量3500)及びフェノール樹脂(平均分子量3000)を、高温焼成後の生成物中に組成質量比Si/SiOC/C=50/10/40になるように加え、撹拌機中にて十分に混合させた後、110℃にて減圧乾燥した。その乾燥物を窒素雰囲気中、1100℃・2時間の条件下にて高温焼成後、粉砕・分級(平均粒径D50=5μm程度)を経て複合活物質の粉末を得た。各種評価結果は表2に示す。
実施例15:Li/Siモル比=0.1、無水酢酸リチウム(10質量%、溶媒エタノール)
実施例16:Mg/Siモル比=0.1、無水酢酸マグネシウム(10質量%、溶媒エタノール)
100gのシリコンスラリー(実施例17:合成例1のSi5/平均粒径D50=15nm;実施例18:合成例1のSi1/平均粒径D50=57nm;実施例19:合成例1のSi3/平均粒径D50=250nm;実施例20:合成例1のSi4/平均粒径D50=400nm)に、Mn/Si(モル比)=0.2/100に合わせた適量なマンガン(III)アセチルアセトナート溶液(5質量%;溶媒エタノール)を加え、室温下にて1時間撹拌を行った後、上記合成例2のように作製したポリシロキサン化合物(硬化性樹脂組成物(1):平均分子量3500)及びフェノール樹脂(平均分子量3000)を、高温焼成後の生成物中に組成質量比Si/SiOC/C=50/10/40になるように加え、撹拌機中にて十分に混合させた後、110℃にて減圧乾燥した。その乾燥物を窒素雰囲気中、1100℃・2時間の条件下にて高温焼成後、粉砕・分級(平均粒径D50=5μm程度)を経て複合活物質の粉末を得た。
100gのシリコンスラリー(合成例1のSi2、平均粒径D50=100nm、Si含有量=16.7質量%)と合成例2のポリシロキサン化合物(硬化性樹脂組成物(1):平均分子量3500)及びフェノール樹脂(平均分子量3000)を、高温焼成後の生成物中に組成質量比Si/SiOC/C=50/10/40になるように混合し、十分に撹拌後、110℃にて減圧乾燥した。その乾燥物を窒素雰囲気中、1100℃・2時間の条件下にて高温焼成後、粉砕・分級(平均粒径D50=5μm程度)を経て複合活物質の粉末を得た。フーリエ変換赤外分光光度計(FT-IR)の測定結果は、Si-N結合(900cm-1)とSi-C(800cm-1)結合の伸縮吸収ピークが検出されなかった。FIB加工した複合活物質粒子断面のTEM観察によると、シリコン粒子表面上にSiNx/SiC結晶体と見られる構造が観察されなかった。その他の操作は実施例1と同様条件下にて実施し、各種評価結果は表2に示す。
ナノシリコン粒子市販品(平均粒径100nm以下、Sigma-Aldrich社製)、ポリシロキサン化合物(硬化性樹脂組成物(1):平均分子量3500)及びフェノール樹脂(平均分子量3000)を、高温焼成後の生成物中に組成質量比Si/SiOC/C=50/10/40になるように混合し、十分に撹拌後、110℃にて減圧乾燥した。その乾燥物を窒素雰囲気中、1100℃・2時間の条件下にて高温焼成後、粉砕・分級(平均粒径D50=5μm程度)を経て複合活物質の粉末を得た。フーリエ変換赤外分光光度計(FT-IR)の測定結果は、Si-N結合(900cm-1)とSi-C(800cm-1)結合の伸縮吸収ピークが検出されなかった。その他の操作は実施例1と同様条件下にて実施し、各種評価結果は表2に示す。
Claims (14)
- シリコン粒子と、窒化珪素相及び/又は炭化珪素相と、前記シリコン粒子を内包するマトリクス相とを有し、前記窒化珪素相、前記炭化珪素相、及び前記マトリクス相からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つの相に遷移金属元素を含む二次電池用複合活物質。
- 前記窒化珪素相及び/又は炭化珪素相の少なくとも一部が、前記シリコン粒子の表面に存在する請求項1記載の二次電池用複合活物質。
- 前記マトリクス相よりも前記シリコン粒子表面上又は近傍に、高濃度の前記窒化珪素相及び/又は前記炭化珪素相を含む請求項1に記載の二次電池用複合活物質。
- 前記遷移金属元素がFe、Mn、Ni、Cr、Cu、Nb、Mo、Ru、Rh、Pd、及びLaからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一種である請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用複合活物質。
- 前記遷移金属元素がFe、Mn、Ni、Cu、及びLaからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一種である請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用複合活物質。
- 前記遷移金属元素の含有量が、シリコン粒子中に存在する珪素の全体量に対して0.01atm%~5atm%である請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用複合活物質。
- 前記マトリクス相が炭素を含む請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用複合活物質。
- 前記マトリクス相がSiOx(1<x<2)で表される組成を有する請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用複合活物質。
- 前記マトリクス相がシリコンオキシカーバイドを有する請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用複合活物質。
- 前記シリコン粒子の平均粒径が10nm~300nm範囲にある請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用複合活物質。
- 前記遷移金属元素が、珪素の全体量に対して0.001atm%~5atm%の範囲である請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用複合活物質。
- 表面に炭素層が存在する請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用複合活物質。
- Li及び/又はMgを含む請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用複合活物質。
