WO2023008883A1 - 배터리 관리 시스템, 배터리 팩, 전기 차량 및 배터리 관리 방법 - Google Patents
배터리 관리 시스템, 배터리 팩, 전기 차량 및 배터리 관리 방법 Download PDFInfo
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- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/392—Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
- B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
- B60L58/12—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to state of charge [SoC]
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- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
- B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
- B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
- B60L58/22—Balancing the charge of battery modules
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- G01R19/165—Indicating that current or voltage is either above or below a predetermined value or within or outside a predetermined range of values
- G01R19/16566—Circuits and arrangements for comparing voltage or current with one or several thresholds and for indicating the result not covered by subgroups G01R19/16504, G01R19/16528, G01R19/16533
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- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
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- G01R31/50—Testing of electric apparatus, lines, cables or components for short-circuits, continuity, leakage current or incorrect line connections
- G01R31/52—Testing for short-circuits, leakage current or ground faults
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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- H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
- H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
- H02J7/0019—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries using switched or multiplexed charge circuits
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- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
- H02J7/0025—Sequential battery discharge in systems with a plurality of batteries
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- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/0047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
- H02J7/00712—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters
- H02J7/007182—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters in response to battery voltage
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
- B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
- B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
- B60L2240/547—Voltage
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
- H02J2310/40—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle
- H02J2310/48—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle for electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to techniques for detecting internal short circuit failures in batteries.
- a battery system eg, a battery pack
- at least one battery group ie, a series connection of a plurality of batteries
- a plurality of batteries may differ in characteristics from each other due to internal and external factors in a manufacturing process and/or a use process. Characteristic deviations among the plurality of batteries cause voltage non-uniformity.
- the balancer is widely used for the purpose of resolving a voltage non-uniformity state between a plurality of batteries by performing a balancing process (eg, discharging) on each of a plurality of batteries.
- An internal short-circuit failure refers to a state in which a leakage current path is created due to a side reaction in the battery and/or penetration of foreign substances into the battery.
- a battery having an internal short circuit failure is detected from among a plurality of batteries by using a voltage imbalance state of the plurality of batteries.
- the balancing process when executed, the voltage non-uniformity state of the plurality of batteries, which is important information for detecting an internal short-circuit failure, is eliminated. That is, in detecting a battery with an internal short-circuit failure among a plurality of batteries, the balancing process performed in the past acts as an obstacle.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and even in a state in which voltage non-uniformity between a plurality of batteries is resolved by balancing processing, a battery management system that accurately detects a battery with an internal short circuit failure among a plurality of batteries,
- An object of the present invention is to provide a battery pack, an electric vehicle, and a battery management method.
- a battery management system includes a battery monitor configured to detect a voltage of each of a plurality of batteries connected in series; a balancer configured to execute balancing processing for each battery; and a control circuit configured to control the balancer based on the voltage of each battery detected by the battery monitor.
- the control circuit is configured to determine a first voltage value representing a no-load voltage of each battery.
- the control circuit is configured to compensate for the first voltage value of each battery by using a balancing capacity of each battery by the balancing process executed during a recent reference time.
- the control circuit is configured to determine a voltage deviation, which is a difference between the compensated first voltage value and a reference voltage value of each battery.
- the control circuit is configured to compare an amount of change in the voltage deviation of each battery during the reference time with a threshold value to detect an internal short-circuit failure of each battery.
- the control circuit may be configured to increase a fault count of each battery by one when the amount of change in the voltage deviation of each battery is greater than or equal to the threshold value.
- the control circuit is configured to detect that each battery has an internal short circuit failure when the failure count of each battery is equal to or greater than a predetermined value.
- the control circuit may be configured to determine the reference voltage value equal to an average value or a median value of the compensated first voltage values of at least two or more batteries among the plurality of batteries.
- the balancer may include a plurality of balancing circuits connected in parallel to the plurality of batteries in one-to-one.
- Each balancing circuit includes a discharge resistor and a discharge switch connected in series.
- the control circuit may be configured to determine the balancing capacity of each battery cell by accumulating discharge capacities of each battery cell by each balancing process executed within a period of the reference time.
- the control circuit may be configured to determine the discharge capacity of each battery by each balancing process by applying a capacity estimation function to first balancing data associated with each balancing process.
- the first balancing data includes a second voltage value representing a no-load voltage of each battery at the start of the balancing process and a duration of the balancing process.
- the control circuit may be configured to determine the discharge capacity of each battery by each balancing process by applying an SOC-OCV map to the second balancing data of each balancing process.
- the second balancing data includes a second voltage value representing the no-load voltage of each battery at the start of the balancing process and a third voltage value representing the no-load voltage of each battery at the end of the balancing process.
- the control circuit may be configured to determine an estimate of the SOC of each battery by applying a SOC-OCV map to the first voltage value of each battery.
- the control circuit may be configured to compensate for the estimated SOC of each battery by adding the SOC variation corresponding to the balancing capacity to the estimated SOC of each battery.
- the control circuit may be configured to determine the compensated first voltage value by applying the SOC-OCV map to the estimate of the compensated SOC of each battery.
- a battery pack according to another aspect of the present invention includes the battery management system.
- An electric vehicle includes the battery pack.
