WO2022264303A1 - 無停電電源装置 - Google Patents
無停電電源装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022264303A1 WO2022264303A1 PCT/JP2021/022819 JP2021022819W WO2022264303A1 WO 2022264303 A1 WO2022264303 A1 WO 2022264303A1 JP 2021022819 W JP2021022819 W JP 2021022819W WO 2022264303 A1 WO2022264303 A1 WO 2022264303A1
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- power
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- 230000002457 bidirectional effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 32
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 17
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 5
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J9/00—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting
- H02J9/04—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source
- H02J9/06—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source with automatic change-over, e.g. UPS systems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
- H02J3/28—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy
- H02J3/32—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy using batteries with converting means
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
- Y02B10/70—Hybrid systems, e.g. uninterruptible or back-up power supplies integrating renewable energies
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to an uninterruptible power supply.
- a large-capacity uninterruptible power supply device employs a large-capacity power storage device as a backup power supply for power failure compensation.
- a power storage device for example, a large-capacity lithium ion battery is used.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2019-161939
- the system frequency In the power system, when the generated power and the demand power (load power consumption) are in balance, the system frequency is kept constant. If there is an imbalance between the generated power and the demanded power, the system frequency will fluctuate. When the system frequency fluctuates, it not only affects the operation of electric equipment of consumers, but also may cause power outages in the power system.
- the output of distributed power sources is greatly influenced by environmental factors such as weather conditions, time of day and season. Therefore, as the introduction ratio of distributed power sources in the electric power system increases, there is concern that fluctuations in the generated power will increase and that fluctuations in the system frequency will increase.
- the uninterruptible power supply described above is configured to use the DC power stored in the power storage device to compensate for power outages in the power system. Therefore, when the power system is healthy, the DC power of the power storage device is not used, and it is difficult to say that the large-capacity power storage device is being utilized.
- the present disclosure has been made to solve such problems, and an object of the present disclosure is to provide an uninterruptible power supply capable of compensating for frequency fluctuations in a power system.
- An uninterruptible power supply includes a power converter connected between a power system and a load, a frequency detector that detects a system frequency that is the frequency of an AC voltage on the power system, and a power converter. a controller for controlling the device.
- a power conversion device includes a converter, an inverter, and a bidirectional chopper. The converter converts AC power supplied from the power system into DC power. The inverter converts DC power supplied from a converter or a power storage device into AC power and supplies the AC power to a load.
- the bidirectional chopper selectively performs a charging operation of storing part of the DC power generated by the converter in the power storage device and a discharging operation of supplying the DC power of the power storage device to the inverter.
- the controller includes control circuitry that controls the bi-directional chopper.
- the control circuit controls the bi-directional chopper to perform a discharge operation during power failure of the power system.
- the control circuit controls the bidirectional chopper based on the detected system frequency when the power system is healthy.
- the control circuit controls the bidirectional chopper so as to perform a charging operation in response to an increase in system frequency and a discharge operation in response to a decrease in system frequency.
- FIG. 1 is a circuit block diagram showing a configuration example of an uninterruptible power supply according to an embodiment
- FIG. It is a block diagram which shows the hardware structural example of a control apparatus. It is a figure explaining the amount of frequency changes. It is a figure which shows notionally the frequency compensation by an uninterruptible power supply. It is a figure which shows notionally the frequency compensation by an uninterruptible power supply. It is a circuit diagram which shows the structure of a bidirectional chopper. 3 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a control circuit; FIG. FIG.
- FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing a configuration example of a frequency compensator, a charge controller, and a discharge controller shown in FIG. 8;
- FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining a determination value set for the SOC of a battery;
- FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing a configuration example of a PWM control unit shown in FIG. 8;
- FIG. 4 is a flow chart for explaining the operation of a bidirectional chopper; It is a figure which shows the example of a change of the electric power system to which the uninterruptible power supply which concerns on this Embodiment is applied.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a configuration example of a power system to which an uninterruptible power supply (UPS: Uninterruptible Power Supply) according to this embodiment is applied.
- UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
- UPS 100 As shown in FIG. 1, UPS 100 according to the present embodiment is connected to power system 20 including commercial AC power supply 21 and transmission line 24 .
- a PCS (power conditioner) 25 is connected to the transmission line 24 for interconnecting the distributed power source 26 .
- the distributed power supply 26 converts natural energy into DC power. Natural energy includes, for example, sunlight, wind power, tidal power, and geothermal power, and is also called renewable energy.
- the PCS 25 operates in synchronization with the AC voltage of the transmission line 24 , converts the DC power generated by the distributed power supply 26 into AC power Pd, and supplies the AC power Pd to the transmission line 24 .
- the UPS 100 is connected between the power transmission line 24 and the load 23 and driven by AC power of system frequency f supplied from the power system 20 .
- UPS 100 includes power conversion device 1 , control device 31 , and frequency detector 30 .
- the power conversion device 1 is controlled by the control device 31, and when the AC power is normally supplied from the power system 20 (when the power system 20 is healthy), the AC power Ps supplied from the power system 20 is used. to generate AC power of system frequency f and supply it to the load 23 .
- the power converter 1 further converts part of the AC power Ps into DC power and stores it in the battery 22 .
- the power conversion device 1 converts the DC power of the battery 22 into AC power with the system frequency f and supplies it to the load 23 .
- the battery 22 corresponds to an example of a "storage device". A lithium ion battery, for example, is used for the battery 22 .
- the frequency detector 30 detects the system frequency f, which is the frequency of the voltage, from the AC voltage waveform on the transmission line 24, and gives the control device 31 a signal indicating the detected value.
- FIG. 2 is a circuit block diagram showing a configuration example of the UPS 100 according to this embodiment.
- the UPS 100 includes current detectors 2, 6, 9, a converter 3, DC lines L1 to L3, capacitors C1, C2, 11, control circuits 4, 7, 14, a bidirectional chopper 5, an inverter 8 , a reactor 10, and electromagnetic contactors 12 and 13.
- Converter 3, DC lines L1 to L3, capacitors C1, C2, 11, bidirectional chopper 5, inverter 8, reactor 10, and electromagnetic contactors 12, 13 constitute power converter 1 (FIG. 1).
- the control circuits 4, 7, 14 constitute a control device 31 (FIG. 1).
- the UPS 100 is driven by AC power with system frequency f supplied from the power system 20 .
- the instantaneous value of AC input voltage Vi supplied from power system 20 is detected by control circuits 4 and 7 .
- Current detector 2 detects AC input current Ii flowing from power system 20 to converter 3 and provides control circuit 4 with signal Iif indicating the detected value.
- the converter 3 is controlled by the control circuit 4, and when the power system 20 is healthy, converts AC power into DC power and outputs it to the DC lines L1, L2, and L3.
- the supply of AC power from power system 20 is stopped (at the time of power failure in power system 20), operation of converter 3 is stopped.
- converter 3 When power system 20 is healthy, converter 3 generates three levels of DC voltages Vdc1, Vdc2, and Vdc3 based on AC voltage Vi supplied from power system 20, and supplies DC voltages Vdc1 to Vdc3 to DC lines L1 to L3, respectively.
- output to DC voltage Vdc1 is a positive voltage
- DC voltage Vdc2 is a negative voltage
- DC voltage Vdc3 is a ground voltage (0 V).
- VDC1 Vdc1-Vdc3
- VDC2 Vdc3-Vdc2
- the capacitor C1 is connected between the DC lines L1 and L3 and smoothes the DC voltage VDC1 between the DC lines L1 and L3.
- Capacitor C2 is connected between DC lines L3 and L2 to smooth DC voltage VDC2 between DC lines L2 and L3. The instantaneous value of DC voltage VDC between DC lines L1 and L2 is detected by control circuit 4 .
- the control circuit 4 detects whether a power failure has occurred in the power system 20 based on the detected value of the AC input voltage Vi.
- the control circuit 4 controls the converter 3 based on the AC input voltage Vi, the AC input current Ii, and the DC voltage VDC so that the DC voltage VDC becomes a predetermined reference DC voltage VDCr (for example, 660 V). to control.
