WO2023001869A1 - Bauteil mit integrierter aluminiumdiffusionsschicht und aluminiumoxidschicht - Google Patents
Bauteil mit integrierter aluminiumdiffusionsschicht und aluminiumoxidschicht Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2023001869A1 WO2023001869A1 PCT/EP2022/070297 EP2022070297W WO2023001869A1 WO 2023001869 A1 WO2023001869 A1 WO 2023001869A1 EP 2022070297 W EP2022070297 W EP 2022070297W WO 2023001869 A1 WO2023001869 A1 WO 2023001869A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- component
- aluminum
- diffusion layer
- steel
- aluminum diffusion
- Prior art date
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- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 209
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 207
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 151
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 92
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 92
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 44
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 42
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910015372 FeAl Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- UJXVAJQDLVNWPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Al].[Al].[Al].[Fe] Chemical compound [Al].[Al].[Al].[Fe] UJXVAJQDLVNWPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021326 iron aluminide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 195
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 13
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 10
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002149 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- -1 6% ) Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910000951 Aluminide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004630 atomic force microscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 2
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000797 Ultra-high-strength steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005269 aluminizing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005255 carburizing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010273 cold forging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000802 nitrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052756 noble gas Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002835 noble gases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012791 sliding layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002347 wear-protection layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
- C23C28/345—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with at least one oxide layer
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- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/32—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
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- C21D1/74—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/0087—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for chains, for chain links
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- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
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- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/02—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for springs
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- C23C10/00—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces
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- C23C10/34—Embedding in a powder mixture, i.e. pack cementation
- C23C10/36—Embedding in a powder mixture, i.e. pack cementation only one element being diffused
- C23C10/48—Aluminising
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- C23C10/00—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces
- C23C10/28—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces using solids, e.g. powders, pastes
- C23C10/34—Embedding in a powder mixture, i.e. pack cementation
- C23C10/36—Embedding in a powder mixture, i.e. pack cementation only one element being diffused
- C23C10/48—Aluminising
- C23C10/50—Aluminising of ferrous surfaces
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C10/00—Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces
- C23C10/60—After-treatment
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- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/06—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of metallic material
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- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/04—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor characterised by the coating material
- C23C2/12—Aluminium or alloys based thereon
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- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
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- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
- C23C28/32—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
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- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
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- C23C28/32—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
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- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
- C23C8/10—Oxidising
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
- C23C8/10—Oxidising
- C23C8/16—Oxidising using oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. water, carbon dioxide
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
- C23C8/10—Oxidising
- C23C8/16—Oxidising using oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. water, carbon dioxide
- C23C8/18—Oxidising of ferrous surfaces
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D7/00—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation
- C21D7/02—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working
- C21D7/10—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working of the whole cross-section, e.g. of concrete reinforcing bars
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/52—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length
- C21D9/525—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length for wire, for rods
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
Definitions
- the invention relates to a component with a component made of heat-treated steel and/or a low-alloy steel, in which the component is provided with an aluminum diffusion layer and an aluminum oxide layer.
- the invention can also relate to a fastener, such as a screw or a nut, which has a component made of heat-treated steel and/or a low-alloy steel, which is provided with an aluminum diffusion layer and an aluminum oxide layer.
- Metal components particularly high-strength and ultra-high-strength components made from heat-treatable and/or low-alloy steel, are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement.
- Hydrogen embrittlement is caused by the penetration of hydrogen into the metal structure of the components and leads to the formation of intergranular cracks when the components are stressed. This phenomenon is called hydrogen-induced stress corrosion cracking.
- the object of the present invention is to reduce hydrogen embrittlement and thus the tendency to hydrogen-induced stress corrosion cracking in steel components.
- One aspect of the invention relates to a component with a component made of heat-treated steel and/or a low-alloy steel, the component being at least partially coated with an aluminum diffusion layer and an aluminum oxide layer being applied to the aluminum diffusion layer, the layer thickness of the aluminum diffusion layer being 1-200 ⁇ m, preferably 2-100 ⁇ m, particularly preferably 3-20 ⁇ m, the aluminum diffusion layer having an aluminum content, based on the total weight of the aluminum diffusion layer, of 10% by weight above the aluminum content of the steel up to a maximum concentration, the aluminum content in the aluminum diffusion layer being in toward an interface between the aluminum diffusion layer and the aluminum oxide layer from 10% by weight above the aluminum content of the steel to the maximum concentration, and the maximum concentration is 11 - 60% by weight.