- a battery management method includes determining a first voltage value representing a no-load voltage of each of a plurality of batteries connected in series; compensating for the first voltage value of each battery by using a balancing capacity of each battery by a balancing process performed during a recent reference time; determining a voltage deviation that is a difference between the compensated first voltage value and a reference voltage value of each battery; and comparing an amount of change in the voltage deviation of each battery for the reference time period with a threshold value to detect an internal short-circuit failure of each battery.
- the step of detecting an internal short-circuit failure of each battery may include: increasing a failure count of each battery by 1 when the amount of change in the voltage deviation of each battery is greater than or equal to the threshold value; and detecting that each battery has an internal short circuit failure when the failure count of each battery is greater than or equal to a predetermined value.
- the battery management method may further include determining the reference voltage value equal to an average value or a median value of the compensated first voltage values of at least two or more batteries among the plurality of batteries.
- Compensating for the first voltage value of each battery may include determining an estimated SOC value of each battery by applying an SOC-OCV map to the first voltage value of each battery; compensating for the estimated SOC value of each battery by adding the SOC change amount corresponding to the balancing capacity to the estimated SOC value of each battery; and determining the compensated first voltage value by applying the SOC-OCV map to the estimated value of the compensated SOC of each battery.
- the present invention it is possible to accurately detect a battery having an internal short-circuit failure from among the plurality of batteries even in a state in which voltage non-uniformity between the plurality of batteries is resolved by the balancing process.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the configuration of an electric vehicle according to the present invention by way of example.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram referenced to describe an exemplary equivalent circuit of a battery.
- 3 to 6 are diagrams referenced to explain a principle of detecting an internal short circuit failure of a battery.
- FIG. 7 and 8 are flowcharts exemplarily illustrating a battery management method according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a flowchart exemplarily showing a battery management method according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- control unit> means a unit that processes at least one function or operation, and may be implemented as hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the configuration of an electric vehicle according to the present invention by way of example.
- an electric vehicle 1 includes a vehicle controller 2 , a battery pack 10 , and an electric load 30 .
- the charging/discharging terminals P+ and P- of the battery pack 10 may be electrically coupled to the charger 40 through a charging cable or the like.
- the charger 40 may be included in the electric vehicle 1 or may be provided in a charging station outside the electric vehicle 1 .
- the vehicle controller 2 (eg, Electronic Control Unit (ECU)) transmits a key-on signal to battery management in response to a start button (not shown) provided in the electric vehicle 1 being switched to the ON-position by the user. configured to transmit to the system 100 .
- the vehicle controller 2 is configured to transmit a key-off signal to the battery management system 100 in response to the start button being switched to the OFF-position by the user.
- the charger 40 may communicate with the vehicle controller 2 and supply charging power (eg, constant current, constant voltage, constant power) through the charging/discharging terminals P+ and P- of the battery pack 10 .
- the battery pack 10 includes a battery group 11 , a relay 20 and a battery management system 100 .
- the battery group 11 includes a series connected body of a plurality of batteries (B 1 to B N , where N is a natural number equal to or greater than 2). That is, within the battery group 11, a plurality of batteries B 1 to B N ) are connected in series with each other.
- the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N may include one unit cell manufactured to have the same electrochemical specifications or two or more unit cells connected in series, parallel, or series-parallel.
- a unit cell is the smallest unit of a power storage element capable of being independently charged and discharged.
- a type of unit cell is not particularly limited as long as it can be repeatedly charged and discharged, such as a lithium ion cell.
- the relay 20 is electrically connected in series to the battery group 11 through a power path connecting the battery group 11 and the electric load 30 .
- the relay 20 is illustrated as being connected between the positive terminal of the battery group 11 and the charge/discharge terminal P+.
- the relay 20 is controlled on/off in response to a switching signal from the battery management system 100 and/or the vehicle controller 2 .
- the relay 20 may be a mechanical contactor that is turned on and off by the magnetic force of a coil or a semiconductor switch such as a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET).
- MOSFET metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
- the electric load 30 includes an inverter 31 and an electric motor 32 .
- the inverter 31 is provided to convert direct current from the battery group 11 included in the battery pack 10 into alternating current in response to a command from the battery management system 100 or the vehicle controller 2.
- the electric motor 32 is driven using AC power from the inverter 31 .
- As the electric motor 32 a three-phase AC motor can be used, for example.
- a state in which the relay 20 is turned on and the battery B is being charged/discharged may be referred to as a load state (cycle state).
- the no-load voltage is a term that collectively refers to a relaxation voltage and an open circuit voltage (OCV).
- OCV open circuit voltage
- the polarization generated in the battery B is naturally resolved and the no-load voltage of the battery B changes.
- OCV represents the no-load voltage when the battery B is maintained in the no-load state for a predetermined time (eg, 2 hours) or more and the voltage change rate of the battery B becomes less than a predetermined value. That is, OCV is the no-load voltage in a state where the polarization of battery B is negligibly small.
- the relaxation voltage represents the no-load voltage while the polarization is naturally resolved.
- the battery management system 100 includes a battery monitor 110 , a balancer 130 and a control circuit 140 .
- the battery management system 100 may further include a communication circuit 150 .
- the battery management system 100 includes a battery monitor 110 , a control circuit 140 and a communication circuit 150 .
- the battery monitor 110 includes a voltage detection circuit 112 .