- VDCr for example, 660 V.
- the DC lines L1, L2, L3 are connected to the inverter 8 and to the high voltage side nodes 5a, 5b, 5c of the bidirectional chopper 5, respectively.
- Low-voltage side nodes 5d and 5e of bidirectional chopper 5 are connected to the positive and negative electrodes of battery 22, respectively.
- Battery 22 stores DC power.
- the bidirectional chopper 5 is controlled by the control circuit 7.
- Bidirectional chopper 5 stores the DC power generated by converter 3 in battery 22 when power system 20 is healthy.
- bidirectional chopper 5 supplies DC power from battery 22 to inverter 8 via DC lines L1 to L3.
- the bidirectional chopper 5 is configured to be capable of selectively performing a charging operation of storing DC power in the battery 22 and a discharging operation of supplying the DC power of the battery 22 to the inverter 8 .
- the control circuit 7 detects the instantaneous value of the DC voltage VDC between the DC lines L1 and L3.
- the instantaneous value of the DC voltage VDC between the DC lines L1 and L3 is added to the instantaneous value of the DC voltage VDC2 between the DC lines L3 and L2 to obtain the instantaneous value of the DC voltage VDC between the DC lines L1 and L2. I don't mind.
- the current detector 6 detects the DC current Ib flowing between the low-voltage side node 5d of the bidirectional chopper 5 and the positive electrode of the battery 22, and provides the control circuit 7 with a signal Ibf indicating the detected value.
- the control circuit 7 detects the instantaneous value of the voltage across the terminals of the battery 22 (hereinafter also referred to as “battery voltage”) VB.
- the control circuit 7 controls the bidirectional chopper 5 based on the DC voltage VDC, the DC current Ib, the battery voltage VB and the system frequency f.
- the control circuit 7 detects whether or not a power failure has occurred in the power system 20 based on the detected value of the AC input voltage Vi.
- the control circuit 7 stores the DC power generated by the converter 3 in the battery 22, and controls the bidirectional power supply so that the battery voltage VB becomes a predetermined reference DC voltage VBr (for example, 480 V).
- VBr for example, 480 V
- Control chopper 5 In addition, in response to a power failure in the electric power system 20, the control circuit 7 supplies the DC power of the battery 22 to the inverter 8, and the DC voltage VDC between the DC lines L1 and L2 is set to the predetermined reference DC voltage VDCr ( For example, the bi-directional chopper 5 is controlled so that it becomes 660V).
- the inverter 8 is controlled by the control circuit 14 and converts the DC power supplied from the converter 3 or the bi-directional chopper 5 via the DC lines L1 to L3 into AC power of the system frequency f. In response to the occurrence, the DC power supplied from the battery 22 via the bidirectional chopper 5 is converted into AC power.
- the AC output voltage of the inverter 8 can be controlled to a desired value.
- the inverter 8 generates the AC output voltage Vo based on the DC voltages Vdc1-Vdc3 of the DC lines L1-L3. Based on the AC output voltage Vo and the AC output current Io, the control circuit 14 controls the inverter 8 so that the AC output voltage Vo becomes a predetermined reference AC voltage Vor.
- the output node of the inverter 8 is connected to the first terminal of the reactor 10, and the second terminal (node N1) of the reactor 10 is connected to the load 23 via the electromagnetic contactor 12.
- Capacitor 11 is connected between node N1 and DC line L3.
- a ground terminal 23a of the load 23 is connected to the DC line L3.
- Reactor 10 and capacitor 11 constitute a low-pass filter, pass AC power of system frequency f generated by inverter 8 to load 23 , and pass a signal of switching frequency generated by inverter 8 to load 23 . to prevent
- the current detector 9 detects the instantaneous value of the output current Io of the inverter 8 and provides the control circuit 14 with a signal Iof indicating the detected value.
- the control circuit 14 detects the instantaneous value of the AC output voltage Vo flowing to the node N1. Based on the AC output voltage Vo and the AC output current Io, the control circuit 14 controls the inverter 8 so that the AC output voltage Vo becomes a predetermined reference AC voltage Vor.
- the electromagnetic contactor 12 is turned on during the inverter power supply mode in which the AC power generated by the inverter 8 is supplied to the load 23, and is turned off in the bypass power supply mode in which the AC power from the power system 20 is supplied to the load 23.
- the electromagnetic contactor 13 is connected between the electric power system 20 and the load 23, turned off during the inverter power supply mode, and turned on during the bypass power supply mode. Further, when the inverter 8 fails in the inverter power supply mode, the electromagnetic contactor 13 is turned on and the electromagnetic contactor 12 is turned off, and AC power from the power system 20 is supplied to the load 23 .
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a hardware configuration example of the control device 31.
- the control device 31 can be configured by a microcomputer pre-stored with a predetermined program.
- the control device 31 includes a CPU (Central Processing Unit) 200, a memory 202, and an input/output (I/O) circuit 204.
- CPU 200 , memory 202 and I/O circuit 204 can exchange data with each other via bus 206 .
- a program is stored in a partial area of the memory 202, and various functions described later can be realized by the CPU 200 executing the program.
- the I/O circuit 204 inputs and outputs signals and data to and from the outside of the control device 31 .
- control device 31 can be configured using a circuit such as FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) or ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit). Also, at least part of the control device 31 can be configured by an analog circuit.
- FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array
- ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
- the system frequency f is kept at a constant frequency (hereinafter also referred to as “reference frequency fr”).
- the reference frequency fr is, for example, a set value corresponding to the nominal value of 50 [Hz] or 60 [Hz].
- the system frequency f will fluctuate. Specifically, when the generated power becomes larger than the demanded power (that is, when the power generation becomes excessive), the system frequency f increases. When the generated power becomes smaller than the demanded power (that is, when the demand becomes excessive), the system frequency f decreases. Fluctuations in the system frequency f not only affect the operation of electrical equipment of the consumer, but may also cause a power outage in the power system 20 .
- the power system 20 is supplied with AC power Pd from the PCS 25 in addition to power from the commercial AC power supply 21 .
- the output of distributed power supply 26 is greatly influenced by environmental factors. For example, if the distributed power source 26 is a solar power generation device or a wind power generation device, the output fluctuates depending on weather conditions such as weather, time of day, season, and the like. Therefore, as the introduction ratio of the distributed power sources 26 increases, fluctuations in the generated power in the power system 20 increase.
- the turbine generator used in the power plant has a force (inertial force) that tries to maintain the frequency, but the distributed power source 26 does not have an inertial force. Therefore, when the introduction ratio of the distributed power supply 26 increases, the frequency fluctuation cannot be compensated by the inertial force of the turbine generator, which increases the possibility of power failure of the power system 20 .
- FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining a frequency change amount ⁇ f indicating changes in the system frequency f.
- the vertical axis of FIG. 4 indicates the frequency change amount ⁇ f as the positive direction in the frequency increasing direction and the negative direction in the frequency decreasing direction.
- the frequency change amount ⁇ f can be calculated as the deviation of the current system frequency f from the reference frequency fr.
- ⁇ f and ⁇ P have a proportional relationship.
- the slope of the straight line indicating this proportional relationship is determined by the characteristics of power system 20 .
- the slope of the straight line is constant in the example of FIG. 4, the slope of the straight line may change according to the magnitude of ⁇ P depending on the characteristics of the power system.
- the power system 20 is generating excessive power ( ⁇ P ⁇ 0)
- the UPS 100 uses the AC power Ps supplied from the power system 20 to generate AC power of system frequency f and supplies it to the load 23 when the power system 20 is healthy. A part of the power Ps is converted into DC power and stored in the battery 22 . When a power outage occurs in the power system 20 , the UPS 100 uses the DC power stored in the battery 22 to generate AC power with the system frequency f and supplies the AC power to the load 23 .
- the UPS 100 is configured to use the DC power stored in the battery 22 for power failure compensation of the power system 20 . Therefore, when the power system 20 is healthy, the DC power of the battery 22 is not used, and it is difficult to say that the battery 22 is being utilized.