- Another aspect of the invention can relate to a component with a component made of heat-treated steel and/or a low-alloy steel, the component being a fastener, the component made of steel having and/or forming a threaded area, the component, in particular in the threaded area, at least is partially coated with an aluminum diffusion layer and an aluminum oxide layer is applied to the aluminum diffusion layer, the layer thickness of the aluminum diffusion layer being 1-200 ⁇ m, preferably 2-100 ⁇ m, the aluminum diffusion layer having an aluminum content, based on the total weight of the aluminum diffusion layer, of 10 wt.
- the fastener is expediently a screw, in particular a high-strength or even an ultra-high-strength screw, or a nut, in particular a high-strength or even an ultra-high-strength nut.
- Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for producing a component with a component made of heat-treated steel and/or a low-alloy steel, comprising the steps: a) providing a component with a component made of heat-treated steel and/or a low-alloy steel, b) applying an aluminum diffusion layer with a layer thickness of 1 - 200 pm on the component at a temperature of 400 to 1100 °C in an inert gas atmosphere, c) heating the component to 700 to 1000 °C in an oxygen-containing atmosphere for at least 10 minutes, creating an aluminum oxide layer on the aluminum diffusion layer is produced.
- a further aspect of the invention relates to the use of the component according to the invention to reduce hydrogen embrittlement.
- the aluminum diffusion layer according to the invention in combination with the aluminum oxide layer surprisingly acts as a very effective barrier against the penetration of hydrogen by diffusion on components made of heat-treated steel and/or low-alloy steel and thereby increases the resistance of the components to hydrogen-induced stress corrosion.
- the diffusion process and thus the formation of the aluminum diffusion layer also improves the adhesion of the aluminum layer to the steel, since the aluminum layer grows together with the steel of the component, so to speak.
- fasteners made of low-alloy steels which usually have or are exposed to high and often dynamic axial stress
- these fasteners which can be screws or nuts, for example, are essential for many assemblies.
- a fastener in particular a high-strength or ultra-high-strength screw, can have drastic consequences for man or machine, such as an engine head screw, a bridge screw, a cylinder head screw, a chassis screw and/or a battery fastening screw.
- the invention can therefore also relate to a vehicle, an engine, in particular a cylinder head, a chassis arrangement or a battery arrangement with a component, in particular a fastening means, with the aluminum diffusion layer according to the invention or a building, in particular such as a bridge, or a vehicle.
- the steel component is coated with the aluminum diffusion layer in areas of increased stress and/or areas adjacent to areas of increased stress, particularly in areas of a thread, under a head, e.g., a screw, notches or grooves.
- Areas with an increased notch effect are in particular areas which have a notch effect factor of more than 1.1, preferably more than 1.4, particularly preferably more than 1.9 and most preferably more than 2.1.
- a notch effect factor of more than 1.1, preferably more than 1.4, particularly preferably more than 1.9 and most preferably more than 2.1.
- an area adjacent to an area with an increased notch effect which is spaced a maximum of 10 mm, preferably a maximum of 5 mm and particularly preferably a maximum of 2 mm, from the area with an increased notch effect.
- an area adjacent to an area with an increased notch effect can also be present if this is at a maximum distance of 10%, preferably a maximum of 5%, particularly preferably a maximum of 2%, of the largest main dimension of the steel component from the area with an increased notch effect.
- All known aluminum coating processes and aluminating processes are suitable for producing the aluminum diffusion layer, provided the processes can be carried out at a temperature in the range from 400 to 1100° C., so that an aluminum diffusion layer can be produced.
- Those are preferred Hot-dip aluminizing, Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and the slip process. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is particularly preferred.
- the aluminum diffuses into the iron lattice of the steel, which creates the aluminum diffusion layer.
- the aluminum can react with the iron to form an intermetallic phase (so-called aluminide phase).
- any alloying components of the steel also diffuse into the aluminum-containing layer.
- the aluminum diffusion layer has a concentration gradient in which the aluminum concentration increases toward the surface of the aluminum diffusion layer. After the production of the aluminum oxide layer, this surface is the interface between the aluminum diffusion layer and the aluminum oxide layer.
- the iron concentration decreases in the same direction.
- the concentration of any alloying components of the steel decreases in this direction.
- the surface and/or the interface is in particular that area which delimits the aluminum diffusion layer distally opposite or facing away from the steel component.
- the aluminum oxidizes on the surface and forms an aluminum oxide layer on the aluminum diffusion layer (oxidation step).
- This aluminum oxide layer acts as an additional hydrogen barrier and also serves as protection against corrosion.
- the surface of the aluminum oxide layer can itself in turn be coated and/or the surface can be, for example, a free surface which is not coated. In other words, the surface can be exposed or covered by a coating and/or by another component.
