WO2023008328A1 - 炭素質材料、蓄電デバイス用負極、蓄電デバイス、及び炭素質材料の製造方法 - Google Patents
炭素質材料、蓄電デバイス用負極、蓄電デバイス、及び炭素質材料の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023008328A1 WO2023008328A1 PCT/JP2022/028462 JP2022028462W WO2023008328A1 WO 2023008328 A1 WO2023008328 A1 WO 2023008328A1 JP 2022028462 W JP2022028462 W JP 2022028462W WO 2023008328 A1 WO2023008328 A1 WO 2023008328A1
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- Prior art keywords
- carbonaceous material
- compound
- mass
- material according
- nitrogen
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- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/80—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70
- C01P2002/82—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70 by IR- or Raman-data
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a carbonaceous material, a negative electrode for an electricity storage device, an electricity storage device, and a method for producing the carbonaceous material.
- Electricity storage devices are devices such as secondary batteries and capacitors that utilize electrochemical phenomena, and are widely used.
- a lithium ion secondary battery which is one of power storage devices, is widely used in small portable devices such as mobile phones and laptop computers.
- a negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries a non-graphitizable carbon capable of doping (charging) and dedoping (discharging) lithium in an amount exceeding the theoretical capacity of graphite, 372 mAh/g, has been developed (for example, Patent Document 1 ), has been used.
- Non-graphitizable carbon can be obtained, for example, from petroleum pitch, coal pitch, phenolic resin, and plants as carbon sources.
- plant-derived raw materials such as sugar compounds, for example, are attracting attention because they are raw materials that can be continuously and stably supplied by cultivation and are available at low cost.
- a carbonaceous material obtained by sintering a plant-derived carbon raw material is expected to have a good charge/discharge capacity because it has many pores (for example, Patent Documents 1 and 2).
- a carbonaceous material that can be used as a negative electrode of an electricity storage device such as a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery the true density, the atomic ratio of hydrogen atoms to carbon atoms by elemental analysis, the average particle size, Dv90/Dv10 and circularity are specified.
- a carbonaceous material having a tap density and an angle of repose adjusted within a predetermined range is known.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a carbonaceous material capable of providing an electricity storage device having both high discharge capacity per weight and high discharge capacity per volume when applied as a negative electrode layer. It is in. Another object of the present invention is to provide an electricity storage device negative electrode containing such a carbonaceous material, and an electricity storage device containing such an electricity storage device negative electrode.
- the present invention includes the following preferred embodiments.
- a negative electrode for an electricity storage device comprising the carbonaceous material according to any one of [1] to [6].
- An electricity storage device comprising the electricity storage device negative electrode of [7]. [9] the following steps: (1) a step of mixing a compound having a saccharide skeleton, a nitrogen-containing compound, and a cross-linking agent to obtain a mixture; (2) a step of heat-treating the mixture at 500 to 900° C.
- the compound having a saccharide skeleton when arbitrarily selecting 20 particles having a cross-sectional area of 3 ⁇ m 2 or more and 100 ⁇ m 2 or less in an image obtained by observing the cross section of the particles of the compound with a secondary electron microscope,
- Step (A) is Before the step (1), a compound having a saccharide skeleton is mixed with 5 to 50% by mass of water based on the mass of the compound, and the step of heating at a temperature of 50 to 200 ° C.
- step (a2) is a step (a2) of heating for 1 minute to 5 hours at a temperature of Simultaneously with step (1) or after step (1), a step (b2) of subjecting the mixture containing the compound having a saccharide skeleton to a mechanical treatment having impact, crushing, friction and/or shearing action.
- step (b2) The method for producing a carbonaceous material according to [11].
- the term "electricity storage device” refers to any device that includes a negative electrode containing a carbonaceous material and utilizes an electrochemical phenomenon.
- the electric storage device is, for example, a secondary battery such as a lithium ion secondary battery, a nickel hydrogen secondary battery, a nickel cadmium secondary battery, etc., and a capacitor such as an electric double layer capacitor, which can be used repeatedly by charging. etc.
- the electric storage device is a secondary battery, particularly a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery (eg, lithium ion secondary battery, sodium ion battery, lithium sulfur battery, lithium air battery, all-solid battery, organic radical battery, etc.). It may be a lithium ion secondary battery among others.
- the carbonaceous material of the present invention is a carbonaceous material suitable for providing an electricity storage device having both a high discharge capacity per weight and a high discharge capacity per volume. % or more, the true density by the butanol immersion method is 1.50 to 1.65 g / cc, the tapped bulk density is 0.7 to 1.0 g / cc, and the carbon spacing by X-ray diffraction measurement It is a carbonaceous material having (d 002 ) of 3.65 ⁇ or more.
- the elemental nitrogen content of the carbonaceous material of the present invention by elemental analysis is 1.0% by mass or more.
- the nitrogen element content is an analytical value obtained by elemental analysis of the carbonaceous material.
- the nitrogen element content is preferably 1.2% by mass or more, more preferably 1.5% by mass or more, and still more preferably 2.0% by mass, from the viewpoint of easily increasing the discharge capacity per volume and the discharge capacity per weight. % or more, and more preferably 2.2 mass % or more.
- the upper limit of the nitrogen element content is preferably 8.0% by mass or less, more preferably 6.0% by mass or less, and still more preferably 5.0% by mass, from the viewpoint of suppressing a decrease in discharge capacity when charging and discharging are repeated. Below, more preferably 4.0% by mass or less.
- the nitrogen element content by elemental analysis of the carbonaceous material can be adjusted to the above range by adjusting the addition amount of the nitrogen-containing compound that can be added when producing the carbonaceous material, adjusting the temperature and time for heat treatment, etc. can be adjusted to
- the true density of the carbonaceous material of the present invention by the butanol immersion method is 1.50 to 1.65 g/cc. If the true density is less than 1.50 g/cc, even if an electrode is produced, the density will not be sufficiently increased, and the discharge capacity per volume cannot be sufficiently increased. In addition, when the true density exceeds 1.65 g / cc, the crystallization of the carbonaceous material is progressing, so there are sites for adsorption and desorption of lithium ions derived from intercrystal voids, which are characteristic of non-graphitic carbon. Therefore, the discharge capacity per unit weight cannot be sufficiently increased.
- the true density of the carbonaceous material of the present invention is preferably 1.51 g/cc or more, more preferably 1.52 g/cc or more, and still more preferably 1.55 g/cc, from the viewpoint of easily increasing the discharge capacity per volume. That's it.
- the true density is preferably 1.64 g/cc or less, more preferably 1.62 g/cc or less, still more preferably 1.62 g/cc or less, from the viewpoint of sufficiently increasing the discharge capacity per weight derived from the occlusion sites of clustered lithium. 1.60 g/cc or less.
- the true density of the carbonaceous material is the true density by the butanol method, and is measured, for example, by the method described in Examples. The true density can be adjusted within the above range by selecting a compound having a saccharide skeleton used in producing the carbonaceous material, gelatinizing the compound having a saccharide skeleton, and the like.
- the carbonaceous material of the present invention has a tapped bulk density of 0.7 to 1.0 g/cc. If the tap bulk density is less than 0.7 g/cc, it is difficult to sufficiently increase the discharge capacity per volume. Moreover, when the tapped bulk density exceeds 1.0 g/cc, the battery performance including the discharge capacity per weight decreases. It is believed that the tapped bulk density of the carbonaceous material of the present invention leads to an increase in the electrode density of the negative electrode obtained using the carbonaceous material, and as a result, the discharge capacity per volume can be increased.
- the tap bulk density is preferably 0.97 g/cc or less, more preferably 0.95 g/cc or less, and still more preferably 0.93 g/cc or less, and even more preferably 0.91 g/cc or less.
- the tapped bulk density of the carbonaceous material is obtained by repeating the process of free-falling a cylindrical glass container with a diameter of 1.8 cm filled with the carbonaceous material through a sieve with an opening of 300 ⁇ m from a height of 5 cm 100 times. As a set, measurements are repeated until the rate of change in density obtained from the volume and mass of the carbonaceous material is 2% or less before and after one set of operations.
- the tapped bulk density can be adjusted within the above range by adjusting the nitrogen-containing compound, the selection of the cross-linking agent, or the particle size, shape, particle size distribution, etc. of the carbonaceous material used in producing the carbonaceous material. can be adjusted.
- the carbon spacing (d 002 ) of the carbonaceous material of the present invention as measured by X-ray diffraction is 3.65 ⁇ or more.
- the carbon plane spacing (d 002 ) of the carbonaceous material is less than 3.65 ⁇ , the close proximity of the carbon planes hinders the efficient movement of lithium ions, and insufficient development of micropores. As a result, the storage sites of clustered lithium are reduced, so that both the discharge capacity per volume and the discharge capacity per weight cannot be sufficiently increased.
- the carbon spacing (d 002 ) is preferably 3.68 ⁇ or more, more preferably 3.70 ⁇ or more, still more preferably 3.71 ⁇ or more, Even more preferably, it is 3.73 ⁇ or more.
- the upper limit of the carbon spacing (d 002 ) is from the viewpoint that by appropriately reducing d 002 , the volume of the carbonaceous material can be appropriately reduced, the effective capacity per volume can be increased, and the discharge capacity per volume can be easily increased. Therefore, it is preferably 4.00 ⁇ or less, more preferably 3.95 ⁇ or less, still more preferably 3.90 ⁇ or less, and even more preferably 3.85 ⁇ or less.
- the carbon spacing (d 002 ) is measured by X-ray diffraction using the Bragg formula, specifically by the method described in Examples.
- the carbon spacing (d 002 ) is adjusted to the above range by adjusting the amount of nitrogen-containing compound that can be added when producing the carbonaceous material, adjusting the temperature and time of heat treatment, etc. be able to.
- the ratio D 80 /D 20 of D 80 to D 20 in the volume-based particle size distribution of the carbonaceous material of the present invention measured by a laser diffraction scattering particle size distribution measurement method is preferably 3.5 to 20. It was found that the tap bulk density and the electrode density of the negative electrode obtained by using the carbonaceous material can be increased. When D 80 /D 20 is within the above range, it means that the particle size distribution of the carbonaceous material is wide. As a result, it is considered that the tap bulk density and the electrode density of the negative electrode obtained by using the carbonaceous material can be easily increased.
- D 80 /D 20 is preferably 4.0 or more, more preferably 4.5 or more, still more preferably 5.0 or more, still more preferably 5.5 or more, especially It is preferably 6.0 or more, and from the same viewpoint, preferably 18 or less, more preferably 16 or less, and even more preferably 15 or less.
- the volume-based particle size distribution by the laser diffraction scattering particle size distribution measurement method can be measured using a particle size/particle size distribution measuring device using a dispersion liquid of the carbonaceous material as a measurement sample, and the cumulative volume in the particle size distribution is The particle diameter at which the cumulative volume reaches 80% is D 80 , and the particle diameter at which the cumulative volume reaches 20% is D 20 .
- the circularity measured for particles having a circle diameter of 5 ⁇ m or more corresponding to the projected area by the flow-type particle image analyzer for the carbonaceous material of the present invention is obtained using the carbonaceous material.
- it is preferably 0.70 or more, more preferably 0.71 or more, still more preferably 0.72 or more, and still more preferably 0.73 or more. is 0.99 or less, more preferably 0.98 or less, still more preferably 0.96 or less.
- the carbonaceous material is close to a spherical shape, so it is considered that the flowability is more likely to be increased, and the tap bulk density and the electrode density of the negative electrode obtained by using the carbonaceous material are likely to be increased.
- the circularity is measured by using a dispersion liquid of a carbonaceous material as a measurement sample, obtaining a projection image of particles using a flow-type particle image analyzer, and measuring one particle in the projection image of an equivalent circle having the same projected area.
- Circularity (D/M) 2 , It is the average circularity obtained by measuring, for example, 5,000 or more, preferably 10,000 or more, particles having a D of 5 ⁇ m or more.
- the half width value of the peak near 1360 cm ⁇ 1 is the discharge capacity per volume and the discharge per weight. It is preferably 240 cm ⁇ 1 or more, more preferably 250 cm ⁇ 1 or more, and still more preferably 260 cm ⁇ 1 or more, from the viewpoint of easily increasing the capacity.
- the Raman spectrum is measured using a Raman spectroscope, for example, under the conditions described in Examples.
- the half width value of the peak near 1650 cm ⁇ 1 is the discharge capacity per volume and the discharge per weight. It is preferably 98 cm ⁇ 1 or more, more preferably 100 cm ⁇ 1 or more, still more preferably 102 cm ⁇ 1 or more, from the viewpoint of facilitating an increase in capacity.
- the Raman spectrum is measured using a Raman spectroscope, for example, under the conditions described in Examples.
- the method for producing the carbonaceous material of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as the carbonaceous material having the properties as described above can be obtained. C. to 900.degree. C. in an inert gas atmosphere, followed by pulverization and/or classification, and further heat treatment at 800 to 1600.degree.
- the carbon precursor is not particularly limited as long as a carbonaceous material that satisfies the above properties can be obtained, but from the viewpoint of facilitating adjustment of the above properties of the carbonaceous material to a preferred range, a compound having a saccharide skeleton is preferred. .
- the method for producing a carbonaceous material of the present invention comprises the following steps: (1) a step of mixing a compound having a saccharide skeleton, a nitrogen-containing compound, and a cross-linking agent to obtain a mixture; (2) a step of heat-treating the mixture at 500 to 900° C. under an inert gas atmosphere to obtain a carbide; (3) pulverizing and/or classifying the carbide, and (4) heat-treating the pulverized and/or classified carbide at 800 to 1600° C. in an inert gas atmosphere to obtain a carbonaceous material. At least include.
- the present invention also provides a method for producing the above carbonaceous material.
- Step (1) is a step of mixing a compound having a saccharide skeleton, a nitrogen-containing compound, and a cross-linking agent to obtain a mixture.
- Compounds having a saccharide skeleton used as raw materials include, for example, monosaccharides such as glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, ribose and glucosamine; Polysaccharides such as starch, glycogen, agarose, pectin, cellulose, chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and xylitol are included.
- the compound having a saccharide skeleton one of these compounds may be used, or two or more of them may be used in combination.
- starch is preferred because it is readily available in large quantities.
- starch include corn starch, potato starch, wheat starch, rice starch, tapioca starch, sago starch, sweet potato starch, mylostarch, arrowroot starch, bracken starch, lotus root starch, mung bean starch, and potato starch.
- These starches may be subjected to physical, enzymatic or chemical processing, and are starches processed into pregelatinized starch, phosphate cross-linked starch, acetate starch, hydroxypropyl starch, oxidized starch, dextrin, etc. good too.
- Corn and wheat starches and their pregelatinized starches are preferred as starches due to their availability as well as their low cost.
- the compound having a saccharide skeleton has a cross-sectional area of 3 ⁇ m 2 or more and 100 ⁇ m 2 or less in an image obtained by observing the cross section of the particle of the compound with a secondary electron microscope.
- the compound preferably has 3 or less, more preferably 2 or less, and still more preferably 1 or less particles having voids of 1 ⁇ m 2 or more when 20 particles are selected for .
- the nitrogen-containing compound that can be used in step (1) is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound having a nitrogen atom in the molecule.
- Organic ammonium salts such as ammonium, ammonium oxalate, and diammonium hydrogen citrate, aromatic amine hydrochlorides such as aniline hydrochloride and aminonaphthalene hydrochloride, melamine, pyrimidine, pyridine, pyrrole, imidazole, indole, urea, cyanuric acid, nitrogen-containing organic compounds such as benzoguanamine;
- the nitrogen-containing compound one of these nitrogen-containing compounds may be used, or two or more of them may be used in combination.
- the nitrogen-containing compound is preferably a compound having a volatilization temperature of preferably 100° C. or higher, more preferably 150° C. or higher, from the viewpoint of reaction with the saccharide compound during the heat treatment process.
- the cross-linking agent that can be used in step (1) is a compound capable of cross-linking a compound having a saccharide skeleton, which is a raw material. It acts as a catalyst to promote the formation reaction and/or the reaction of the saccharide compound and the nitrogen-containing compound, or it itself cross-links the saccharide compound and/or the nitrogen-containing compound.
- the type is not particularly limited, for example, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid , linoleic acid, oleic acid, etc., aromatic monovalent carboxylic acids such as benzoic acid, salicylic acid, toluic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, fumaric acid, Polycarboxylic acids such as maleic acid, phthalic acid and terephthalic acid; hydroxycarboxylic acids such as lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid and malic acid; carboxylic acids such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; sulfonic acids such as p-toluenes
- cross-linking agent one of these cross-linking agents may be used, or two or more thereof may be used in combination.
- these cross-linking agents polyvalent carboxylic acids and hydroxycarboxylic acids are preferred, and succinic acid, adipic acid, and citric acid are more preferred from the viewpoint of melting of raw materials and suppression of foaming in the step of obtaining a carbide by heat treatment.
- succinic acid, adipic acid, and citric acid are more preferred from the viewpoint of melting of raw materials and suppression of foaming in the step of obtaining a carbide by heat treatment.
- the compound is likely to melt, fuse, foam, etc. in the baking process, and as a result, the resulting carbonaceous material is not spherical but flat.
- the mixing ratio of the compound having a saccharide skeleton, the nitrogen-containing compound, and the cross-linking agent is not particularly limited, and may be adjusted as appropriate so as to obtain a carbonaceous material having desired properties.
- increasing the amount of the nitrogen-containing compound tends to increase the nitrogen element content in the carbonaceous material, and increasing the amount of the cross-linking agent tends to increase the true density.
- the amount of the compound having a saccharide skeleton contained in the mixture obtained in step (1) is preferably 50 to 99% by mass, more preferably 80 to 95% by mass.
- the amount of the nitrogen-containing compound contained in the mixture is preferably 1 to 30% by mass, more preferably 3 to 15% by mass, based on the total amount of the compound having a saccharide skeleton, the nitrogen-containing compound, and the cross-linking agent.
- the amount of the cross-linking agent contained in the mixture is preferably 1 to 30% by mass, more preferably 3 to 10% by mass, based on the total amount of the compound having a saccharide skeleton, the nitrogen-containing compound, and the cross-linking agent. be.
- step (2) the mixture obtained in step (1) is heat-treated at 500-900°C in an inert gas atmosphere to obtain carbide.
- the carbides are also called carbon precursors.
- the heat treatment temperature in step (2) is preferably 550-850°C, more preferably 600-800°C.
- the rate of temperature increase until reaching the above heat treatment temperature (ultimate temperature) is 50° C./hour or more, preferably 50° C./hour to 200° C./hour.
- the holding time at the reached temperature is usually 5 minutes or more, preferably 5 minutes to 2 hours, more preferably 10 minutes to 1 hour, and still more preferably 30 to 1 hour.
- the heat treatment temperature and time are within the above ranges, it is easy to control the carbonization of the compound having a saccharide skeleton, and it is easy to adjust the above characteristic values of the carbonaceous material within the desired range.
- the heat treatment temperature may be a constant temperature, but is not particularly limited as long as it is within the above range.
- the step (2) is performed under an inert gas atmosphere.
- the inert gas may or may not be actively supplied.
- inert gas include argon gas, helium gas and nitrogen gas, preferably nitrogen gas.
- step (3) the obtained carbide is pulverized and/or classified.
- the pulverization and classification methods are not particularly limited, and conventional methods such as methods using a ball mill or jet mill may be used.
- aggregates generated by the heat treatment in step (2) can be crushed or removed.
- the carbonaceous material of the present invention can be obtained by heat-treating the pulverized and/or classified carbide at 800 to 1600°C in an inert gas atmosphere.
- the heat treatment temperature in step (4) is preferably 900 to 1400°C, more preferably 1000 to 1400°C, still more preferably 1100 to 1200°C.
- the rate of temperature increase until reaching the above heat treatment temperature (ultimate temperature) is 50° C./hour or more, preferably 50° C./hour to 200° C./hour.
- the holding time at the reached temperature is usually 1 minute or more, preferably 5 minutes to 2 hours, more preferably 10 minutes to 1 hour, and still more preferably 10 minutes to 30 minutes.
- the heat treatment temperature and time are within the above ranges, it is easy to adjust the above characteristic values of the finally obtained carbonaceous material to the desired range.
- the heat treatment temperature may be a constant temperature, but is not particularly limited as long as it is within the above range.
- a volatile organic substance may be added to the pulverized and/or classified charcoal obtained from step (3) and subjected to step (4).
- Volatile organic substances are hardly carbonized (e.g., 80% or more, preferably 90% or more) when heat treated with an inert gas such as nitrogen (e.g., 500 ° C. or higher), and volatilize (vaporize or thermally decompose into gas. ) refers to organic compounds.
- Volatile organic substances are not particularly limited, but include, for example, thermoplastic resins and low-molecular-weight organic compounds. Specific examples of thermoplastic resins include polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(meth)acrylic acid, and poly(meth)acrylic acid esters.
- (meth)acryl is a generic term for methacryl and acryl.
- Low-molecular-weight organic compounds include hexane, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, styrene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, and the like.
- Polystyrene, polyethylene, and polypropylene are preferable as the thermoplastic resin because those which volatilize at the baking temperature and do not oxidize the surface of the carbon precursor when thermally decomposed are preferable.
- the low-molecular-weight organic compound preferably has low volatility at room temperature (for example, 20° C.), and naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, and the like are preferable. Addition of such a volatile organic substance is preferable in that the specific surface area can be further reduced while maintaining the characteristic structure of the present invention.
- the production method further includes mixing a compound having a saccharide skeleton, a nitrogen-containing compound, and a cross-linking agent to form a mixture.
- a step (A) of gelatinizing the compound having a saccharide skeleton may be further included.
- the cavities contained in the compound having a saccharide skeleton used as a raw material are closed, and as a result, the true density, tapped bulk density and carbon interplanar spacing of the finally obtained carbonaceous material is easily adjusted within a desired range, and it is easy to manufacture a carbonaceous material suitable for an electricity storage device that has both high discharge capacity per weight and high discharge capacity per volume.
- the method of gelatinization in step (A) is not particularly limited, and a method of heating a compound having a saccharide skeleton alone or in any mixture with a nitrogen-containing compound or the like in the presence of water, Examples include a method of subjecting a compound having a saccharide skeleton to mechanical treatment having impact, crushing, friction and/or shearing effects, either alone or in any mixture with a nitrogen-containing compound or the like. The application of such heat and external force closes the cavities contained in the compound having a saccharide skeleton.
- the gelatinization in the above step (A) is, for example, particles having a cross-sectional area of 3 ⁇ m 2 or more and 100 ⁇ m 2 or less in an image obtained by observing the cross section of the particle of the compound having a saccharide skeleton after gelatinization with a secondary electron microscope. is arbitrarily selected, the number of particles having a gap of 1 ⁇ m 2 or more is a predetermined amount or less, preferably 3 or less, more preferably 2 or less, further preferably 1 or less. .
- the above microscopic observation may be performed after removing aggregates contained in the compound after gelatinization by pulverization or classification.
- the mixture obtained through step (1) as described above and optional step (A) is heat-treated in step (2). Therefore, when step (A) is performed, the step (A) is a step performed before the step (2).
- the production method of the present invention may include the following steps as step (A): Before the step (1), a compound having a saccharide skeleton is mixed with 5 to 50% by mass of water based on the mass of the compound, and the step of heating at a temperature of 50 to 200 ° C.
- step (a1) before step (1), a compound having a saccharide skeleton is mixed with 5 to 50% by mass of water relative to the mass of the compound, and heated at a temperature of 50 to 200° C. for 1 to 5 minutes. It is a process of heating for a time. Although a certain amount or more of water is necessary when mixing water with a compound having a saccharide skeleton, the energy required to distill off the mixed water is suppressed in the process of producing the carbonaceous material. From the point of view, the smaller the better, and the amount is 5 to 50% by mass, preferably 10 to 50% by mass, more preferably 10 to 30% by mass based on the mass of the compound. Also, the heating temperature is 50 to 200°C, preferably 60 to 180°C, more preferably 80 to 180°C. Further, the heating time is 1 minute to 5 hours, preferably 3 minutes to 1 hour, more preferably 10 minutes to 30 minutes.
- Step (b1) is a step in which, prior to step (1), a compound having a saccharide skeleton is subjected to mechanical treatment having impact, crushing, friction, and/or shearing effects.
- Apparatuses used in mechanical processes having impact, crushing, frictional and/or shearing action include, for example, grinders, extruders, mills, grinders, kneaders.
- the treatment conditions such as treatment time are not particularly limited. For example, when using a ball vibration mill, the treatment conditions include 20 Hz and 10 minutes.
- step (a2) simultaneously with step (1) or after step (1), a mixture containing a compound having a saccharide skeleton is mixed with 5 to 50% by mass of water relative to the mass of the compound having a saccharide skeleton. and heating at a temperature of 50 to 200° C. for 1 minute to 5 hours.
- step (b2) simultaneously with step (1) or after step (1), the mixture containing the compound having a saccharide skeleton is subjected to mechanical treatment having impact, crushing, friction, and/or shearing action. It is a step, and the descriptions such as the preferred embodiments described with respect to the step (b1) apply similarly.
- the carbonaceous material of the present invention or the carbonaceous material obtained by the production method of the present invention can be suitably used as a negative electrode active material for electric storage devices.
- a method for producing a negative electrode for an electricity storage device using the carbonaceous material of the present invention will be specifically described below.
- an electrode mixture is prepared by adding a binder to a carbonaceous material, adding an appropriate amount of an appropriate solvent, and kneading them.
- the resulting electrode mixture is applied to a current collecting plate made of a metal plate or the like, dried, and then pressure-molded to form a negative electrode for an electric storage device, such as a lithium ion secondary battery, a sodium ion battery, a lithium sulfur battery,
- a negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery such as a lithium air battery can be produced.
- an electrode having high discharge capacity per weight and discharge capacity per volume can be produced.
- a conductive aid may be added during the preparation of the electrode mixture, if desired.
- Conductive carbon black, vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF), nanotube, etc. can be used as the conductive aid.
- the amount of the conductive aid added varies depending on the type of conductive aid used, but if the amount added is too small, the expected conductivity may not be obtained, and if the amount added is too large, the dispersion in the electrode mixture will be poor. can be.
- the binder is not particularly limited as long as it does not react with the electrolytic solution, but examples include PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), polytetrafluoroethylene, and a mixture of SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber) and CMC (carboxymethylcellulose). etc.
- a mixture of SBR and CMC is preferable because the SBR and CMC adhering to the surface of the active material hardly hinder the movement of lithium ions, and good input/output characteristics can be obtained.
- a polar solvent such as water is preferably used to dissolve an aqueous emulsion such as SBR or CMC to form a slurry, but a solvent emulsion such as PVDF can also be used by dissolving it in N-methylpyrrolidone or the like. If the amount of the binder added is too large, the resistance of the resulting electrode increases, which may increase the internal resistance of the battery and degrade the battery characteristics.
- the preferred amount of binder to be added varies depending on the type of binder used.
- the total amount of all binders is preferably 0.5 to 5% by mass, more preferably 1 to 4% by mass.
- the PVDF binder is preferably 3 to 13% by mass, more preferably 3 to 10% by mass.
- the amount of the carbonaceous material in the electrode mixture is preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more.
- the amount of the carbonaceous material in the electrode mixture is preferably 100% by mass or less, more preferably 97% by mass or less.
- the electrode active material layer is basically formed on both sides of the current collector plate, but may be formed on one side if necessary.
- the thicker the electrode active material layer the smaller the number of collector plates, separators, and the like, which is preferable for increasing the capacity.
- the thickness (per side) of the active material layer is preferably 10 to 80 ⁇ m, more preferably 20 to 75 ⁇ m, still more preferably 30 to 75 ⁇ m, from the viewpoint of output during battery discharge.
- the electricity storage device using the carbonaceous material of the present invention has a high discharge capacity per weight and a high discharge capacity per volume.
- the other materials constituting the battery such as the positive electrode material, the separator, and the electrolytic solution are not particularly limited, and are conventionally used as an electricity storage device. , or various proposed materials can be used.
- the positive electrode material may be a layered oxide system ( denoted as LiMO2 , where M is a metal ; , z represents the composition ratio)), olivine (represented by LiMPO4 , M is a metal, such as LiFePO4 ), spinel ( represented by LiM2O4 , M is a metal, such as LiMn2O4 ) ) is preferred, and these chalcogen compounds may be mixed and used if necessary.
- a positive electrode is formed by molding these positive electrode materials together with an appropriate binder and a carbon material for imparting electrical conductivity to the electrode and forming a layer on a conductive collector.
- the non-aqueous solvent type electrolytic solution is generally formed by dissolving the electrolyte in a non-aqueous solvent.
- non-aqueous solvents include organic solvents such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, ⁇ -butyllactone, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, sulfolane, and 1,3-dioxolane. can be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiAsF 6 , LiCl, LiBr, LiB(C 6 H 5 ) 4 , LiN(SO 3 CF 3 ) 2 or the like is used as the electrolyte.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery when the electricity storage device is a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery generally has the positive electrode and the negative electrode formed as described above facing each other with a liquid-permeable separator interposed as necessary, It is formed by immersion in an electrolytic solution.
- a permeable or liquid-permeable separator made of a non-woven fabric or other porous material commonly used in secondary batteries can be used.
- a solid electrolyte made of a polymer gel impregnated with an electrolytic solution can be used instead of the separator or together with the separator.
- the carbonaceous material of the present invention is suitable, for example, as a carbonaceous material for a power storage device mounted on a vehicle such as an automobile (typically a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery for driving a vehicle).
- the vehicle is not particularly limited, and can be a vehicle commonly known as an electric vehicle, a hybrid vehicle with a fuel cell or an internal combustion engine, etc., but at least a power supply device equipped with the above battery. , an electric drive mechanism driven by power supply from the power supply device, and a control device for controlling the same.
- the vehicle may further include a power generating brake or a regenerative brake, and a mechanism for converting braking energy into electricity to charge the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- NDIR inert gas fusion-non-dispersive infrared absorption method
- TCD inert gas fusion-thermal conduction method
- NDIR inert gas fusion-non-dispersive infrared absorption method
- the true density ⁇ Bt was measured by the butanol method according to the method specified in JIS R 7212.
- the mass (m 1 ) of a pycnometer with a side tube having an internal volume of about 40 mL was accurately weighed.
- the sample was put flat on the bottom so as to have a thickness of about 10 mm, and its mass (m 2 ) was measured accurately.
- 1-Butanol was gently added to this to make a depth of about 20 mm from the bottom.
- light vibration was applied to the pycnometer, and after confirming that no large bubbles were generated, the pycnometer was placed in a vacuum desiccator and gradually evacuated to 2.0 to 2.7 kPa.
- the pycnometer After maintaining that pressure for 20 minutes or more and the generation of air bubbles has stopped, take out the pycnometer, fill it with 1-butanol, plug it, and place it in a constant temperature water bath (adjusted to 30 ⁇ 0.03° C.) for 15 minutes. After immersing for at least one minute, the liquid surface of 1-butanol was adjusted to the marked line. Next, it was taken out, the outside was thoroughly wiped, and after cooling to room temperature, the mass (m 4 ) was measured accurately. Next, the same pycnometer was filled with only 1-butanol, immersed in a constant temperature water bath in the same manner as described above, and after matching the gauge lines, the mass (m 3 ) was measured.
- distilled water was boiled to remove dissolved gas and placed in a pycnometer .
- the true density ⁇ Bt was calculated by the following formula. At this time, d is the specific gravity of water at 30°C (0.9946).
- tapped bulk density After drying the carbonaceous material at 100° C. for 3 hours in a vacuum dryer, it was passed through a sieve with an opening of 300 ⁇ m and dropped into a cylindrical glass container with a diameter of 1.8 cm to fill the container.
- One set is a step of performing tapping 100 times and repeating the tapping 100 times, with one tap being free fall of the glass container filled with the carbonaceous material from a height of 5 cm.
- the tapped bulk density is the density repeatedly measured until the rate of change in density determined from the volume and mass of the carbonaceous material becomes 2% or less before and after one set of operations.
- the average particle size (particle size distribution) of the carbonaceous material was measured by the following method. 5 mg of the sample was added to a 2 mL aqueous solution containing 5% by mass of a surfactant (“Toriton X100” manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), treated with an ultrasonic cleaner for 10 minutes or more, and dispersed in the aqueous solution. The particle size distribution was measured using this dispersion. The particle size distribution was measured using a particle size/particle size distribution analyzer (“Microtrac MT3300EXII” manufactured by Microtrac Bell Co., Ltd.). D50 is the particle diameter at which the cumulative volume is 50%, and this value was used as the average particle diameter.
- the particle diameter at which the cumulative volume reaches 80% is D 80
- the particle diameter at which the cumulative volume reaches 20% is D 20
- the particle size distribution index D 80 /D 20 was calculated using the following formula.
- Particle size distribution index D80 / D20 D80 / D20
- the circularity of the carbonaceous material was measured by the following method. 5 mg of the sample was added to a 2 mL aqueous solution containing 5% by mass of a surfactant (“Toriton X100” manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), treated with an ultrasonic cleaner for 10 minutes or more, and dispersed in the aqueous solution. Using this dispersion liquid, a particle image projected onto a secondary plane was obtained by a flow-type particle image analyzer ("PartAn SI” manufactured by Microtrac Bell Co., Ltd.).
- a surfactant (“Toriton X100” manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.)
- One particle image projected onto the two-dimensional plane is selected, and the diameter of an equivalent circle having the same projected area as the particle is defined as D ⁇ m, and the length that maximizes the distance between two parallel lines sandwiching the particle image.
- the circularity is calculated for each of 10,000 or more particle images with D in the range of 5 to 40 ⁇ m projected onto the two-dimensional plane, and the average value of the obtained results is taken as the circularity of the carbonaceous material. .
- the particles to be measured which are carbonaceous materials, are set on the observation stage, the magnification of the objective lens is set to 20 times, and the focus is adjusted, and the argon ion Measurement was performed while irradiating laser light. Details of the measurement conditions are as follows.
- Argon ion laser light wavelength 532 nm
- Laser power on sample 100-300 W/ cm2
- Resolution 5-7 cm -1
- Measurement range 150-4000 cm -1
- Measurement mode XY Averaging Exposure time: 20 seconds
- Accumulation times 2 times Peak intensity measurement: Baseline correction Polynom-3rd order automatic correction Peak search & fitting processing GaussLoren
- Example 1 10 g of starch (cornstarch), 1.16 g of melamine (0.15 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit), 0.76 g of adipic acid (0.084 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit), and 5 g of water
- the mixture was placed in a plastic bag and mixed by massaging for 5 minutes.
- the raw material mixture thus obtained was immersed in a hot bath at 90°C, held for 2 hours, and then dried at 90°C in a vacuum dryer to obtain a gelatinized product (steps 1 and A).
- the obtained gelatinized material was heated to 600° C. in a nitrogen gas atmosphere. At this time, the rate of temperature increase up to 600° C.
- Step 2 a carbonization treatment was performed by heat treatment at 600° C. for 30 minutes in a nitrogen gas stream to obtain a carbide.
- the amount of nitrogen gas supplied was 1 L/min per 10 g of starch.
- the resulting carbides were then ground in a ball mill to obtain ground carbides with a D50 of 10 ⁇ m and a D50 of 2.2 ⁇ m, respectively (Step 3).
- pulverized carbides with a D50 of 10 ⁇ m and a D50 of 2.2 ⁇ m were placed in a 100 ml container so as to have a mass ratio of 1:2, and mixed by shaking at 2 Hz for 5 minutes.
- the carbonaceous material obtained after pulverization was heated to 1100° C. and heat-treated at 1100° C. for 60 minutes to obtain a carbonaceous material (Step 4). At this time, the rate of temperature increase up to 1100° C. was 600° C./hour (10° C./min).
- the temperature elevation and heat treatment described above were performed under a nitrogen gas stream. The amount of nitrogen gas supplied was 3 L/min per 5 g of pulverized carbide.
- Example 2 10 g of starch (wheat starch), 1.16 g of melamine (0.15 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit), and 0.76 g of adipic acid (0.084 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit) were added to 100 ml. It was placed in a container and mixed by shaking at 2 Hz for 5 minutes (Step 1). The resulting mixture was heated to 600° C. in a nitrogen gas atmosphere. At this time, the rate of temperature increase up to 600° C. was 600° C./hour (10° C./min). Then, a carbonization treatment was performed by heat treatment at 600° C. for 30 minutes in a nitrogen gas stream to obtain a carbide (Step 2).
- Step 3 the amount of nitrogen gas supplied was 1 L/min per 10 g of starch.
- Step 4 the amount of nitrogen gas supplied was 1 L/min per 10 g of starch.
- Example 3 10 g of starch (cornstarch), 1.16 g of melamine (0.15 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit), and 0.76 g of adipic acid (0.084 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit) were added to 100 ml. It was placed in a container and mixed by shaking at 2 Hz for 5 minutes (Step 1). The resulting mixture was shaken at 30 Hz for 1 hour with a ball mill to obtain a mechanically gelatinized product (step A). The resulting mechanically gelatinized product was heated to 600° C. in a nitrogen gas atmosphere. At this time, the rate of temperature increase up to 600° C. was 600° C./hour (10° C./min).
- Step 2 a carbonization treatment was performed by heat treatment at 600° C. for 30 minutes in a nitrogen gas stream to obtain a carbide (Step 2). At this time, the amount of nitrogen gas supplied was 1 L/min per 10 g of starch. Thereafter, Steps 3 and 4 were processed in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain a carbonaceous material.
- Example 4 10 kg of starch (cornstarch), 1.16 kg of melamine (0.15 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit), and 4.3 kg of adipic acid (0.48 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit) are placed in a 90 L container. and mixed for 5 minutes (step 1).
- the mixed raw material was extruded at 150° C. and 300 rpm with a twin-screw extruder (OMEGA30H manufactured by STEEL) to obtain a mechanically gelatinized product (step A). After that, the obtained mechanically gelatinized product was treated in steps 2, 3, and 4 in the same manner as in Example 2 to obtain a carbonaceous material.
- Example 5 10 g of starch (cornstarch), 1.16 g of melamine (0.15 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit), and 0.76 g of adipic acid (0.084 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit) in a 100 ml container and mixed by shaking at 2 Hz for 5 minutes (step 1).
- the obtained mixture was heated to 800° C. in a nitrogen gas atmosphere. At this time, the rate of temperature increase up to 800° C. was 600° C./hour (10° C./min). Then, a carbonization treatment was performed by heat treatment at 800° C. for 30 minutes in a nitrogen gas stream to obtain a carbide (Step 2).
- the amount of nitrogen gas supplied was 1 L/min per 10 g of starch.
- the resulting carbides were then ground in a ball mill to obtain ground carbides with a D50 of 10 ⁇ m and a D50 of 2.2 ⁇ m, respectively (Step 3).
- pulverized carbide having a D50 of 10 ⁇ m and a D50 of 2.2 ⁇ m and polystyrene manufactured by Sekisui Plastics Co., Ltd., average particle size 400 ⁇ m, residual carbon content 1.2% by mass
- the carbonaceous material obtained after pulverization was heated to 1100° C. and heat-treated at 1100° C. for 60 minutes to obtain a carbonaceous material (Step 4). At this time, the rate of temperature increase up to 1100° C. was 600° C./hour (10° C./min).
- the temperature elevation and heat treatment described above were performed under a nitrogen gas stream. The amount of nitrogen gas supplied was 3 L/min per 5 g of pulverized carbide.
- Example 6 50 L of 21.0 kg of starch (cornstarch), 2.43 kg of melamine (0.15 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit), and 1.39 kg of adipic acid (0.07 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit) Mixed for 5 minutes with a conical ribbon blade reactor (RM-50VD, manufactured by Okawara Seisakusho) (Step 1). The resulting mixture was heated to 225° C. at an operating pressure of 12 kPaA while nitrogen was introduced at 1 L/min, maintained for 10 minutes, and then allowed to cool to 80° C. or lower to obtain a treated product.
- a conical ribbon blade reactor (RM-50VD, manufactured by Okawara Seisakusho)
- Processes 2 and 3 of the treated material obtained here were treated in the same manner as in Example 2 to obtain a mixed charcoal after pulverization.
- the carbonaceous material obtained after pulverization was heated to 1000° C. and heat-treated at 1000° C. for 60 minutes to obtain a carbonaceous material (Step 4).
- the rate of temperature increase up to 1000° C. was 600° C./hour (10° C./min).
- the temperature elevation and heat treatment described above were performed under a nitrogen gas stream.
- the amount of nitrogen gas supplied was 3 L/min per 5 g of pulverized carbide.
- Example 7 10 g of starch (cornstarch), 1.16 g of melamine (0.15 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit), and 0.76 g of adipic acid (0.084 mol per 1 mol of starch monosaccharide unit) in a 100 ml container and mixed by shaking at 2 Hz for 5 minutes (step 1).
- the obtained mixture was heated to 400° C. in a nitrogen gas atmosphere. At this time, the rate of temperature increase up to 400° C. was 600° C./hour (10° C./min).
- a treated material was obtained by heat treatment at 400° C. for 30 minutes in a nitrogen gas stream. Thereafter, the processed material obtained here was treated in steps 2, 3, and 4 in the same manner as in Example 5, except that polystyrene was not added before step 4, to obtain a carbonaceous material.
- the obtained carbide was pulverized with a ball mill to obtain a pulverized carbide having a D 50 of 6 ⁇ m.
- the pulverized charcoal and polystyrene were placed in a 100 ml container so as to have a mass ratio of 1:0.1, and were mixed by shaking at 2 Hz for 5 minutes.
- a carbonaceous material was obtained by performing a high-temperature firing treatment in which the temperature of the obtained pulverized and mixed carbide was raised to 1200° C. and heat treatment was performed at 1200° C. for 60 minutes. At this time, the rate of temperature increase up to 1200° C. was 600° C./hour (10° C./min).
- the temperature elevation and heat treatment described above were performed under a nitrogen gas stream. The amount of nitrogen gas supplied was 3 L/min per 5 g of pulverized carbide.
- Comparative Example 3 The charcoal obtained in Comparative Example 1 was ball-milled to obtain ground charcoal having a D50 of 10 ⁇ m and a D50 of 2.2 ⁇ m, respectively. Next, the ground charcoal with a D50 of 10 ⁇ m and a D50 of 2.2 ⁇ m and polystyrene were placed in a 100 ml container in a mass ratio of 1:2:0.3 and mixed by shaking at 2 Hz for 5 minutes. bottom. A carbonaceous material was obtained by performing a high-temperature firing treatment in which the temperature of the obtained pulverized and mixed carbide was raised to 1200° C. and heat treatment was performed at 1200° C. for 60 minutes. At this time, the rate of temperature increase up to 1200° C. was 600° C./hour (10° C./min). The temperature elevation and heat treatment described above were performed under a nitrogen gas stream. The amount of nitrogen gas supplied was 3 L/min per 5 g of pulverized carbide.
- the resulting carbon precursor A having a D50 of 5.1 ⁇ m was further pulverized with Fine Mill SF5 (manufactured by Nippon Coke) to obtain a carbon precursor C having a D50 of 2.1 ⁇ m.
- 9.1 g of carbon precursor C with a D50 of 2.1 ⁇ m was mixed with 0.9 g of polystyrene. 10 g of this mixture is placed in a graphite sachet so that the sample layer has a thickness of about 3 mm, placed in a high-speed heating furnace manufactured by Motoyama Co., Ltd., and heated from 600 ° C. to 900 ° C. under a nitrogen flow rate of 5 L per minute.
- the rate was set at 20° C./min (heating time: 15 minutes) and 60° C./min in other temperature ranges. After the temperature was raised to 1050° C., the temperature was maintained for 20 minutes and then naturally cooled. After confirming that the temperature in the furnace had decreased to 200° C. or lower, the carbonaceous material was taken out from the furnace to obtain a carbonaceous material C. Carbon precursor B with a D50 of 9.7 ⁇ m was also treated in the same manner as carbon precursor C with a D50 of 2.1 ⁇ m to obtain a carbonaceous material B. The carbonaceous material C and the carbonaceous material B were mixed in a mass ratio of 1:1 to obtain a final carbonaceous material.
- a negative electrode was produced according to the following procedure. 95 parts by mass of carbonaceous material, 2 parts by mass of conductive carbon black (“Super-P (registered trademark)” manufactured by TIMCAL), 1 part by mass of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), 2 parts by mass of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and water 90 parts by mass were mixed to obtain a slurry. The obtained slurry was applied to a copper foil having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m, dried and then pressed to obtain an electrode having a diameter of 14 mm and a thickness of 45 ⁇ m.
- conductive carbon black (“Super-P (registered trademark)” manufactured by TIMCAL)
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- the thickness of the negative electrode layer was obtained by subtracting the thickness of the copper foil after measuring the thickness of the produced electrode with a micrometer.
- the volume of the negative electrode layer was obtained by multiplying the thickness of the negative electrode layer obtained above by the electrode area calculated from the diameter of 14 mm.
- the mass of the carbonaceous material in the negative electrode layer was obtained by subtracting the mass of the copper foil from the mass of the produced electrode and multiplying the value by the ratio of the carbonaceous material in the material constituting the negative electrode layer.
- the electrode density (g/cc) was a numerical value (g/cc) obtained by dividing the mass (g) of the carbonaceous material in the negative electrode layer by the volume (cc) of the negative electrode layer.
- the electrode prepared above was used as a working electrode, and metallic lithium was used as a counter electrode and a reference electrode.
- ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate were mixed and used at a volume ratio of 1:1:1.
- 1 mol/L of LiPF 6 was dissolved in this solvent and used as an electrolyte.
- a polypropylene film was used as the separator.
- a coin cell was fabricated in a glove box under an argon atmosphere.
- a charging/discharging test was performed on the lithium secondary battery having the above configuration using a charging/discharging test apparatus (manufactured by Toyo System Co., Ltd., "TOSCAT").
- Doping with lithium was performed at a rate of 70 mA/g with respect to the mass of the active material, and doping was performed to 1 mV with respect to the potential of lithium. Further, a constant voltage of 1 mV was applied to the lithium potential for 8 hours to complete the doping. The capacity at this time was defined as the charge capacity.
- dedoping was performed at a rate of 70 mA/g with respect to the mass of the active material until the lithium potential reached 1.5 V, and the discharged capacity at this time was taken as the discharge capacity (mAh).
- the obtained discharge capacity was divided by the weight of the negative electrode, and the resulting value was taken as the discharge capacity per weight (mAh/g). Also, the discharge capacity per weight was multiplied by the electrode density, and the obtained value was defined as the discharge capacity per volume (mAh/cc).
- Table 1 shows the results of measuring the half-value width of the peak around 1 and the half-value width of the peak around 1650 cm ⁇ 1 .
- Table 2 shows the electrode density, the discharge capacity per weight, and the discharge capacity per volume measured for the obtained battery.
- the battery produced using the carbonaceous material of each example exhibited a high discharge capacity per weight as well as a high discharge capacity per volume.
- the discharge capacity per weight and the discharge capacity per volume are sufficiently high. it wasn't expensive.
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Abstract
Description
〔1〕元素分析による窒素元素含有量が1.0質量%以上であり、ブタノール浸漬法による真密度が1.50~1.65g/ccであり、タップ嵩密度が0.7~1.0g/ccであり、かつ、X線回折測定による炭素面間隔(d002)が3.65Å以上である、炭素質材料。
〔2〕レーザー回折散乱式粒度分布測定法による体積基準粒度分布におけるD20に対するD80の割合D80/D20が3.5~20である、〔1〕に記載の炭素質材料。
〔3〕フロー式粒子像分析装置による投影面積に相当する円の直径が5μm以上の粒子について測定した円形度が0.70以上である、〔1〕又は〔2〕に記載の炭素質材料。
〔4〕レーザーラマン分光法により観測されるラマンスペクトルにおいて、1360cm-1付近のピークの半値幅の値が240cm-1以上である、〔1〕~〔3〕のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料。
〔5〕レーザーラマン分光法により観測されるラマンスペクトルにおいて、1650cm-1付近のピークの半値幅の値が98cm-1以上である、〔1〕~〔4〕のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料。
〔6〕蓄電デバイスの負極用炭素質材料である、〔1〕~〔5〕のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料。
〔7〕〔1〕~〔6〕のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料を含む、蓄電デバイス用負極。
〔8〕〔7〕に記載の蓄電デバイス用負極を含む、蓄電デバイス。
〔9〕以下の工程:
(1)糖類骨格を有する化合物、窒素含有化合物、及び架橋剤を混合して混合物を得る工程、
(2)前記混合物を、不活性ガス雰囲気下、500~900℃で熱処理して炭化物を得る工程、
(3)前記炭化物を粉砕及び/又は分級する工程、及び
(4)粉砕及び/又は分級された前記炭化物を、不活性ガス雰囲気下、800~1600℃で熱処理して炭素質材料を得る工程
を少なくとも含む、〔1〕~〔6〕のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料の製造方法。
〔10〕糖類骨格を有する化合物は、該化合物の粒子の断面を二次電子顕微鏡観察して得た画像において、断面積が3μm2以上100μm2以下の粒子を任意に20個選択した際に、1μm2以上の空隙を有する粒子が3個以下である化合物である、〔9〕に記載の炭素質材料の製造方法。
〔11〕糖類骨格を有する化合物、窒素含有化合物、及び架橋剤を混合して混合物を得る工程(1)の前、工程(1)と同時、又は工程(1)の後に、糖類骨格を有する化合物を糊化させる工程(A)をさらに含む、〔9〕に記載の炭素質材料の製造方法。
〔12〕工程(A)は、
工程(1)の前に、糖類骨格を有する化合物に、該化合物の質量に対して5~50質量%の水を混合し、50~200℃の温度で1分~5時間加熱する工程(a1)である、
工程(1)の前に、糖類骨格を有する化合物に、衝撃、圧潰、摩擦、及び/又はせん断の作用を有する機械的処理を施す工程(b1)である、
工程(1)と同時に、もしくは工程(1)の後に、糖類骨格を有する化合物を含む混合物に、糖類骨格を有する化合物の質量に対して5~50質量%の水を混合し、50~200℃の温度で1分~5時間加熱する工程(a2)である、及び/又は、
工程(1)と同時に、もしくは工程(1)の後に、糖類骨格を有する化合物を含む混合物に、衝撃、圧潰、摩擦、及び/又はせん断の作用を有する機械的処理を施す工程(b2)である、
〔11〕に記載の炭素質材料の製造方法。
(1)糖類骨格を有する化合物、窒素含有化合物、及び架橋剤を混合して混合物を得る工程、
(2)前記混合物を、不活性ガス雰囲気下、500~900℃で熱処理して炭化物を得る工程、
(3)前記炭化物を粉砕及び/又は分級する工程、及び
(4)粉砕及び/又は分級された前記炭化物を、不活性ガス雰囲気下、800~1600℃で熱処理して炭素質材料を得る工程
を少なくとも含む。本発明は、上記の炭素質材料の製造方法も提供する。
工程(1)の前に、糖類骨格を有する化合物に、該化合物の質量に対して5~50質量%の水を混合し、50~200℃の温度で1分~5時間加熱する工程(a1)、
工程(1)の前に、糖類骨格を有する化合物に、衝撃、圧潰、摩擦、及び/又はせん断の作用を有する機械的処理を施す工程(b1)、
工程(1)と同時に、もしくは工程(1)の後に、糖類骨格を有する化合物を含む混合物に、糖類骨格を有する化合物の質量に対して5~50質量%の水を混合し、50~200℃の温度で1分~5時間加熱する工程(a2)、及び/又は、
工程(1)と同時に、もしくは工程(1)の後に、糖類骨格を有する化合物を含む混合物に、衝撃、圧潰、摩擦、及び/又はせん断の作用を有する機械的処理を施す工程(b2)。
株式会社堀場製作所製、酸素・窒素・水素分析装置EMGA-930を用いて、不活性ガス溶解法に基づいて元素分析を行った。
当該装置の検出方法は、酸素:不活性ガス融解-非分散型赤外線吸収法(NDIR)、窒素:不活性ガス融解-熱伝導法(TCD)、水素:不活性ガス融解-非分散型赤外線吸収法(NDIR)であり、校正は、(酸素・窒素)Niカプセル、TiH2(H標準試料)、SS-3(O標準試料)、SiN(N標準試料)で行い、前処理として250℃、約10分で水分量を測定した試料20mgをNiカプセルに取り、元素分析装置内で30秒脱ガスした後に測定した。試験は3検体で分析し、平均値を分析値とした。上記のようにして、試料中の窒素元素含有量を得た。
真密度ρBtは、JIS R 7212に定められた方法に従い、ブタノール法により測定した。内容積約40mLの側管付比重びんの質量(m1)を正確に量った。次に、その底部に試料を約10mmの厚さになるように平らに入れた後、その質量(m2)を正確に量った。これに1-ブタノールを静かに加えて、底から20mm 程度の深さにした。次に比重びんに軽い振動を加えて、大きな気泡の発生がなくなったのを確かめた後、真空デシケーター中に入れ、徐々に排気して2.0~2.7kPaとした。その圧力に20分間以上保ち、気泡の発生が止まった後に、比重びんを取り出し、さらに1-ブタノールを満たし、栓をして恒温水槽(30±0.03℃に調節してあるもの)に15分間以上浸し、1-ブタノールの液面を標線に合わせた。次に、これを取り出して外部をよくぬぐって室温まで冷却した後、質量(m4)を正確に量った。次に、同じ比重びんに1-ブタノールだけを満たし、前記と同じようにして恒温水槽に浸し、標線を合わせた後、質量(m3)を量った。また使用直前に沸騰させて溶解した気体を除いた蒸留水を比重びんにとり、前記と同様に恒温水槽に浸し、標線を合わせた後、質量(m5)を量った。真密度ρBtは次の式により計算した。このとき、dは水の30℃における比重(0.9946)である。
