WO2023240880A1 - 一种多波段衰减平坦光纤 - Google Patents

一种多波段衰减平坦光纤 Download PDF

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WO2023240880A1
WO2023240880A1 PCT/CN2022/127618 CN2022127618W WO2023240880A1 WO 2023240880 A1 WO2023240880 A1 WO 2023240880A1 CN 2022127618 W CN2022127618 W CN 2022127618W WO 2023240880 A1 WO2023240880 A1 WO 2023240880A1
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core layer
flat
refractive index
band
attenuation
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PCT/CN2022/127618
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English (en)
French (fr)
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罗文勇
毛谦
项海鹏
耿皓
钱峰
陈保平
黄志凌
黄非
胡古月
祁庆庆
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烽火通信科技股份有限公司
烽火藤仓光纤科技有限公司
烽火海洋网络设备有限公司
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Publication of WO2023240880A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023240880A1/zh

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02214—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating tailored to obtain the desired dispersion, e.g. dispersion shifted, dispersion flattened
    • G02B6/02219—Characterised by the wavelength dispersion properties in the silica low loss window around 1550 nm, i.e. S, C, L and U bands from 1460-1675 nm
    • G02B6/02228—Dispersion flattened fibres, i.e. having a low dispersion variation over an extended wavelength range
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/028—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with core or cladding having graded refractive index
    • G02B6/0281—Graded index region forming part of the central core segment, e.g. alpha profile, triangular, trapezoidal core
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
    • G02B6/03694—Multiple layers differing in properties other than the refractive index, e.g. attenuation, diffusion, stress properties

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the technical field of optical fiber manufacturing, and in particular to a multi-band attenuated flat optical fiber.
  • the communication band can be expanded from the existing C-band to L-band, or even U-band, and to short wavelengths to S-band, the transmission capacity of optical communication will be increased by several times or even an order of magnitude using the existing optical fiber communication network. above.
  • the existing single-mode optical fiber has a large attenuation change from the S-band to the U-band.
  • the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the fiber attenuation coefficient per kilometer in this range exceeds 0.04dB/km. Even if it is reduced to the C+L band, There is also a difference of more than 0.03dB/km. Due to this large difference, after 80km or even 100km transmission, the line will have a signal strength difference of more than 3dB in this band interval, which brings difficulties to the gain compensation of the line, making it difficult to integrate optical fiber communication systems in practical applications.
  • the band range is extended from C-band to other nearby bands to meet WDM application needs.
  • Embodiments of the present application provide a multi-band attenuation flat optical fiber to solve the problem of large multi-band attenuation flatness in related technologies.
  • Embodiments of the present application provide a multi-band attenuated flat optical fiber, which includes a central gradient core layer, a flat core layer, a transition core layer, a flat suppression cladding and a quartz cladding arranged sequentially from inside to outside in the radial direction;
  • the refractive index of the central gradient core layer is less than the refractive index of the flat core layer, the refractive index of the flat core layer is greater than the refractive index of the transition core layer, and the refractive index of the transition core layer is greater than the refractive index of the flat suppression cladding layer;
  • the relative refractive index difference of the central gradient core layer increases in a first polynomial line shape, and the relative refractive index difference of the transition core layer decreases in a second polynomial line shape;
  • Either the central graded core, the flat core and the flat suppressing cladding are doped with germanium, or the central graded core and the flat suppressing cladding are doped with fluorine.
  • the refractive index of the flat core layer is n 2
  • the refractive index of the quartz cladding layer is n 5
  • the relative refractive index difference between n 2 and n 5 is ⁇ n 2 ;
  • the value range of ⁇ n 2 is 0.0 ⁇ 0.03 and 0.11 ⁇ 0.25.
  • the refractive index of the flat suppression cladding is n 4
  • the relative refractive index difference between n 4 and n 5 is ⁇ n 4 ;
  • the value range of ⁇ n 2 is 0.0 to 0.03
  • the value range of a 4 is 0.11 to 0.41
  • the value range of ⁇ n 2 is 0.11 to 0.25
  • the value range of a 4 is 0.0 to 0.13.
  • the refractive index of the central gradient core layer is n 1
  • the relative refractive index difference between n 1 and n 5 is ⁇ n 1 ;
  • ⁇ n 1 [a 1 ⁇ (x 1 +x 1 2 )+b 1 ]/100, where x 1 is the distance from any point in the central gradient core layer to the center The distance from the zero point in the center of the gradient core layer, the value range of a 1 is 1.8% to 2.4%, and the value range of b 1 is 0.18% to 0.24%;
  • ⁇ n 1 [a 1 ⁇ (x 1 +x 1 2 +x 1 3 -1) +b 1 ]/100, where x 1 is the central gradient core
  • a 1 ranges from 1.0% to 2.0%
  • b 1 ranges from 0.10 to 0.24.
  • the refractive index of the transition core layer is n 3
  • the relative refractive index difference between n 3 and n 5 is ⁇ n 3 ;
  • ⁇ n 3 [b 3 ⁇ (1-a 3 ⁇ x 3 2 )]/100
  • x 3 is the distance from any point in the transition core layer to the flat core layer; when ⁇ n 2 ranges from 0.0 to 0.03, a 3 ranges from 10 to 30, and b 3 ranges from 0.08 ⁇ 0.12; when ⁇ n 2 ranges from 0.11 to 0.25, a 3 ranges from 0.9 to 1.0, and b 3 ranges from 0.11 to 0.25.
  • the flat suppression cladding layer is doped with an alkali metal element or halogen for reducing its viscosity.
  • the central gradient core layer and the flat suppression cladding layer are doped with fluorine
  • the central gradient core layer and the flat core layer are doped with alkali metal elements or halogens for reducing their viscosity.
  • the alkali metal element is at least one of potassium and lithium, and the halogen is chlorine element.
  • the dynamic friction coefficient value is 0.1-0.5.
  • the cut-off wavelength of the multi-band attenuated flat fiber is less than 1310 nm, and when the operating wavelength is 1550 nm, the attenuation value is less than 0.190dB/ km, the multi-band attenuation flatness of the C+L band is lower than 0.02dB, and the multi-band attenuation flatness of the S and U bands covering 1500nm to 1650nm can be lower than 0.03dB;
  • the cut-off wavelength of the multi-band attenuation flat fiber is 1350nm ⁇ 1480nm.
  • the operating wavelength is 1550nm
  • the attenuation value is lower than 0.170dB/km
  • the C+L band Multi-band attenuation flatness is less than 0.01dB.
  • the optical fiber provided by this application can achieve flat attenuation in part of the S+C+L+ part of the U-band.