- the aluminum diffusion layer is defined as the area of the component made of heat-treated steel or low-alloy steel that has an aluminum content, based on the total weight of the aluminum diffusion layer, of 10% by weight above the aluminum content of the steel up to one Maximum concentration, the maximum concentration being 10-60% by weight aluminum.
- the aluminum diffusion layer is the layer that has an aluminum content of 10% by weight up to the maximum concentration of aluminum. In this case, for a steel without aluminum content, the aluminum concentration in the aluminum diffusion layer is between 10 and 60% by weight.
- the steel of the constituent part of the component is an alloyed steel with an aluminum content of, for example, 1% by weight
- the aluminum content in the aluminum diffusion layer is 11% by weight up to the maximum concentration. If the maximum concentration at the surface is 60% by weight, the
- Aluminum content in the aluminum diffusion layer at 11 - 60% by weight.
- the aluminum oxide layer is preferably formed in direct contact with the aluminum diffusion layer. In other words, as already described in particular, there is no further layer between the aluminum oxide layer and the aluminum diffusion layer.
- at least 90%, particularly preferably at least 95% and particularly preferably at least 99% of the aluminum diffusion layer, or its interface, is covered by the aluminum oxide layer. In this way, a particularly good and extensive shielding of the diffusion layer can be achieved.
- a component made of heat-treated steel or low-alloy steel within the meaning of the invention can be understood in particular as meaning that at least part of the component, ie a volume area, is made of heat-treated steel or low-alloy steel.
- a tempered steel is a steel that is given or has high tensile strength and fatigue strength through tempering, in particular in the form of hardening and/or tempering. It is particularly preferred if the weight of the component consists of at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, and particularly preferably at least 95%, made of heat-treated steel or low-alloy steel or is formed by the component made of heat-treated steel or low-alloy steel.
- “coated” with an aluminum diffusion layer is understood to mean that the component made of steel has an aluminum diffusion layer on the outside in cross section. This means in particular that the component made of steel is bordered in at least one spatial direction by a firmly adhering layer of shapeless material, which is an aluminum diffusion layer.
- the coating can correspond to DIN 8580 - in particular in the version applicable on May 1, 2021. .
- the thickness of the aluminum diffusion layer is 1-200 ⁇ m, preferably 2-100 ⁇ m, particularly preferably 3-50 ⁇ m and most preferably 3-20 ⁇ m.
- the lower thicknesses of the preferred embodiments of the aluminum diffusion layer are advantageous in particular in the case of precisely fitting components.
- the aluminum oxide layer is preferably applied directly to the aluminum diffusion layer. This means that there is no further layer between the aluminum diffusion layer and the aluminum oxide layer.
- the production of the aluminum oxide layer is determined, among other things, by the duration and temperature of the heating step in an oxygen-containing atmosphere (oxidation step).
- the thickness of the aluminum oxide layer is preferably 1-5000 nm (nanometers), preferably 100-2000 nm, particularly preferably 500-1000 nm. A particularly effective barrier against the penetration of hydrogen and thus a particularly effective reduction in hydrogen embrittlement is achieved with these layer thicknesses.
- the "layer thickness" of the aluminum diffusion layer and the aluminum oxide layer is understood to mean the average layer thickness if the upper or lower side is uneven. At least three will do this Measurements of the layer thickness are made, preferably 6 to 8 measurements, and the arithmetic mean of the measured values is determined.
- the barrier effect against the penetration of hydrogen is achieved with the present invention through the combination of an aluminum diffusion layer and an aluminum oxide layer.
- a ratio of the layer thickness of the aluminum diffusion layer to the layer thickness of the aluminum oxide layer of 0.2-2,000,000, more preferably 0.5 to 2000, has proven to be advantageous on the low-alloy and/or heat-treated steel and a durable, barrier and corrosion-resistant aluminum oxide layer.
- the maximum concentration of aluminum in the aluminum diffusion layer is 11-60% by weight. Preference is given to 11-50% by weight, particularly preferably 11-35% by weight, more preferably 12-35% by weight, even more preferably 15-35% by weight, in particular 18-30% by weight. These maximum concentrations of aluminum in the aluminum diffusion layer lead to a pronounced formation of iron aluminide phases (FeAl) which are particularly effective in preventing hydrogen embrittlement.
- FeAl iron aluminide phases
- the proportion of aluminum in the aluminum diffusion layer increases towards the interface between the aluminum diffusion layer and the aluminum oxide layer.
- the increase occurs from 10% by weight above the aluminum content of the steel up to the maximum concentration, for example 11-60% by weight.
