WO2023167138A1 - 電気化学素子の運転方法 - Google Patents
電気化学素子の運転方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023167138A1 WO2023167138A1 PCT/JP2023/007056 JP2023007056W WO2023167138A1 WO 2023167138 A1 WO2023167138 A1 WO 2023167138A1 JP 2023007056 W JP2023007056 W JP 2023007056W WO 2023167138 A1 WO2023167138 A1 WO 2023167138A1
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 124
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 113
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 56
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 56
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- 150000004056 anthraquinones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 25
- PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthraquinone Natural products CCC(=O)c1c(O)c2C(=O)C3C(C=CC=C3O)C(=O)c2cc1CC(=O)OC PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 95
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- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 13
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- -1 for example Substances 0.000 description 8
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- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- PCCVSPMFGIFTHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracyanoquinodimethane Chemical compound N#CC(C#N)=C1C=CC(=C(C#N)C#N)C=C1 PCCVSPMFGIFTHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IQQRAVYLUAZUGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chemical compound CCCCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 IQQRAVYLUAZUGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HQJLEFDAYKUXSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione Chemical compound OC1=C(O)C(=O)C=CC1=O HQJLEFDAYKUXSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NADHCXOXVRHBHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dimethoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione Chemical compound COC1=C(OC)C(=O)C=CC1=O NADHCXOXVRHBHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-O hydron;1,3-oxazole Chemical compound C1=COC=[NH+]1 ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
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- YPJUNDFVDDCYIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N perfluorobutyric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F YPJUNDFVDDCYIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O phosphonium Chemical compound [PH4+] XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
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- STOSPPMGXZPHKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachlorohydroquinone Chemical compound OC1=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C(O)C(Cl)=C1Cl STOSPPMGXZPHKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 125000001425 triazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M triflate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/32—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by electrical effects other than those provided for in group B01D61/00
- B01D53/326—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by electrical effects other than those provided for in group B01D61/00 in electrochemical cells
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/135—Carbon
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
- B01D53/62—Carbon oxides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/042—Electrodes formed of a single material
- C25B11/048—Organic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
- C25B15/02—Process control or regulation
- C25B15/023—Measuring, analysing or testing during electrolytic production
- C25B15/025—Measuring, analysing or testing during electrolytic production of electrolyte parameters
- C25B15/033—Conductivity
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2253/00—Adsorbents used in seperation treatment of gases and vapours
- B01D2253/20—Organic adsorbents
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2253/00—Adsorbents used in seperation treatment of gases and vapours
- B01D2253/20—Organic adsorbents
- B01D2253/202—Polymeric adsorbents
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
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- B01D2257/50—Carbon oxides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01D2258/06—Polluted air
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for operating an electrochemical device.
- a main object of the present invention is to provide a method of operating an electrochemical device capable of efficiently separating and recovering a predetermined gas while saving energy.
- a method of operating an electrochemical device includes a functional electrode containing a first active material and a counter electrode containing a second active material, and A method of operating an electrochemical device comprising: supplying the predetermined gas to the functional electrode and applying a first adsorption voltage to the functional electrode; and applying the predetermined gas to the functional electrode switching the first clamping voltage to a second clamping voltage that is greater than the first clamping voltage while maintaining the supply of .
- the first adsorption voltage may be switched to the second adsorption voltage based on the current value flowing through the electrochemical device.
- the predetermined gas may be carbon dioxide
- the first active material contains anthraquinone.
- the second active material may contain polyvinylferrocene
- the first adsorption voltage may be 1.2 V or more and less than 1.6 V
- the second adsorption voltage may be may be greater than or equal to 1.6V.
- the average adsorption voltage per unit time may be 1.4 V or less.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of an electrochemical device according to an electrochemical device operating method according to one embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view in a direction parallel to the cell extending direction of the electrochemical device of FIG. 1
- FIG. 3 is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional view of a main part in a direction perpendicular to the cell extending direction of the electrochemical device of FIGS. 1 and 2
- FIG. 4 is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional view of a main part of an electrochemical device according to another embodiment of the present invention in a direction perpendicular to the cell extending direction
- FIG. 6 is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional view of a main part in a direction perpendicular to the cell extending direction of an electrochemical device according to still another embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 6 is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional view of a main part in a direction perpendicular to the cell extending direction of an electrochemical device according to still another embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 6 is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional view of a main part in a direction perpendicular to the cell extending direction of an electrochemical device according to still another embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a process flow diagram illustrating a method of operating an electrochemical device according to one embodiment of the present invention
- a method of operating an electrochemical device uses an electrochemical device configured to adsorb and release a given gas (e.g., carbon dioxide) from a gas mixture by an electrochemical process. It separates and recovers gas (for example, carbon dioxide).
- a given gas e.g., carbon dioxide
- FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of an electrochemical device according to an electrochemical device operating method of one embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is parallel to the direction in which the cells of the electrochemical device of FIG. 1 extend
- FIG. 3 is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional view of essential parts in a direction perpendicular to the cell extending direction of the electrochemical device of FIGS. 1 and 2.