- the battery monitor 110 may further include a current detector 114 .
- the voltage detection circuit 112 is connected to the positive and negative terminals of each of the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N included in the battery group 11, and the voltage across both ends of the battery B (called battery voltage). and to generate a voltage signal representing the detected battery voltage.
- the current detector 114 is serially connected to the battery group 11 through a current path between the battery group 11 and the inverter 30 .
- the current detector 114 may be implemented with one or a combination of two or more known current detection elements such as a shunt resistor, a Hall effect element, and the like. Since the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N are connected in series, a common charge/discharge current flows through the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N .
- the voltage detection circuit 112 may output a current signal representing the direction and magnitude of the charge/discharge current to the control circuit 140 based on the voltage across the shunt resistor.
- the current detector 114 may directly generate a current signal representing the charge/discharge current flowing through the battery group 11 and output it to the control circuit 140 .
- the balancer 130 is configured to perform a balancing process on a battery B requiring balancing among a plurality of batteries B 1 to B N in response to a balancing execution command from the control circuit 140 .
- the battery B determined to require balancing will be referred to as a 'target battery'.
- the balancing execution command may include a target time for a target battery B among a plurality of batteries B 1 to B N .
- the target time means the duration of the balancing process required for the target battery B.
- the balancer 130 is illustrated as including a plurality of balancing circuits D 1 to D N .
- the plurality of balancing circuits D 1 to D N may be connected in parallel to the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N in one-to-one.
- the symbol 'D' will be given to the battery.
- the balancing circuit D is a series circuit of the discharge resistor 131 and the discharge switch 132.
- the discharge switch 132 is turned on in response to a balancing execution command. While the discharge switch 132 is turned on, the battery B is discharged by the discharge resistor 131 .
- the discharge switch 132 may be a semiconductor switch such as MOSFET.
- Control circuit 140 may be operatively coupled to relay 20 , battery monitor 110 , balancer 130 and communication circuit 150 .
- relay 20 When two components are operably coupled, it means that the two components are directly or indirectly connected so that signals can be transmitted and received in one direction or both directions.
- the control circuit 140 may be referred to as a 'battery controller', and in terms of hardware, ASICs (application specific integrated circuits), DSPs (digital signal processors), DSPDs (digital signal processing devices), PLDs (programmable logic devices), FPGAs It may be implemented using at least one of (field programmable gate arrays), microprocessors, and electrical units for performing other functions.
- ASICs application specific integrated circuits
- DSPs digital signal processors
- DSPDs digital signal processing devices
- PLDs programmable logic devices
- FPGAs field programmable gate arrays
- microprocessors and electrical units for performing other functions.
- the control circuit 140 may collect a voltage signal and/or a current signal from the battery monitor 110 .
- the control circuit 140 may convert and record the analog signal collected from the battery monitor 110 into a digital value using an analog to digital converter (ADC) provided therein.
- ADC analog to digital converter
- the battery monitor 110 may transmit a result of converting an analog signal into a digital value by itself to the control circuit 140 .
- the memory 141 may be, for example, a flash memory type, a hard disk type, a solid state disk type (SSD type), a silicon disk drive type (SDD type), or a multimedia card micro type. micro type), random access memory (RAM), static random access memory (SRAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM) At least one type of storage medium may be included.
- the memory 141 may store data and programs required for arithmetic operations by the control circuit 140 .
- the memory 141 may store data representing a result of an arithmetic operation performed by the control circuit 140 .
- the memory 141 may store pre-given functions, logics, and algorithms to be used to detect an internal short-circuit failure of the battery B.
- the memory 141 may be integrated into the controller 140 .
- the control circuit 140 may turn on the relay 20 in response to a key-on signal from the vehicle controller 2 .
- the control circuit 140 may turn off the relay 20 in response to a key-off signal from the vehicle controller 2 .
- the key-on signal is a signal requesting a transition from a no-load state to a load state.
- the key-off signal is a signal requesting a transition from a load state to a no-load state.
- the vehicle controller 2 may be in charge of on/off control of the relay 20 instead of the control circuit 140 .
- the control circuit 140 is configured to control the balancer 130 based on the voltage of the battery B detected by the battery monitor 110 .
- the control circuit 140 may monitor the voltages of each of the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N and identify the maximum voltage and minimum voltage of the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N .
- the maximum voltage is the maximum among the voltages of the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N .
- the minimum voltage is the minimum among the voltages of the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N .
- the communication circuit 150 is configured to support wired communication or wireless communication between the control circuit 140 and the vehicle controller 2 .
- Wired communication may be, for example, contoller area network (CAN) communication
- wireless communication may be, for example, ZigBee or Bluetooth communication.
- the type of communication protocol is not particularly limited.
- the communication circuit 150 may include an output device (eg, a display or a speaker) that provides information received from the control circuit 140 and/or the vehicle controller 2 in a form recognizable by a user (driver). .
- control circuit 140 operations performed by the control circuit 140 to detect a battery with an internal short circuit failure will be described in detail.
- the control circuit 140 determines the voltage value of the no-load voltage of the battery B.
- the control circuit 140 determines the voltage value of the no-load voltage of the battery B to be the same as the voltage value of the voltage of the battery B detected by the battery monitor 110.
- the control circuit 140 detects the battery voltage of the battery B detected by the battery monitor 110 and the current detected by the detector 114 using a battery state estimation algorithm.
- the voltage value of the no-load voltage of the battery B may be determined (estimated) based on the charged/discharged current of the battery B. For example, according to Ohm's law, the voltage corresponding to the product of the charge/discharge current of the battery B and the internal resistance of the battery B is subtracted from the battery voltage of the battery B detected by the battery monitor 110 By doing so, the no-load voltage of the battery B can be estimated.
- control circuit 140 may use a predetermined battery state estimation algorithm regardless of whether the battery B is in an unloaded state or a loaded state, and the state of charge (SOC: State Of) of the battery B After determining the estimated value of charge, an OCV value associated with the estimated SOC of the battery B may be acquired from a given SOC-OCV map (see FIG. 5).
- SOC State Of
- an OCV value associated with the estimated SOC of the battery B may be acquired from a given SOC-OCV map (see FIG. 5).
- a known algorithm eg, a Kalman filter, etc.
- the control circuit 140 determines a target battery B from among the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N .
- the control circuit 140 when the battery group 11 is switched from a load state to a no-load state, determines whether balancing processing for at least one battery B among a plurality of batteries B 1 to B N is required can do. Determination of whether the target battery B exists may be performed periodically from the time when the battery group 11 is switched from the load state to the no-load state, that is, from the start of the no-load state to the continuation of the no-load state.
- control circuit 140 may set a battery B having a no-load voltage higher than a minimum no-load voltage of the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N by a reference value or higher as the target battery.
- control circuit 140 may set a battery B having an estimated SOC higher than a minimum SOC of the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N by a reference value or higher as the target battery.
- the control circuit 140 determines the target capacity of the target battery B equal to the capacity corresponding to the voltage difference (or SOC difference) between the target battery (eg, B i ) and the reference battery (eg, B j ).
- the reference battery refers to a battery corresponding to the minimum no-load voltage (or minimum SOC) among the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N .
- the control circuit 140 may determine the target time for the target battery B using a map given in advance as a correlation between the target capacity and the target time. The correlation between the target capacity and the target time may be determined through experiments on batteries manufactured to have the same electrochemical performance as that of the battery B.
- the balancer 130 may perform the balancing process for the target battery B for a first time and then stop the balancing process for a second time whenever a balancing execution command is received.
- the control circuit 140 identifies the target battery B again among the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N for each period in which the balancing process of the balancer 130 is stopped, and performs balancing for the target battery B An execution command may be transmitted to the balancer 130 .
- the balancing execution command may be a high level voltage that is directly applied to the discharge switch 132 and induces the discharge switch 132 from an off state to an on state.
- the discharge switch 132 may be maintained in an off state while a balancing execution command is not received.
- control circuit 140 may output a balancing stop command from the balancer 130 when switching from a no-load state to a load state is requested while balancing the target battery B is being performed.
- the balancer 130 may terminate the balancing process for all of the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N in response to a balancing stop command.
- a normal battery refers to a battery having no internal short-circuit failure among a plurality of batteries B 1 to B N
- a faulty battery refers to a battery having an internal short-circuit failure among a plurality of batteries B 1 to B N .
- a normal battery may be equivalent as a series circuit of a DC voltage source (V DC ), an internal resistance (R 0 ), and an RC pair (R 1 , C).
- V DC DC voltage source
- R 0 internal resistance
- R 1 , C RC pair
- I ISC leakage current
- leakage current When charging a faulty battery, a portion of the charged power is consumed as leakage current (I ISC ) without being stored in the faulty battery. In addition, when discharging the faulty battery, some of the discharging power is consumed as leakage current I ISC without being supplied to the electric load 30 .
- a decrease in the resistance value of the resistor (R ISC ) means that internal short-circuit failures are intensified, and as the internal short-circuit failure is intensified, the amount of power consumed as leakage current (I ISC ) may increase.
- the voltage change (i.e., the amount of increase in SOC) of the faulty battery is smaller than that of the normal battery.
- the voltage change (ie, the amount of SOC degradation) of the faulty battery is larger than that of the normal battery.
- I ISC leakage current
- 3 to 6 are diagrams referenced to explain a principle of detecting an internal short circuit failure of a battery.
- FIG. 3 shows the no-load load of each of the battery B i and the battery B j over a period in which the load state (charging), no-load state, load state (discharge), and no-load state for the battery group 11 are sequentially progressed.
- the time-dependent change of the voltage is exemplified.
- the battery B i is a normal battery and the battery B j is a failed battery.
- a curve 310 represents the no-load voltage of the battery B i
- a curve 320 represents the no-load voltage of the battery B j
- the time point tB is the detection timing, that is, the point at which the control circuit 140 detects a failed battery from among the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N .
- Time point tA is a time point in the past that is ahead of time point tB by the reference time ( ⁇ t REF ).
- the length of the reference time ⁇ t REF may be predetermined. For ease of understanding, it is assumed that the no-load voltages of the battery B i and the battery B j are the same at time point tA.
- From time point tA to time point t1 is a charging period, and the no-load voltages of battery B i and battery B j continuously rise. However, the rise of the no-load voltage of the battery B j is slower than that of the battery B i , and the voltage difference between the battery B i and the battery B j gradually increases over the charging period tA to t1 . That is, during the charging period tA to t1, the voltage imbalance state of the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N gradually intensifies.
- a no-load period from time t1 to time t4 in which charging and discharging of the battery B i and the battery B j are stopped.
- the no-load voltage of the battery B j gradually drops even during the no-load period t1 to t4 due to leakage current (see FIG. 2 ).
- time t2 to time t3 is a period during which balancing processing for the battery B i is performed, that is, a balancing period for the battery B i .
- the control circuit 140 sets a battery B i as a target battery among a plurality of batteries B 1 to B N between time points t1 and time points t2 .
- the no-load voltage of the battery B j at time t1 is the minimum no-load voltage of the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N
- the no-load voltage of the battery B i is greater than the no-load voltage of the battery B j . Since it is high, battery B i is set as the target battery. Of course, among the remaining batteries, at least one battery in which a no-load voltage lower than the minimum no-load voltage is detected may be additionally set as a target battery.
- the balancing process for the battery B i is performed, the no-load voltage of the battery B i continues to drop over the balancing period t2 to t3. That is, during the balancing period t2 to t3 , the voltage imbalance state of the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N is gradually resolved.
- the no-load voltages of the battery B i and the battery B j continuously fall.
- the drop of the no-load voltage of the battery B j is faster than that of the battery B i , and the voltage difference between the battery B i and the battery B j gradually increases again over the discharging period t4 to t5 . That is, during the discharging period t4 to t5 , the voltage imbalance state of the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N gradually intensifies.
- a period from time t5 to time point tB is a no-load period.
- the no-load voltage of the battery B j gradually drops over the no-load period (t5 to tB).
- time t6 to time t7 is a balancing period of the battery B i .
- the control circuit 140 sets a target battery from among the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N between time points t5 and time points t6 . For example, at time t6, as at time t2, the battery B i is set as the target battery.
- the balancing process for the battery B i is performed, the no-load voltage of the battery B i continues to drop over the balancing period t6 to t7. That is, during the balancing period t6 to t7, the voltage imbalance state of the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N is resolved again.
- the voltage value of the no-load voltage of each of the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N at the detection timing (time point tB) is compensated by using the balancing capacitance.
- the compensated voltage value of battery B is an estimate of the no-load voltage of battery B at the detection timing (time point tB) when the balancing process for battery B is not executed over the period tA to tB. indicates Accordingly, even if the voltage imbalance state between the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N at the detection timing (time point tB) is very weak, the battery B j may be detected as a failed battery.
- the control circuit 140 may detect a failed battery among the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N at each detection timing of a predetermined time interval.
- the reference time ( ⁇ t REF ) may be 100 times the time interval of two adjacent detection timings, and the period during the latest reference time ( ⁇ t REF ) may be specified using a moving window.
- the control circuit 140 may detect an internal short circuit failure when the detection execution condition is satisfied.
- the detection execution condition may be, for example, a no-load state in which balancing processing for all of the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N is stopped.
- the balancing capacity of the battery B in the period tA to tB is the accumulated value of the discharge capacity of the battery B by the balancing process performed in the period tA to tB, that is, over the period tA to tB. is the total discharge capacity.
- a balancing capacity of a battery (eg, B j ) in which balancing processing has not been performed even once in the period (tA to tB) is determined to be 0Ah.
- FIG. 4 is for explanation of the balancing process performed on the battery B i within the no-load period t1 to t4 in FIG. 3 .
- Curves 410 and 411 respectively show changes in the no-load voltage and discharge capacity of the battery B i over time.
- the voltage value of the no-load voltage of the battery B i is constant at V2 from the time point t1 to the time point t2, continues to fall from the time point t2 to the time point t3, and reaches V3 at the time point t3.
- Time t3 is the time when the balancing process for the battery B i is finished.
- the control circuit 150 may determine the discharge capacity of the battery B i by the balancing process by applying a capacity estimation function to the first balancing data of the balancing process.
- the first balancing data includes a start voltage value and duration of the balancing process.
- the starting voltage value represents the no-load voltage of the battery B i at the start time point t2 of the balancing process, and is V2 in FIG. 4 .
- the capacity estimation function defines the correlation between the starting voltage value, the duration time, and the discharge capacity, and may be determined through experiments on batteries manufactured to have the same electrochemical performance as that of the battery B. Equation 1 below is an example of a capacity estimation function.
- V start is a starting voltage value
- ⁇ t BC is a duration time
- R is a predetermined resistance value of the discharge resistor 131
- Q dis is a discharge capacity per balancing process.
- V start /R represents the balancing current flowing through the discharge resistor 131 at the start of the balancing process.
- Equation 2 is another example of a capacity estimation function.
- V end is an end voltage value, and the remaining factors are the same as in Equation 1.
- control circuit 150 may determine the discharge capacity of the battery B i by the balancing process by applying the SOC-OCV map to the second balancing data of the balancing process.
- the second balancing data includes a start voltage value and an end voltage value of the balancing process.
- the end voltage value represents the no-load voltage at the end point (t3) of the balancing process, and is V3 in FIG. 4 .
- 5 is an example of a SOC-OCV map. Referring to FIG. 5 , Z2 is the SOC corresponding to the starting voltage value V2, and Z3 is the SOC corresponding to the ending voltage value V3.
- the control circuit 140 multiplies the difference between the two SOCs, that is, Z2-Z3 by the full charge capacity (FCC) of the battery B i , and the balancing process performed in the balancing period t2 to t3
- the discharge capacity of the battery B i may be determined. Since a method for estimating the full charge capacity is widely known, a detailed description thereof will be omitted.
- the balancing capacity of the battery B can be directly calculated. can also be calculated.
- the above-described determination of the balancing capacity may be performed each time the balancing process is performed.
- the control circuit 140 sums the discharge capacity in the balancing period (t2 to t3) and the discharge capacity in the balancing period (t6 to t7) to determine the amount consumed from the battery B i during the period (tA to tB).
- the balancing capacity of the battery B i which is the total capacity, may be determined.
- the control circuit 140 may determine an estimated SOC value of each of the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N at a detection timing (time point tB). For example, when the voltage value of the no-load voltage of the battery B i detected at time tB is V i , the control circuit 140 applies the SOC-OCV map to the voltage value V i to obtain the voltage value V i Z i corresponding to may be determined as an estimate of the SOC of the battery B i .
- the control circuit 140 applies a predetermined voltage compensation logic to the balancing capacities of each of the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N during the latest reference time ⁇ t REF based on the detection timing (time point tB). By applying, the voltage value of the no-load voltage of each of the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N may be compensated. Specifically, the control circuit 140 may determine the SOC change amount ( ⁇ Z i ) of the battery B i by dividing the balancing capacity of the battery B i by the full charge capacity of the battery B i . The control circuit 140 compensates the estimated SOC value of the battery B i from Z i to Z i+ by adding the SOC change amount ⁇ Z i to the estimated SOC value Z i .
- the control circuit 140 determines a voltage value (V i+ ) corresponding to Z i+ by applying the SOC-OCV map to the compensated SOC estimate (Z i+ ).
- the voltage value (V i+ ) is a result of compensating the voltage value (V i ) using the balancing capacity of the battery (B i ).
- the compensated voltage value V j+ of the battery B j is the voltage value detected at time point tB Same as (V j ).
- the curve 311 is a result of compensating for the curve 310 by applying a change in the balancing capacity of the battery B i over time to the curve 310 . That is, the curve 311 represents the change over time of the no-load voltage of the battery B i when the balancing process for the battery B i is not performed at all during the period tA to tB. Since the balancing process is not performed during the charging period (tA to t1), the curve 310 and the curve 320 completely overlap during the charging period (tA to t1).
- the above-described series of processes is commonly applied to all of the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N at each detection timing.
- the control circuit 140 may determine a reference voltage value equal to an average value or a median value of compensated voltage values of two or more batteries among the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N at each detection timing. That is, the reference voltage value may be newly updated at every detection timing.
- the reference voltage value is determined for a plurality of batteries (B 1 to B N ), (i) all of the plurality of compensated voltage values or (ii) a plurality of compensated voltage values, in order of greater order. It may be an average value or a median value of the measured voltage values.
- V R is a reference voltage value at a time point tB.
- the reference voltage value may be a pre-given value regardless of voltage changes of the plurality of batteries B 1 to B N .
- the control circuit 140 may determine a voltage deviation, which is a difference between the reference voltage value and the compensated voltage value of the battery B, at each detection timing.
- the control circuit 140 stores a time series representing changes over time in the voltage deviation of the battery B sequentially determined a plurality of times over a period (tA to tB) during the recent reference time ( ⁇ t REF ) ( 141) can be recorded. If the voltage deviation of battery B at several detection timings within the period tA to tB is missing, interpolation is applied to the values of the remaining voltage deviations in the time series, so that the values of the missing voltage deviations can be added to the time series. .
- curve 610 and curve 620 respectively illustrate the change in the voltage deviation of the battery B i and the voltage deviation of the battery B j over time.
- the control circuit 140 may determine the amount of change in the voltage deviation of the battery B during the latest reference time ⁇ t REF .
- ⁇ V iA and ⁇ V iB are voltage deviations of the battery B i at time points tA and tB, respectively, and the amount of change in the voltage deviation of the battery B i is ⁇ V iA - ⁇ V iB .
- ⁇ V jA and ⁇ V jB are voltage deviations of the battery B j at time points tA and tB, respectively, and the amount of change in the voltage deviation of the battery B j is ⁇ V jA - ⁇ V jB .
- ⁇ V iB V i+ -VR
- ⁇ V jB V j+ -VR .
- the control circuit 140 compares the amount of change in the voltage deviation of the battery B with a threshold value at each detection timing to determine whether the battery B has an internal short circuit failure. For example, at time point tB, if ( ⁇ V iA - ⁇ V iB ) ⁇ threshold ⁇ ( ⁇ V jA - ⁇ V jB ), the battery B i is determined to be a normal battery and the battery B j is determined to be a faulty battery. do.
- the control circuit 140 compares the change amount of the voltage deviation of the battery B with a threshold value at each detection timing, counts the number of consecutive times that the change amount of the voltage deviation of the battery B is equal to or greater than the threshold value, and When the number of times reaches a predetermined number of times, it can be determined that the battery B has an internal short circuit failure.
- FIG. 7 and 8 are flowcharts exemplarily illustrating a battery management method according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the method of FIG. 7 may be repeatedly executed at predetermined time intervals. For ease of understanding, it is assumed that the method of FIG. 7 is executed at time point tB.