- Intermetallic phases preferably form in the aluminum diffusion layer, which preferably contain intermetallic iron are aluminide phases (FeAl). These are preferably formed by setting the maximum concentration of the aluminum in the aluminum diffusion layer in the preferred ranges, eg 11-50% by weight, particularly preferably 11-35% by weight, more preferably 12-35% by weight more preferably 15-35% by weight, in particular 18-30% by weight, maximum concentration of the aluminum in the aluminum diffusion layer.
- the control of the Al activity can be adjusted depending on the coating process during the production of the aluminum diffusion layer, eg. Al powder can be mixed with Si in the slurry process in order to reduce the Al activity or in the CVD process the ratio of the so-called pack mixture (filler AI2O3 e.g. 85% by weight, plus activator containing halogen (e.g. 6% ), such as NH4Cl, and e.g. 9% Al powder).
- pack mixture filler AI2O3 e.g. 85% by weight
- activator containing halogen e.g. 6%
- NH4Cl NH4Cl
- eAl intermetallic iron aluminide phases
- the aluminum oxide layer can at least partially form the surface of the component.
- another layer to be applied to the aluminum oxide layer, preferably selected from a wear protection layer and a sliding layer.
- Phosphate layers and zinc flakes are preferred, particularly when the component is a fastener, advantageously a screw or a bolt. These layers are particularly advantageous with regard to improving the friction properties.
- the steel of the constituent part of the component is a low-alloy steel and/or quenched and tempered steel.
- a low-alloy steel is understood to mean a steel whose total proportion of alloying elements does not exceed 5% by weight, in particular the alloying elements Cr, Mo, V, Ni, Mn, Al, B and Ti, based on the total weight of the steel .
- the term low-alloy steel within the meaning of the invention thus also includes unalloyed steels and micro-alloyed steels.
- an unalloyed steel is a steel understood, which contains up to 0.8% by weight of carbon and less than 1% by weight of manganese, based on the total weight of the steel.
- the low-alloy steel of the part of the component which can also be an unalloyed steel, is preferably a high-strength or ultra-high-strength steel.
- it can be a low-alloy, tempered steel.
- Low-alloy steels can be tempered particularly well and at the same time or alternatively provide a particularly high degree of strength, so that the advantages achieved by the invention, in particular with regard to hydrogen embrittlement, can be used or achieved particularly well here.
- the microstructure of the steel component in the component is at least predominantly martensitic, bainitic and/or dual-phase (residual austenite, ferrite and/or martensite).
- the structure of the steel component in the component is preferably at least 80% by weight, in particular at least 90% by weight, martensitic, bainitic and/or dual-phase (residual austenite, ferrite and/or martensite), based in each case on the total weight of the component from steel.
- This structure gives the component according to the invention particularly high strength and toughness. These structures can be exposed to high and often dynamic axial stress, so that the reduction in hydrogen embrittlement is particularly advantageous for them.
- the microstructure in the aluminum diffusion layer can differ from the microstructure of the remaining steel component (the so-called base material).
- the elemental distribution in the aluminum diffusion layer is advantageously characterized by a high concentration of two elements, namely iron and aluminum.
- the other alloying elements can be present as dissolved elements or as intermetallic precipitations in the aluminum diffusion layer.
- the component according to the invention is preferably a high-strength or ultra-high-strength component, in particular with strengths of more than 1000 MPa above 1200 MPa, more preferably above 1400 MPa and most preferably above 1600 MPa.
- Preferred high-strength and ultra-high-strength components are high-strength or ultra-high-strength screws or fasteners, springs, leaf springs, plate springs and chain drives, formed components and/or structural components.
- the component according to the invention in particular the high-strength or ultra-high-strength component, preferably a welded component, an additively manufactured component or a case-hardened component.
- the component is additionally case-hardened for production, in particular by carburizing, nitrating or nitrocarburizing.
- the component is then provided with the aluminum diffusion layer, as described here.
- a formed component is to be understood in particular as a component which has been formed by means of a forming step, in particular a cold forming process. Especially in the case of a formed component, in particular a cold-formed component, it is particularly advantageous to avoid brittleness, in particular hydrogen embrittlement, because a formed component already has a certain degree of brittleness due to the accumulated forest dislocations.
- a structural component within the meaning of the invention is present in particular when the component is a load-bearing component.
- This structural component has, in particular, two load introduction sections, which advantageously have load introduction structures, such as mounting recesses or openings, and a transmission area arranged between the load introduction sections, which can transfer a load, in particular a bending load, from one load introduction section to the other load introduction section and/or or transmits.
- load introduction sections which advantageously have load introduction structures, such as mounting recesses or openings
- transmission area arranged between the load introduction sections, which can transfer a load, in particular a bending load, from one load introduction section to the other load introduction section and/or or transmits.
- at least one, preferably all, load application sections and/or the transmission area is equipped with the aluminum diffusion layer according to the invention.
- Forming the component in such a way that the steel has a strength of more than 1000 MPa, preferably more than 1200 MPa, particularly preferably more than 1400 MPa and particularly preferably more than 1600 MPa, is straight particularly advantageous since hydrogen embrittlement is becoming increasingly important in these strength classes, so that the invention can demonstrate its advantages precisely in the case of these strengths.
- the invention relates to a component with a component made of heat-treated steel and/or a low-alloy steel, the component being a fastener, the component having and/or forming a threaded area and/or a shank area, the component at least partially in particular in the thread area and/or shaft area, is coated with an aluminum diffusion layer and an aluminum oxide layer is applied to the aluminum diffusion layer, the layer thickness of the aluminum diffusion layer being 1-200 ⁇ m, the aluminum diffusion layer having an aluminum content, based on the total weight of the aluminum diffusion layer, of 10 wt % above the aluminum content of the steel up to a maximum concentration, the aluminum content in the aluminum diffusion layer exceeding 10% by weight towards an interface between the aluminum diffusion layer and the aluminum oxide layer the aluminum content of the steel increases up to the maximum concentration, and the maximum concentration is 11 - 60% by weight, the component being a high-strength or ultra-high-strength component.
- the fastening means according to the invention can in particular be non-positive fastening means such as screws, bolts or nuts.
- Force-locking fastening means are characterized in particular by the fact that they have a threaded section for bracing or fastening, in particular with an external thread or an internal thread.
- the threaded section can therefore be an external thread or an internal thread.
- this threaded section is incorporated in a part of the fastener, which is made of steel.
- the steel component may have a threaded portion which with the may be coated with the aluminum diffusion layer set forth above and below.
- at least three, preferably at least five, and particularly preferably all thread turns of the threaded section are expediently coated with the aluminum diffusion layer.
- At least the distal end threads are advantageously those threads which are coated with the aluminum diffusion layer.
- the end threads are, in particular, the threads which form one end of the threaded section or form the end regions of the threaded section or the end of the thread.
- the aluminum diffusion layer can also be present in a shaft area.
- the shank area is in particular an area of the fastening means which lies between the head, in particular the screw head, and the threaded section of the fastening means and mechanically connects them to one another.
- the shank region can preferably be designed without a thread and/or be designed as a cylindrical section. The diameter of the shank can be less than or equal to the thread diameter in the threaded section.
- the mechanical properties of the fastening means can be positively influenced there according to the invention.
- the screws are advantageously high-strength or ultra-high-strength screws.
- the component made of steel in the component according to the invention is at least partially coated with an aluminum diffusion layer, ie the component is partially or completely coated with an aluminum diffusion layer.
- the component is a high-strength or ultra-high-strength screw.
- a high-strength bolt is a bolt with a tensile strength of at least 800 MPa.
- High-strength screws are, for example, screws in strength classes 8.8, 10.9 and 12.9.
- the strength classes of the invention correspond to ISO 898-1 in the version valid in January 2021.
- a bolt with tensile strength is particularly important of at least 1200 MPa and/or advantageously of 1400 MPa.
- ultra-high-strength screws are screws in strength classes 12.8, 12.9, 14.8, 14.9, 15.8, 15.9, 16.8, 16.9, 17.8 and 12.8U, 12.9U, 14.8U, 14.9U, 15.8U, 15.9U, 16.8U, 17.8U.
- a high-strength bolt is a bolt that is at least high-strength, but can also be ultra-high-strength. It is preferably a high-strength or ultra-high-strength screw with a strength of more than 1000 MPa.
- the part of the component or screw that has the aluminum diffusion layer, the shank and/or the threaded area of the screw is here that strong dynamic loads occur when the screw is in operation, which makes the screw more vulnerable Increase hydrogen embrittlement, which can be prevented or at least significantly reduced by the invention.
- the screw can have a head with tool engagement surfaces, these tool engagement surfaces in particular forming an internal or external hexagon with one another. It is particularly preferred if the entire screw is coated with the aluminum diffusion layer.
- the invention also relates to a method for producing the component according to the invention.
- the method according to the invention for producing a component with a component made of heat-treated steel and/or a low-alloy steel comprises the steps: a) providing a component with a component made of heat-treated steel and/or a low-alloy steel, b) applying an aluminum diffusion layer with a layer thickness of 1 - 200 pm on the component at a temperature of 400 to 1100 °C in an inert gas atmosphere, c) heating the component to 700 to 1000 °C in an oxygen-containing atmosphere for at least 10 minutes, whereby an aluminum oxide layer is produced on the aluminum diffusion layer.
- the temperature in step b) is preferably 800-1000.degree.
- heating step c heating is preferably carried out for at least 15 minutes, preferably at least 20 minutes and particularly preferably for at least 30 minutes. Further, it is preferred that the heating takes place for 10-600 minutes, more preferably for 15-400 minutes and most preferably for 20-180 minutes.
- the heating in step c) takes place at 700-1000.degree. C. for the specified periods of time, preferably at 800-1000.degree. C., particularly preferably at 820-980.degree.
- the aluminum diffusion layer is preferably applied by applying an aluminum layer which then forms an aluminum diffusion layer at the temperature of step b), preferably a temperature of 400 to 1100° C.
- the method according to the invention for producing a component with a component made of heat-treated steel and/or a low-alloy steel thus comprises the steps: a) providing a component with a component made of heat-treated steel and/or a low-alloy steel, b) applying an aluminum layer on the component at a temperature of 400 to 1100 °C in an inert gas atmosphere, with an aluminum diffusion layer with a layer thickness of 1 - 200 pm being formed on the component, c) heating the component to 700 to 1000 °C in an oxygen-containing atmosphere for at least 10 minutes , whereby an aluminum oxide layer is formed on the aluminum diffusion layer.
- an inert gas atmosphere is understood as meaning an atmosphere of a gas or gas mixture which is inert towards the aluminum of the aluminum diffusion layer. It is preferably a gas atmosphere which contains less than 1% by volume of gases which are reactive towards aluminum, in particular contains less than 1% by volume of oxygen.
- the inert gas atmosphere particularly preferably comprises more than 99% by volume of nitrogen, hydrogen and/or noble gases, for example argon, argon and nitrogen, or nitrogen and hydrogen, for example nitrogen and 5-10% H2.
- a preferred embodiment of the invention relates to a method for producing a component, the component being a high-strength or ultra-high-strength component, comprising the steps of: a) providing a component, the component being a high-strength or ultra-high-strength component, which is a fastener that has and/or forms a threaded area and/or a shank area, with a component made of heat-treated steel and/or a low-alloy steel, b) applying an aluminum diffusion layer with a layer thickness of 1-200 ⁇ m to the component, in particular in the threaded area and/or shank area a temperature of 400 to 1100°C in an inert gas atmosphere, c) heating the component to 700 to 1000°C in an oxygen-containing atmosphere for at least 10 minutes, whereby an aluminum oxide layer is produced on the aluminum diffusion layer.
- the tempering step can also take place during and/or at the same time or together with the heating step c).
- the tempering and the heating/oxidation can be carried out together in one step.
- the aluminum oxide layer can be produced particularly quickly and inexpensively.
- martensitic tempering preferably by quenching in oil, air and/or water
- bainitising preferably in a salt bath
- Martensitic quenching or bainitising is carried out under the usual conditions.
- the heating step c) can thus be a separately carried out heating step, for example in a furnace, or the heating step can take place during the tempering step of the component, for example at the austenitization of the steel.
- the heating step preferably takes place during the annealing of the component.
- the method for producing the component according to the invention therefore comprises the steps: a) providing a component with a component made of heat-treated steel and/or a low-alloy steel, b) applying an aluminum diffusion layer with a layer thickness of 1-200 gm the component at a temperature of 400 to 1100 °C in an inert gas atmosphere, c) heating the component to 700 to 1000 °C while annealing the component in an oxygen-containing atmosphere for at least 10 minutes, thereby producing an aluminum oxide layer on the aluminum diffusion layer.
- the invention also relates to the use of the component according to the invention to avoid or reduce hydrogen embrittlement.
- the use preferably includes the use of the preferred components described to avoid or reduce hydrogen embrittlement, for example a fastening means with a threaded area and/or shank area.
- This relates in particular to the reduction or avoidance of hydrogen embrittlement in the component due to hydrogen that can penetrate from the outside, for example when the component is used as intended. This can be the case, for example, when using the component according to the invention, for example a fastener, in a corrosive environment.
- the aluminum diffusion layer according to the invention in combination with the aluminum oxide layer then particularly effectively protects the component from hydrogen embrittlement by reducing or preventing the penetration of hydrogen into the component.
- a preferred embodiment of the invention relates to the use of the component according to the invention, in particular the fastening means, in a fuel cell or a battery arrangement.
- the component according to the invention in particular the fastening means, in a fuel cell or a battery arrangement.
- the aluminum diffusion layer according to the invention in combination with the aluminum oxide layer can prevent hydrogen embrittlement with particular advantage.
- the invention also relates to a battery arrangement and/or fuel cell, comprising a component according to the invention, in particular a fastening means according to the invention.