- FIG. The illustrated electrochemical device 100 comprises a functional electrode 50 and a counter electrode 60 .
- the functional electrode includes a first active material and is configured to capture and release a predetermined gas (eg, carbon dioxide).
- a predetermined gas eg, carbon dioxide
- Anthraquinone is typically used as the first active material. Anthraquinone can recover (capture, adsorb) and release carbon dioxide through an electrochemical reaction, which will be described later.
- Anthraquinones may be polyanthraquinones (ie, polymers). Examples of polyanthraquinone include poly(1,4-anthraquinone), poly(1,5-anthraquinone), poly(1,8-anthraquinone) and poly(2,6-anthraquinone) represented by the following formula (I): ). These may be used alone or in combination.
- any suitable material other than anthraquinone can be used as the first active material as long as it can recover and release (especially, recover) a predetermined gas (eg, carbon dioxide).
- a predetermined gas eg, carbon dioxide
- Such substances include, for example, tetrachlorohydroquinone (TCHQ), hydroquinone (HQ), dimethoxybenzoquinone (DMBQ), naphthoquinone (NQ), tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), dihydroxybenzoquinone (DHBQ), and these polymers.
- the functional electrode may further contain a substrate.
- substrate refers to a component that shapes the electrode (layer) and maintains its shape. Further, the substrate can carry the first active material.
- Substrates are typically electrically conductive. Substrates include, for example, carbonaceous materials. Carbonaceous materials include, for example, carbon nanotubes (eg, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes), carbon black, Ketjen Black, carbon black Super P, or graphene. By using such a carbonaceous material as a substrate, electron transfer can be easily performed, so that the oxidation-reduction reaction of the first active material can be performed satisfactorily.
- the average pore size of the substrate is preferably 2 nm to 50 nm, more preferably 2 nm to 20 nm, and even more preferably 3 nm to 10 nm. If the average pore size is too small, it may not be possible to support the first active material inside. If the average pore size is too large, the first active material may fall off during operation of the functional electrode.
- the average pore size of the substrate can vary depending on the first active material. For example, when naphthoquinone is used as the first active material, the average pore diameter is preferably about 2/3 of the above size. The average pore diameter can be calculated using, for example, BJH analysis in the nitrogen gas adsorption method.
- the content of the first active material in the functional electrode may be, for example, 10% to 70% by mass, or may be, for example, 20% to 50% by mass, relative to the total mass of the functional electrode. If the content of the first active material is within this range, good gas recovery/release performance can be achieved.
- the counter electrode can function as an electron source for reduction of the first active material and can function as an electron acceptor during oxidation of the first active material. That is, the counter electrode plays a supporting role for the functional electrode to function well.
- the counter electrode includes a second active material. Any appropriate material can be used as the second active material as long as it can transfer electrons to and from the functional electrode. Examples of the second active material include polyvinylferrocene and poly(3-(4-fluorophenyl))thiophene. Since the counter electrode has the highest potential, it is required to be resistant to oxidation by oxygen in the gas mixture. A carbon material may be used as the second active material if oxidation resistance can be obtained.
- the counter electrode may further contain a substrate.
- the substrate is as described in section A-1 above regarding the functional electrode.
- the second active material is dispersed in the matrix. By dispersing the second active material in the substrate, excellent electronic conductivity within the electrode can be achieved.
- the counter electrode may further contain an ionic liquid.
- the counter electrode By including the ionic liquid in the counter electrode, the counter electrode can function three-dimensionally, and the electron transfer capacity can be increased.
- Any appropriate ionic liquid can be used as the ionic liquid depending on the purpose, the configuration of the electrochemical device, and the like.
- Ionic liquids can typically include an anionic component and a cationic component. Examples of the anion component of the ionic liquid include halides, sulfuric acid, sulfonic acid, carbonic acid, bicarbonic acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, PF 6 ⁇ , BF 4 ⁇ , triflate, nonaflate, bis(triflyl).
- Cationic components of ionic liquids include, for example, imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, phosphonium, ammonium, sulfonium, thiazolium, pyrazolium, piperidinium, triazolium, pyrazolium, oxazolium, guanazinium, and dialkylmorpholinium.
- the ionic liquid can be, for example, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim] + [BF 4 ] ⁇ ).
- the gas species to be separated and recovered is carbon dioxide, it is preferable to use a non-aqueous ionic liquid because water may be electrolyzed due to the potential window.
- the content of the second active material in the counter electrode may be, for example, 10% to 90% by mass, and may be, for example, 30% to 70% by mass, relative to the total mass of the counter electrode. If the content of the second active material is within such a range, the amount of electrolytic solution (ionic liquid) used can be reduced, and the second active material in the counter electrode can be effectively utilized. .
- the counter electrode contains an ionic liquid
- its content may be, for example, 10% to 90% by weight, and may be, for example, 30% to 70% by weight, relative to the total weight of the counter electrode. . If the content of the ionic liquid is within this range, the electrolytic solution (ionic liquid) can be continuously supplied to the functional electrode over a long period of time.
- A-3 Support
- functional electrode 50 and counter electrode 60 are supported on support 80 .