- 請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用複合活物質を負極に含む二次電池。
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202380077494.0A CN120226163A (zh) | 2022-11-08 | 2023-11-02 | 二次电池用复合活性物质和二次电池 |
| JP2024515881A JP7533814B1 (ja) | 2022-11-08 | 2023-11-02 | 二次電池用複合活物質、及び二次電池 |
| KR1020257018547A KR20250099389A (ko) | 2022-11-08 | 2023-11-02 | 이차 전지용 복합 활물질, 및 이차 전지 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2022-178741 | 2022-11-08 | ||
| JP2022178741 | 2022-11-08 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2024101263A1 true WO2024101263A1 (ja) | 2024-05-16 |
Family
ID=91032354
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2023/039571 Ceased WO2024101263A1 (ja) | 2022-11-08 | 2023-11-02 | 二次電池用複合活物質、及び二次電池 |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP7533814B1 (ja) |
| KR (1) | KR20250099389A (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN120226163A (ja) |
| TW (1) | TW202435475A (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2024101263A1 (ja) |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2013171627A (ja) * | 2012-02-17 | 2013-09-02 | Bridgestone Corp | 非水電解質二次電池用負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
| WO2015145522A1 (ja) * | 2014-03-24 | 2015-10-01 | 株式会社 東芝 | 非水電解質電池用電極活物質、非水電解質二次電池用電極、非水電解質二次電池及び電池パック |
| JP2017062974A (ja) * | 2015-09-25 | 2017-03-30 | 東海カーボン株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質、非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法および非水電解質二次電池用負極材料 |
| JP2017120787A (ja) * | 2015-12-30 | 2017-07-06 | 友達晶材股▲ふん▼有限公司AUO Crystal Corporation | リチウム電池負極材及びその製造方法 |
| JP2018521449A (ja) * | 2015-04-28 | 2018-08-02 | ユミコア | リチウムイオン電池のアノードに使用される複合粉体、複合粉体の製造方法、及びリチウムイオン電池 |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2014075325A (ja) | 2012-10-05 | 2014-04-24 | Teijin Ltd | 炭素被覆シリコン粒子、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極、及びリチウムイオン二次電池、及び負極形成用組成物 |
| JP6239326B2 (ja) | 2013-09-20 | 2017-11-29 | 株式会社東芝 | 非水電解質二次電池用負極材料、非水電解質二次電池用負極、非水電解質二次電池及び電池パック |
| WO2016137024A1 (ko) | 2015-02-24 | 2016-09-01 | (주)오렌지파워 | 실리콘 음극 활물질 및 이의 제조 방법 |
-
2023
- 2023-10-26 TW TW112141036A patent/TW202435475A/zh unknown
- 2023-11-02 KR KR1020257018547A patent/KR20250099389A/ko active Pending
- 2023-11-02 CN CN202380077494.0A patent/CN120226163A/zh active Pending
- 2023-11-02 JP JP2024515881A patent/JP7533814B1/ja active Active
- 2023-11-02 WO PCT/JP2023/039571 patent/WO2024101263A1/ja not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2013171627A (ja) * | 2012-02-17 | 2013-09-02 | Bridgestone Corp | 非水電解質二次電池用負極材及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
| WO2015145522A1 (ja) * | 2014-03-24 | 2015-10-01 | 株式会社 東芝 | 非水電解質電池用電極活物質、非水電解質二次電池用電極、非水電解質二次電池及び電池パック |
