WO2023229882A1 - Boues aqueuses réductrices de traînée pour la récupération d'hydrocarbures - Google Patents

Boues aqueuses réductrices de traînée pour la récupération d'hydrocarbures Download PDF

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WO2023229882A1
WO2023229882A1 PCT/US2023/022411 US2023022411W WO2023229882A1 WO 2023229882 A1 WO2023229882 A1 WO 2023229882A1 US 2023022411 W US2023022411 W US 2023022411W WO 2023229882 A1 WO2023229882 A1 WO 2023229882A1
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composition
carrier fluid
slurry composition
dra
surfactants
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PCT/US2023/022411
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Deepak Shukla
Kevin M. Donovan
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Flowchem, Llc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/1625—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/1633—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10L1/1641—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds from compounds containing aliphatic monomers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
    • C10L1/1233—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof
    • C10L1/125—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/185—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones
    • C10L1/1852—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Orthoesters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
    • C10L1/1881—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
    • C10L1/191—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters of di- or polyhydroxyalcohols
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
    • C10L1/1985—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2250/00—Structural features of fuel components or fuel compositions, either in solid, liquid or gaseous state
    • C10L2250/04—Additive or component is a polymer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2250/00—Structural features of fuel components or fuel compositions, either in solid, liquid or gaseous state
    • C10L2250/06—Particle, bubble or droplet size
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
    • C10L2270/10—Specifically adapted fuels for transport, e.g. in pipelines as a gas hydrate slurry
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
    • C10L2290/14—Injection, e.g. in a reactor or a fuel stream during fuel production
    • C10L2290/146—Injection, e.g. in a reactor or a fuel stream during fuel production of water
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17D—PIPE-LINE SYSTEMS; PIPE-LINES
    • F17D1/00—Pipe-line systems
    • F17D1/08—Pipe-line systems for liquids or viscous products
    • F17D1/16—Facilitating the conveyance of liquids or effecting the conveyance of viscous products by modification of their viscosity
    • F17D1/17—Facilitating the conveyance of liquids or effecting the conveyance of viscous products by modification of their viscosity by mixing with another liquid, i.e. diluting

Definitions

  • This disclosure generally relates to hydrocarbon recovery, and more specifically to aqueous drag reducing slurries for hydrocarbon recovery.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a composition of an improved slurry for oil recovery, according to an illustrative embodiment of this disclosure
  • FIG. 2 is a plot of the particle size distribution of example polymer particles for use in the composition of FIG.1
  • FIG. 3 is a flowchart of an example process for preparing the composition of FIG.1; [0006] FIGS.
  • FIG. 4-9 are plots of shear viscosity versus shear rate for various example improved drag reducing agent (DRA) slurry compositions, according to embodiments of this disclosure;
  • FIG.10 is a plot of shear viscosity versus shear rate for a previous DRA slurry with an inset photograph showing instability of the previous slurry;
  • FIG.10 is a plot of shear viscosity versus shear rate for a previous DRA slurry with an inset photograph showing instability of the previous slurry;
  • FIG. 11 is a plot of rheograms or stress versus strain for an example improved DRA slurry composition of this disclosure compared to a previous DRA slurry;
  • FIG.12 is a plot showing shear viscosity versus shear rate of an example improved DRA slurry composition of this disclosure with various components included or excluded;
  • FIG.13A is an image of a stable DRA slurry composition after allowing 30 minutes for particle separation; and
  • FIG. 13B is an image of an unstable DRA slurry composition after allowing 30 minutes for particle separation.
  • PAOs polyalphaolefins
  • DRAs polyalphaolefins
  • PAOs may be introduced as solid particles to a hydrocarbon pipeline.
  • the PAO particles dissolve in the hydrocarbon and act as a DRA.
  • PAOs are difficult to prepare in a stable form that can be reliably stored, transported, and introduced into a hydrocarbon pipeline for hydrocarbon recovery.
  • slurries of PAO particles that have previously been prepared suffer from certain drawbacks and disadvantages.
  • compositions include a carrier fluid, a plurality of polymer particles (e.g., PAO particles) dispersed in the carrier fluid, one or more dispersants dissolved or dispersed in the carrier fluid, and one or more viscosity modifiers dissolved or dispersed in the carrier fluid.
  • a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of the one or more dispersants dissolved or dispersed in the carrier fluid is greater than ten.
  • the improved comp sitions may be prepared using one or more surfactants that have an HLB value of greater than ten.
  • the HLB of a surfactant or mixture of surfactants is a measure of the degree to which the surfactant(s) are hydrophobic or hydrophilic.