- the support 80 has an outer peripheral wall 10; and a partition wall 40 disposed inside the outer peripheral wall 10 and defining a plurality of cells 30, 30, . .
- the plurality of cells 30, 30, . . . have a first cell 30a and a second cell 30b.
- a functional electrode 50 containing a first active material is formed on the surface of the partition wall 40 that defines the first cell 30a.
- a gas flow path 70 is formed in the central portion (that is, the portion where the functional electrode 50 is not formed) of the cross section in the direction orthogonal to the cell extending direction of the first cell 30a.
- the functional electrode 50 may be formed on the entire surface of the partition 40 (that is, so as to surround the gas flow path 70) as in the illustrated example, or may be formed on a part of the surface of the partition. Considering gas separation/recovery efficiency, the functional electrode 50 is preferably formed on the entire surface of the partition wall 40 .
- the thickness of the functional electrode 50 can be, for example, 20 ⁇ m to 300 ⁇ m, and can be, for example, 100 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m. If the thickness of the functional electrode is within such a range, it is possible to secure a desired gas flow path while maintaining good gas recovery/release performance.
- the functional electrode 50 can be formed, for example, by applying a functional electrode-forming material containing a first active material, a substrate, and a binding binder to the partition wall surface under reduced pressure and heat treatment.
- a counter electrode 60 containing a second active material is arranged inside the second cell 30b.
- a second cell 30 b is typically filled with a counter electrode 60 .
- the electrolytic solution ionic liquid
- the counter electrode 60 is formed, for example, by disposing a counter electrode forming material containing a second active material, a substrate, preferably an ionic liquid, and optionally a solvent or dispersion medium in the cell (typically by filling the cells).
- the arrangement pattern of the first cells 30a and the second cells 30b can be appropriately set according to the purpose as long as the effects of the embodiment of the present invention can be obtained.
- the first cells 30a and the second cells 30b are arranged alternately (ie, in a checkerboard pattern). With such a configuration, the counter electrode can function well, so that the electrochemical reaction in the functional electrode can be performed well.
- the ratio of the second cells 30b in the plurality of cells 30, 30, . That is, the ratio of the first cells 30a (substantially, the functional electrodes 50 and the gas flow paths 70) may be increased.
- the second cells 30b are arranged so as not to be adjacent to each other.
- the first cells 30a may be arranged adjacent to each other.
- "not adjacent to each other” means that two cells do not share each edge or vertex of the partition wall that defines each cell.
- a first cell 30a may typically share a partition 40 with at least one second cell 30b.
- the second cells 30b may be arranged as shown in FIGS. 4-7, respectively.
- the cells 30, 30, . . . have any suitable cross-sectional shape in the direction perpendicular to the extending direction of the cells.
- partition walls 40 defining cells are orthogonal to each other, and cells having a quadrangular (square in the illustrated example) cross-sectional shape are defined except for the portion in contact with the outer peripheral wall 10 .
- the cross-sectional shapes of the cells are identically shaped quadrilaterals (eg, squares, rectangles, parallelograms, rhombuses).
- the cross-sectional shape of the cell may be circular, elliptical, triangular, pentagonal, polygonal with hexagon or more, etc., in addition to square.
- the cross-sectional shape of the cells is hexagonal.
- the cell density (that is, the number of cells 30, 30, . . . per unit area) in the direction orthogonal to the cell extending direction can be appropriately set according to the purpose.
- Cell densities can be, for example, between 4 cells/cm 2 and 320 cells/cm 2 . If the cell density is within this range, the contact area between the gas mixture (substantially, the gas to be separated and recovered) at a predetermined flow rate and the functional electrode can be made very large. As a result, a predetermined gas (for example, carbon dioxide) can be separated and recovered with extremely high efficiency.
- a predetermined gas for example, carbon dioxide
- the mounting density of a flat gas separation element in which a functional electrode and a counter electrode are opposed to each other with a separator interposed therebetween is about 0.2 m 2 / L.
- a mounting density of about L (about 10 times) can be secured.
- a given gas e.g., carbon dioxide
- DAC Direct Air Capture
- the support 80 is typically composed of a porous body containing insulating ceramics.
- Insulating ceramics typically contain cordierite, alumina, or silicon carbide and silicon (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a silicon carbide-silicon composite).
- the ceramic contains cordierite, alumina, silicon carbide and silicon in a total amount of, for example, 90% by mass or more, or, for example, 95% by mass or more. With such a configuration, the volume resistivity of the outer peripheral wall and the partition wall at 400° C. can be made sufficiently high, and leak current due to electronic conductivity can be suppressed. Therefore, only desired electrochemical reactions can be favorably performed over the entire functional electrode 50 and counter electrode 60 .
- Ceramics may contain substances other than silicon carbide-silicon composites. Such substances include, for example, strontium.
- a silicon carbide-silicon composite typically contains silicon carbide particles as an aggregate and silicon as a binder that binds the silicon carbide particles.
- silicon carbide-silicon composite material for example, a plurality of silicon carbide particles are bonded together by silicon such that pores (voids) are formed between the silicon carbide particles. That is, the partition wall 40 and the outer peripheral wall 10 containing the silicon carbide-silicon composite material can be porous bodies, for example.
- the content ratio of silicon in the silicon carbide-silicon composite material is preferably 10% by mass to 40% by mass, more preferably 15% by mass to 35% by mass. If the content ratio of silicon is too small, the strength of the outer peripheral wall and partition walls may be insufficient. If the content ratio of silicon is too high, the outer peripheral wall and the partition walls may not retain their shape during firing.
- the average particle size of the silicon carbide particles is preferably 3 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m, more preferably 3 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m, and still more preferably 10 ⁇ m to 35 ⁇ m. If the average particle size of the silicon carbide particles is within such a range, the volume resistivity of the outer peripheral wall and the partition wall can be set within the appropriate range as described above. If the average particle size of the silicon carbide particles is too large, the molding die may be clogged with the raw material when molding the outer peripheral wall and the partition walls.
- the average particle size of silicon carbide particles can be measured, for example, by a laser diffraction method.
- the average pore diameter of the support 80 is preferably 2 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, more preferably 10 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m. If the average pore size of the outer peripheral wall and the partition walls is within such a range, the ionic liquid can be satisfactorily impregnated. If the average pore diameter is too large, the carbonaceous material in the counter electrode or functional electrode may flow into the partition wall, resulting in internal short circuit. Average pore size can be measured, for example, by a mercury porosimeter.
- the porosity of the support 80 (the outer peripheral wall 10 and the partition walls 40) is preferably 15% to 60%, more preferably 30% to 45%. If the porosity is too small, deformation of the outer peripheral wall and partition walls during firing may increase. If the porosity is too high, the strength of the outer peripheral wall and partition walls may be insufficient. Porosity can be measured, for example, by a mercury porosimeter.
- the thickness of the partition wall 40 can be appropriately set according to the purpose.
- the thickness of the partition wall 40 is, for example, 50 ⁇ m to 1.0 mm, and can be, for example, 70 ⁇ m to 600 ⁇ m. If the thickness of the partition wall is within such a range, the mechanical strength of the electrochemical device can be made sufficient, and the opening area (the total area of the cells in the cross section) can be made sufficient. , the gas separation and recovery efficiency can be significantly improved.
- the density of the partition walls 40 can be appropriately set according to the purpose.
- the density of the partition walls 40 can be, for example, 0.5 g/cm 3 to 5.0 g/cm 3 . If the density of the partition wall is within this range, the weight of the electrochemical device can be reduced and the mechanical strength can be made sufficient. Density can be measured, for example, by the Archimedes method.
- the thickness of the outer peripheral wall 10 is greater than the thickness of the partition wall 40 in one embodiment of the present invention. With such a configuration, it is possible to suppress breakage, breakage, cracking, etc. of the outer peripheral wall due to external force.
- the thickness of the outer peripheral wall 10 is, for example, 0.1 mm to 5 mm, and can be, for example, 0.3 mm to 2 mm.
- the gaps of the partition wall 40 and the outer peripheral wall 10 are impregnated with an ionic liquid.
- the partition wall and the outer peripheral wall (especially the partition wall) can function well as a separator between the functional electrode and the counter electrode.
- the ionic liquid contained in the functional electrode is the same as the ionic liquid contained in the outer peripheral wall and partition walls (especially partition walls). With such a configuration, the manufacturing of the electrochemical device is simple and easy, and adverse effects on the electrochemical reaction of the functional electrode can be prevented.
- the shape of the electrochemical element can be designed appropriately according to the purpose.
- the electrochemical element 100 in the illustrated example has a columnar shape (the cross-sectional shape in the direction perpendicular to the extending direction of the cell is circular), but the electrochemical element has, for example, an elliptical or polygonal (for example, square, pentagonal, Hexagonal, octagonal) columnar shapes may also be used.
- the length of the electrochemical element can be appropriately set according to the purpose.
- the length of the electrochemical element can be, for example, 5 mm to 500 mm.
- the diameter of the electrochemical device can be appropriately set according to the purpose.
- the diameter of the electrochemical element can be, for example, 20 mm to 500 mm.
- the diameter of the maximum inscribed circle inscribed in the cross-sectional shape (for example, polygon) of the electrochemical element can be used as the diameter of the electrochemical element.
- the aspect ratio (diameter:length) of the electrochemical device is, for example, 1:12 or less, or, for example, 1:5 or less, or, for example, 1:1 or less. If the aspect ratio is within such a range, the collector resistance can be set within an appropriate range.
- one electrochemical element 100 is illustrated to describe the configuration of the electrochemical element 100, but a plurality of electrochemical elements may be used in one embodiment of the present invention.
- the plurality of electrochemical elements may be arranged in the extending direction of the cell so that the gas channels communicate with each other.
- a plurality of rows of electrochemical elements aligned in the cell extending direction may be arranged in a direction orthogonal to the cell extending direction.
- the electrochemical device 100 includes a support 80 having a plurality of cells 30, and the support 80 supports the functional electrode 50 and the counter electrode 60.
- the electrochemical element may include a plurality of flat gas separation elements in which a functional electrode and a counter electrode are opposed to each other via a separator, spaced apart from each other in a direction parallel to the thickness direction of the gas separation elements.