  • the lowest attenuation of existing conventional single-mode optical fibers such as G.652.D and G.654 generally occurs near the wavelength of 1550nm to 1565nm. If the wavelength is larger than this wavelength range, the attenuation of the optical fiber will increase due to the increased macrobending loss caused by the waveguide structure and the increased intrinsic absorption such as infrared absorption of the material itself; if the wavelength is smaller than this wavelength range, the attenuation of the fiber will increase. Due to the intrinsic UV absorption and Rayleigh scattering of fiber materials, the attenuation of the fiber will also increase.
  • the gain of the optical fiber amplifier for the optical fiber link is centered around 1550nm and extends evenly to both sides. If the attenuation difference between the two ends of 1550nm is too large relative to 1550nm itself, it will not be uniformly amplified by the fiber amplifier, and the corresponding band that cannot be uniformly amplified cannot be used in transmission.
  • the existing conventional single-mode optical fiber mainly uses the C-band and L-band. Some S-bands close to the C-band and some U-bands close to the L-band cannot be used in communication links because their attenuation is too different from that of 1550nm. used in transmission. This limits the expansion of transmission capacity by using more wavelengths.
  • This application starts from two aspects: waveguide structure and material doping, and designs a central gradient core layer and a transition core layer inside and outside the flat core layer, and makes the relative refractive index difference between the two smoothly transition in a polynomial linear shape, which can better suppress long-term Macrobending loss in the wavelength range.
  • the microbending loss of the fiber can be further controlled.
  • Doping the central gradient core layer, the flat core layer and the flat suppression cladding with germanium or the central gradient core layer and the flat suppression cladding with fluorine can make the viscosity between the core layer and the cladding layer match each other, thereby reducing the core layer and the flat suppression cladding layer.
  • the stress between the cladding layers helps to control the loss of long-wavelength waveguides; the stress reduction caused by viscosity matching can further reduce the density fluctuation of the tiny quartz material in the core caused by external stress interference, thereby controlling its The problem of increased loss at short wavelengths caused by the influence of scattering.
  • germanium doping can improve the NA of the flat suppression cladding, while fluorine doping will reduce the NA of the flat suppression cladding, when the flat suppression cladding is doped with germanium and fluorine at the same time, the NA of the flat suppression cladding relative to the quartz cladding can be maintained. In this case, the viscosity of the flat suppressing cladding layer is further reduced, thereby creating conditions for increasing the germanium-doped concentration of the core layer while achieving equivalent viscosity between the core layer and the flat suppressing cladding layer.
  • the core layer needs to be doped with more germanium, a certain amount of germanium and fluorine can be doped into the flat suppression cladding layer.
  • the doping of more germanium into the core layer can, on the one hand, homogenize the material density fluctuations in the core area and bring the attenuation of short wavelengths due to Rayleigh scattering closer to the C-band.
  • the incorporation of germanium, due to the formation of Germanium dioxide has the effect of reducing infrared absorption, thereby reducing the attenuation increase caused by infrared absorption at long wavelengths.
  • the attenuation difference of L-band, part of S and part of U-band compared to C-band centered at 1550nm can be as flat as allowed by the fiber amplifier. range, thereby realizing a communication single-mode fiber with flat attenuation in the C+L band, and also achieving relatively flat attenuation in the C+L and part of the S and part of the U-band ranges.
  • the fiber has good compatibility with existing optical fibers.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the end face of a multi-band attenuated flat optical fiber provided by an embodiment of the present application
  • Figure 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a multi-band attenuated flat optical fiber waveguide provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • the attenuation of silicon-based optical fiber can be expressed as:
  • ⁇ tot is the total attenuation of the fiber
  • ⁇ UV is the absorption loss caused by electronic transition
  • ⁇ IR is the loss caused by multiphonon absorption
  • ⁇ abs is the loss caused by impurity and defect absorption
  • ⁇ scattering is the loss caused by scattering Loss
  • ⁇ waveguide is waveguide loss; for communication optical fiber, impurities, defects, scattering and waveguide loss are the main reasons that affect optical fiber attenuation.
  • embodiments of the present application provide a multi-band attenuated flat optical fiber, which includes a central gradient core layer 1 arranged sequentially from inside to outside along the radial direction.
  • the refractive index of the central gradient core layer 1 is smaller than the refractive index of the flat core layer 2, and the refractive index of the flat core layer 2 is larger than the transition core layer
  • the refractive index of 3, the refractive index of transition core layer 3 is greater than the refractive index of flat suppression cladding 4; along the radial direction from the inside to the outside, the relative refractive index difference of the central gradient core layer 1 increases in the shape of the first polynomial line, and the transition The relative refractive index difference of core layer 3 decreases in a second polynomial linear shape;
  • the central gradient core layer 1, the flat core layer 2 and the flat suppression cladding 4 are all doped with germanium, or the central gradient core layer 1 and the flat suppression cladding layer 4 are doped with fluorine.
  • This application starts from two aspects: waveguide structure and material doping, and designs a central gradient core layer 1 and a transition core layer 3 inside and outside the flat core layer 2, and makes the relative refractive index difference between the two smoothly transition in a polynomial linear shape, and in the transition
  • a flat suppression cladding 4 is designed outside the core layer 3, and the central gradient core layer 1, the flat core layer 2 and the flat suppression cladding 4 are doped with germanium, or the central gradient core layer 1 and the flat suppression cladding 4 are both doped with fluorine to achieve It has created a communication single-mode fiber with flat attenuation in the C+L band, and also achieved relatively flat attenuation in the C+L and part of the S and part of the U-band ranges. This fiber has good compatibility with existing optical fibers and can simultaneously meet G. 652.D, even after optimization, can meet the application requirements of G.657.A series optical fibers.
  • the central gradient core layer 1, the flat core layer 2 and the flat suppression cladding layer 4 are all doped with more germanium, and the central gradient core layer 1, the flat core layer 4 are doped with more germanium.
  • Layer 2 is doped with more germanium to further increase the refractive index of the central gradient core layer 1 and the flat core layer 2, and make the relative refractive index difference of the central gradient core layer 1 assume the shape of a first polynomial line, and the transition core layer
  • the relative refractive index difference of 3 is in the shape of a second polynomial line to smooth the uniform doping of internal components; at the same time, a certain amount of alkali metal elements such as potassium and lithium or halogens such as chlorine are added to the flat suppression cladding 4 to reduce inhibitory viscosity.
  • the cut-off wavelength of the multi-band attenuation flat fiber is less than 1310nm.
  • the attenuation value is less than 0.190dB/km.