炭素質材料を、真空乾燥機中、100℃で3時間乾燥した後、直径1.8cmの円筒状のガラス製容器に目開き300μmの篩を通して落下させ充填した。炭素質材料が充填されたガラス製容器を、5cmの高さから自由落下させることを1回のタップとして、100回のタップを行い、該100回のタップを繰り返す工程を1セットとする。炭素質材料の体積と質量から求められる密度の変化率が1セットの操作の前後で2%以下になるまで繰り返して測定される密度を、タップ嵩密度とする。
「株式会社リガク製MiniFlexII」を用い、後述する実施例および比較例で調製した炭素質材料の粉体を試料ホルダーに充填し、Niフィルターにより単色化したCuKα線を線源とし、X線回折図形を得た。回折図形のピーク位置は重心法(回折線の重心位置を求め、これに対応する2θ値でピーク位置を求める方法)により求め、標準物質用高純度シリコン粉末の(111)面の回折ピークを用いて補正した。CuKα線の波長λを0.15418nmとし、以下に記すBraggの公式によりd002を算出した。
炭素質材料の平均粒子径(粒度分布)は、以下の方法により測定した。試料5mgを界面活性剤(和光純薬工業株式会社製「ToritonX100」)が5質量%含まれた2mL水溶液に投入し、超音波洗浄器で10分以上処理し、水溶液中に分散させた。この分散液を用いて粒度分布を測定した。粒度分布測定は、粒子径・粒度分布測定装置(マイクロトラック・ベル株式会社製「マイクロトラックMT3300EXII」)を用いて行った。D50は、累積体積が50%となる粒子径であり、この値を平均粒子径として用いた。また、累積体積が80%となる粒子径をD80、累積体積が20%となる粒子径をD20とし、以下式を用いて粒度分布指数D80/D20を算出した。
粒度分布指数D80/D20 = D80/D20
炭素質材料の円形度は、以下の方法により測定した。試料5mgを界面活性剤(和光純薬工業株式会社製「ToritonX100」)が5質量%含まれた2mL水溶液に投入し、超音波洗浄器で10分以上処理し、水溶液中に分散させた。この分散液を用いてフロー式粒子像分析装置(マイクロトラック・ベル株式会社製「PartAn SI」)により、二次平面に投影された粒子像を得た。該二次元平面に投影された1つの粒子像を選択し、該粒子と同じ投影面積を持つ相当円の直径をDμmとし、該粒子像を挟む二本の平行線の距離が最大になる長さをMμmとしたとき、該粒子についての円形度を、次の式:円形度=(D/M)2により算出した。当該円形度を、該二次元平面に投影されたDが5~40μmの範囲の1万個以上の粒子像のそれぞれについて計算し、得られた結果の平均値を炭素質材料の円形度とする。
ラマン分光器(ナノフォトン社製「レーザーラマン顕微鏡Ramanforce」)を用い、炭素質材料である測定対象粒子を観測台ステージ上にセットし、対物レンズの倍率を20倍とし、ピントを合わせ、アルゴンイオンレーザ光を照射しながら測定した。測定条件の詳細は以下のとおりである。
アルゴンイオンレーザ光の波長:532nm
試料上のレーザーパワー:100―300W/cm2
分解能:5-7cm-1
測定範囲:150-4000cm-1
測定モード:XY Averaging
露光時間:20秒
積算回数:2回
ピーク強度測定:ベースライン補正 Polynom-3次で自動補正
ピークサーチ&フィッテイング処理 GaussLoren
デンプン(コーンスターチ)10gとメラミン1.16g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.15モル)、アジピン酸0.76g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.084モル)、水5gをポリ袋にいれ、5分間もみ込むように混合した。得られた原料混合物を90℃の温浴に浸し、2時間保持後、真空乾燥機により90℃で乾燥し、糊化処理物を得た(工程1及び工程A)。得られた糊化処理物を、窒素ガス雰囲気中、600℃まで昇温した。この際、600℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。次いで、窒素ガス気流下、600℃で30分間熱処理することにより炭化処理を行なうことにより炭化物を得た(工程2)。この際、窒素ガスの供給量は、デンプン10gあたり1L/分であった。その後、得られた炭化物をボールミルで粉砕することにより、それぞれD50が10μmとD50が2.2μmの粉砕した炭化物を得た(工程3)。次に、D50が10μmとD50が2.2μmの粉砕した炭化物を質量比1:2となるように100mlの容器にいれ、2Hzで5分間振とうすることにより混合した。得られた粉砕後に混合した炭化物を、1100℃まで昇温し、1100℃で60分間熱処理する高温焼成処理を行うことにより炭素質材料を得た(工程4)。この際、1100℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。上記の昇温および熱処理は窒素ガス気流下で行った。窒素ガスの供給量は、粉砕した炭化物5gあたり3L/分であった。
デンプン(小麦デンプン)10gとメラミン1.16g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.15モル)、アジピン酸0.76g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.084モル)を100mlの容器にいれ、2Hzで5分間振とうすることにより混合した(工程1)。得られた混合物を、窒素ガス雰囲気中、600℃まで昇温した。この際、600℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。次いで、窒素ガス気流下、600℃で30分間熱処理することにより炭化処理を行なうことにより炭化物を得た(工程2)。この際、窒素ガスの供給量は、デンプン10gあたり1L/分であった。その後、得られた炭化物をボールミルで粉砕することにより、D50が6μmの粉砕した炭化物を得た(工程3)。次に、工程4を実施例1と同様に処理を行い、炭素質材料を得た。
デンプン(コーンスターチ)10gとメラミン1.16g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.15モル)、アジピン酸0.76g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.084モル)、を100mlの容器にいれ、2Hzで5分間振とうすることにより混合した(工程1)。得られた混合物を、ボールミルにより30Hzで1時間振とうすることにより機械的糊化処理物を得た(工程A)。得られた機械的糊化処理物を、窒素ガス雰囲気中、600℃まで昇温した。この際、600℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。次いで、窒素ガス気流下、600℃で30分間熱処理することにより炭化処理を行なうことにより炭化物を得た(工程2)。この際、窒素ガスの供給量は、デンプン10gあたり1L/分であった。その後、工程3と工程4を実施例1と同様に処理を行い、炭素質材料を得た。
デンプン(コーンスターチ)10kgとメラミン1.16kg(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.15モル)、アジピン酸4.3kg(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.48モル)を90Lの容器にいれ、5分間もみ込むように混合した(工程1)。二軸押し出し機(STEEL社製、OMEGA30H)により混合原料を150℃、回転数300rpmで押し出し、機械的糊化処理物を得た(工程A)。その後、得られた機械的糊化処理物の工程2、工程3、工程4を実施例2と同様に処理を行い、炭素質材料を得た。
デンプン(コーンスターチ)10gとメラミン1.16g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.15モル)、アジピン酸0.76g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.084モル)を100mlの容器にいれ、2Hzで5分間振とうすることにより混合した(工程1)。得られた混合物を、窒素ガス雰囲気中、800℃まで昇温した。この際、800℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。次いで、窒素ガス気流下、800℃で30分間熱処理することにより炭化処理を行なうことにより炭化物を得た(工程2)。この際、窒素ガスの供給量は、デンプン10gあたり1L/分であった。その後、得られた炭化物をボールミルで粉砕することにより、それぞれD50が10μmとD50が2.2μmの粉砕した炭化物を得た(工程3)。次に、D50が10μmとD50が2.2μmの粉砕した炭化物およびポリスチレン(積水化成品工業株式会社製、平均粒子径400μm、残炭率1.2質量%)を質量比1:2:0.3となるように100mlの容器にいれ、2Hzで5分間振とうすることにより混合した。得られた粉砕後に混合した炭化物を、1100℃まで昇温し、1100℃で60分間熱処理する高温焼成処理を行うことにより炭素質材料を得た(工程4)。この際、1100℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。上記の昇温および熱処理は窒素ガス気流下で行った。窒素ガスの供給量は、粉砕した炭化物5gあたり3L/分であった。
デンプン(コーンスターチ)21.0kgとメラミン2.43kg(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.15モル)、アジピン酸1.39kg(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.07モル)を50L円錐型リボン翼反応機(大川原製作所製、RM-50VD)で5分間混合した(工程1)。得られた混合物を、1L/分で窒素導入しながら、操作圧力12kPaAで、225℃まで昇温し、そのまま10分間保持した後、80℃以下まで放冷してから処理物を得た。ここで得られた処理物の工程2、工程3を実施例2と同様に処理を行い、粉砕後に混合した炭化物を得た。得られた粉砕後に混合した炭化物を、1000℃まで昇温し、1000℃で60分間熱処理する高温焼成処理を行うことにより炭素質材料を得た(工程4)。この際、1000℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。上記の昇温および熱処理は窒素ガス気流下で行った。窒素ガスの供給量は、粉砕した炭化物5gあたり3L/分であった。