- step S700 the control circuit 140 determines a first voltage value representing the no-load voltage of the battery B.
- V i and V j in FIG. 3 denote first voltage values of the battery B i and the battery Bj, respectively.
- step S710 the control circuit 140 compensates for the first voltage value of the battery B by using the balancing capacity of the battery B.
- Step S710 may include steps S810, S820, S830, and S840 shown in FIG. 8 as subroutines.
- step S810 the control circuit 140 applies the SOC-OCV map to the first voltage value of the battery B to determine an estimated SOC of the battery B.
- Z i is an estimated SOC of the battery B i corresponding to the first voltage value V i of the battery B i .
- step S820 the control circuit 140 determines the balancing capacity of the battery B.
- the balancing capacity of the battery B may be an accumulated value of discharge capacity by balancing processing performed on the battery B during the latest reference time ⁇ t REF .
- step S830 the control circuit 140 compensates for the estimated SOC of the battery B by adding the SOC variation corresponding to the balancing capacity to the estimated SOC of the battery B.
- ⁇ Z i is added to Z i to obtain an estimated value Z i+ of the compensated SOC of the battery B i .
- step S840 the control circuit 140 determines the compensated first voltage value of the battery B by applying the SOC-OCV map to the estimated value of the compensated SOC of the battery B. Referring to FIG. 5 , the compensated first voltage value of the battery B is determined equal to V i+ corresponding to Z i+ .
- step S720 the control circuit 140 determines a reference voltage value.
- VR in FIG. 3 is a reference voltage value at a time point tB.
- step S730 the control circuit 140 determines the voltage deviation of the battery B equal to the difference between the compensated first voltage value of the battery B and the reference voltage value.
- ⁇ V iB and ⁇ V jB are voltage deviations of the battery B i and voltage deviations of the battery B j , respectively.
- step S740 the control circuit 140 determines the amount of change in the voltage deviation of the battery B for the latest reference time ( ⁇ t REF ).
- ⁇ t REF the latest reference time
- ( ⁇ V iA - ⁇ V iB ) is the amount of change in the voltage deviation of the battery B i
- ( ⁇ V jA - ⁇ V jB ) is the amount of change in the voltage deviation of the battery B j .
- step S750 the control circuit 140 determines whether the amount of change in the voltage deviation of the battery B is greater than or equal to a threshold value. If the value of step S750 is "yes", the process proceeds to step S760.
- control circuit 140 detects that battery B has an internal short circuit failure. Additionally, the control circuit 140 may execute a predetermined protection operation. The protection operation may include outputting a diagnostic message indicating that the battery B has an internal short circuit failure. The diagnostic message may be transmitted to the vehicle controller 2 through the communication circuit 150 . Upon receiving the diagnosis message, the communication circuit 150 may output a warning signal to the user.
- FIG. 9 is a flowchart exemplarily showing a battery management method according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- the method of FIG. 9 may be repeatedly executed at predetermined time intervals. For ease of understanding, it is assumed that the method of FIG. 9 is executed at time point tB.
- step S910 the control circuit 140 determines whether the amount of change in the voltage deviation of battery B is greater than or equal to a threshold value. If the value of step S910 is "yes”, the process proceeds to step S920. If the value of step S910 is "No”, the process proceeds to step S922.
- step S920 the control circuit 140 increases the failure count of the battery B by one.
- step S922 the control circuit 140 resets the failure count of the battery B equal to an initial value (eg, 0).
- step S930 the control circuit 140 determines whether the failure count of the battery B is greater than or equal to a predetermined value. That is, it is determined whether or not the amount of change in the voltage deviation of the battery B has been continuously counted as a predetermined number of times greater than or equal to a threshold value. If the value of step S930 is "yes", the process proceeds to step S940.
- control circuit 140 detects that battery B has an internal short circuit failure. As in the first embodiment, the control circuit 140 may execute a predetermined protection operation.
- the second embodiment is a modified example of the first embodiment, and can prevent erroneous detection of a failed battery.
- the embodiments of the present invention described above are not implemented only through devices and methods, and may be implemented through a program that realizes functions corresponding to the configuration of the embodiments of the present invention or a recording medium on which the program is recorded. Implementation can be easily implemented by an expert in the technical field to which the present invention belongs based on the description of the above-described embodiment.