| JP2018521449A (ja) * | 2015-04-28 | 2018-08-02 | ユミコア | リチウムイオン電池のアノードに使用される複合粉体、複合粉体の製造方法、及びリチウムイオン電池 |
| JP2017062974A (ja) * | 2015-09-25 | 2017-03-30 | 東海カーボン株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質、非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法および非水電解質二次電池用負極材料 |
| JP2017120787A (ja) * | 2015-12-30 | 2017-07-06 | 友達晶材股▲ふん▼有限公司AUO Crystal Corporation | リチウム電池負極材及びその製造方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP7533814B1 (ja) | 2024-08-14 |
| TW202435475A (zh) | 2024-09-01 |
| KR20250099389A (ko) | 2025-07-01 |
| JPWO2024101263A1 (ja) | 2024-05-16 |
| CN120226163A (zh) | 2025-06-27 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JP7447865B2 (ja) | シリコンナノ粒子及びそれを用いた非水二次電池負極用活物質並びに二次電池 | |
| JP7343081B2 (ja) | 二次電池用材料、負極活物質および二次電池 | |
| JP7323089B1 (ja) | 負極活物質、二次電池および負極活物質の製造方法 | |
| WO2022009572A1 (ja) | 電池用活物質、電池用複合活物質、及び二次電池 | |
| WO2023218765A1 (ja) | 負極活物質の製造方法、負極活物質および二次電池 | |
| JP7586255B2 (ja) | 二次電池用複合活物質および二次電池 | |
| JP7485230B2 (ja) | ナノシリコン、ナノシリコンスラリー、ナノシリコンの製造方法、二次電池用活物質および二次電池 | |
| JP7533814B1 (ja) | 二次電池用複合活物質、及び二次電池 | |
| JP7491478B2 (ja) | 二次電池用活物質および二次電池 | |
| WO2024181130A1 (ja) | 二次電池用複合活物質、及び二次電池 | |
| JP7491482B2 (ja) | 二次電池用活物質、二次電池用活物質の製造方法および二次電池 | |
| JP7473098B1 (ja) | 負極活物質前駆体、負極活物質、二次電池および負極活物質の製造方法 | |
| JP7632757B2 (ja) | 複合粒子、複合粒子の製造方法、二次電池用負極活物質、負極及び二次電池 | |
| JP7453631B2 (ja) | ケイ素系材料、ケイ素系材料を含む複合材料、二次電池用負極物質および二次電池 | |
| WO2024101262A1 (ja) | シリコン粒子、二次電池用複合活物質、二次電池、シリコン粒子の製造方法、及び二次電池用複合活物質の製造方法 | |
| JP2025147581A (ja) | 負極活物質及びその製造方法、並びに二次電池 | |
| JP2025122870A (ja) | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質、当該物質を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池用負極及びリチウムイオン二次電池 | |
| TW202431680A (zh) | 二次電池用材料、負極活性物質及二次電池 | |
| JP2025008899A (ja) | シリコン粒子、シリコン含有活物質、二次電池用負極活物質、負極および二次電池 | |
| JP2025008898A (ja) | シリコン粒子、シリコン含有活物質、二次電池用負極活物質、負極および二次電池 |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2024515881 Country of ref document: JP |
|
| 121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 23888611 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
| WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 202380077494.0 Country of ref document: CN |
|
| ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 20257018547 Country of ref document: KR Kind code of ref document: A |
|
| WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 1020257018547 Country of ref document: KR |
|
| NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
| WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 202380077494.0 Country of ref document: CN |
|
| WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 1020257018547 Country of ref document: KR |
|
| 122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase |
Ref document number: 23888611 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |









