WO2023115323A1 - 一种水稻一次性施肥工业化育秧方法 - Google Patents

一种水稻一次性施肥工业化育秧方法 Download PDF

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WO2023115323A1
WO2023115323A1 PCT/CN2021/140042 CN2021140042W WO2023115323A1 WO 2023115323 A1 WO2023115323 A1 WO 2023115323A1 CN 2021140042 W CN2021140042 W CN 2021140042W WO 2023115323 A1 WO2023115323 A1 WO 2023115323A1
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Prior art keywords
seedling raising
rice
fertilizer
rice seedling
vegetable oil
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PCT/CN2021/140042
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
马洪波
汪吉东
张辉
宁运旺
孟圆
孙玉香
张永春
梁栋
徐聪
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江苏省农业科学院
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Priority to GB2219084.7A priority Critical patent/GB2616332A/en
Publication of WO2023115323A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023115323A1/zh

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
    • C05C9/00—Fertilisers containing urea or urea compounds
    • C05C9/005—Post-treatment
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/20—Cereals
    • A01G22/22—Rice
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G1/00—Mixtures of fertilisers belonging individually to different subclasses of C05
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C05G3/40—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity for affecting fertiliser dosage or release rate; for affecting solubility
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
    • C05G5/30—Layered or coated, e.g. dust-preventing coatings
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
    • Y02P60/21—Dinitrogen oxide [N2O], e.g. using aquaponics, hydroponics or efficiency measures

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of rice seedling raising, in particular to an industrialized rice seedling raising method with one-time fertilization.
  • the traditional methods of rice seedling raising mainly include water seedling raising, dry seedling raising, wet seedling raising, plastic floppy seedling raising, and industrial seedling raising.
  • Layer heat preservation and cold prevention and weed control have a certain effect on seedlings, and it is easy to pull out seedlings with less damage to seedlings.
  • the seedling field is flooded in saline-alkaline land, which has the effect of preventing salt and protecting seedlings.
  • long-term flooding and insufficient oxygen in the soil will cause the seedlings to grow excessively and affect the roots of the seedlings. Under the pricking, the quality of the seedlings is poor, and it is rarely used at present.
  • Dry seedling raising is a water-saving seedling raising method, characterized by dry land preparation and drought management, rich oxygen in the soil, well-developed root system of seedlings, strong vitality, fast rooting after transplanting, and early survival. After sowing, the seedling field is kept moist all the time, and water is only poured once before transplanting to harden the seedlings, which is convenient for transplanting with seedlings and soil.
  • Wet seedling raising is a seedling raising method between water seedling raising and dry seedling raising. Ditching in the seedling field, sowing in separate compartments, mud treading, film covering, and wet or shallow water irrigation after sowing are the main seedling raising methods. Sparse sowing is used.
  • Plastic floppy disk seedling raising method this method is a kind of seedling raising method evolved from greenhouse seedling raising, floppy disk seedling raising commonly used calcium plastic floppy disk, 58cm long, 28cm wide, 2.6-2.8cm deep, placed on the bed in the field, loaded with nutrition Soil, water, sow, and the seedlings can be planted by hand, which is more conducive to throwing planting.
  • the thin sowing of manual transplanting is 70-80g per tray, and the dense sowing of mechanical transplanting is 100g per tray.
  • the above traditional seedling raising methods all face the problems of cumbersome processing procedures and high labor costs.
  • Industrial rice seedling raising is a new technology developed in recent years according to the needs of machine-transplanted seedling cultivation.
  • Intelligent rice seedling raising with highly automated facilities is carried out in accordance with standardized technological processes for mechanization, scale, intensification, commercialization, and socialized seedling raising and supply.
  • Seedling is the transformation and improvement of the traditional seedling raising method of small farmers' consciousness, which meets the development requirements of modern market economy.
  • the base fertilizer cannot be applied to the rice seedling raising tray because the fertilizer will burn the seedlings. Fertilization needs to be applied during or later in the transplanting process, which invisibly increases the fertilization steps, and the procedure becomes complicated. Industrial rice seedling raising can be done completely.
  • the key to one-time fertilization of rice is the use of slow-release fertilizer technology, but most of the slow-release fertilizers will burn seedlings if they exceed 1kg in a standard seedling tray of 280mm ⁇ 570mm.
  • One of the difficulties in industrial seedling raising with permanent fertilization In addition, the fertilizer will fall off from the seedling tray during machine transplanting and cannot be inserted into the soil together with the roots of rice. This is the second difficulty in industrial seedling raising with one-time fertilization.
  • the current method for slow-release fertilizers to achieve the slow-release effect is generally to coat the fertilizer particles, and the coating materials are mostly high-molecular polymers, which are difficult to degrade and cause pollution to the environment.
  • the present invention provides a method for industrialized rice seedling raising by one-time fertilization, which integrates fertilization and factory seedling raising, avoids topdressing fertilizer in the later stage, and simultaneously does not use high molecular polymers for the fertilizer used in seedling raising. Environment friendly.
  • the present invention provides the following scheme:
  • the raw materials include 40-50 parts of vegetable oil-based coated urea, 40-50 parts of vegetable oil-based coated compound fertilizer and 20-35 parts of clay in parts by weight.
  • the preparation method of the vegetable oil-based coated urea comprises the following steps:
  • the component A and the curing agent are simultaneously sprayed on the preheated urea granules at the same spraying speed for coating treatment to obtain the vegetable oil-based coated urea.
  • the catalyst is tin palmitate or zinc chloride
  • the curing agent is isocyanate
  • the temperature of the modification reaction is 60-70°C, and the time is 45-55 minutes;
  • the spraying speed is 0.4-1L/h
  • the encapsulation treatment was repeated three times.
  • the urea is large granular urea with a particle diameter of 2-5mm, preferably 3-4mm.
  • the mass of the film material in the vegetable oil-based coated urea is 3-4% of the mass of the urea.
  • the preparation method of the vegetable oil-based coated compound fertilizer comprises the following steps:
  • the component A and the curing agent are simultaneously sprayed on the preheated compound fertilizer granules at the same spraying speed for coating treatment to obtain the vegetable oil-based coated compound fertilizer.
  • the catalyst is tin palmitate or zinc chloride
  • the curing agent is isocyanate
  • the temperature of the modification reaction is 60-70°C, and the time is 45-55 minutes;
  • the spraying speed is 0.4-1L/h
  • the encapsulation treatment was repeated five times.
  • the mass percentages of nitrogen, phosphorus pentoxide and potassium oxide in the compound fertilizer are respectively 15%, 15%, 15% or 20%, 10%, 12% or 24%, 6% and 9%.
  • the compound fertilizer is a large particle compound fertilizer with a particle size of 2-5mm, preferably 3-4mm.
  • the mass of the membrane material in the vegetable oil-based coated compound fertilizer is 5% of the mass of the compound fertilizer.
  • Sorbitol dicaprylic acid can increase the number of hydroxyl groups in plant seed germ oil; the catalyst can accelerate the rate of curing reaction in the coating process; Polymerization reaction, the film material obtained after the reaction hardly contains -NCO, which can be said to be safe and non-toxic.
  • the clay is one or more of kaolin, attapulgite and bentonite.
  • Clay can make the special slow-release fertilizer for rice seedlings and the root system of rice seedlings tightly bonded together.
  • When transplanting seedlings they are inserted into the soil together with the seedlings, avoiding the problem that the fertilizer will fall off from the seedling tray during the transplanting process, and ensuring the special slow-release fertilizer for rice seedlings.
  • the nutrients released slowly by the slow-release fertilizer can be quickly absorbed and utilized by the roots, truly achieving precise fertilization.
  • the second technical solution of the present invention comprises the following steps: uniformly mixing the vegetable oil-based coated urea, the vegetable oil-based coated compound fertilizer and clay in parts by weight.
  • the third technical solution of the present invention is the application of the above-mentioned special slow-release fertilizer for rice seedling raising in rice seedling raising.
  • the fourth technical solution of the present invention is a one-time fertilization industrial seedling raising method for rice, comprising the following steps: adding the above-mentioned special slow-release fertilizer for rice seedling raising to the culture soil of the rice seedling raising tray during the industrial rice seedling raising process.
  • the added amount of the special slow-release fertilizer for rice seedling raising is 1.9-2.7kg/standard seedling raising tray.
  • the size of the standard seedling raising tray is 280mm ⁇ 570mm ⁇ 26mm.
  • the special slow-release fertilizer for rice seedling raising of the invention is vegetable oil-based coated urea and coated compound fertilizer, which has no damage to rice seedlings.
  • the film material is vegetable oil, sorbitol dicaprylic acid and curing agent, there is no difficult degradation of high molecular polymer, and it is friendly to the environment.
  • the one-time fertilization industrial seedling raising method for rice of the present invention uses clay to closely bond the special slow-release fertilizer for rice seedling raising and the root system of rice seedlings together, and inserts the seedlings into the soil together with the seedlings during transplanting, which can meet the fertilizer requirements of the entire growth period of rice, and is not used in the later stage Apply fertilizer again.
  • the special slow-release fertilizer for rice seedling raising is on the root of rice throughout the growth period of rice, and the nutrients slowly released by the slow-release fertilizer can be quickly absorbed and utilized by the root, which truly achieves precise fertilization.
  • the one-time fertilization industrial seedling raising method for rice of the present invention can be obtained by adding the special slow-release fertilizer for rice seedling raising to the culture soil of the rice seedling raising tray on the basis of the original rice industrial seedling raising, and achieves the integration of rice industrial seedling raising and fertilization, and can be used as a one-time base fertilizer Application, no topdressing during the entire growth period, reducing the two fertilization steps of basal fertilizer and topdressing, greatly reducing labor and machinery costs, improving economic benefits, and increasing the free time for growers.
  • the one-time fertilization industrialized seedling raising method for rice of the present invention can meet the fertilizer requirement law of the whole rice growth period, the nitrogen application rate of one-time fertilization is only 12-14kg/mu, and the conventional nitrogen application amount of rice is 16-20kg/mu, which is conventional fertilization
  • the amount of nitrogen applied is 70-90%, which greatly reduces the amount of fertilizer application, and can greatly increase the utilization rate of fertilizer on the basis of ensuring rice production.
  • Vegetable oil-based coating agent is divided into component A and component B, wherein, component A: 5kg rice germ oil, 1kg sorbitol (sugar) alcohol dicaprylic acid is 65 °C in reaction kettle (60-70 °C all can Achieving the same technical effect as 65°C) under the condition of stirring and reacting for 50 minutes, then adding 1ml of tin palmitate and mixing uniformly to obtain component A.
  • component A 5kg rice germ oil
  • 1kg sorbitol (sugar) alcohol dicaprylic acid is 65 °C in reaction kettle (60-70 °C all can Achieving the same technical effect as 65°C) under the condition of stirring and reacting for 50 minutes, then adding 1ml of tin palmitate and mixing uniformly to obtain component A.
  • Component B 4,4-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate 4 kg.
  • Component A and component B are respectively added in the drum of step (1) with the same speed of 0.5L/h through the spray gun, sprayed on the granular urea, and the vegetable oil-based coating agent consumption is 1.2% of the granular urea weight %, keep the fertilizer temperature at 60°C (55-65°C can achieve the same technical effect as 60°C), use the fertilizer particles to roll, so that the vegetable oil-based coating agent spreads evenly on the moving fertilizer surface and solidifies to form a dense and smooth film layer , complete a vegetable oil coating process, and cool to normal temperature.
  • This step was repeated twice to prepare vegetable oil-based coated urea with a total coating rate of 3.6%, and the sustained release period was 120 days.
  • Vegetable oil-based coating agent is divided into component A and component B, wherein, component A: 5kg rice germ oil, 1kg sorbitol (sugar) alcohol dicaprylic acid is 65 °C in reaction kettle (60-70 °C all can Achieving the same technical effect as 65°C) under the condition of stirring and reacting for 50 minutes, then adding 1ml of zinc chloride and mixing uniformly to obtain component A.
  • component A 5kg rice germ oil
  • 1kg sorbitol (sugar) alcohol dicaprylic acid is 65 °C in reaction kettle (60-70 °C all can Achieving the same technical effect as 65°C) under the condition of stirring and reacting for 50 minutes, then adding 1ml of zinc chloride and mixing uniformly to obtain component A.
  • Component B 4 kg of tetramethylparaxylene diisocyanate.
  • Component A and component B are respectively added in the drum of step (1) by spray gun with the same speed 0.5L/h, sprayed on the compound fertilizer granules, the vegetable oil-based coating agent consumption is the compound fertilizer granule weight 1%, keep the fertilizer temperature at 60°C (55-65°C can achieve the same technical effect as 60°C), use the fertilizer particles to roll, so that the vegetable oil coating agent spreads evenly on the moving fertilizer surface and solidifies to form a dense and smooth film layer, complete a vegetable oil coating process, and cool to normal temperature.
  • This step was repeated four times to obtain a vegetable oil-based coated compound fertilizer with a total coating rate of 5%, and the slow-release period was 60 days.
  • Example 3 Paddy one-time fertilization industrial seedling raising (nitrogen application rate is 15.7kg/mu)
  • Seedling tray bed soil select a plastic hard disk (standard tray) with a specification of 280mm ⁇ 570mm ⁇ 26mm, and adjust the amount of soil discharged by the soil discharge valve to make the seedling tray depth 13mm;
  • Seedling tray sowing fertilizer the vegetable oil-based coated urea prepared in Example 1, the vegetable oil-based coated compound fertilizer prepared in Example 2 and kaolin were mixed according to a mass ratio of 1:1:0.5 to obtain a special slow-release fertilizer for rice seedling raising, Add the special slow-release fertilizer for rice seedling raising into the seedling tray in step (1), and adjust the amount of fertilizer sowing to 2.5kg/standard tray;
  • each tray is sown according to the seeding rate of 130g;
  • Seedling tray cover soil the thickness is covered with soil at a speed of 2 mm per tray; then sent to the germination accelerating room for accelerating germination;
  • Transplanting Utilize mechanical transplanting, transplanting according to the amount of rice seedlings of 26 trays per mu, and no longer fertilize in the later stage.
  • Example 4 Paddy one-time fertilization industrialized seedling raising (nitrogen application rate is 15.1kg/mu)
  • Seedling tray bed soil select a plastic hard disk (standard tray) with a specification of 280mm ⁇ 570mm ⁇ 26mm, and adjust the amount of soil discharged by the soil discharge valve to make the seedling tray depth 13mm;
  • Seedling tray sowing fertilizer mix the vegetable oil-based coated urea prepared in Example 1, the vegetable oil-based coated compound fertilizer prepared in Example 2, and attapulgite according to a mass ratio of 1:1:0.6 to obtain a special slow-release for rice seedling raising Fertilizer, rice seedling-raising special slow-release fertilizer is added in the seedling dish in the step (1), and the adjustment fertilizer amount is 2.6kg/standard dish;
  • Seedling tray cover soil the thickness is covered with soil at a speed of 2 mm per tray; then sent to the germination accelerating room for accelerating germination;
  • Transplanting Utilize mechanical transplanting, transplanting according to the amount of rice seedlings of 25 trays per mu, and no longer fertilize in the later stage.
  • Example 5 Paddy one-time fertilization industrial seedling raising (nitrogen application rate is 14.5kg/mu)
  • Seedling tray bed soil select a plastic hard disk (standard tray) with a specification of 280mm ⁇ 570mm ⁇ 26mm, and adjust the amount of soil discharged by the discharge valve so that the depth of the seedling tray is 12mm;
  • Seedling tray sowing fertilizer the vegetable oil-based coated urea prepared in Example 1, the vegetable oil-based coated compound fertilizer prepared in Example 2 and bentonite were mixed according to a mass ratio of 1:1:0.7 to obtain a special slow-release fertilizer for rice seedling raising, Add the special slow-release fertilizer for rice seedling raising into the seedling tray in step (1), and adjust the amount of fertilizer sowing to 2.7kg/standard tray;
  • each tray is sown according to the seeding rate of 160g;
  • Seedling tray cover soil the thickness is covered with soil at a speed of 2 mm per tray; then sent to the germination accelerating room for accelerating germination;
  • Transplanting Utilize mechanical transplanting, transplanting according to the amount of rice seedlings of 24 trays per mu, and no longer fertilize in the later stage.
  • Example 6 Paddy one-time fertilization industrialized seedling raising (nitrogen application rate is 14kg/mu)
  • step 2 the vegetable oil-based coated urea prepared in Example 1, the vegetable oil-based coated compound fertilizer prepared in Example 2 and kaolin are adjusted from 1:1:0.5 to 0.9 according to the mass ratio :1.1:0.5, adjust the amount of fertilizer sowing to 2.32kg/standard plate.
  • Example 7 Paddy one-time fertilization industrialized seedling raising (nitrogen application rate is 12kg/mu)
  • step 2 the vegetable oil-based coated urea prepared in Example 1, the vegetable oil-based coated compound fertilizer prepared in Example 2, and kaolin are adjusted from 1:1:0.5 to 0.80 according to the mass ratio :1.20:0.5, adjust the amount of fertilizer sowing to 2.10kg/standard plate.
  • step 2 is omitted.
  • the special slow-release fertilizer for rice seedling raising used in step (2) consists of: sulfur plus 30 parts of high molecular polymer coated urea, sulfur plus 28 parts of high molecular polymer coated compound fertilizer, 6% 18 parts of thermoplastic and thermosetting double-coated urea, 22 parts of humic acid-coated compound fertilizer, and 2 parts of zinc sulfate;
  • the preparation method of special slow-release fertilizer for rice seedling raising is as follows:
  • A, 9 kilograms of novolac epoxy resins and 1 kilogram of triethylenetetramine are mixed, and are mixed with polymer coating agent.
  • thermoplastic resin inner film coating agent a, 4.9 kilograms of reclaimed polyethylene resins are dissolved in 70 kilograms of n-butyl acetate and pentyl acetate mass ratio in the mixed solvent of 5: 1, add the mixing of light calcium carbonate, potato starch and rubber powder 1: 1: 1 A total of 1.05 kg is prepared as a thermoplastic resin inner film coating agent.
  • Test example 1 carries out effect verification to embodiment 6, embodiment 7, comparative example 1, comparative example 2 seedling raising method
  • the test site is located in Sanye Village, Zhangdian Town, Jiangyan District, Taizhou City, Jiangsu province.
  • the soil for the test is high sandy soil, the basic physical and chemical properties of the surface soil (0-20cm) are: pH value 6.26, EC value 48.0 ⁇ s/cm, organic matter 17.18g/kg, alkaline nitrogen 126.78mg/kg, available phosphorus 17.23mg/cm kg, available potassium 53mg/kg.
  • the rice variety tested was Huaimai No.5.
  • CK2 comparative example 1 seedling raising method, customary fertilization: nitrogen application rate is 18kg/mu, wherein basal fertilizer nitrogen application rate 9kg/mu, topdressing fertilizer 4.5kg/mu in tillering stage, jointing topdressing fertilizer 4.5kg/mu, phosphorus pentoxide consumption is 4kg /mu, the amount of potassium oxide is 4kg/mu).
  • Yield measurement refers to the actual yield of all harvested plots. Six holes of rice plants were evenly taken from each plot, and the number of panicles, number of grains per panicle, seed setting rate, and 1,000-grain weight were recorded, and the fresh weight, dry weight, and nitrogen content of the plants and rice grains were weighed. Total nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldahl method. Data statistical analysis application SPSS21.0 software.
  • Nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency (%) (nitrogen uptake in nitrogen application area - nitrogen uptake in nitrogen-free area) / nitrogen application rate ⁇ 100
  • Input costs include land rent, pesticide costs, fertilizer costs, machinery costs and labor input.
  • the 20% nitrogen reduction and 30% nitrogen reduction treatments have lower input costs, and the 20% nitrogen reduction treatment has the highest yield and output value.
  • the benefit per mu increased by 3.05%, and the output-input ratio increased by 3.13%.
  • the benefit per mu increased by 3.81%, and the output-input ratio increased by 6.26%.
  • the input costs were all reduced.
  • the 20% nitrogen reduction treatment increased the benefit per mu by 13.62%, and the output-input ratio increased by 15.78%. Considering the output value, it is most reasonable to reduce nitrogen by 20%, and it is most reasonable to reduce nitrogen by 30% from the perspective of mu benefit and output-input ratio.
  • the nitrogen utilization rate of 20% nitrogen reduction treatment is 45.37%
  • the nitrogen utilization rate of 30% nitrogen reduction treatment is 47.65%
  • the nitrogen utilization rate of CK2 conventional fertilization treatment is 37.54%
  • the nitrogen utilization rate of CK3 treatment The utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer was 36.48%, and the nitrogen utilization rate of nitrogen reduction 20% and nitrogen reduction 30% treatment were significantly higher than CK2 conventional fertilization treatment (p ⁇ 0.05), respectively increased by 20.85% and 26.93%, and were also significantly higher than CK3 (p ⁇ 0.05). 0.05), indicating that both 20% and 30% nitrogen reduction treatments could increase rice nitrogen use efficiency.
  • rice disposable fertilization industrialized seedling raising can reduce the amount of fertilizer, increase the benefit per mu, increase the ratio of output to input, and increase the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer under the condition of stable and guaranteed yield.

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  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种水稻一次性施肥工业化育秧方法，涉及水稻育秧技术领域。本发明方法具体为在水稻工业化育秧过程中，将水稻育秧专用缓释肥加入到水稻育秧盘的培养土中。水稻育秧专用缓释肥原料按重量份计，包括植物油基包膜尿素40-50份、植物油基包膜复合肥40-50份和粘土20-35份。本发明方法做到了水稻工业化育秧与施肥一体化，可以作为基肥一次性施用，整个生育期不再追肥，减少了施基肥和追肥两个施肥步骤，大大减少了人工和机械成本，提高了经济效益，增加了种植者自由支配的时间。

Description

一种水稻一次性施肥工业化育秧方法 技术领域
本发明涉及水稻育秧技术领域，特别是涉及一种水稻一次性施肥工业化育秧方法。
背景技术
随着经济发展和生活水平提高，劳动力向城镇转移，水稻种植已从传统的人工移栽逐渐转向抛秧、直播、机插等省工轻简栽培，但直播稻杂草防除困难，双季直播的季节矛盾突出，抛秧只是过渡性栽培措施，最终仍会向机械化作业发展，机械插秧会逐渐普及。除了水稻直播外，育秧仍是水稻生产的重要环节，育秧的好坏关系到水稻的生长发育及产量。
目前，水稻育秧的传统方法主要有水育秧、旱育秧、湿润育秧、塑料软盘育秧、工厂化育秧几种方法，水育秧是整个育秧期间，秧田以淹水管理为主的育秧方法，对利用水层保温防寒和防除秧苗杂草有一定作用，且易拔秧，伤苗少，盐碱地秧田淹水，有防盐护苗的作用，但长期淹水，土壤氧气不足，秧苗易徒长及影响秧根下扎，秧苗素质差，目前已很少采用。旱育秧是一种节水型的育秧方式，特点是旱整地、旱管理，土壤中氧气多，秧苗根系发达，活力强，移栽后发根快，成活早。在播种后秧田一直保持湿润，在移植前仅仅灌一次水，使秧块变硬，便于连苗带土移植。湿润育秧是介于水育秧和旱育秧之间的一种育秧方法，在秧田开沟、分厢播种、泥浆踏谷、薄膜覆盖，播种后以湿润或浅水灌溉为主的育秧方法，采用稀播、保温催芽播种、以安全抽穗开花期和适宜秧龄来确定适播种期，在早稻低温阴雨天气，湿润育秧播种后需要加盖薄膜、地膜、无纺布等覆盖保 温，防止烂种烂秧、提高秧苗素质。塑料软盘育秧法，该方法是从大棚育秧演变而来的一种育秧方式，软盘育秧常用钙塑软盘，长58cm，宽28cm，深2.6-2.8cm，在田间置于床面上，装上营养土，浇水，播种，育出的秧苗可以手工栽插，更利于抛栽，人工插秧的稀播种，每盘70-80g，机械插秧的密播种，每盘100g。以上的传统育秧方式均面临着加工工序繁琐，人工成本高等问题。
水稻工厂化育秧是近年根据机插秧栽培的需要发展起来的新技术，将具有高度自动化设施的智能水稻育秧，按照规范的工艺流程进行机械化、规模化、集约化、商品化、社会化育秧和供秧，是对小农意识的传统育秧方式的转变和提升，符合现代市场经济的发展要求。但水稻工厂化育秧过程中水稻育秧盘中因为肥料会烧苗问题而不能施用基肥，需要插秧过程中或者后期施肥，无形中增加了施肥步骤，程序变得复杂，水稻工厂化育秧完全可以做到水稻一次性施肥工厂化育秧，做到一次性施肥的关键就是采用缓释肥技术，但绝大多数缓释肥在280mm×570mm标准的育秧盘超过1kg就会出现烧苗问题，这是水稻一次性施肥工厂化育秧的一个难点，另外在机插秧过程中肥料会从育秧盘脱落，不能随水稻根部一起插入土中，这是水稻一次性施肥工厂化育秧的第二个难点。并且，目前缓释肥实现缓释效果的手段一般为对肥料颗粒进行包膜，而包膜材料多为高分子聚合物，高分子聚合物具有难降解的缺陷，对环境造成污染。
因此，提供一种省工的、安全无污染的、施肥与工厂化育秧一体化的水稻一次性施肥工业化育秧方法，对于水稻育秧技术领域具有重要意义。
发明内容
为解决上述现有技术存在的问题，本发明提供一种水稻一次性施肥工业化育秧方法，使施肥与工厂化育秧一体化，避免后期追施肥料，同时育秧所用肥料不采用高分子聚合物，对环境友好。
为实现上述目的，本发明提供了如下方案：
本发明技术方案之一，一种水稻育秧专用缓释肥，按重量份计，原料包括植物油基包膜尿素40-50份、植物油基包膜复合肥40-50份和粘土20-35份。
进一步地，所述植物油基包膜尿素的制备方法包括以下步骤：
将尿素预热至55-65℃；
将植物种子胚芽油与山梨(糖)醇二辛酸混合进行改性反应，之后加入催化剂混合均匀，得到组分A；
将组分A和固化剂以同样的喷涂速度同时喷涂在预热后的尿素颗粒上进行包膜处理，得到所述植物油基包膜尿素。
进一步地，所述催化剂为棕榈酸锡或氯化锌；
所述固化剂为异氰酸酯；
所述改性反应的温度为60-70℃，时间为45-55分钟；
所述喷涂速度为0.4-1L/h；
所述包膜处理重复三次。
进一步地，所述尿素为大颗粒尿素，粒径为2-5mm，优选3-4mm。