  • HLB value corresponds to a higher level of hydrophilicity, while a lower HLB value corresponds to a higher level of hydrophobicity.
  • the HLB value of a surfactant or dispersant can be measured on an empirical scale, as described in W.C. Griffin, J. Cosmet. Chem., 1, 311, 1949). This scale ranges from 0 to 20, with 0 corresponding to a completely lipophilic molecule and 20 corresponding to a completely hydrophilic molecule.
  • the function of surfactants or dispersants can be generally described by the HLB value. For example, defoaming surfactants have an HLB value in a range from one to three. Water-in-oil emulsifiers have an HLB value in a range from three to six.
  • HLB values have an HLB value in a range from seven to nine.
  • Oil-in-water emulsifiers have an HLB value in a range from eight to eighteen.
  • Detergents have an HLB value in a range from thirteen to fifteen.
  • Solubilizers have an HLB value in a range from fifteen to eighteen.
  • Griffin's method for calculating HLB values only applies to non-ionic surfactants.
  • the HLB values reported in this disclosure are determined using the Davies’ method (Davies, J.T. (1957), “A quantitative kinetic theory of emulsion type, I. Physical chemistry of the emulsifying agent", Gas/Liquid and Liquid/Liquid Interface, Proceedings of the International Congress of Surface Activity, pp.
  • HLB HLB ⁇ (hydrophilic group numbers) - n (group number per CH 2 group) + 7, where n is the number of -CH 2 - groups in the surfactant molecule.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an example embodiment of a composition 100 of a slurry having improved properties as a DRA.
  • the composition 100 may be used as a DRA for hydrocarbon recovery.
  • the composition 100 includes a carrier fluid 102, a plurality of polymer particles 104 dispersed in the carrier fluid 102, one or more dispersants 106 dissolved or dispersed in the carrier fluid 102, and one or more viscosity modifiers 108 dissolved or dispersed in the carrier fluid 102.
  • the composition 100 may function as a DRA when injected in a hydrocarbon pipeline. Moreover, prior to being injected into a pipeline, the composition 100 may exhibit an improved shear stability compared to that of previous DRA slurries, which tend to suffer from particle agglomeration and poor performance.
  • the carrier fluid 102 is generally water or an aqueous solution of water and a water-soluble solvent.
  • water-soluble solvents that may be included in the carrier fluid include, are, water soluble alcohols DOWANOLTM PM, DOWANOL TM PnP, DOWANOLTM PnB, DOWANOLTM DPnB, DOWANOLTM PPh, Butyl CELLOSOLVETM solvent, DOWANOLTM PMA, DOWANOLTM PGDA, PROGLYDETM DMM (manufactured by Dow Chemical Company), ethylene glycol, and glycol ether.
  • Solvents used as the carrier fluid 102 may preferably have a boiling point higher than 100 °C and have a solubility in water of at least 5 wt%.
  • the polymer particles 104 are particles of polymers that display good performance as a DRA.
  • the polymer particles 104 may be soluble in light and/or medium crude oil.
  • the polymer particles 104 may be prepared by cryo-grinding a solid piece of a polymer material, as described further below with respect to FIG.3.
  • the polymer particles 104 are particles of a PAO homopolymer. Examples of typical PAO homopolymers include, but are not limited to, polybutene-1, polyisobutene, polyhexene-1, polyocte e-1, polydecene-1, polyhexadecene-1 and polyeicosene-1.
  • Typical PAO copolymers are propene-dodecene-1 copolymer, butene- l-dodecene-1 copolymer, butene-1- decene-1 copolymer, hexene-l-dodecene-1 copolymer, octene-l-tetradecene-1 copolymer, butene-l-decene-l-dodecene-1 copolymer, propene-hexene-1-dodecene- 1 copolymer, etc.
  • Preferred polymers are polyhexene-1, polyoctene-1, polydecene-1, polydodecene-1, polytetradecene-1, propene-dodecene-1 copolymer, butene-1-decene-1 copolymer, butene-l-dodecene-1 copolymer, decene-l-dodecene-1 copolymer and hexene-l-dodecene-1 copolymer.
  • another polymer may be used that has at least an adequate performance as a DRA.
  • the polymer particles 104 may be present in the carrier fluid 102 at a weight percentage in a range from 0.05% to 75%.
  • the polymer particles 104 are present in the carrier fluid 102 at a weight percentage in a range from 0.1% to 50%.
  • the polymer particles 104 may be coated with an anti- agglomeration additive, such as calcium stearate to help prevent agglomeration of the polymer particles 104 before they are added to the carrier fluid 102.