- Examples of such an electrochemical device include an electrochemical cell described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 2018-533470.
- A-4. Electrochemical Reaction An outline of the operation of the electrochemical device 100 will be described. For example, a case where the gas to be separated and recovered is carbon dioxide, the first active material of the functional electrode 50 contains anthraquinone, and the second active material of the counter electrode 60 contains polyvinylferrocene will be described. Anthraquinone in the functional electrode 50 can be reduced when a positive voltage is applied as the adsorption voltage in the charge mode (the functional electrode is the negative electrode).
- polyvinylferrocene of the counter electrode 60 can be oxidized. That is, polyvinylferrocene can function as an electron source for the reduction of anthraquinone in charging mode.
- the anthraquinone of the functional electrode 50 can be oxidized in the discharge mode (the functional electrode is the positive electrode) when a negative voltage is applied as an emission voltage having a polarity opposite to that of the adsorption voltage.
- polyvinylferrocene of the counter electrode 60 can be reduced. That is, polyvinylferrocene can function as an electron acceptor during the oxidation of anthraquinone in discharge mode.
- the electrochemical device (essentially, the functional electrode) can capture (capture, adsorb) and release carbon dioxide.
- the electrochemical device can capture (capture, adsorb) and release carbon dioxide.
- carbon dioxide can be separated and recovered (captured) from the gas mixture by utilizing anthraquinone in its reduced state in charge mode.
- the electrochemical device 100 can recover carbon dioxide.
- a method for operating an electrochemical device supplies a predetermined gas (e.g., carbon dioxide) to a functional electrode and applies a first adsorption voltage to the functional electrode. and switching the first adsorption voltage to a second adsorption voltage greater than the first adsorption voltage while maintaining a supply of a predetermined gas (eg, carbon dioxide) to the functional electrode.
- a predetermined gas e.g., carbon dioxide
- the step of applying the first adsorption voltage to the functional electrode and the step of switching the first adsorption voltage to the second adsorption voltage are gas adsorption steps for adsorbing a predetermined gas (for example, carbon dioxide) to the functional electrode. be.
- a predetermined gas for example, carbon dioxide
- exhaust gas from factories and thermal power plants contains about 10% carbon dioxide.
- Carbon concentration can be reduced to 0.1% or less.
- FIG. 8 is a process flow diagram explaining a method of operating an electrochemical device according to an embodiment of the present invention. Each step will be described below with reference to FIG.
- a predetermined gas for example, carbon dioxide
- a first adsorption voltage is applied to the functional electrode 50 .
- functional electrode 50 is supplied with a gas mixture comprising carbon dioxide and a first adsorption voltage E1 is applied to functional electrode 50 .
- a gas mixture containing carbon dioxide is passed through the gas flow path 70 to start supplying the gas mixture to the functional electrode 50.
- the first attraction voltage E1 is applied to the functional electrode 50 from, for example, a constant voltage power source.
- the first clamping voltage E1 is, for example, 1.0V to 1.6V.
- the first adsorption voltage E1 is preferably 1.2V to 1.6V, more preferably 1.2V to 1.4V, and particularly preferably 1.2V to 1.3V. is. If the first adsorption voltage E1 is within such a range, it is possible to reduce the average adsorption voltage per unit time, suppress deterioration of the electrochemical element, and perform the first adsorption step before the predetermined gas adsorption step. A predetermined gas can be stably adsorbed on the active material.
- the predetermined gas is carbon dioxide and the first active material of the functional electrode contains anthraquinone
- the first adsorption voltage E1 when the first adsorption voltage E1 is applied to the functional electrode, the following formula (1-1)
- one of the two carbonyl groups of anthraquinone is anionized and the other carbonyl group is radicalized, and the anionized carbonyl group reacts with carbon dioxide to trap carbon dioxide.
- one molecule of anthraquinone can trap one molecule of carbon dioxide when the first adsorption voltage is applied to the functional electrode.
- the first adsorption voltage is switched to the second adsorption voltage based on the current value I flowing through the electrochemical device 100 .
- a predetermined gas for example, carbon dioxide
- the first adsorption voltage is applied at an appropriate timing. It is possible to switch to a second clamping voltage. Therefore, it is possible to further reduce the energy required for separating and recovering a predetermined gas (for example, carbon dioxide).
- the current value I flowing through the electrochemical element 100 is monitored.
- the resistance of the functional electrode 50 can increase as the adsorption of a given gas on the functional electrode 50 progresses.
- the current value I flowing through the electrochemical element 100 can gradually decrease.
- the application of the first adsorption voltage E1 to the functional electrode 50 is continued until the current value I flowing through the electrochemical element 100 becomes less than the preset first threshold value T1 (no in S3).
- the first threshold T1 can be set in advance based on the first adsorption remaining amount. For example, the current value I when the residual adsorption amount of the functional electrode 50 reaches 30% at the adsorption voltage E1 is actually measured (or calculated by simulation), and the current value I can be used as the first threshold value T1. .
- the first adsorption remaining amount is a target value in the step of applying the first adsorption voltage to the functional electrode (first application step), and is the adsorption capacity that the functional electrode can further adsorb gas after the first application step. means.
- the first residual adsorption capacity is obtained by subtracting the adsorption capacity (first adsorption capacity) of the functional electrode used in the first application step from the initial adsorption capacity (maximum adsorption capacity) of the functional electrode.
- the initial adsorption capacity (maximum adsorption capacity) of the functional electrode is determined by applying a gas mixture containing 5-20 vol. At the same time, 2.0 V (upper limit voltage) is applied to the functional electrode, and the current after 1 minute of voltage application is (i 0), (i 0) until the current drops to 1/100 (the unit may be coulomb C or ampere-hour Ah).
- the predetermined gas is carbon dioxide
- the first remaining adsorption amount is the amount of coulombs (i 1), (i 0-i 1) is defined as If the measurement error causes the first adsorption balance to be negative, it is defined as zero balance.
- the reference for switching between the first adsorption voltage E1 and the second adsorption voltage E2 is not limited to the current value flowing through the electrochemical element.
- the reference for switching between the first chucking voltage E1 and the second chucking voltage E2 may be, for example, the application time of the first chucking voltage E1.
- the second clamping voltage E2 is, for example, 1.4V to 2.0V.
- the second adsorption voltage E2 is preferably 1.6V to 2.0V, more preferably 1.8V to 2.0V.
- the upper limit of the second adsorption voltage E2 is not particularly limited, and may be set higher than 2.0 V depending on the potential window for decomposition of the electrolyte or ionic liquid used. If the second adsorption voltage E2 is within such a range, the predetermined gas can be sufficiently adsorbed on the first active material in the latter stage of the predetermined gas adsorption step.
- the radical The converted carbonyl group can capture carbon dioxide by reacting with carbon dioxide after anionization by accepting electrons, as in the following formula (1-2).
- one anthraquinone molecule can additionally trap one carbon dioxide molecule when a second adsorption voltage is applied to the functional electrode.
- FIG. 8 shows an embodiment in which the application of the second attraction voltage E2 is continued until the current value I becomes 1/10 or less of the initial voltage I0 .
- the second residual adsorption amount is smaller than the first residual adsorption amount described above.
- the second adsorption remaining amount is such that the functional electrode can further adsorb gas after the step of switching the first adsorption voltage to the second adsorption voltage and applying the second adsorption voltage to the functional electrode (second application step).
- the second residual adsorption capacity is obtained by subtracting the adsorption capacity (second adsorption capacity) of the functional electrode used in the first application step and the second application step from the initial adsorption capacity (maximum adsorption capacity) described above. be done.
- the second adsorption remaining amount is the total amount of coulombs that adsorb carbon dioxide in the first application step and the second application step after the carbon dioxide desorption process is completed.
- (i 1), (i 0-i 1) is defined as If the measurement error causes the second adsorption balance to be negative, it is defined as zero balance.
- the gas adsorption process is completed by the above.
- the application time of the second attraction voltage E2 is preferably less than or equal to the application time of the first attraction voltage E1.
- the ratio of the application time of the second attraction voltage E2 to the sum of the application time of the first attraction voltage E1 and the application time of the second attraction voltage E2 is, for example, 10% to 50%, preferably 20% to 30%.
- the average adsorption voltage per unit time in the gas adsorption step is preferably 1.5V or less, more preferably 1.4V.
- the method of operating an electrochemical device according to one embodiment of the present invention after applying the second adsorption voltage E2 to the functional electrode 50, an emission voltage having a polarity opposite to that of the adsorption voltage is applied to the functional electrode 50. It further includes an outgassing step.
- the method of operating an electrochemical device according to one embodiment of the present invention may include a gas release step after completion of the gas adsorption step.
- the polarity of the functional electrode 50 (and necessarily the counter electrode 60) is reversed, and a negative voltage is applied to the functional electrode 50 as an emission voltage.
- the predetermined gas for example, carbon dioxide
- the predetermined gas (eg, carbon dioxide) released is recovered and used for various purposes (eg, raw material for methanation reaction).
- the method of operating an electrochemical device according to an embodiment of the present invention can be suitably used for separating and recovering a predetermined gas from a gas mixture, and in particular can be suitably used for a carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) cycle. .