进一步地，所述植物油基包膜尿素中的膜材的质量为所述尿素质量的3-4％。
进一步地，所述植物油基包膜复合肥的制备方法包括以下步骤：
将复合肥预热至55-65℃；
将植物种子胚芽油与山梨(糖)醇二辛酸混合进行改性反应，之后加入催化剂混合均匀，得到组分A；
将组分A和固化剂以同样的喷涂速度同时喷涂在预热后的复合肥颗粒上进行包膜处理，得到所述植物油基包膜复合肥。
进一步地，所述催化剂为棕榈酸锡或氯化锌；
所述固化剂为异氰酸酯；
所述改性反应的温度为60-70℃，时间为45-55分钟；
所述喷涂速度为0.4-1L/h；
所述包膜处理重复五次。
进一步地，所述复合肥中氮、五氧化二磷、氧化钾质量百分数分别为15％、15％、15％或者20％、10％、12％或者24％、6％、9％。
进一步地，所述复合肥为大颗粒复合肥，粒径为2-5mm，优选3-4mm。
进一步地，所述植物油基包膜复合肥中膜材的质量为所述复合肥质量的5％。
山梨(糖)醇二辛酸能够增加植物种子胚芽油的羟基数量；催化剂能够在包膜过程中加快固化反应的速率；包膜过程中，固化剂中的-NCO与植物种子胚芽油中的羟基发生聚合反应，反应后得到的膜材中几乎不含有-NCO，可以说安全无毒。
进一步地，所述粘土为高岭土、凹凸帮土和膨润土中的一种或几种。
粘土能够使水稻育秧专用缓释肥与水稻秧苗的根系紧密粘接在一起，插秧时随秧苗一起插入土壤，避免了插秧过程中肥料会从育秧盘脱落的问 题，保证了水稻育秧专用缓释肥在水稻的整个生育期均在水稻根部，缓释肥缓慢释放的养分很快就能被根部吸收利用，真正做到精准施肥。
本发明技术方案之二，上述水稻育秧专用缓释肥的制备方法，包括以下步骤：将所述植物油基包膜尿素、植物油基包膜复合肥和粘土按重量份混合均匀即可。
本发明技术方案之三，上述水稻育秧专用缓释肥在水稻育秧中的应用。
本发明技术方案之四，一种水稻一次性施肥工业化育秧方法，包括以下步骤：在水稻工业化育秧过程中，将上述的水稻育秧专用缓释肥加入到水稻育秧盘的培养土中。
进一步地，所述水稻育秧专用缓释肥的加入量为1.9-2.7kg/标准育秧盘。
所述标准育秧盘的尺寸为280mm×570mm×26mm。
本发明公开了以下技术效果：
本发明水稻育秧专用缓释肥为植物油基包膜尿素和包膜复合肥，对水稻秧苗无伤害。薄膜材料为植物油、山梨(糖)醇二辛酸和固化剂，不存在高分子聚合物难降解的情况，对环境友好。
本发明水稻一次性施肥工业化育秧方法利用粘土将水稻育秧专用缓释肥与水稻秧苗的根系紧密粘接在一起，插秧时随秧苗一起插入土壤，能满足水稻整个生育期的需肥特性，后期不用再施用肥料。水稻育秧专用缓释肥在水稻的整个生育期均在水稻根部，缓释肥缓慢释放的养分很快就能被根部吸收利用，真正做到精准施肥。
本发明水稻一次性施肥工业化育秧方法可以在原有水稻工业化育秧基础上将水稻育秧专用缓释肥加入到水稻育秧盘的培养土中得到，做到了水 稻工业化育秧与施肥一体化，可以作为基肥一次性施用，整个生育期不再追肥，减少了施基肥和追肥两个施肥步骤，大大减少了人工和机械成本，提高了经济效益，增加了种植者自由支配的时间。
本发明水稻一次性施肥工业化育秧方法可以满足水稻整个生育期的需肥规律，一次性施肥的施氮量仅为12-14kg/亩，水稻常规施氮量为16-20kg/亩，为常规施肥施氮量的70-90％，极大的减少了肥料施用量，在保证水稻产量的基础上可以大幅度的增加肥料利用率。
具体实施方式
现详细说明本发明的多种示例性实施方式，该详细说明不应认为是对本发明的限制，而应理解为是对本发明的某些方面、特性和实施方案的更详细的描述。
应理解本发明中所述的术语仅仅是为描述特别的实施方式，并非用于限制本发明。另外，对于本发明中的数值范围，应理解为还具体公开了该范围的上限和下限之间的每个中间值。在任何陈述值或陈述范围内的中间值以及任何其他陈述值或在所述范围内的中间值之间的每个较小的范围也包括在本发明内。这些较小范围的上限和下限可独立地包括或排除在范围内。
除非另有说明，否则本文使用的所有技术和科学术语具有本发明所述领域的常规技术人员通常理解的相同含义。虽然本发明仅描述了优选的方法和材料，但是在本发明的实施或测试中也可以使用与本文所述相似或等同的任何方法和材料。本说明书中提到的所有文献通过引用并入，用以公开和描述与所述文献相关的方法和/或材料。在与任何并入的文献冲突时， 以本说明书的内容为准。
在不背离本发明的范围或精神的情况下，可对本发明说明书的具体实施方式做多种改进和变化，这对本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。由本发明的说明书得到的其他实施方式对技术人员而言是显而易见的。本申请说明书和实施例仅是示例性的。
关于本文中所使用的“包含”、“包括”、“具有”、“含有”等等，均为开放性的用语，即意指包含但不限于。
本发明中所述的百分数如无特别说明，均按质量百分数份计。
实施例1 植物油基包膜尿素的制备
(1)称取500kg直径2-5mm的中化化肥公司生产的颗粒尿素，输送至转鼓中，预热至60℃(55-65℃均能达到与60℃相同的技术效果)。
(2)植物油基包膜剂分为组分A和组分B，其中，组分A：5kg大米胚芽油、1kg山梨(糖)醇二辛酸在反应釜中65℃(60-70℃均能达到与65℃相同的技术效果)条件下搅拌反应50分钟，然后加入1ml棕榈酸锡,均匀混合，得到组分A。
组分B：4,4-二环已基甲烷二异氰酸酯4kg。
(3)将组分A和组分B分别通过喷枪以同样的速度0.5L/h加入步骤(1)的转鼓中，喷涂在颗粒尿素上，植物油基包膜剂用量为颗粒尿素重量的1.2％，保持肥料温度60℃(55-65℃均能达到与60℃相同的技术效果)，利用肥料颗粒滚动，使植物油基包膜剂在运动的肥料表面均匀铺展并固化形成致密光滑的膜层，完成一次植物油包膜工艺，冷却至常温。再重复此步骤两次，制得总包膜率为3.6％的植物油基包膜尿素，缓释周期为120天。
实施例2 植物油基包膜复合肥的制备
(1)称取500kg江苏华昌化工生产的复合肥颗粒(氮、五氧化二磷、氧化钾质量百分比分别为15％、15％、15％)，输送至转鼓中，预热至60℃(55-65℃均能达到与60℃相同的技术效果)。
(2)植物油基包膜剂分为组分A和组分B，其中，组分A：5kg大米胚芽油、1kg山梨(糖)醇二辛酸在反应釜中65℃(60-70℃均能达到与65℃相同的技术效果)条件下搅拌反应50分钟，然后加入1ml氯化锌,均匀混合，得到组分A。
组分B：四甲基本二甲苯二异氰酸酯4kg。