- a battery arrangement and/or fuel cell comprising a component according to the invention, in particular a fastening means according to the invention.
- the microstructure of the steel component can be ferritic, ferritic-pearlitic, bainitic, GKZ annealed or a mixed microstructure.
- the microstructure of the component can, in a preferred embodiment, be martensitic, bainitic or ferritic-martensitic or dual-phase (residual austenite, ferrite and/or martensite).
- the invention also relates to a component with a component made of steel, obtainable by the method according to the invention.
- the component and/or the component made of steel can also have the aforementioned features with regard to the method.
- the layer thickness of the aluminum diffusion layer is preferably measured with a micrometer, for example using the method according to ASTM C664-10 (as published 2020, Test Method A).
- ASTM C664-10 as published 2020, Test Method A.
- the thickness of the component is essentially measured before and after coating with the aluminum diffusion layer, and the layer thickness results from the difference.
- the thickness of the aluminum diffusion layer can also be determined by first measuring the thickness of the component after coating with the aluminum diffusion layer. Subsequently, the aluminum diffusion layer is removed, for example by grinding, and the composition of the material is analyzed, for example by chemical analysis of the removed material or chemical analysis of the remaining surface material. For example, wet-chemical methods, atomic force microscopy (AFM) or energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, EDX, EDXS or XEDS) can be used as analysis methods. Material is removed as long as the removed material has an aluminum content of at least 10% by weight above the aluminum content of the steel, based on the total weight of the aluminum diffusion layer.
- AFM atomic force microscopy
- EDS energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- the thickness of the aluminum diffusion layer can be determined using the procedure outlined in ASTM C664-10 (as amended in 2020, Test Method B). For this purpose, the layer thickness is essentially determined in the cross section with the aid of an optical microscope. It is also possible to determine the layer thickness of the aluminum diffusion layer in a cross-section using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, EDX, EDXS or XEDS). The thickness of the aluminum oxide layer can be determined using scanning electron microscopy.
- EDS energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- a component with an aluminum diffusion layer is manufactured by manufacturing the component from the substrate material steel using axial cold forging.
- the starting material is fed to the forming machine in the form of a coil of wire.
- the formed product has the geometry of a screw.
- An aluminum diffusion layer is then applied. After the coating has been applied, the component is heated in an oxygen-containing atmosphere and austenitized for 30 minutes at a temperature of 850°C for tempering.
- quenching is carried out immediately after austenitizing.
- a suitable microstructure is set during the quenching process.
- the material produced converts according to its local Al concentration.
- the resulting component had a tensile strength of 1600 MPa - 1650 MPa.
- test setup in which the other two factors are reproduced in a reproducible manner is therefore suitable for evaluating the material behavior with regard to hydrogen-induced stress corrosion cracking.
- the test setup according to DIN EN ISO 7539-7 is therefore used for the assessment.
- the FIE value is determined from the two determined deformation energies.
- the FIE value can range from 0 to 1.
- the reference value without hydrogen exposure W BU is determined. This is based on the mean of three samples with a
- FIG. 1 a component according to the invention
- FIG. 1 shows a component according to the invention.
- the component has a component 1 made of low-alloy steel and/or heat-treated steel.
- the component can in particular be a fastener or a spring.
- the component 1 is at least partially coated with an aluminum diffusion layer 10, the layer thickness of the aluminum diffusion layer being 1 to 200 ⁇ m.
- the arrow in the aluminum diffusion layer 10 in FIG. 1 indicates the decrease in the concentration of aluminum in the aluminum diffusion layer 10 and the direction of thickness, in which the thickness of the aluminum diffusion layer 10 can be determined in particular.
- an aluminum oxide layer 14 is applied on the aluminum diffusion layer 10.
- the aluminum diffusion layer is delimited by the interface 12 between the aluminum diffusion layer 10 and the aluminum oxide layer 14 distally opposite the component 1 made of steel. This surface 16 of the aluminum oxide layer 14 can itself in turn be coated.