  • one or more additional partitioning agents may be selected from the group consisting of fatty acid waxes (to be distinguished herein from the fatty acid waxes included in the pre-treatment of the dispersion including a fatty acid wax and a liquid carrier), polyolefin homopolymers and copolymers of various densities; oxidized polyethylene; polystyrene and copolymers; carbon black and graphite; precipitated and fumed silicas; natural and synthetic clays and organo-clays; aluminum oxides; talc; boric acid; polyanhydride polymers; sterically hindered alkyl phenol oxidants; magnesium, calcium and barium phosphates, sulfates, carbonates and oxides; mixtures thereof; and the like.
  • fatty acid waxes to be distinguished herein from the fatty acid waxes included in the pre-treatment of the dispersion including a fatty acid wax and a liquid carrier
  • the polymer particles 104 are generally readily soluble in light or medium crude oils. Upon dissolution in the crude oil, the polymer particles 104 reduce the shear viscosity of crude oil. [0021]
  • the polymer particles 104 may be relatively large in size, such that it may be relatively difficult to obtain a stable mixture of the polymer particles 104 dispersed in the carrier fluid 102 alone.
  • the polymer particles 104 may include particles with diameters in a range from about 50 micrometers ( ⁇ m) to 350 ⁇ m, or in some embodiments, from about 100 ⁇ m to about 250 ⁇ m.
  • the polymer particles 104 may include particles of roughly a single size (e.g., with a majority of particles 104 having a given size) or may be a mixture of multiple sizes of particles.
  • FIG. 2 a plot 200 of particle size distribution of example polymer particles 104 is shown.
  • FIG. 2 shows the particle size distribution of polydecene particles with an average size (by volume percent) of about 105 ⁇ m.
  • These example polymer particles 104 had a density of 0.85 g/mL at 25 °C and were coated with calcium stearate to help prevent agglomeration of the polymer particles 104.
  • the example polymer particles 104 of FIG.2 included a small portion of smaller ⁇ m-scale particles (e.g., less than 10 ⁇ m) and sub-micrometer particles.
  • the dispersant(s) 106 generally aid in maintaining stable dispersion of the polymer particles 104 in the carrier fluid 102.
  • the dispersant(s) help prevent agglomeration of polymer particles 104 and/or separation of the polymer particles 104 from the carrier fluid 102.
  • the dispersant(s) 106 may include ionic surfactants, neutral surfactants, or a mixture thereof.
  • Ionic surfactants included in the dispersant(s) 106 can be anionic or cationic.
  • anionic surfactants include, but are not limited thereto, surfactants having various substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl chains or substituted or unsubstituted heterogeneous chains, for example, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl chain lengths, such as about C 8 to C 22 , about C 10 to C 18 , or C12 to C16; those skilled in the art will recognize that the final chain length will be determined by the slurry composition.
  • Typical chains are alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkylaryl, or alkylamidoalkyl. Sulfonates and sulfates are typically used as anionic surfactants.
  • anionic surfactants Sulfonates, sulfates, and carboxylates, and sometimes phosphates, can be used as anionic surfactants.
  • anionic surfactants include, but are not limited thereto, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium decylsulfate (SDeS), sodium octyl sulfate (SOS), ammonium ether sulfate (e.g., CedepalTM FA-406), or a mixture thereof.
  • Suitable sulfonate surfactants for use herein include water-soluble salts of C8- C 18 alkyl or hydroxyalkyl sulfonates; C 11 -C 18 alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS), modified alkylbenzene sulfonate (MLAS), aryl sulfonates based surfactants (e.g., Calfax 16L-35 manufactured by Pilot Chemical Company); methyl ester sulfonate (MES); and alpha- olefin sulfonate (AOS).
  • LAS alkyl benzene sulfonates
  • MLAS modified alkylbenzene sulfonate
  • MES methyl ester sulfonate
  • AOS alpha- olefin sulfonate
  • the dispersant(s) 106 may include paraffin sulfonates such as monosulfonates and/or disulfonates, obtained by sulfonating paraffins of 10 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • Sulfonate surfactants may include alkyl glyceryl sulfonate surfactants.
  • Others anionic surfactants include polyelectrolytes such as alkali metal polyelectrolytes, such as sodium polyelectrolytes, more particularly, polystyrene sulfate or polyacrylates, or styrene maleic acid copolymers (e.g., Disperbyk 190, sold by BYK).
  • Cationic surfactants include ammonium surfactants, substituted ammonium surfactants such as alkyl substituted ammonium surfactants, quaternary ammonium surfactants (e.g., ArquadsTM), pyridinium surfactants, or substituted pyridinium surfactants such as alkyl substituted pyridinium surfactants, are some examples that can be used herein.
  • cationic surfactants include, but are not limited to, octyltrimethylammonium bromide (OTAB), decyltrimethylammonium bromide (DeTAB), dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB), tetradecylpyridinium bromide (Ci4PyBr), cetylpyridinium bromide (Ci6PyBr), decyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (DeTPPB), dodecyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (DTPPB), hexamethylene-Bis- [N,N- dimethylammonium] bromide (12-6-12), pentamethylene-Bis-[N,N- dimethylammonium] bromide (12-5-12), or a mixture thereof.
  • a cationic surfactant having a single tailed cationic surfactant with a quaternary ammonium head group like OTAB, DTAB, tec. is preferred.
  • nonionic surfactants included in the dispersant(s) 106 include, but are not limited to, condensation products of alkyl phenols with ethylene oxide. Commercially available nonionic surfactants of this type include Igepal CO- 630, marketed by the GAF Corporation, and Triton X-45, X-114, X-100, and X-102, all marketed by the Dow Chemical Company.
  • nonionic surfactants included in the dispersant(s) 106 are condensation products of aliphatic alcohols with from about 1 to about 25 moles of ethylene oxide.
  • examples of commercially available nonionic surfactants of this type include Tergitol 15-S-9 (marketed by Union Carbide Corporation); Neodol 45-9, Neodol 23-6.5, Neodol 45-7 Neodol 45-4 marketed by Shell Chemical Company, and Kyro EOB marketed by The Procter & Gamble Company.
  • Other examples of nonionic surfactants included in the dispersant(s) 106 are condensation products of ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic base formed by the condensation of propylene oxide with p opylene glycol.
  • Examples of compounds of this type include certain of the commercially available Pluronic surfactants, marketed by BASF. Preferred examples are Pluronics F-127, Pluronic L35, Pluronic P105, etc. Other examples of nonionic surfactants included in the dispersant(s) 106 are the condensation products of ethylene oxide with the product resulting from the reaction of propylene oxide and ethylenediamine. Example of this type of nonionic surfactant include certain of the commercially available Tetronic compounds, marketed by BASF.
  • nonionic surfactants included in the dispersant(s) 106 are surfactants derived from sorbitan esters, commonly called Span®, and surfactants derived from ethoxylation (or polyoxyethylene) of sorbitan esters called Tween® (available from Croda) are also useful in practice of the current invention.
  • the one or more dispersants 106 may be present in the carrier fluid 102 at a weight percentage in a range from 0.05% to 5%. In some embodiments, the one or more dispersants 106 are present in the carrier fluid 102 at a weight percentage in a range from 0.1% to 2%.
  • Surfactants included as dispersant(s) 106 may have a hydrophilic- lipophilic balance (HLB) value of greater than ten (e.g., 10 to 20, 12 to 15). HLB value may be determined, for example, following Davies’ method discussed above.
  • the HLB value of a mixture of surfactants is the weighted average of HLB values of the individual surfactants, as also described above. For example, to achieve a surfactant mixture with an HLB value of 10, one may choose a 50/50 blend of two surfactants: Surfactant A with an HLB of 12 and Surfactant B with a lower HLB of 8. In this example, the blended HLB value is 10.
  • the viscosity modifier(s) 108 generally increase the viscosity of the composition 100.
  • the viscosity of the composition 100 with the viscosity modifier(s) 108 is greater than that of the carrier fluid 102 alone.
  • the viscosity modifier(s) 108 may slow the rate of separation of the relatively low-density polymer particles 104 from the higher density carrier fluid 102, for example, due to particle buoyancy.
  • Example viscosity modifiers 108 include, but are not limited to, sugars and synthetic polymers.
  • the viscosity modifiers 108 may include one or more polysaccharides.
  • the polysaccharides may include celluloses and/or their derivatives, such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (CMHEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose, sulfoethyl cellulose and its derivatives, ethyl hy oxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), methyl ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (MEHEC), and hydrophobically modified ethyl hydroxyethyl celluloses HM-EHEC, some of which are available from AkzoNobel.
  • CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
  • HEC hydroxyethyl cellulose
  • CHEC carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose
  • CHEC carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose
  • MEHEC methyl ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose
  • Polysaccharides also include cellulosic derivatives, including plant heteropolysaccharides commonly known as hemicelluloses which are by-products of the paper and pulp industry. Hemicelluloses include xylans, glucuronoxylans, arabinoxylans, glucomannans, and xyloglucans. Xylans are the most common heteropolysaccharide and are preferred in certain embodiments. Polysaccharides such as degradation products of cellulose, such as cellobiose are suitable for preparing viscosity modifier(s) 108. Polysaccharides also include inulin and its derivatives, such as carboxymethyl inulin.
  • the preferred cellulosic materials are carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (CMHEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose, ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), methyl ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (MEHEC), and hydrophobically modified ethyl hydroxy ethyl celluloses (HM-EHEC).
  • the polysaccharides are gums and gum derivatives.
  • Examples of gums suitable for use in this disclosure include, without limitation, agar, alginic acid, beta glucan, carrageenan, chicle gum, dammar gum, diutan gum, gellan gum, guar gum, gum arabic, gum ghatti, gum tragachanth, karava gum, locust bean gum, mastic gum, psyllium seed husks, sodium alginate, spruce gum, tara gum, xanthan gum, or combinations thereof.
  • a viscosity modifier 108 can be a homopolymer or a copolymer of an olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid or anhydride monomers containing at least one activated carbon to carbon olefinic double bond and at least one carboxyl group or an alkali soluble acrylic emulsion, or an associative thickener or stabilizer, such as a hydrophobically modified alkali soluble acrylic emulsion or a hydrophobically modified nonionic polyol polymer (e.g., a hydrophobically modified urethane polymer, or combinations thereof).
  • Homopolymers of polyacrylic acid are described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 2,798,053.
  • homopolymers which are useful include Carbopol® 934, 940, 941, Ultrez 10, ETD 2050, and 974P polymers, which are available from The B.F. Goodrich Company.
  • Such polymers are homopolymers of unsaturated, polymerizable carboxylic monomers such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, maleic anhydride, and the like.
  • Hydrophobically modified polyacrylic acid polymers are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,915,921, 4,421,902, 4,509,949, 4,923,940, 4,996,274, 5,004,598, and 5,349,030.
  • Hydrophobically modified urethane polymers can also be used as viscosity modifier(s) 108. Examples of such polymer are disclosed in E.P. 2,444,432 B1.
  • the viscosity modifier(s) 108 can be associative thickeners or stabilizers, such as a hydrophobically modified alkali soluble acrylic emulsion or a hydrophobically modified nonionic polyol polymer (e.g., a hydrophobically modified urethane polymer, or combinations thereof).
  • Example viscosity modifiers 108 include, but are not limited to, guar gum, diutan gum, welan gum, Rheobyk-H-6500 VF (manufactured by BYK). The one or more viscosity modifiers 108 may be present in the carrier fluid 102 at a weight percentage in a range from 0.05% to 10%.
  • FIG.3 shows an example process 300 for preparing the composition 100 of FIG. 1.
  • the process 300 may begin at step 302 where polymer particles 104 are prepared or obtained.
  • polymer particles 104 may be prepared by any appropriate method for achieving the properties described above with respect to FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • polymer particles 104 may be prepared by cryo- grinding a bulk piece of polymer material.
  • Cryo-grinding may include cooling the bulk polymer material to a low temperature (e.g., using liquid nitrogen) and grinding the cooled and hardened material to achieve polymer particles 104.
  • dispersant(s) 106 are prepared or obtained.
  • commercially available dispersant(s) 106 may be obtained.
  • one or more chemical reactions starting from a precursor material may be performed to prepare a dispersant 106 with desired properties.
  • one or more surfactants may be prepared for use as dispersants 106 usi any known method (e.g., U.S. Patent No. 4,298,730 discloses the process for the preparation of a surfactant mixture containing sucrose mono- and di-esters with high HLB values).
  • Surfactants may be prepared or obtained to have an HLB value of greater than ten. In some embodiments, surfactants are prepared or obtained to provide an HLB value from ten to twenty. In some embodiments, surfactants are prepared or obtained to provide an HLB value from eleven to fifteen. In another embodiment, a mixture of surfactants is prepared to provide the desired HLB value suitable for obtaining a stable slurry composition.
  • viscosity modifier(s) 108 are prepared or obtained. For example, commercially available viscosity modifier(s) 108 may be obtained. In some cases, one or more chemical reactions starting from a precursor material may be performed to prepare a viscosity modifier 108 with desired properties.
  • dispersant(s) 106 are added to the carrier fluid 102.
  • viscosity modifier(s) 108 are added to the carrier fluid 102.
  • polymer particles 104 are added to the carrier fluid 102.
  • the resulting composition 100 may be stirred and/or agitated to disperse the polymer particles 104 in the carrier fluid 102.
  • the resulting composition 100 is provided to a hydrocarbon pipeline.
  • the composition 100 may be injected into a pipeline used to transport crude oil. Addition of the composition 100 reduces drag and improves the flow of the crude oil through the pipeline, for example, by reducing pressure drop along the length of the pipeline.
  • Method 300 may include more, fewer, or other steps. For example, steps may be performed in parallel or in any suitable order.
  • one or more components of the composition 100 may be added the carrier fluid 102 in parallel (see, e.g., steps 308-312).
  • Components may be added to separate portions of carrier fluid 102, or other solvents, and these mixtures may be combined to prepare the composition 100.
  • Preparation and Rheological Measurement of Samples [0038] Preparation of slurry sa ples: Different sample compositions were prepared by combining different carrier fluids, polymer particles, dispersants, and viscosity modifiers, as shown in TABLES 1-8 below. The same general approach was used to prepare the various example compositions. Disperbyk-190, Rheobyk-H, and sorbitane monooleate were diluted in water to 10 wt% for ease of handling. Water, dispersant(s), and viscosity modifier(s) were weighed into 4-dram vials.
  • Calcium stearate-coated polydecene particles were added as polymer particles in portions, and mixing was performed via vortexing between the addition of portions of the particles. When used as a co-dispersant, sorbitane monooleate was added last. Initial mixing was accomplished with a vortex mixer for a predefined period of time (e.g., 60 seconds. Final mixing was done with a one-quarter-inch diameter rotor-stator mixer at a relatively high rate (e.g., in a range from 0 to 35,000 RPM) for about 40 seconds. The resulting compositions were evaluated by drag reduction measurements, shear rheology measurements, and/or allowed to stand undisturbed to observe stability over a period of 7 days.
  • Drag reduction (DR) measurements Drag reduction efficiency of various polymers was measured by flowing a dilute solution of a polymer through a flow tube.
  • the length of the tube was 74.4 inches with an internal diameter of 0.18 inches, and the solvent was transported through the tube under 2.6 psi pressure to generate turbulent flow conditions.
  • the typical solvent flow rate was between 150-175 m 3 /sec.
  • the Reynold's number (Re) under these flow conditions was 12,000-15,000.
  • a known amount of solvent usually about 400 mL
  • Hexane was used as the solvent in the data reported below.
  • Example 1 Improved DRA Slurry Composition 1
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 1 includes polydecene particles in water with Disperbyk-190 and sorbitane monooleate used as co-dispersants and Rheobyk-H as the viscosity modifier.
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 1 was prepared using the method described in Section A above. The concentrations of each component in the Example DRA Slurry Composition 1 are provided in TABLE 1 below.
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 2 achieved a 51% drag reduction in hexane.
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 1 remained a stable suspension for at least seven days.
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 1 Formulation Wt% Carrier Fluid Water 61.95% Dispersant 1 Disperbyk-190 0.25% Dispersant 2 Sorbitane Monooleate 0.5% Viscosity Modifier Rheobyk-H 6500 VF 0.3% Calcium stearate-coated polydecene cryopowder 37% (sieved at 354 ⁇ m) Drag Reduction at 1 ppm in Hexane 51% C.
  • Example 2 Improved DRA Slurry Composition 2
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 2 includes polydecene particles in a water-Dowanol (84:16) mixture with Disperbyk-190 as the dispersant and Rheobyk-H as the viscosity modifier.
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 2 was prepared using the method described in Section A above. The concentrations of each component in the Example DRA Slurry Composition 2 are provided in TABLE 2 below.
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 2 achieved a 45.5% drag reduction in hexane.
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 2 remained a stable suspension for at least seven days.
  • TABLE 2 Example DRA Slurry Composition 2 Formulation Wt% [0 .
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 3 includes polydecene particles in a water-glycol ether (84:16) mixture with Disperbyk-190 as the dispersant and Rheobyk- H as the viscosity modifier.
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 3 was prepared using the method described in Section A above. The concentrations of each component in the Example DRA Slurry Composition 3 are provided in TABLE 3 below.
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 3 achieved a 48.3% drag reduction in hexane.
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 1 remained a stable suspension for at least seven days.
  • TABLE 3 Example DRA Slurry Composition 3 Formulation Wt% [0045]
  • FIG. 5 shows a plot 500 of ear viscosity as a function of shear rate for Example DRA Slurry Composition 3. The stable rheology results of FIG.5 demonstrate that Example DRA Slurry Composition 3 is stable from low to high shear rates.
  • Example 4 Improved DRA Slurry Composition 4
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 4 includes polydecene particles in water with Disperbyk-145 as the dispersant and Rheobyk-H as the viscosity modifier.