  • the multi-band attenuation flatness of the C+L band is less than 0.02dB, and the typical value can reach 0.010 ⁇ 0.015dB;
  • the multi-band attenuation flatness covering part of the S and U bands from 1500nm to 1650nm can be lower than 0.03dB;
  • the central gradient core layer 1 and the flat core layer 2 as a whole correspond to a mode field diameter range of 8.5 to 11.0 microns, and the flat suppression package Layer 4 is proportioned to match it and ranges from 45.0 to 125.0 microns.
  • the flat suppression cladding 4 is doped with fluorine
  • the central gradient core layer 1 and the flat core layer 2 are pure quartz cores
  • the central gradient core layer 1 and the flat core layer 2 are doped with fluorine.
  • a certain amount of alkali metal elements such as potassium and lithium or halogens such as chlorine are added to reduce the inhibitory viscosity.
  • trace amounts of fluorine are gradually added to the central gradient core layer 1 to make the relative refractive index difference appear.
  • a certain amount of fluorine is gradually doped into the transition core layer 3 so that its relative refractive index difference assumes the second polynomial line shape, smoothing the uniform doping of the internal components.
  • the cut-off wavelength of multi-band attenuation flat fiber is 1350nm ⁇ 1480nm.
  • the attenuation value is lower than 0.170dB/km, and the typical value can be better than 0.160dB/km.
  • the multi-band attenuation flatness of C+L band is lower than 0.01dB, the typical value can be better than 0.008dB;
  • the mode field diameter range of the central gradient core layer 1 and the flat core layer 2 as a whole is 9.0 ⁇ 12.0 microns, and the flat suppression cladding layer 4 matches the proportion, and its range is 45.0 ⁇ 125.0 microns.
  • the flat suppression cladding layer 4 can also be doped with germanium. Fluorine doping; when the central gradient core layer 1 and the flat suppression cladding layer 4 are both doped with fluorine, germanium can also be doped in the central gradient core layer 1 and the flat core layer 2 according to actual needs.
  • This application uses the following formula to calculate the relative refractive index difference ⁇ n i :
  • n 5 is the refractive index of the quartz cladding 5.
  • n i in the formula is the refraction of the central gradient core layer 1 rate n 1 ;
  • n i in the formula is the refractive index n 2 of the flat core layer 2; and so on for other layers.
  • the relative refractive index difference ⁇ n 2 of the flat core layer 2 ranges from 0.0 to 0.03 and from 0.11 to 0.25.
  • the refractive index of the flat suppression cladding layer 4 is n 4
  • the relative refractive index difference between n 4 and n 5 is ⁇ n 4
  • the relative refractive index difference of the flat suppression cladding layer 4 is ⁇ n 4 which is achieved by the following formula:
  • the value range of ⁇ n 2 is 0.0 to 0.03
  • the value range of a 4 is 0.11 to 0.41
  • the value range of ⁇ n 2 is 0.11 to 0.25
  • the value range of a 4 is 0.0 to 0.13.
  • the relative refractive index difference ⁇ n 4 of the flat suppression cladding layer 4 is adjusted based on the relative refractive index difference ⁇ n 2 of the flat core layer 2 .
  • the refractive index of the central gradient core layer 1 is n 1 , and the relative refractive index difference between n 1 and n 5 is ⁇ n 1 ; the relative refractive index difference of the central gradient core layer 1 is ⁇ n 1 which is achieved by the following formula:
  • the relative refractive index difference ⁇ n 1 of the central gradient core layer 1 [a 1 ⁇ (x 1 +x 1 2 )+b 1 ]/100, where x 1 is The distance from any point in the central gradient core layer 1 to the central zero point of the central gradient core layer 1, the value range of a 1 is 1.8% to 2.4%, and the value range of b 1 is 0.18% to 0.24%.
  • the relative refractive index difference ⁇ n 1 of the central gradient core layer 1 [a 1 ⁇ (x 1 +x 1 2 +x 1 3 -1)+b 1 ]/100 , where x 1 is the distance from any point in the central gradient core layer 1 to the central zero point of the central gradient core layer 1, a 1 ranges from 1.0% to 2.0%, and b 1 ranges from 0.10 to 0.24.
  • the refractive index of transition core layer 3 is n 3 , and the relative refractive index difference between n 3 and n 5 is ⁇ n 3 ; the relative refractive index difference of transition core layer 3 is ⁇ n 3 which is achieved by the following formula:
  • ⁇ n 3 [b 3 ⁇ (1-a 3 ⁇ x 3 2 )]/100
  • x 3 is the distance from any point in the transition core layer 3 to the flat core layer 2; when ⁇ n 2 ranges from 0.0 to 0.03, a 3 ranges from 10 to 30, and b 3 ranges from 0.08 ⁇ 0.12; when ⁇ n 2 ranges from 0.11 to 0.25, a 3 ranges from 0.9 to 1.0, and b 3 ranges from 0.11 to 0.25.
  • an inner coating 6 and an outer coating 7 are also provided on the outside of the quartz cladding 5.
  • the Young's modulus of the inner coating 6 ranges from 0.2Mpa to 10Mpa, and the Young's modulus of the outer coating 7 is controlled from 0.3Gpa to 1.0Gpa.
  • the quartz cladding 5 diameter can be 80.0 microns and 125.0 microns.
  • the diameter of the quartz cladding 5 is 80.0 microns
  • the diameter of the outer coating 7 can be 160.0 microns to 180.0 microns, and the typical value can be 165.0 microns to 175.0 microns.
  • the diameter of the quartz cladding 5 is 125.0 microns
  • the diameter of the outer coating 7 can be 180.0 microns to 250.0 microns, and the typical value can be 200.0 microns to 245.0 microns.
  • the multi-band attenuated flat optical fiber provided by this application has a dynamic friction coefficient value of 0.1 to 0.5.
  • the dynamic friction coefficient between the optical fiber and the casing is measured using the following method: Refer to Appendix D of "GB/T24456-2009 High Density Polyethylene Silicon Core Tube” - Dynamic Measurement by the Drum Method.
  • the number of cores can be single core, 6 cores, 12 cores, 24 cores or more.
  • the casing length is 15m. Measure according to the following steps:
  • ⁇ is the kinetic friction coefficient
  • F is the average tensile force value
  • the unit is N
  • N is the force value generated by the weight, the unit is N
  • ⁇ is the winding angle of the casing on the drum, the value is 7.854 radians.
  • This application provides examples of optical fibers under different quartz cladding radii and corresponding parameters.
  • the corresponding cut-off wavelength is controlled to be less than 1310nm.
  • the specific parameters are shown in Table 1 below:
  • the attenuation value of the optical fiber at 1550nm is better than 0.190dB/km
  • the attenuation flatness of the C+L band is better than 0.02dB
  • the typical value can reach 0.010 ⁇ 0.015dB; in the covered part S and 1500nm ⁇ 1650nm
  • the multi-band attenuation flatness of U-band can be better than 0.03dB.
  • a certain amount of oxides of elements such as potassium and lithium or chlorine are added to the flat suppression cladding layer 4 .
  • Embodiment 1 has an attenuation of 0.189dB/km at 1550nm and an attenuation flatness of 0.02dB in the C+L band.
  • Embodiment 2 Incorporates lithium oxide into the flat suppression cladding layer 4.
  • the attenuation at 1550nm is 0.176dB/km
  • the attenuation flatness in the C+L band is 0.018dB
  • the multi-band attenuation flatness in the S and U bands covering part of 1500nm to 1650nm Up to 0.03dB.
  • Embodiment 3 Incorporates potassium oxide into the flat suppression cladding layer 4.
  • the attenuation at 1550nm is 0.165dB/km
  • the attenuation flatness in the C+L band is 0.012dB
  • the multi-band attenuation flatness in the S and U bands covering parts of 1500nm to 1650nm up to 0.025dB.
  • Embodiment 4 incorporates chlorine into the flat suppression cladding 4.
  • the attenuation at 1550nm is 0.164dB/km
  • the attenuation flatness in the C+L band is 0.015dB
  • the multi-band attenuation flatness in the S and U bands covering 1500nm to 1650nm reaches 0.027 dB.
  • Embodiment 5 has an attenuation of 0.176dB/km at 1550nm, and an attenuation flatness of C+L band of 0.019dB.
  • This application provides examples of optical fibers under different quartz cladding radii and corresponding parameters.
  • the corresponding cut-off wavelength is controlled between 1350nm and 1480nm.
  • the specific parameters are shown in Table 2:
  • the attenuation value of the optical fiber at 1550nm is better than 0.170dB/km, and the typical value can be better than 0.160dB/km.
  • the attenuation flatness of the C+L band is better than 0.01dB, and the typical value can be better than 0.008dB.
  • a certain amount of oxides of elements such as potassium and lithium or chlorine are incorporated into the central gradient core layer 1 and the flat core layer 2 to reduce the inhibited viscosity.
  • Embodiment 6 has an attenuation of 0.169dB/km at 1550nm, and an attenuation flatness of 0.01dB in the C+L band.
  • Example 7 a certain amount of lithium oxide is doped into the central gradient core layer 1 and the flat core layer 2.
  • the attenuation at 1550nm is 0.164dB/km, and the C+L band attenuation flatness is 0.008dB.
  • Example 8 chlorine is doped into the central gradient core layer 1 and the flat core layer 2.
  • the attenuation at 1550nm is 0.161dB/km, and the C+L band attenuation flatness is 0.007dB.
  • Embodiment 9 a certain amount of potassium oxide is doped into the central gradient core layer 1 and the flat core layer 2.
  • the attenuation at 1550nm is 0.159dB/km, and the C+L band attenuation flatness is 0.007dB.
  • Embodiment 10 has an attenuation of 0.165dB/km at 1550nm, and an attenuation flatness of C+L band of 0.008dB.
  • it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; it can be a mechanical connection, It can also be an electrical connection; it can be a direct connection, or it can be an indirect connection through an intermediate medium, or it can be an internal connection between two components.
  • a fixed connection a detachable connection, or an integral connection
  • it can be a mechanical connection
  • It can also be an electrical connection
  • it can be a direct connection, or it can be an indirect connection through an intermediate medium, or it can be an internal connection between two components.

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Abstract

一种多波段衰减平坦光纤，其包括沿径向由内到外依次布置的中心渐变芯层（1）、平坦芯层（2）、过渡芯层（3）、平坦抑制包层（4）和石英包层（5）；中心渐变芯层（1）的折射率小于平坦芯层（2）的折射率，平坦芯层（2）的折射率大于过渡芯层（3）的折射率，过渡芯层（3）的折射率大于平坦抑制包层（4）的折射率；沿径向由内到外，中心渐变芯层（1）的相对折射率差呈第一多项式线形增加，过渡芯层（3）的相对折射率差呈第二多项式线形下降；中心渐变芯层（1）、平坦芯层（2）和平坦抑制包层（4）均掺杂有锗，或者中心渐变芯层（1）和平坦抑制包层（4）均掺杂有氟，解决了相关技术中多波段衰减平坦度较大的问题。

Description

一种多波段衰减平坦光纤 技术领域
本申请涉及光纤制造技术领域，特别涉及一种多波段衰减平坦光纤。
背景技术
随着5G、大数据、人工智能、物联网等发展，数据传输容量迅速提升，全球网络容量增速在超越光通信网络传输容量增速，逐渐出现光通信网络传输容量危机，因此，提升现有光纤通信网传输容量已迫在眉睫。然而传统单模光纤通信容量已接近香农定理物理极限，如何充分提升单根光纤的利用率成为人们研究的焦点。诸如开展空分复用传输光纤、光子轨道角动量传输光纤等新技术研究已成为热点。但这些技术与现有常规通信光纤技术的兼容性较差，在拓宽干线传输容量的同时，其与接入网等的接续也是一个问题。因此，拓展现有光纤通信系统的波段范围(目前只覆盖C波段35nm)，相关科学技术问题也成为支撑下一代光纤通信发展的关键。如能将通信波段由现有的C波段拓展到L波段，乃至U波段，并向短波长拓展到S波段，则光通信的传输容量将可利用现有光纤通信网络增容数倍乃至一个数量级以上。
但是现有单模光纤从S波段到U波段，存在较大的衰减变化，该区间内每公里光纤衰减系数的最大值与最小值之差超过0.04dB/km，即使缩小到C+L波段，也存在0.03dB/km以上的差值。由于这个较大的差值，经过80km乃至100km传输后，将使线路在该波段区间出现3dB以上的信号强度差异，这给线路的增益补偿带来困难，使实际应用中，难以将光纤通信系统的波段范围从C波段扩展到附近的其他波段以满足WDM应用需求。
发明内容
本申请实施例提供一种多波段衰减平坦光纤，以解决相关技术中多波段衰减平坦度较大的问题。
本申请实施例提供了一种多波段衰减平坦光纤，其包括沿径向由内到外依次布置的中心渐变芯层、平坦芯层、过渡芯层、平坦抑制包层和石英包层；
所述中心渐变芯层的折射率小于平坦芯层的折射率，平坦芯层的折射率大于过渡芯层的折射率，过渡芯层的折射率大于平坦抑制包层的折射率；
沿径向由内到外，所述中心渐变芯层的相对折射率差呈第一多项式线形增加，所述过渡芯层的相对折射率差呈第二多项式线形下降；
中心渐变芯层、平坦芯层和平坦抑制包层均掺杂有锗，或者中心渐变芯层和平坦抑制包层均掺杂有氟。
一些实施例中，所述平坦芯层折射率为n 2，所述石英包层的折射率为n 5，n 2与n 5的相对折射率差为Δn 2；
Δn 2的取值范围为0.0～0.03和0.11～0.25。
一些实施例中，所述平坦抑制包层折射率为n 4，n 4与n 5的相对折射率差为Δn 4；
Δn 4＝Δn 2－a 4
其中，当Δn 2的取值范围为0.0～0.03时，a 4的取值范围为0.11～0.41；当Δn 2的取值范围为0.11～0.25时，a 4的取值范围为0.0～0.13。
一些实施例中，所述中心渐变芯层折射率为n 1，n 1与n 5的相对折射率差为Δn 1；
Δn 2的取值范围为0.0～0.03时，Δn 1＝[a 1×(x 1+x 1 2)+b 1]/100，其中，x 1为所述中心渐变芯层内任意一点到中心渐变芯层中心零点的距离，a 1取值范围为1.8％～2.4％，b 1取值范围为0.18％～0.24％；
Δn 2的取值范围为0.11～0.25时，Δn 1＝[a 1×(x 1+x 1 2+x 1 3－1) +b 1]/100，其中，x 1为所述中心渐变芯层内任意一点到中心渐变芯层中心零点的距离，a 1取值范围为1.0％～2.0％，b 1取值范围为0.10～0.24。
一些实施例中，所述过渡芯层折射率为n 3，n 3与n 5的相对折射率差为Δn 3；
Δn 3＝[b 3×(1－a 3×x 3 2)]/100
其中，x 3为所述过渡芯层内任意一点到平坦芯层的距离；当Δn 2的取值范围为0.0～0.03时，a 3取值范围为10～30，b 3取值范围为0.08～0.12；当Δn 2的取值范围为0.11～0.25时，a 3取值范围为0.9～1.0，b 3取值范围为0.11～0.25。
一些实施例中，当中心渐变芯层、平坦芯层和平坦抑制包层均掺杂有锗时，所述平坦抑制包层中掺杂有用于降低其粘度的碱金属元素或者卤素。
一些实施例中，当中心渐变芯层和平坦抑制包层均掺杂有氟时，所述中心渐变芯层、平坦芯层中掺杂有用于降低其粘度的碱金属元素或者卤素。
一些实施例中，所述碱金属元素为钾、锂中的至少一种，所述卤素为氯元素。
一些实施例中，其动摩擦系数值为0.1～0.5。
一些实施例中，当中心渐变芯层、平坦芯层和平坦抑制包层均掺杂有锗时，多波段衰减平坦光纤的截止波长小于1310nm，工作波长在1550nm时，衰减值低于0.190dB/km，C+L波段的多波段衰减平坦度低于0.02dB，在1500nm～1650nm的涵盖部分S和U波段的多波段衰减平坦度可低于0.03dB；
当中心渐变芯层和平坦抑制包层均掺杂有氟时，多波段衰减平坦光纤的截止波长为1350nm～1480nm，工作波长在1550nm时，衰减值低于0.170dB/km，C+L波段的多波段衰减平坦度低于0.01dB。
本申请提供的技术方案带来的有益效果包括：
本申请提供的光纤可以实现部分S+C+L+部分U波段的衰减平坦。
现有常规单模光纤例如G.652.D、G.654的最低衰减一般出现在波长1550nm～1565nm附近。如波长大于该波长范围，则会因为波导结构带来的宏弯损耗增大和材料本身的红外吸收等本征吸收增大的影响，光纤的衰减会增大；如波长小于该波长范围，则会由于光纤材料的本征紫外吸收和瑞利散射的影响，光纤的衰减也会增大。
而光纤放大器对光纤链路的增益是以1550nm左右为中心来向两边均匀扩展。如果1550nm两端的波段范围相对1550nm本身衰减差异过大，则无法被光纤放大器均匀放大，相应的无法被均匀放大的波段则无法在传输中使用。
现有的常规单模光纤主要使用波段为C波段和L波段，部分靠近C波段的S波段以及部分靠近L波段的U波段都因为其衰减与1550nm的衰减差距过大，而无法在通信链路传输中被使用。这限制了通过使用更多的波长来扩展传输容量。
本申请从波导结构与材料掺杂两个方面出发，在平坦芯层内外设计中心渐变芯层和过渡芯层，并使二者的相对折射率差呈多项式线形平滑过渡，可以更好的抑制长波长段的宏弯损耗。
通过在过渡芯层外设计平坦抑制包层，可进一步控制光纤的微弯损耗。
在中心渐变芯层、平坦芯层和平坦抑制包层同掺锗或中心渐变芯层和平坦抑制包层同掺氟则可使芯层和包层之间的粘度相互匹配，从而降低芯层和包层间的应力，其对控制长波长的波导损耗带来帮助；而粘度匹配带来的应力降低可进一步降低芯层内因外界应力干扰带来的微小石英材料的密度起伏，从而控制其因瑞利散射的影响带来的短波长损耗增加的问题。
由于掺锗可以提升平坦抑制包层NA，而掺氟则会降低平坦抑制包层的NA，在平坦抑制包层同时掺锗和氟时，可在保持平坦抑制包层与石英包层相对的NA的情况下，进一步降低平坦抑制包层的粘度，从而为在实现芯层和平坦抑制包层粘度相当的情况下，增加芯层掺锗的浓度创造了条件。
这样如需要使芯层掺入更多的锗，则可在平坦抑制包层对应掺入一定量的锗和氟。而芯层掺入更多的锗，一方面可以匀化芯区的材料密度波动，使因瑞利散射影响的短波长的衰减向C波段靠近，另一方面锗的掺入，由于其形成的二氧化锗有降低红外吸收作用，从而可降低长波长因红外吸收带来的衰减增大。
这样本申请在保持与常规单模光纤1550nm衰减特性相当或略低的同时，L波段、部分S以及部分U波段相比以1550nm为中心的C波段的衰减的差值可以达到光纤放大器容许的平坦范围，从而实现了C+L波段衰减平坦的通信单模光纤，并在C+L和部分S以及部分U波段区间也实现了较为平坦的衰减，该光纤与现有光纤具有良好兼容特性。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本申请实施例中的技术方案，下面将对实施例描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面描述中的附图仅仅是本申请的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为本申请实施例提供的多波段衰减平坦光纤端面示意图；
图2为本申请实施例提供的多波段衰减平坦光纤波导结构示意图。
图中：1、中心渐变芯层；2、平坦芯层；3、过渡芯层；4、平坦抑制包层；5、石英包层；6、内涂层；7、外涂层。
具体实施方式
为使本申请实施例的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将结合本申请实施例中的附图，对本申请实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例是本申请的一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本申请中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动的前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本申请保护的范围。
硅基光纤的衰减可以表达为：
α tot＝α UV+α IR+α abs+α scattering+α waveguide
α tot为光纤的总衰减，α UV为电子跃迁带来的吸收损耗，α IR为多声子吸收带来的损耗，α abs为杂质与缺陷吸收带来的损耗，α scattering为散射带来的损耗，α waveguide为波导损耗；对于通信光纤来说，杂质、缺陷、散射与波导损耗是影响光纤衰减的主要原因。
当衰减已降低到一定程度，开始追求将S、C、L乃至U波段间的衰减差值变小的时候，杂质和缺陷不再是解决多波段衰减平坦的主要原因，此时主要的问题是如何处理散射和波导损耗对多波段间衰减平坦的影响问题。
对石英光纤而言，因紫外吸收和红外吸收，以最低衰减波段C波段为中心，其在S波段会因红外吸收等而衰减变大，在L及U波段，则会应红外吸收而衰减偏大；因此在散射损耗方面，需要考虑如何优化因此带来的紫外与红外吸收损耗，从而减小由此带来的多波段间衰减差值.
另外，由于波导损耗的影响，随着工作波长远离截止波长，其波导损耗会逐渐增加，这一点在L及U波段表现会更加明显，因此，如需要减小L，乃至U波段与C波段的衰减间的差值，则需要考虑优化波导损耗，以降低L和U波段衰减。
为了减小多波段间衰减差值，参见图1和图2所示，本申请实施 例提供了一种多波段衰减平坦光纤，其包括沿径向由内到外依次布置的中心渐变芯层1、平坦芯层2、过渡芯层3、平坦抑制包层4和石英包层5；中心渐变芯层1的折射率小于平坦芯层2的折射率，平坦芯层2的折射率大于过渡芯层3的折射率，过渡芯层3的折射率大于平坦抑制包层4的折射率；沿径向由内到外，中心渐变芯层1的相对折射率差呈第一多项式线形增加，过渡芯层3的相对折射率差呈第二多项式线形下降；中心渐变芯层1、平坦芯层2和平坦抑制包层4均掺杂有锗，或者中心渐变芯层1和平坦抑制包层4均掺杂有氟。
本申请从波导结构与材料掺杂两个方面出发，在平坦芯层2内外设计中心渐变芯层1和过渡芯层3，并使二者的相对折射率差呈多项式线形平滑过渡，以及在过渡芯层3外设计平坦抑制包层4，并使中心渐变芯层1、平坦芯层2和平坦抑制包层4同掺锗，或中心渐变芯层1和平坦抑制包层4均掺氟，实现了C+L波段衰减平坦的通信单模光纤，并在C+L和部分S以及部分U波段区间也实现了较为平坦的衰减，该光纤与现有光纤具有良好兼容特性，可同时满足G.652.D，乃至在进行优化后，可满足G.657.A系列光纤的应用要求。
结合图2所示，当希望截止波长控制在1310nm以下时，中心渐变芯层1、平坦芯层2和平坦抑制包层4均掺入较多的锗，并在中心渐变芯层1、平坦芯层2掺入更多的锗，以更进一步抬升中心渐变芯层1、平坦芯层2的折射率，并使中心渐变芯层1的相对折射率差呈第一多项式线形，过渡芯层3的相对折射率差呈第二多项式线形，以平滑内部组分的均匀掺杂；同时在平坦抑制包层4中掺入一定量的钾、锂等碱金属元素或掺入氯等卤素以降低抑制粘度。
多波段衰减平坦光纤的截止波长小于1310nm，工作波长在1550nm时，衰减值低于0.190dB/km，C+L波段的多波段衰减平坦度低于0.02dB，典型值可达到0.010～0.015dB；在1500nm～1650nm的涵盖部分S和U波段的多波段衰减平坦度可低于0.03dB；中心渐变 芯层1、平坦芯层2作为整体对应的模场直径范围为8.5～11.0微米，平坦抑制包层4与之进行匹配比例，其范围为45.0～125.0微米。
当希望截止波长控制在1350nm～1480nm以内时，平坦抑制包层4掺氟，中心渐变芯层1、平坦芯层2为纯石英纤芯，并在中心渐变芯层1、平坦芯层2掺入一定量的钾、锂等碱金属元素或掺入氯等卤素以降低抑制粘度，同时其折射率曲线设计上，在中心渐变芯层1中逐步掺入微量氟，以使其相对折射率差呈第一多项式线形，在过渡芯层3上逐步掺入一定量的氟，以使其相对折射率差呈第二多项式线形，平滑内部组分的均匀掺杂。
多波段衰减平坦光纤的截止波长为1350nm～1480nm，工作波长在1550nm时，衰减值低于0.170dB/km，典型值可优于0.160dB/km，C+L波段的多波段衰减平坦度低于0.01dB，典型值可优于0.008dB；中心渐变芯层1、平坦芯层2作为整体对应的模场直径范围为9.0～12.0微米，平坦抑制包层4与之进行匹配比例，其范围为45.0～125.0微米。
需要说明的是，为了获得想要的波导结构，当中心渐变芯层1、平坦芯层2和平坦抑制包层4均掺杂有锗时，根据实际需求，还可以在平坦抑制包层4中掺氟；当中心渐变芯层1和平坦抑制包层4均掺杂有氟时，根据实际需求，还可以在中心渐变芯层1、平坦芯层2中掺锗。
本申请采用如下公式计算相对折射率差Δn i：
Δn i＝(n i-n 5)/(n i+n 5)*100％
其中n 5为石英包层5的折射率，对本申请而言，当计算中心渐变芯层1与石英包层5的相对折射率差Δn 1时，公式中n i为中心渐变芯层1的折射率n 1；当计算平坦芯层2与石英包层5的相对折射率差Δn 2时，公式中n i为平坦芯层2的折射率n 2；其他各层以此类推。
本申请中，平坦芯层2的相对折射率差Δn 2的取值范围为0.0～ 0.03和0.11～0.25。
平坦抑制包层4折射率为n 4，n 4与n 5的相对折射率差为Δn 4；平坦抑制包层4的相对折射率差为Δn 4通过下式来实现：
Δn 4＝Δn 2－a 4
其中，当Δn 2的取值范围为0.0～0.03时，a 4的取值范围为0.11～0.41；当Δn 2的取值范围为0.11～0.25时，a 4的取值范围为0.0～0.13。
即平坦抑制包层4的相对折射率差为Δn 4通过以平坦芯层2的相对折射率差Δn 2为基准进行调整。
中心渐变芯层1折射率为n 1，n 1与n 5的相对折射率差为Δn 1；中心渐变芯层1的相对折射率差为Δn 1通过下式来实现：
当Δn 2的取值范围为0.0～0.03时，中心渐变芯层1的相对折射率差Δn 1＝[a 1×(x 1+x 1 2)+b 1]/100，其中，x 1为中心渐变芯层1内任意一点到中心渐变芯层1中心零点的距离，a 1取值范围为1.8％～2.4％，b 1取值范围为0.18％～0.24％。
当Δn 2的取值范围为0.11～0.25时，中心渐变芯层1的相对折射率差Δn 1＝[a 1×(x 1+x 1 2+x 1 3－1)+b 1]/100，其中，x 1为中心渐变芯层1内任意一点到中心渐变芯层1中心零点的距离，a 1取值范围为1.0％～2.0％，b 1取值范围为0.10～0.24。
过渡芯层3折射率为n 3，n 3与n 5的相对折射率差为Δn 3；过渡芯层3的相对折射率差为Δn 3通过下式来实现：
Δn 3＝[b 3×(1－a 3×x 3 2)]/100
其中，x 3为过渡芯层3内任意一点到平坦芯层2的距离；当Δn 2的取值范围为0.0～0.03时，a 3取值范围为10～30，b 3取值范围为0.08～0.12；当Δn 2的取值范围为0.11～0.25时，a 3取值范围为0.9～1.0，b 3取值范围为0.11～0.25。
参见图1所示，石英包层5外侧还依次设有内涂层6和外涂层7。
内涂层6的杨氏模量范围为0.2Mpa～10Mpa，外涂层7的杨氏 模量控制在0.3Gpa～1.0Gpa。
石英包层5直径可以为80.0微米和125.0微米。
当石英包层5直径为80.0微米时，外涂层7直径可以为160.0微米到180.0微米，典型值可以为165.0微米～175.0微米。
当石英包层5直径为125.0微米时，外涂层7直径可以为180.0微米到250.0微米，典型值可以为200.0微米～245.0微米。
本申请提供的多波段衰减平坦光纤，其动摩擦系数值为0.1～0.5。
光纤与套管的动摩擦系数采用下列方法进行测量：参考《GB/T24456-2009高密度聚乙烯硅芯管》附录D——圆鼓法测定动态。
将测量装置中硅芯管替换为套管，将光缆以及牵引线替换为光纤，将20kg砝码替换为重量为几百克的小砝码。将光纤分别置于干式套管、充油套管等之中，其芯数可为单芯、6芯、12芯、24芯或更多，套管长度为15m，按下列步骤进行测量：
101、取一种套管，剥开两端，露出部分光纤，将套管在圆鼓上缠绕450°并固定。
102、任取套管中一根光纤，将水平伸出的一端通过定滑轮固定在拉力机夹具上，另一端垂直伸出的光纤悬挂砝码.
103、使拉力机以100mm/min的速度拉动光纤，通过滑轮的传导，将光纤保持水平方向缓缓拉出，行程为200mm。
104、取拉力-位移的稳定段(100～180mm)的平均力值作为此次测试中的摩擦力。
105、保留以上测试的光纤在套管中，依照步骤102～103测试下一根光纤。
根据上述步骤测得的数据，参照下列公式进行摩擦系数测量
摩擦系数公式：μ＝ln(F/N)/θ
其中：μ为动摩擦系数；F为平均拉伸力值，单位为N；N为砝码产生的力值，单位为N；θ为套管在圆鼓上缠绕角度，数值为7.854 弧度。
本申请提供了在不同石英包层半径下的光纤的实施例及参数对应情况，对应截止波长控制在小于1310nm，具体参数见如下表1：
表1截止波长小于1310nm
Figure PCTCN2022127618-appb-000001
当截止波长小于1310nm时，光纤在1550nm的衰减值优于0.190dB/km，C+L波段衰减平坦度优于0.02dB，典型值可达到0.010～0.015dB；在1500nm～1650nm的涵盖部分S和U波段的多波段衰减平坦度可优于0.03dB。
在平坦抑制包层4掺入一定量的钾、锂等元素的氧化物或掺入氯。
实施例1在1550nm衰减为0.189dB/km，C+L波段衰减平坦度0.02dB。
实施例2在平坦抑制包层4掺入锂氧化物，1550nm衰减为0.176dB/km，C+L波段衰减平坦度0.018dB，在1500nm～1650nm的涵盖部分S和U波段的多波段衰减平坦度达0.03dB。
实施例3在平坦抑制包层4掺入钾氧化物，1550nm衰减为0.165dB/km，C+L波段衰减平坦度0.012dB，在1500nm～1650nm的涵盖部分S和U波段的多波段衰减平坦度达0.025dB。
实施例4在平坦抑制包层4掺入氯，1550nm衰减为0.164dB/km，C+L波段衰减平坦度0.015dB，在1500nm～1650nm的涵盖部分S和U波段的多波段衰减平坦度达0.027dB。
实施例5在1550nm衰减为0.176dB/km，C+L波段衰减平坦度0.019dB。
本申请提供了在不同石英包层半径下的光纤的实施例及参数对应情况，对应截止波长控制在1350nm～1480nm，具体参数见表2：
表2截止波长在1350nm～1480nm
Figure PCTCN2022127618-appb-000002
当截止波长在1350nm～1480nm以内时，光纤在1550nm的衰减值优于0.170dB/km，典型值可优于0.160dB/km，C+L波段衰减平坦度优于0.01dB，典型值可优于0.008dB。
在中心渐变芯层1、平坦芯层2掺入一定量的钾、锂等元素的氧化物或掺入氯以降低抑制粘度。
实施例6在1550nm衰减为0.169dB/km，C+L波段衰减平坦度0.01dB。
实施例7在中心渐变芯层1、平坦芯层2掺入一定量的锂的氧化物，1550nm衰减为0.164dB/km，C+L波段衰减平坦度0.008dB。
实施例8在中心渐变芯层1、平坦芯层2掺入氯，1550nm衰减为0.161dB/km，C+L波段衰减平坦度0.007dB。
实施例9在中心渐变芯层1、平坦芯层2掺入一定量的钾的氧化物，1550nm衰减为0.159dB/km，C+L波段衰减平坦度0.007dB。
实施例10在1550nm衰减为0.165dB/km，C+L波段衰减平坦度0.008dB。
在本申请的描述中，需要说明的是，术语“上”、“下”等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的方位或位置关系，仅是为了便于描述本申请和简化描述，而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作，因此不能理解为对本申请的限制。除非另有明确的规定和限定，术语“安装”、“相连”、“连接”应做广义理解，例如，可以是固定连接，也可以是可拆卸连接，或一体地连接；可以是机械连接，也可以是电连接；可以是直接相连，也可以通过中间媒介间接相连，可以是两个元件内部的连通。对于本领域的普通技术人员而言，可以根据具体情况理解上述术语在本申请中的具体含义。
需要说明的是，在本申请中，诸如“第一”和“第二”等之类的关系术语仅仅用来将一个实体或者操作与另一个实体或操作区分开来，而不一定要求或者暗示这些实体或操作之间存在任何这种实际的关系或者顺序。而且，术语“包括”、“包含”或者其任何其他变体意在涵盖非排他性的包含，从而使得包括一系列要素的过程、方法、物品或者 设备不仅包括那些要素，而且还包括没有明确列出的其他要素，或者是还包括为这种过程、方法、物品或者设备所固有的要素。在没有更多限制的情况下，由语句“包括一个……”限定的要素，并不排除在包括所述要素的过程、方法、物品或者设备中还存在另外的相同要素。
以上所述仅是本申请的具体实施方式，使本领域技术人员能够理解或实现本申请。对这些实施例的多种修改对本领域的技术人员来说将是显而易见的，本文中所定义的一般原理可以在不脱离本申请的精神或范围的情况下，在其它实施例中实现。因此，本申请将不会被限制于本文所示的这些实施例，而是要符合与本文所申请的原理和新颖特点相一致的最宽的范围。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种多波段衰减平坦光纤，其特征在于，其包括沿径向由内到外依次布置的中心渐变芯层(1)、平坦芯层(2)、过渡芯层(3)、平坦抑制包层(4)和石英包层(5)；
    所述中心渐变芯层(1)的折射率小于平坦芯层(2)的折射率，平坦芯层(2)的折射率大于过渡芯层(3)的折射率，过渡芯层(3)的折射率大于平坦抑制包层(4)的折射率；
    沿径向由内到外，所述中心渐变芯层(1)的相对折射率差呈第一多项式线形增加，所述过渡芯层(3)的相对折射率差呈第二多项式线形下降；
    中心渐变芯层(1)、平坦芯层(2)和平坦抑制包层(4)均掺杂有锗，或者中心渐变芯层(1)和平坦抑制包层(4)均掺杂有氟。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的多波段衰减平坦光纤，其特征在于：
    所述平坦芯层(2)折射率为n 2，所述石英包层(5)的折射率为n 5，n 2与n 5的相对折射率差为Δn 2；
    Δn 2的取值范围为0.0～0.03和0.11～0.25。
  3. 如权利要求2所述的多波段衰减平坦光纤，其特征在于：
    所述平坦抑制包层(4)折射率为n 4，n 4与n 5的相对折射率差为Δn 4；
    Δn 4＝Δn 2－a 4
    其中，当Δn 2的取值范围为0.0～0.03时，a 4的取值范围为0.11～0.41；当Δn 2的取值范围为0.11～0.25时，a 4的取值范围为0.0～0.13。
  4. 如权利要求2所述的多波段衰减平坦光纤，其特征在于：
    所述中心渐变芯层(1)折射率为n 1，n 1与n 5的相对折射率差为Δn 1；
    Δn 2的取值范围为0.0～0.03时，Δn 1＝[a 1×(x 1+x 1 2)+b 1]/100，其中，x 1为所述中心渐变芯层(1)内任意一点到中心渐变芯层(1) 中心零点的距离，a 1取值范围为1.8％～2.4％，b 1取值范围为0.18％～0.24％；
    Δn 2的取值范围为0.11～0.25时，Δn 1＝[a 1×(x 1+x 1 2+x 1 3－1)+b 1]/100，其中，x 1为所述中心渐变芯层(1)内任意一点到中心渐变芯层(1)中心零点的距离，a 1取值范围为1.0％～2.0％，b 1取值范围为0.10～0.24。
  5. 如权利要求2所述的多波段衰减平坦光纤，其特征在于：
    所述过渡芯层(3)折射率为n 3，n 3与n 5的相对折射率差为Δn 3；
    Δn 3＝[b 3×(1－a 3×x 3 2)]/100
    其中，x 3为所述过渡芯层(3)内任意一点到平坦芯层(2)的距离；当Δn 2的取值范围为0.0～0.03时，a 3取值范围为10～30，b 3取值范围为0.08～0.12；当Δn 2的取值范围为0.11～0.25时，a 3取值范围为0.9～1.0，b 3取值范围为0.11～0.25。
  6. 如权利要求1所述的多波段衰减平坦光纤，其特征在于：
    当中心渐变芯层(1)、平坦芯层(2)和平坦抑制包层(4)均掺杂有锗时，所述平坦抑制包层(4)中掺杂有用于降低其粘度的碱金属元素或者卤素。
  7. 如权利要求1所述的多波段衰减平坦光纤，其特征在于：
    当中心渐变芯层(1)和平坦抑制包层(4)均掺杂有氟时，所述中心渐变芯层(1)、平坦芯层(2)中掺杂有用于降低其粘度的碱金属元素或者卤素。
  8. 如权利要求6或7所述的多波段衰减平坦光纤，其特征在于：
    所述碱金属元素为钾、锂中的至少一种，所述卤素为氯元素。
  9. 如权利要求1所述的多波段衰减平坦光纤，其特征在于：
    其动摩擦系数值为0.1～0.5。
  10. 如权利要求1所述的多波段衰减平坦光纤，其特征在于：
    当中心渐变芯层(1)、平坦芯层(2)和平坦抑制包层(4)均掺 杂有锗时，多波段衰减平坦光纤的截止波长小于1310nm，工作波长在1550nm时，衰减值低于0.190dB/km，C+L波段的多波段衰减平坦度低于0.02dB，在1500nm～1650nm的涵盖部分S和U波段的多波段衰减平坦度可低于0.03dB；
    当中心渐变芯层(1)和平坦抑制包层(4)均掺杂有氟时，多波段衰减平坦光纤的截止波长为1350nm～1480nm，工作波长在1550nm时，衰减值低于0.170dB/km，C+L波段的多波段衰减平坦度低于0.01dB。
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