- CCUS carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage
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Abstract
Description
[2]上記[1]に記載の電気化学素子の運転方法において、前記電気化学素子に流れる電流値を基準として、前記第1の吸着電圧を前記第2の吸着電圧に切り替えてもよい。
[3]上記[1]または[2]に記載の電気化学素子の運転方法は、前記機能電極に対して前記第2の吸着電圧を印加した後、吸着電圧と逆極性の放出電圧を前記機能電極に印加する工程をさらに含んでいてもよい。
[4]上記[1]から[3]のいずれかに記載の電気化学素子の運転方法において、前記第2の吸着電圧を前記機能電極に印加する工程後に、前記機能電極がさらに前記ガスを吸着し得る第2の吸着残量は、前記第1の吸着電圧を前記機能電極に印加する工程後に、前記機能電極がさらに前記ガスを吸着し得る第1の吸着残量よりも小さくてもよい。
[5]上記[1]から[4]のいずれかに記載の電気化学素子の運転方法において、前記所定のガスは、二酸化炭素であってもよく、前記第1の活物質は、アントラキノンを含んでいてもよく、前記第2の活物質は、ポリビニルフェロセンを含んでいてもよく、前記第1の吸着電圧は、1.2V以上1.6V未満であってもよく、前記第2の吸着電圧は、1.6V以上であってもよい。
[6]上記[1]から[5]のいずれかに記載の電気化学素子の運転方法において、単位時間あたりの平均吸着電圧が、1.4V以下であってもよい。
図1は、本発明の1つの実施形態の電気化学素子の運転方法に係る電気化学素子の概略斜視図であり;図2は、図1の電気化学素子のセルが延びる方向に平行な方向の概略断面図であり;図3は、図1および図2の電気化学素子のセルが延びる方向に直交する方向の要部拡大概略断面図である。図示例の電気化学素子100は、機能電極50と、カウンター電極60とを備える。
機能電極は、第1の活物質を含み、所定のガス(例えば、二酸化炭素)を回収および放出するよう構成されている。第1の活物質としては、代表的には、アントラキノンが挙げられる。アントラキノンは、後述する電気化学反応により、二酸化炭素を回収(捕捉、吸着)および放出することができる。アントラキノンは、ポリアントラキノン(すなわち、重合体)であってもよい。ポリアントラキノンとしては、例えば、下記式(I)で表されるポリ(1,4-アントラキノン)、ポリ(1,5-アントラキノン)、ポリ(1,8-アントラキノン)、ポリ(2,6-アントラキノン)が挙げられる。これらは、単独で用いてもよく組み合わせて用いてもよい。
カウンター電極は、第1の活物質の還元の電子源として機能することができ、かつ、第1の活物質の酸化の際の電子の受け手として機能することができる。すなわち、カウンター電極は、機能電極が良好に機能するための補助的な役割を果たす。カウンター電極は、第2の活物質を含む。第2の活物質としては、機能電極との間で電子の授受が良好に機能し得る限りにおいて任意の適切な物質が用いられ得る。第2の活物質としては、例えば、ポリビニルフェロセン、ポリ(3-(4-フルオロフェニル))チオフェン等が挙げられる。カウンター電極は、最も高電位となるためガス混合物中の酸素による酸化耐性が求められる。酸化耐性が得られるならば炭素材を用いて第2の活物質としてもよい。
本発明の1つの実施形態においては、機能電極50およびカウンター電極60は、支持体80に支持される。支持体80は、外周壁10と;外周壁10の内側に配設され、第1端面20aから第2端面20bまで延びる複数のセル30、30、・・・を規定する隔壁40と;を有する。
電気化学素子100の動作の概要について説明する。例えば、分離・回収すべきガスが二酸化炭素であり、機能電極50の第1の活物質がアントラキノンを含み、カウンター電極60の第2の活物質がポリビニルフェロセンを含む場合について説明する。機能電極50のアントラキノンは、充電モード(機能電極が負極)において、吸着電圧として正電圧が印加されると還元され得る。
本発明の1つの実施形態による電気化学素子の運転方法は、機能電極に所定のガス(例えば、二酸化炭素)を供給するとともに、第1の吸着電圧を機能電極に印加する工程と;機能電極に対する所定のガス(例えば、二酸化炭素)の供給を維持しながら、第1の吸着電圧を第1の吸着電圧よりも大きな第2の吸着電圧に切り替える工程とを含む。第1の吸着電圧を機能電極に印加する工程、および、第1の吸着電圧を第2の吸着電圧に切り替える工程は、機能電極に所定のガス(例えば、二酸化炭素)を吸着させるガス吸着工程である。このような方法によれば、単位時間あたりの平均吸着電圧の低減を図りながら、きわめて高効率で所定のガス(例えば、二酸化炭素)を分離・回収することができる。例えば、工場や火力発電所の排ガスは10%程度の二酸化炭素を含むところ、そのような排ガスと同様の構成のガス混合物を、本発明の1つの実施形態による電気化学素子の運転方法により、二酸化炭素濃度を0.1%以下まで低減することができる。その結果、電気化学素子の劣化を抑制でき、電気化学素子の長寿命化を図りながら、所定のガス(例えば、二酸化炭素)の分離・回収に必要とされるエネルギーを大幅に削減することができる。