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 4 was prepared using the method described in Section A above. The concentrations of each component in the Example DRA Slurry Composition 4 are provided in TABLE 4 below. Example DRA Slurry Composition 4 remained a stable suspension for at least seven days. TABLE 4: Example DRA Slurry Composition 4 Formulation Wt% F.
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 5 includes polydecene particles in water with a combination of Disperbyk-190 and sodium dodecyl sulfate used as co- dispersants and welan gum used as the viscosity modifier.
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 5 was prepared using the method described in Section A above. The concentrations of each component in the Example DRA Slurry Composition 5 are provided in TABLE 5 below. Example DRA Slurry Composition 5 remained a stable suspension for at least seven days.
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 6 includes polydecene particles in water with a combination of Tergitol 15-S-9 and sodium dodecyl sulfate used as co- dispersants and Welan gum used as the viscosity modifier.
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 6 was prepared using the method described in Section A above. The concentrations of each component in the Example DRA Slurry Composition 6 are provided in TABLE 6 below. Example DRA Slurry Composition 6 remained a stable suspension for at least seven days. The HLB value for Example DRA Slurry Composition 6 was 20. TABLE 6: Example DRA Slurry Composition 6 Formulation Wt% [ e for Example DRA Slurry Composition 6. The stable rheology results of FIG.7 demonstrate that Example DRA Slurry Composition 6 is stable from low to high shear rates. Similar to as described for Example DRA Slurry Composition 5, the plot 700 displays a steeper slope than is observed in FIGS.4 and 5. In some use cases, an increased slope of shear viscosity vs.
  • Example 7 Improved DRA Slurry Composition 7
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 7 includes polydecene particles in a water-glycol ether (85:15) mixture with Calfax 16L-35 used as the dispersant and guar gum used as the viscosity modifier.
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 7 was prepared using the method described in Section A above. The concentrations of each component in the Example DRA Slurry Composition 7 are provided in TABLE 7 below.
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 7 remained a stable suspension for at least seven days.
  • TABLE 7 Example DRA Slurry Composition 7 Formulation Wt% d [0052] FIG.
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 8 shows a plot 800 of shear viscosity as a function of shear rate for Example DRA Slurry Composition 7.
  • the stable rheology results of FIG.8 demonstrate that Example DRA Slurry Composition 7 is stable from low to high shear rates.
  • Example 8 Improved DRA Slu ry Composition 8
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 8 includes polydecene particles in water with Pluronic F-127 and Tergitol 15-S-9 used as co-dispersants and Diutan gum used as the viscosity modifier.
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 8 was prepared using the method described in Section A above. The concentrations of each component in the Example DRA Slurry Composition 8 are provided in TABLE 8 below.
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 8 achieved a 50% drag reduction in hexane.
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 8 remained a stable suspension for at least seven days.
  • the HLB value for Example DRA Slurry Composition 8 was 18.
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 8 Formulation Wt% [0054]
  • FIG. 9 shows a plot 900 of shear viscosity as a function of shear rate for Example DRA Slurry Composition 8. The stable rheology results of FIG.9 demonstrate that Example DRA Slurry Composition 8 is stable from low to high shear rates. J.
  • FIG. 10 shows a plot 1000 of shear viscosity as a function of shear rate for a previous DRA slurry that includes polydecene particles in water with polycarbonate copolymer Dispex CX-4230 and Welan gum.
  • the HLB value of Dispex CX- 4230 was determined to be >24.
  • the previous DRA slurry is not stable at higher shear rates and breaks down just after a shear rate of 10 s -1 .
  • FIG. 11 shows a plot 1100 of rheograms of stress versus shear rate for the previous DRA slurry and the Example DRA Slurry Composition 1. Yield stress was measured on a rotational rheometer by fitting the measured rheograms of shear stress versus shear rate data shown in plot 1100 to the Herschel-Bulkley model and extrapolating to zero shear rate. As shown in FIG.11, the previous DRA slurry had a relatively high yield stress of 520 Pa, while the Example DRA Slurry Composition 1 had an improved and relatively low yield stress of 65 Pa. K.
  • FIG.12 illustrates the impact of including various components on the shear stability of the compositions.
  • results of the viscosity measurements shown in FIG.12 show that the 30 wt% particle slurry dispersed using only the single dispersant Disperbyk-190 at 0.25 wt% in water is only stable at very low shear rates and breaks down when sheared above 10 s -1 .
  • This sample does not have stable flow behavior.
  • the addition of a small amount of a polyurethane based viscosity modifier (Rheobyk-H) increases the shear stability to a range that has useful applications.