デンプン(コーンスターチ)10gとメラミン1.16g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.15モル)、アジピン酸0.76g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して0.084モル)を100mlの容器にいれ、2Hzで5分間振とうすることにより混合した(工程1)。得られた混合物を、窒素ガス雰囲気中、400℃まで昇温した。この際、400℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。次いで、窒素ガス気流下、400℃で30分間熱処理することにより処理を行なうことにより処理物を得た。その後、ここで得られた処理物の工程2、工程3、工程4を、工程4の前にポリスチレンを加えなかった以外は実施例5と同様に処理を行い、炭素質材料を得た。
デンプン(コーンスターチ)10gと塩化アンモニウム36g(デンプン単糖ユニット1モルに対して1.1モル)を100mlの容器にいれ、2Hzで5分間振とうすることにより混合した。得られた混合物を、窒素ガス雰囲気中、600℃まで昇温した。この際、600℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。次いで、窒素ガス気流下、600℃で60分間熱処理することにより炭化処理を行なうことにより炭化物を得た。この際、窒素ガスの供給量は、デンプン10gあたり1L/分であった。その後、得られた炭化物をボールミルで粉砕することにより、D50が6μmの粉砕した炭化物を得た。次に、粉砕した炭化物およびポリスチレンを質量比1:0.1となるように100mlの容器にいれ、2Hzで5分間振とうすることにより混合した。得られた粉砕後に混合した炭化物を、1200℃まで昇温し、1200℃で60分間熱処理する高温焼成処理を行うことにより炭素質材料を得た。この際、1200℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。上記の昇温および熱処理は窒素ガス気流下で行った。窒素ガスの供給量は、粉砕した炭化物5gあたり3L/分であった。
グルコース10gと塩化アンモニウム3.3g(グルコース1モルに対して1.1モル)を100mlの容器にいれ、2Hzで5分間振とうすることにより混合した。得られた混合物を、窒素ガス雰囲気中、1000℃まで昇温した。この際、1000℃までの昇温速度は240℃/時間(4℃/分)とした。次いで、窒素ガス気流下、1000℃で60分間熱処理することにより炭化処理を行なうことにより炭化物を得た。この際、窒素ガスの供給量は、グルコース5gあたり1L/分であった。その後、ボールミルで粉砕することで、炭素質材料を得た。
比較例1で得られた炭化物をボールミルで粉砕することにより、それぞれD50が10μmとD50が2.2μmの粉砕した炭化物を得た。次に、D50が10μmとD50が2.2μmの粉砕した炭化物およびポリスチレンを質量比1:2:0.3となるように100mlの容器にいれ、2Hzで5分間振とうすることにより混合した。得られた粉砕後に混合した炭化物を、1200℃まで昇温し、1200℃で60分間熱処理する高温焼成処理を行うことにより炭素質材料を得た。この際、1200℃までの昇温速度は600℃/時間(10℃/分)とした。上記の昇温および熱処理は窒素ガス気流下で行った。窒素ガスの供給量は、粉砕した炭化物5gあたり3L/分であった。
椰子殻を破砕し、500℃で乾留して得られた椰子殻チャー(粒子径0.850~2.360mmの粒子を98質量%含有)100gに対して、塩化水素ガスを1体積%含む窒素ガスを10L/分の流量で供給して、950℃で80分間処理後、塩化水素ガスの供給のみを停止し、さらに950℃で30分間熱処理した。
その後、ファインミルSF5(日本コークス製)でD50を10μmに粗粉砕した後、コンパクトジェットミル(株式会社セイシン企業製「コジェットシステムα-mkIII」)で粉砕した。さらに、ラボクラッシールN-01(株式会社セイシン企業製)を用いて分級し、D50が5.1μmの炭素前駆体Aと、D50が9.7μmの炭素前駆体Bをそれぞれ得た。
得られたD50が5.1μmの炭素前駆体AをさらにファインミルSF5(日本コークス製)で粉砕し、D50が2.1μmの炭素前駆体C得た。
D50が2.1μmの炭素前駆体C9.1gに、ポリスチレン0.9gを混合した。この混合物10gを試料層厚さが約3mmとなるよう黒鉛性のサヤに入れ、株式会社モトヤマ製高速昇温炉中に置いて、毎分5Lの窒素流量下、600℃から900℃の昇温速度を毎分20℃(昇温時間15分)、それ以外の温度域では毎分60℃とした。1050℃まで昇温後、その温度で20分間保持した後、自然冷却した。炉内温度が200℃以下に低下したことを確認し、炉内から炭素質材料を取り出し炭素質材料Cを得た。D50が9.7μmの炭素前駆体BもD50が2.1μmの炭素前駆体C同様に処理し炭素質材料Bを得た。炭素質材料Cと炭素質材料Bを質量比で1:1になるように混合し、最終的な炭素質材料を得た。
各実施例および各比較例で得た炭素質材料をそれぞれ用いて、以下の手順に従って負極を作製した。
炭素質材料95質量部、導電性カーボンブラック(TIMCAL製「Super-P(登録商標)」)2質量部、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)1質量部、スチレン・ブタジエン・ラバー(SBR)2質量部および水90質量部を混合し、スラリーを得た。得られたスラリーを厚さ15μmの銅箔に塗布し、乾燥後プレスして、直径14mmで打ち抜き厚さ45μmの電極を得た。
負極層の厚さは、作製された電極の厚さを、マイクロメーターにより測定した後に銅箔の厚みを差し引いた数値とした。
負極層の体積は、上記で求めた負極層の厚さに、直径14mmから算出される電極面積を乗じた数値とした。
負極層中の炭素質材料の質量は、作製された電極の質量から、銅箔の質量を差し引いた数値に、負極層を構成する材料中の炭素質材料の比率を乗じた数値とした。
電極密度(g/cc)は、負極層中の炭素質材料の質量(g)を、負極層の体積(cc)で除した数値(g/cc)とした。
上記で作製した電極を作用極とし、金属リチウムを対極および参照極として使用した。溶媒として、エチレンカーボネートとジメチルカーボネートとエチルメチルカーボネートを、体積比で1:1:1となるように混合して用いた。この溶媒に、LiPF6を1mol/L溶解し、電解質として用いた。セパレータにはポリプロピレン膜を使用した。アルゴン雰囲気下のグローブボックス内でコインセルを作製した。
上記構成のリチウム二次電池について、充放電試験装置(東洋システム株式会社製、「TOSCAT」)を用いて、充放電試験を行った。リチウムのドーピングは、活物質質量に対し70mA/gの速度で行い、リチウム電位に対して1mVになるまでドーピングした。さらにリチウム電位に対して1mVの定電圧を8時間印加して、ドーピングを終了した。このときの容量を充電容量とした。次いで、活物質質量に対し70mA/gの速度で、リチウム電位に対して1.5Vになるまで脱ドーピングを行い、このとき放電した容量を放電容量(mAh)とした。得られた放電容量を、負極の重量で除して、得られた値を重量あたりの放電容量(mAh/g)とした。また、重量あたりの放電容量を、電極密度で乗じて、得られた値を体積あたりの放電容量(mAh/cc)とした。
各実施例の炭素質材料を用いて作製した電池は、高い重量あたりの放電容量とともに高い体積あたりの放電容量を示した。一方で、所定の窒素元素含有量、真密度およびタップ嵩密度を有さない、各比較例の炭素質材料を用いて作製した電池では、重量あたりの放電容量および体積あたりの放電容量が十分に高いものではなかった。
Claims (12)
- 元素分析による窒素元素含有量が1.0質量%以上であり、ブタノール浸漬法による真密度が1.50~1.65g/ccであり、タップ嵩密度が0.7~1.0g/ccであり、かつ、X線回折測定による炭素面間隔(d002)が3.65Å以上である、炭素質材料。
- レーザー回折散乱式粒度分布測定法による体積基準粒度分布におけるD20に対するD80の割合D80/D20が3.5~20である、請求項1に記載の炭素質材料。
- フロー式粒子像分析装置による投影面積に相当する円の直径が5μm以上の粒子について測定した円形度が0.70以上である、請求項1又は2に記載の炭素質材料。
- レーザーラマン分光法により観測されるラマンスペクトルにおいて、1360cm-1付近のピークの半値幅の値が240cm-1以上である、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料。
- レーザーラマン分光法により観測されるラマンスペクトルにおいて、1650cm-1付近のピークの半値幅の値が98cm-1以上である、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料。
- 蓄電デバイスの負極用炭素質材料である、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料。
- 請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料を含む、蓄電デバイス用負極。
- 請求項7に記載の蓄電デバイス用負極を含む、蓄電デバイス。
- 以下の工程:
(1)糖類骨格を有する化合物、窒素含有化合物、及び架橋剤を混合して混合物を得る工程、
(2)前記混合物を、不活性ガス雰囲気下、500~900℃で熱処理して炭化物を得る工程、
(3)前記炭化物を粉砕及び/又は分級する工程、及び
(4)粉砕及び/又は分級された前記炭化物を、不活性ガス雰囲気下、800~1600℃で熱処理して炭素質材料を得る工程
を少なくとも含む、請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の炭素質材料の製造方法。 - 糖類骨格を有する化合物は、該化合物の粒子の断面を二次電子顕微鏡観察して得た画像において、断面積が3μm2以上100μm2以下の粒子を任意に20個選択した際に、1μm2以上の空隙を有する粒子が3個以下である化合物である、請求項9に記載の炭素質材料の製造方法。
- 糖類骨格を有する化合物、窒素含有化合物、及び架橋剤を混合して混合物を得る工程(1)の前、工程(1)と同時、又は工程(1)の後に、糖類骨格を有する化合物を糊化させる工程(A)をさらに含む、請求項9に記載の炭素質材料の製造方法。
- 工程(A)は、
工程(1)の前に、糖類骨格を有する化合物に、該化合物の質量に対して5~50質量%の水を混合し、50~200℃の温度で1分~5時間加熱する工程(a1)である、
工程(1)の前に、糖類骨格を有する化合物に、衝撃、圧潰、摩擦、及び/又はせん断の作用を有する機械的処理を施す工程(b1)である、
工程(1)と同時に、もしくは工程(1)の後に、糖類骨格を有する化合物を含む混合物に、糖類骨格を有する化合物の質量に対して5~50質量%の水を混合し、50~200℃の温度で1分~5時間加熱する工程(a2)である、及び/又は、
工程(1)と同時に、もしくは工程(1)の後に、糖類骨格を有する化合物を含む混合物に、衝撃、圧潰、摩擦、及び/又はせん断の作用を有する機械的処理を施す工程(b2)である、
請求項11に記載の炭素質材料の製造方法。
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