(3)将组分A和组分B分别通过喷枪以同样的速度0.5L/h加入步骤(1)的转鼓中，喷涂在复合肥颗粒上，植物油基包膜剂用量为复合肥颗粒重量的1％，保持肥料温度60℃(55-65℃均能达到与60℃相同的技术效果)，利用肥料颗粒滚动，使植物油包膜剂在运动的肥料表面均匀铺展并固化形成致密光滑的膜层，完成一次植物油包膜工艺，冷却至常温。再重复此步骤四次，制得总包膜率为5％的植物油基包膜复合肥，缓释周期为60天。
实施例3 水稻一次性施肥工业化育秧(施氮量为15.7kg/亩)
(1)秧盘床土：选择规格为280mm×570mm×26mm的塑料硬盘(标准盘)，调整排土阀门的排土量为秧盘深度13mm；
(2)秧盘播肥：将实施例1制备的植物油基包膜尿素、实施例2制备的植物油基包膜复合肥和高岭土按照质量比1:1:0.5混合得到水稻育秧专用缓释肥，将水稻育秧专用缓释肥加入到步骤(1)中的秧盘中，调整播肥量为2.5kg/标准盘；
(3)秧盘洒水：铺完床土后进入洒水段，调整水阀的流速为0.25L/s，使床土处在水饱和状态；
(4)秧盘播种：每盘按照130g播种量进行播种；
(5)秧盘盖土：厚度按照每盘2mm的速度进行盖土；之后送进催芽室催芽；
(6)插秧：利用机械插秧，按照每亩26盘的水稻苗量进行插秧，后期不再施肥。
结果：育秧过程中未出现烧苗现象。
实施例4 水稻一次性施肥工业化育秧(施氮量为15.1kg/亩)
(1)秧盘床土：选择规格为280mm×570mm×26mm的塑料硬盘(标准盘)，调整排土阀门的排土量为秧盘深度13mm；
(2)秧盘播肥：将实施例1制备的植物油基包膜尿素、实施例2制备的植物油基包膜复合肥和凹凸棒土按照质量比1:1:0.6混合得到水稻育秧专用缓释肥，将水稻育秧专用缓释肥加入到步骤(1)中的秧盘中，调整播肥量为2.6kg/标准盘；
(3)秧盘洒水：铺完床土后进入洒水段，调整水阀的流速为0.25L/s，使床土处在水饱和状态；
(4)秧盘播种：每盘按照140g播种量进行播种；
(5)秧盘盖土：厚度按照每盘2mm的速度进行盖土；之后送进催芽室催芽；
(6)插秧：利用机械插秧，按照每亩25盘的水稻苗量进行插秧，后期不再施肥。
结果：育秧过程中未出现烧苗现象。
实施例5 水稻一次性施肥工业化育秧(施氮量为14.5kg/亩)
(1)秧盘床土：选择规格为280mm×570mm×26mm的塑料硬盘(标准盘)，调整排土阀门的排土量为秧盘深度12mm；
(2)秧盘播肥：将实施例1制备的植物油基包膜尿素、实施例2制备的植物油基包膜复合肥和膨润土按照质量比1:1:0.7混合得到水稻育秧专用缓释肥，将水稻育秧专用缓释肥加入到步骤(1)中的秧盘中，调整播肥量为2.7kg/标准盘；
(3)秧盘洒水：铺完床土后进入洒水段，调整水阀的流速为0.25L/s，使床土处在水饱和状态；
(4)秧盘播种：每盘按照160g播种量进行播种；
(5)秧盘盖土：厚度按照每盘2mm的速度进行盖土；之后送进催芽室催芽；
(6)插秧：利用机械插秧，按照每亩24盘的水稻苗量进行插秧，后期不再施肥。
结果：育秧过程中未出现烧苗现象。
实施例6 水稻一次性施肥工业化育秧(施氮量为14kg/亩)
与实施例3相同，区别仅在于，步骤2中将实施例1制备的植物油基包膜尿素、实施例2制备的植物油基包膜复合肥和高岭土按照质量比由1:1:0.5调整为0.9:1.1:0.5，调整播肥量为2.32kg/标准盘。
结果：育秧过程中未出现烧苗现象。
实施例7 水稻一次性施肥工业化育秧(施氮量为12kg/亩)
与实施例3相同，区别仅在于，步骤2中将实施例1制备的植物油基包膜尿素、实施例2制备的植物油基包膜复合肥和高岭土按照质量比由1:1:0.5调整为0.80:1.20:0.5，调整播肥量为2.10kg/标准盘。
结果：育秧过程中未出现烧苗现象。
对比例1
与实施例3相同，区别仅在于，省略步骤2。
对比例2
与实施例3相同，区别仅在于，步骤(2)中所用水稻育秧专用缓释肥组成为：硫加高分子聚合物包膜尿素30份、硫加高分子聚合物包膜复合肥28份、6％热塑与热固双层包膜尿素18份、腐植酸包膜复合肥22份、硫酸锌2份；
水稻育秧专用缓释肥制备方法为：
1)硫加高分子聚合物包膜尿素和硫加高分子聚合物包膜复合肥的制备：
A、将酚醛环氧树脂9公斤和三乙烯四胺1公斤混合，配制成高分子聚合物包膜剂。
B、称取粒径2～3毫米的颗粒尿素100公斤、粒径2～4毫米颗粒复合肥100公斤，分别按现有技术先包一层硫磺，硫磺膜材料占核肥料质量的20％，再包一层上述高分子聚合物包膜剂，包膜剂占核肥料质量的3.0％。分别制得硫加高分子聚合物包膜尿素和硫加高分子聚合物包膜复合肥。
2)6％热塑与热固双层包膜尿素的制备：
a、将4.9公斤回收聚乙烯树脂溶于70公斤的乙酸正丁酯和乙酸戊酯质量比为5∶1混合溶剂中，加入轻质碳酸钙、马铃薯淀粉和橡胶粉1∶1∶1的混合共1.05公斤，配制成热塑性树脂内层膜包膜剂。
b、将环氧树脂E-44和聚氨酯PUR的混合液(质量比E-44/PUR＝95/5)2公斤、三乙烯四胺0.75公斤、磷酸三丁酯1公斤混合，配制成热固性树脂外层膜包膜剂。
c、称取直径2～3毫米的大颗粒尿素100公斤，按现有技术先包一层上述a制得的内层膜包膜剂，内层膜材料占核芯肥料质量的百分比为4％。再包一层上述b制得的外层膜包膜剂，外层膜材料占核芯肥料质量的百分比是2％。
3)腐植酸包膜复合肥的制备：
将2公斤环氧树脂与0.3公斤三乙烯四胺混合均匀，配制成粘结剂备用。
取粒径2～3毫米的复合肥料100公斤，在转鼓中预热至65℃～70℃，喷淋上述粘结剂0.5公斤到转动的肥料颗粒上，再喷撒2.67公斤风干粉碎的风化煤，固化后重复上述过程两次，达到粘结剂占核心肥料质量的1.5％，风化煤占核心肥料质量的8％。
4)按配方取硫加高分子聚合物包膜尿素、硫加高分子聚合物包膜复合肥、6％热塑与热固双层包膜尿素、腐植酸包膜复合肥和硫酸锌，将所有原料放入搅拌机中搅拌混匀，将混合好的肥料送入计量、包装机进行计量、包装。
试验例1 对实施例6、实施例7、对比例1、对比例2育秧方法进行 效果验证
田间试验于2019年6月至2019年10月20日进行。试验点位于江苏省泰州市姜堰区张甸镇三野村。供试土壤为高沙土，其表层土壤(0-20cm)基本理化性质为：pH值6.26，EC值48.0μs/cm，有机质17.18g/kg，碱解氮126.78mg/kg，有效磷17.23mg/kg，速效钾53mg/kg。供试水稻品种为淮麦5号。
设四个处理，3次重复，小区面积40m 2，采用随机区组设计；具体处理方式如下：
①CK1(对比例1育秧方法，不施氮肥，五氧化二磷用量为6kg/亩，氧化钾用量为6kg/亩)