- battery pack B battery
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Abstract
Description
Claims (14)
- 직렬 연결된 복수의 배터리 각각의 전압을 검출하도록 구성되는 배터리 모니터;각 배터리에 대한 밸런싱 처리를 실행하도록 구성되는 밸런서; 및상기 배터리 모니터에 의해 검출된 각 배터리의 전압을 기초로 상기 밸런서를 제어하도록 구성되는 제어 회로를 포함하고,상기 제어 회로는,각 배터리의 무부하 전압을 나타내는 제1 전압값을 결정하고,최근의 기준 시간 동안에 실행된 상기 밸런싱 처리에 의한 각 배터리의 밸런싱 용량을 이용하여, 각 배터리의 상기 제1 전압값을 보상하고,각 배터리의 상기 보상된 제1 전압값과 기준 전압값 간의 차이인 전압 편차를 결정하고,상기 기준 시간 동안의 각 배터리의 상기 전압 편차의 변화량을 임계값과 비교하여, 각 배터리의 내부 단락 고장을 검출하도록 구성되는 배터리 관리 시스템.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 제어 회로는,각 배터리의 상기 전압 편차의 변화량이 상기 임계값 이상인 경우, 각 배터리의 고장 카운트를 1만큼 증가시키고,각 배터리의 고장 카운트가 소정값 이상인 경우, 각 배터리가 내부 단락 고장인 것으로 검출하도록 구성되는 배터리 관리 시스템.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 제어 회로는,상기 복수의 배터리 중 적어도 둘 이상의 배터리의 상기 보상된 제1 전압값의 평균값 또는 중앙값과 동일하게 상기 기준 전압값을 결정하도록 구성되는 배터리 관리 시스템.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 밸런서는, 상기 복수의 배터리에 일대일로 병렬 접속되는 복수의 밸런싱 회로를 포함하고,각 밸런싱 회로는, 직렬 연결되는 방전 저항 및 방전 스위치를 포함하는 배터리 관리 시스템.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 제어 회로는,상기 기준 시간 동안의 기간 내에 실행된 각 밸런싱 처리에 의한 각 배터리 셀의 방전 용량을 누산하여, 각 배터리 셀의 상기 밸런싱 용량을 결정하도록 구성되는 배터리 관리 시스템.
- 제5항에 있어서,상기 제어 회로는,각 밸런싱 처리에 연관된 제1 밸런싱 데이터에 용량 추정 함수를 적용하여, 각 밸런싱 처리에 의한 각 배터리의 상기 방전 용량을 결정하도록 구성되되,상기 제1 밸런싱 데이터는, 상기 밸런싱 처리의 시작 시의 각 배터리의 무부하 전압을 나타내는 제2 전압값 및 상기 밸런싱 처리의 계속 시간을 포함하는 배터리 관리 시스템.
- 제5항에 있어서,상기 제어 회로는,각 밸런싱 처리의 제2 밸런싱 데이터에 SOC-OCV 맵을 적용하여, 각 밸런싱 처리에 의한 각 배터리의 상기 방전 용량을 결정하도록 구성되되,상기 제2 밸런싱 데이터는, 상기 밸런싱 처리의 시작 시의 각 배터리의 무부하 전압을 나타내는 제2 전압값 및 상기 밸런싱 처리의 종료 시의 각 배터리의 무부하 전압을 나타내는 제3 전압값을 포함하는 배터리 관리 시스템.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 제어 회로는,각 배터리의 상기 제1 전압값에 SOC-OCV 맵을 적용하여, 각 배터리의 SOC의 추정치를 결정하고,각 배터리의 상기 SOC의 추정치에 상기 밸런싱 용량에 대응하는 SOC 변화량을 합하여, 각 배터리의 상기 SOC의 추정치를 보상하고,각 배터리의 상기 보상된 SOC의 추정치에 상기 SOC-OCV 맵을 적용하여, 상기 보상된 제1 전압값을 결정하도록 구성되는 배터리 관리 시스템.
- 제1항 내지 제8항 중 어느 한 항에 따른 상기 배터리 관리 시스템을 포함하는 배터리 팩.
- 제9항에 따른 상기 배터리 팩을 포함하는 전기 차량.
- 직렬 연결된 복수의 배터리 각각의 무부하 전압을 나타내는 제1 전압값을 결정하는 단계;최근의 기준 시간 동안에 실행된 밸런싱 처리에 의한 각 배터리의 밸런싱 용량을 이용하여, 각 배터리의 상기 제1 전압값을 보상하는 단계;각 배터리의 상기 보상된 제1 전압값과 기준 전압값 간의 차이인 전압 편차를 결정하는 단계; 및상기 기준 시간 동안의 각 배터리의 상기 전압 편차의 변화량을 임계값과 비교하여, 각 배터리의 내부 단락 고장을 검출하는 단계를 포함하는 배터리 관리 방법.
- 제11항에 있어서,각 배터리의 내부 단락 고장을 검출하는 단계는,각 배터리의 상기 전압 편차의 변화량이 상기 임계값 이상인 경우, 각 배터리의 고장 카운트를 1만큼 증가시키는 단계; 및각 배터리의 상기 고장 카운트가 소정값 이상인 경우, 각 배터리가 내부 단락 고장인 것으로 검출하는 단계를 포함하는 배터리 관리 방법.
- 제11항에 있어서,상기 복수의 배터리 중 적어도 둘 이상의 배터리의 상기 보상된 제1 전압값의 평균값 또는 중앙값과 동일하게 상기 기준 전압값을 결정하는 단계를 더 포함하는 배터리 관리 방법.
- 제11항에 있어서,각 배터리의 상기 제1 전압값을 보상하는 단계는,각 배터리의 상기 제1 전압값에 SOC-OCV 맵을 적용하여, 각 배터리의 SOC의 추정치를 결정하는 단계;각 배터리의 상기 SOC의 추정치에 상기 밸런싱 용량에 대응하는 SOC 변화량을 합하여, 각 배터리의 상기 SOC의 추정치를 보상하는 단계; 및각 배터리의 상기 보상된 SOC의 추정치에 상기 SOC-OCV 맵을 적용하여, 상기 보상된 제1 전압값을 결정하는 단계를 포함하는 배터리 관리 방법.
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