第1の吸着電圧E1がこのような範囲であれば、単位時間あたりの平均吸着電圧の低減を図り、電気化学素子の劣化を抑制できるとともに、所定のガスの吸着工程の前段において、第1の活物質に所定のガスを安定して吸着させることができる。例えば、所定のガスが二酸化炭素であり、機能電極の第1の活物質がアントラキノンを含む場合、第1の吸着電圧E1が機能電極に印加されると、以下の式(1-1)のように、アントラキノンが有する2つのカルボニル基のうち、一方のカルボニル基がアニオン化するとともに他方のカルボニル基がラジカル化し、アニオン化したカルボニル基が二酸化炭素と反応して二酸化炭素を捕捉し得る。
第1の吸着残量は、第1の吸着電圧を機能電極に印加する工程(第1印加工程)における目標値であって、第1印加工程後に機能電極がさらにガスを吸着し得る吸着能を意味する。第1の吸着残量は、機能電極の初期吸着容量(最大吸着容量)から、第1印加工程で使用される機能電極の吸着容量(第1吸着容量)を減算することにより求められる。
所定のガスが二酸化炭素である場合、機能電極の初期吸着容量(最大吸着容量)は、機能電極に5~20体積%の二酸化炭素を含むガス混合物(残ガスをN2バランスさせたもの)を供給するとともに、機能電極に2.0V(上限電圧)を印加し、電圧印加1分後の電流を(i 0)としたときに、(i 0)の1/100まで電流が低下するまでのクーロン量(単位はクーロンC、あるいはアンペアアワーAhでもよい)と定義される。
所定のガスが二酸化炭素である場合、第1の吸着残量は、二酸化炭素の脱離処理が終了した後、第1印加工程で二酸化炭素を吸着させたクーロン量を(i 1)としたときに、(i 0 - i 1)と定義される。測定の誤差により第1の吸着残量がマイナスとなる場合は、残量ゼロと定義される。
第2の吸着電圧E2がこのような範囲であれば、所定のガスの吸着工程の後段において、第1の活物質に所定のガスを十分に吸着させることができる。例えば、所定のガスが二酸化炭素であり、機能電極の第1の活物質がアントラキノンを含む場合、第2の吸着電圧E2が機能電極に印加されると、上記した式(1-1)でラジカル化したカルボニル基は、以下の式(1-2)のように、電子を受容してアニオン化した後、二酸化炭素と反応して二酸化炭素を捕捉し得る。
第2の吸着残量は、第1の吸着電圧を第2の吸着電圧に切り替え、第2の吸着電圧を機能電極に印加する工程(第2印加工程)後に機能電極がさらにガスを吸着し得る吸着能を意味する。第2の吸着残量は、上記した初期吸着容量(最大吸着容量)から、第1印加工程および第2印加工程で使用された機能電極の吸着容量(第2吸着容量)を減算することにより求められる。
所定のガスが二酸化炭素である場合、第2の吸着残量は、二酸化炭素の脱離処理が終了した後、第1印加工程および第2印加工程で二酸化炭素を吸着させたクーロン量の総和を(i 1)としたときに、(i 0 - i 1)と定義される。測定の誤差により第2の吸着残量がマイナスとなる場合は、残量ゼロと定義される。
第2の吸着電圧E2の印加時間は、好ましくは、第1の吸着電圧E1の印加時間以下である。本発明の1つの実施形態において、第2の吸着電圧E2の印加時間の割合は、第1の吸着電圧E1の印加時間と第2の吸着電圧E2の印加時間との総和に対して、例えば、10%~50%、好ましくは、20%~30%である。
ガス吸着工程における単位時間当たりの平均吸着電圧=((第1の吸着電圧E1×第1の吸着電圧E1の印加時間)+(第2の吸着電圧E2×第2の吸着電圧E2の印加時間))/(第1の吸着電圧E1の印加時間と第2の吸着電圧E2の印加時間との総和)
30 セル
30a 第1のセル
30b 第2のセル
40 隔壁
50 機能電極
60 カウンター電極
70 ガス流路
100 電気化学素子
Claims (6)
- 第1の活物質を含む機能電極と、第2の活物質を含むカウンター電極とを備え、所定のガスを吸着および放出するように構成される電気化学素子の運転方法であって、
前記機能電極に前記所定のガスを供給するとともに、第1の吸着電圧を前記機能電極に印加する工程と、
前記機能電極に対する前記所定のガスの供給を維持しながら、前記第1の吸着電圧を前記第1の吸着電圧よりも大きな第2の吸着電圧に切り替える工程と、を含む、
電気化学素子の運転方法。 - 前記電気化学素子に流れる電流値を基準として、前記第1の吸着電圧を前記第2の吸着電圧に切り替える、
請求項1に記載の電気化学素子の運転方法。 - 前記機能電極に対して前記第2の吸着電圧を印加した後、吸着電圧と逆極性の放出電圧を前記機能電極に印加する工程を、さらに含む、
請求項1または2に記載の電気化学素子の運転方法。 - 前記第2の吸着電圧を前記機能電極に印加する工程後に、前記機能電極がさらに前記ガスを吸着し得る第2の吸着残量は、前記第1の吸着電圧を前記機能電極に印加する工程後に、前記機能電極がさらに前記ガスを吸着し得る第1の吸着残量よりも小さい、
請求項1または2に記載の電気化学素子の運転方法。 - 前記所定のガスは、二酸化炭素であり、
前記第1の活物質は、アントラキノンを含み、
前記第2の活物質は、ポリビニルフェロセンを含み、
前記第1の吸着電圧は、1.2V以上1.6V未満であり、
前記第2の吸着電圧は、1.6V以上である、
請求項1または2に記載の電気化学素子の運転方法。 - 単位時間あたりの平均吸着電圧が、1.4V以下である、
請求項5に記載の電気化学素子の運転方法。
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