  • the addition of the co-dispersant sorbitane monooleate, which is a nonionic surfactant further improves the shear flow behavior.
  • Example DRA Slurry Composition 1 is stable from low to high shear rates, as described above.
  • L. Example Impact of HLB Value on Performance as DRA [0058] The impact of HLB value on slurry stability was tested. A first sample was prepared with to 0.1 wt% Pluronic F-127 in water (HLB ⁇ 18) with about 5 g of PAO particles. A second sample was prepared with 0.1 wt% Dispex CX-4230 in water ( ⁇ HLB > 24; calculated using Davies m hod) with about 5 g of PAO particles. Both samples mixed by vortex mixing for about 60 seconds, and the stabilities of the particle dispersions were monitored for 30 minutes.
  • FIG.13A shows an image 1300 of the first sample 30 minutes after vortexing
  • FIG. 13B shows an image 1350 of the second sample 30 minutes after vortexing.
  • the first sample dispersion with the HLB value of about 18 remained stable with the PAO particles evenly dispersed in the slurry (FIG. 13A), while the particle separation was observed in the second sample (FIG. 13B). Particle separation was observed in the second sample in less than ten seconds.
  • Modifications, additions, or omissions may be made to the systems, apparatuses, and methods described herein.
  • the components of the systems and apparatuses may be integrated or separated. Moreover, the operations of the systems and apparatuses may be performed by more, fewer, or other components.
  • each refers to each member of a set or each member of a subset of a set.
  • “or” is inclusive and not exclusive, unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Therefore, herein, “A or B” means “A, B, or both,” unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Moreover, “and” is both joint and several, unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Therefore, herein, “A and B” means “A and B, jointly or severally,” unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context.
  • references in the appended claims to an apparatus or system or a component of an appar s or system being adapted to, arranged to, capable of, configured to, enabled to, operable to, or operative to perform a particular function encompasses that apparatus, system, component, whether or not it or that particular function is activated, turned on, or unlocked, as long as that apparatus, system, or component is so adapted, arranged, capable, configured, enabled, operable, or operative.
  • this disclosure describes or illustrates particular embodiments as providing particular advantages, particular embodiments may provide none, some, or all of these advantages.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne une composition destinée à être utilisée en tant qu'agent réducteur de traînée pour la récupération d'hydrocarbures. La présente invention concerne en outre un procédé de production de la composition destinée à être utilisée en tant qu'agent réducteur de traînée. La présente invention concerne de plus un procédé de transport d'hydrocarbures comprenant la fourniture d'une composition selon la présente invention. La composition selon la présente invention comprend un fluide porteur, une pluralité de particules polymères dispersées dans le fluide porteur, un ou plusieurs dispersants dissous ou dispersés dans le fluide porteur et un ou plusieurs modificateurs de viscosité dissous ou dispersés dans le fluide porteur.
PCT/US2023/022411 2022-05-26 2023-05-16 Boues aqueuses réductrices de traînée pour la récupération d'hydrocarbures WO2023229882A1 (fr)

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Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1219940A (zh) * 1996-03-19 1999-06-16 能源及环境国际有限公司 聚α－烯烃减阻剂的组合物及制备方法
CN101037507A (zh) * 2007-04-09 2007-09-19 中国石油化工集团公司 一种多功能减阻聚合物悬浮液的制备方法
CN101379160A (zh) * 2006-02-08 2009-03-04 贝克休斯公司 稳定化且凝固保护的聚合物减阻剂悬浮液
US20140039229A1 (en) * 2010-08-23 2014-02-06 Flowchem, Ltd. Drag Reducing Compositions and Methods of Manufacture and Use
US20160305613A1 (en) * 2006-12-22 2016-10-20 Lubrizol Specialty Products Inc. Drag reduction of asphaltenic crude oils

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1219940A (zh) * 1996-03-19 1999-06-16 能源及环境国际有限公司 聚α－烯烃减阻剂的组合物及制备方法
CN101379160A (zh) * 2006-02-08 2009-03-04 贝克休斯公司 稳定化且凝固保护的聚合物减阻剂悬浮液
US20160305613A1 (en) * 2006-12-22 2016-10-20 Lubrizol Specialty Products Inc. Drag reduction of asphaltenic crude oils
CN101037507A (zh) * 2007-04-09 2007-09-19 中国石油化工集团公司 一种多功能减阻聚合物悬浮液的制备方法
US20140039229A1 (en) * 2010-08-23 2014-02-06 Flowchem, Ltd. Drag Reducing Compositions and Methods of Manufacture and Use

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