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- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
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- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
MX2024000832A MX2024000832A (es) | 2021-07-20 | 2022-07-20 | Componente con capa de difusion de aluminio integrada y capa de oxido de aluminio. |
CN202280050718.4A CN117677727A (zh) | 2021-07-20 | 2022-07-20 | 具有集成的铝扩散层和氧化铝层的构件 |
US18/290,708 US20240271285A1 (en) | 2021-07-20 | 2022-07-20 | Component with integrated aluminum diffusion layer and aluminum oxide layer |
EP22758146.9A EP4200457A1 (de) | 2021-07-20 | 2022-07-20 | Bauteil mit integrierter aluminiumdiffusionsschicht und aluminiumoxidschicht |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE102021118766.4A DE102021118766A1 (de) | 2021-07-20 | 2021-07-20 | Bauteil mit integrierter Aluminiumdiffusionsschicht und Aluminiumoxidschicht |
DE102021118766.4 | 2021-07-20 |
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WO2023001869A1 true WO2023001869A1 (de) | 2023-01-26 |
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Family Applications (1)
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PCT/EP2022/070297 WO2023001869A1 (de) | 2021-07-20 | 2022-07-20 | Bauteil mit integrierter aluminiumdiffusionsschicht und aluminiumoxidschicht |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20240271285A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP4200457A1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN117677727A (de) |
DE (1) | DE102021118766A1 (de) |
MX (1) | MX2024000832A (de) |
WO (1) | WO2023001869A1 (de) |
Citations (5)
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EP0201910A1 (de) * | 1985-05-14 | 1986-11-20 | Inland Steel Company | Folie aus diffusionslegiertem Stahl |
DE102008006039A1 (de) * | 2008-01-25 | 2009-07-30 | Elringklinger Ag | Verfahren zum Verbinden von metallischen Bauteilen eines Brennstoffzellenstacks und Baugruppe für einen Brennstoffzellenstack |
WO2017182382A1 (de) * | 2016-04-18 | 2017-10-26 | Salzgitter Flachstahl Gmbh | Bauteil aus pressformgehärtetem, auf basis von aluminium beschichtetem stahlblech und verfahren zur herstellung eines solchen bauteils |
WO2019171157A1 (en) * | 2018-03-09 | 2019-09-12 | Arcelormittal | A manufacturing process of press hardened parts with high productivity |
US20210071307A1 (en) * | 2019-04-09 | 2021-03-11 | Changsha University Of Science & Technology | Molten al-si alloy corrosion resistant composite coating and preparation method and application thereof |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB444952A (en) | 1933-08-12 | 1936-03-26 | Bertram John Sayles | Improvements in or relating to aluminized steel articles and methods of making the same |
DE3314679A1 (de) | 1982-04-23 | 1983-11-10 | Shinto Kogyo K.K., Nagasaki | Eingussrohr aus metall und giessform |
EP0167102B1 (de) | 1984-06-30 | 1987-12-23 | Forschungszentrum Jülich Gmbh | Verfahren zur Erzeugung einer oxidischen Schutzschicht auf einem Formkörper aus Hochtemperaturwerkstoff |
JP3500266B2 (ja) | 1997-02-04 | 2004-02-23 | 株式会社荏原製作所 | 半導体製造プロセス用部材 |
CN106048519B (zh) | 2016-07-22 | 2019-11-12 | 四川大学 | 一种聚变堆氚增殖包层用Fe-Al/Al2O3阻氚涂层及其制备方法 |
-
2021
- 2021-07-20 DE DE102021118766.4A patent/DE102021118766A1/de active Pending
-
2022
- 2022-07-20 US US18/290,708 patent/US20240271285A1/en active Pending
- 2022-07-20 MX MX2024000832A patent/MX2024000832A/es unknown
- 2022-07-20 WO PCT/EP2022/070297 patent/WO2023001869A1/de active Application Filing
- 2022-07-20 CN CN202280050718.4A patent/CN117677727A/zh active Pending
- 2022-07-20 EP EP22758146.9A patent/EP4200457A1/de active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0201910A1 (de) * | 1985-05-14 | 1986-11-20 | Inland Steel Company | Folie aus diffusionslegiertem Stahl |
DE102008006039A1 (de) * | 2008-01-25 | 2009-07-30 | Elringklinger Ag | Verfahren zum Verbinden von metallischen Bauteilen eines Brennstoffzellenstacks und Baugruppe für einen Brennstoffzellenstack |
WO2017182382A1 (de) * | 2016-04-18 | 2017-10-26 | Salzgitter Flachstahl Gmbh | Bauteil aus pressformgehärtetem, auf basis von aluminium beschichtetem stahlblech und verfahren zur herstellung eines solchen bauteils |
WO2019171157A1 (en) * | 2018-03-09 | 2019-09-12 | Arcelormittal | A manufacturing process of press hardened parts with high productivity |
US20210071307A1 (en) * | 2019-04-09 | 2021-03-11 | Changsha University Of Science & Technology | Molten al-si alloy corrosion resistant composite coating and preparation method and application thereof |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DE102021118766A1 (de) | 2023-01-26 |
EP4200457A1 (de) | 2023-06-28 |
US20240271285A1 (en) | 2024-08-15 |
MX2024000832A (es) | 2024-02-08 |
CN117677727A (zh) | 2024-03-08 |
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