②CK2(对比例1育秧方法，习惯施肥：施氮量为18kg/亩，其中基肥施氮量9kg/亩，分蘖期追肥4.5kg/亩，拔节追肥4.5kg/亩，五氧化二磷用量为4kg/亩，氧化钾用量为4kg/亩)。
③CK3(对比例2育秧方法，后期不追肥)。
④减氮20％(实施例6育秧方法，施氮量为14kg/亩，五氧化二磷用量为4kg/亩，氧化钾用量为4kg/亩，后期不追肥)
⑤减氮30％(实施例7育秧方法，施氮量为12kg/亩，五氧化二磷用量为4kg/亩，氧化钾用量为4kg/亩，后期不追肥)
测产为小区全部收割测实产。每个小区均匀取6穴稻株，考种调查记录穗数、穗粒数、结实率、千粒重，称植株、水稻籽粒鲜重和干重及含氮量。全氮用凯式定氮法测定。数据统计分析应用SPSS21.0软件。
氮肥利用率(％)＝(施氮区吸氮量-无氮区吸氮量)/施氮量×100
结果如表1、表2、表3所示。
表1 不同处理对水稻产量及构成因素的影响
Figure PCTCN2021140042-appb-000001
从表1中可以看出，减氮20％处理的水稻产量最高，与CK2常规施肥相比增产0.30％，与CK3相比增产3.11％，显著高于CK1不施氮肥处理(p<0.05)，减氮30％处理的水稻产量，与CK2常规施肥相比减产0.89％，表明减氮量不能超过20％，超过会出现减产的现象。
表2 不同处理对水稻经济效益的影响
Figure PCTCN2021140042-appb-000002
不同处理对水稻经济效益的影响如表2所示。投入成本包括土地租金、农药成本、肥料成本、机械成本和人工投入，减氮20％与减氮30％处理与CK2常规施肥相比投入成本降低，其中减氮20％处理的产量和产值最高，与CK2相比亩效益增加3.05％，产投比增加3.13％，减氮30％处理的亩效益增加3.81％，产投比增加6.26％，减氮20％与减氮30％处理与CK3相比投入成本均降低，其中减氮20％处理与CK3相比亩效益增加13.62％，产投比增加15.78％，减氮30％处理的亩效益增加14.64％，产投比增加15.29％，从产量和产值考虑，减氮20％最合理，从亩效益和产投比角度考虑，减氮 30％最合理。
表3 不同处理对水稻氮肥利用率的影响
Figure PCTCN2021140042-appb-000003
从表3中可以看出，减氮20％处理的氮肥利用率为45.37％，减氮30％处理的氮肥利用率为47.65％，CK2常规施肥处理的氮肥利用率为37.54％，CK3处理的氮肥利用率为36.48％，减氮20％和减氮30％处理的氮肥利用率均显著高于CK2常规施肥处理(p<0.05)，分别增加20.85％和26.93％，也显著高于CK3(p<0.05)，表明减氮20％和减氮30％处理均能增加水稻氮肥利用率。
通过以上分析可以得出，与CK1常规育苗(采用对比例1育秧方法)和CK2常规施肥(采用对比例1育秧方法)和CK3(硫包衣缓释肥)相比，水稻一次性施肥工业化育苗方法在稳产保产的条件下能够减少肥料用量，增加亩效益和产投比，增加氮肥利用率。
以上所述的实施例仅是对本发明的优选方式进行描述，并非对本发明的范围进行限定，在不脱离本发明设计精神的前提下，本领域普通技术人员对本发明的技术方案做出的各种变形和改进，均应落入本发明权利要求书确定的保护范围内。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种水稻育秧专用缓释肥，其特征在于，按重量份计，原料包括植物油基包膜尿素40-50份、植物油基包膜复合肥40-50份和粘土20-35份。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种水稻育秧专用缓释肥，其特征在于，所述植物油基包膜尿素的制备方法包括以下步骤：
    将尿素预热至55-65℃；
    将植物种子胚芽油与山梨(糖)醇二辛酸混合进行改性反应，之后加入催化剂混合均匀，得到组分A；
    将组分A和固化剂以同样的喷涂速度同时喷涂在预热后的尿素颗粒上进行包膜处理，得到所述植物油基包膜尿素。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的一种水稻育秧专用缓释肥，其特征在于，所述催化剂为棕榈酸锡或氯化锌；
    所述固化剂为异氰酸酯；
    所述改性反应的温度为60-70℃，时间为45-55分钟。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的一种水稻育秧专用缓释肥，其特征在于，所述植物油基包膜复合肥的制备方法包括以下步骤：
    将复合肥预热至55-65℃；
    将植物种子胚芽油与山梨(糖)醇二辛酸混合进行改性反应，之后加入催化剂混合均匀，得到组分A；
    将组分A和固化剂以同样的喷涂速度同时喷涂在预热后的复合肥颗粒上进行包膜处理，得到所述植物油基包膜复合肥。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的一种水稻育秧专用缓释肥，其特征在于，所述催化剂为棕榈酸锡或氯化锌；
    所述固化剂为异氰酸酯；
    所述改性反应的温度为60-70℃，时间为45-55分钟。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的一种水稻育秧专用缓释肥，其特征在于，所述粘土为高岭土、凹凸棒土和膨润土中的一种或几种。
  7. 一种权利要求1所述的水稻育秧专用缓释肥的制备方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：将所述植物油基包膜尿素、植物油基包膜复合肥和粘土按重量份混合均匀即可。
  8. 如权利要求1所述的一种水稻育秧专用缓释肥在水稻育秧中的应用。
  9. 一种水稻一次性施肥工业化育秧方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：在水稻工业化育秧过程中，将权利要求1所述的水稻育秧专用缓释肥加入到水稻育秧盘的培养土中。
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的一种水稻一次性施肥工业化育秧方法，其特征在于，所述水稻育秧专用缓释肥的加入量为1.9-2.7kg/标准育秧盘。
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