- 5 and 6 are diagrams conceptually showing frequency compensation by the UPS 100. FIG.
- FIG. 5 shows frequency compensation when the power system 20 is in excess demand ( ⁇ P>0). Arrows in FIG. 5 indicate power Ps supplied from power system 20 to UPS 100 and power Pb supplied from battery 22 to UPS 100 . That is, the UPS 100 supplies the power obtained by adding the power Ps and the power Pb to the load 23 .
- the direction in which the DC current Ib flows from the positive electrode of the battery 22 toward the low-voltage node 5d of the bidirectional chopper 5 is defined as the positive direction, and the power (discharge power) when the DC power of the battery 22 is discharged.
- Pb be a positive value.
- the direction in which the DC current Ib flows from the low-voltage side node 5d of the bidirectional chopper 5 toward the positive electrode of the battery 22 is defined as the negative direction, and the power (charging power) Pb when charging the DC power to the battery 22 is a negative value.
- the system frequency f decreases, so the frequency change amount ⁇ f ⁇ 0.
- the demand power corresponding to the difference power ⁇ P corresponding to the frequency change amount ⁇ f can be reduced, the excess demand can be eliminated and the decrease in the system frequency f can be compensated.
- the UPS 100 operates the bidirectional chopper 5 so as to discharge the power Pb corresponding to the differential power ⁇ P from the battery 22 .
- the power Ps supplied from the power system 20 to the UPS 100 can be reduced by an amount corresponding to the differential power ⁇ P.
- the power demand of the power system 20 decreases by the amount corresponding to the differential power ⁇ P and is balanced with the generated power, thereby compensating for the decrease in the system frequency f.
- FIG. 6 shows frequency compensation when the power system 20 generates excessive power ( ⁇ P ⁇ 0). Arrows in FIG. 6 indicate power Ps supplied from the power system 20 to the UPS 100 and power (charging power) Pb supplied from the UPS 100 to the battery 22 . That is, power obtained by subtracting power Pb from power Ps is supplied to load 23 .
- the UPS 100 operates the bidirectional chopper 5 so as to charge the battery 22 with power Pb corresponding to the differential power ⁇ P.
- the power Ps supplied from the power system 20 to the UPS 100 can be increased by an amount corresponding to the differential power ⁇ P.
- the power demand of the power system 20 increases by the amount corresponding to the differential power ⁇ P and is balanced with the generated power, so the increase in the system frequency f is compensated.
- UPS 100 charges battery 22 with DC power or discharges DC power from battery 22 when power system 20 is healthy, thereby supplying power Ps from power system 20 to UPS 100. is configured to adjust the power demand of the power system 20 by adjusting the . Therefore, the UPS 100 adjusts the power demand of the power system 20 by charging or discharging the battery 22 according to the differential power ⁇ P calculated from the frequency change amount ⁇ f, thereby balancing the demand power and the generated power. It becomes possible to compensate for fluctuations in the system frequency f.
- Frequency compensation is mainly realized by bidirectional chopper 5 and control circuit 7 .
- FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram showing the configuration of the bidirectional chopper 5.
- bidirectional chopper 5 includes IGBTs (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors) Q1-Q4, diodes D1-D4, reactors X1 and X2, and capacitors C11 and C12.
- IGBTs Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
- the collector of IGBT Q1 is connected to the high voltage side node 5a, and its emitter is connected to the low voltage side node 5d through the reactor X1 and to the collector of IGBT Q2.
- the emitter of IGBT Q2 is connected to the high voltage side node 5c and the collector of IGBT Q3.
- the emitter of IGBT Q3 is connected to the low voltage side node 5e through reactor X2 and to the collector of IGBT Q4.
- the emitter of IGBT Q4 is connected to high voltage side node 5b.
- Diodes D1-D4 are connected in antiparallel to IGBTs Q1-Q4, respectively.
- Capacitor C11 is connected between high voltage side nodes 5a and 5c and stabilizes DC voltage VDC1 between high voltage side nodes 5a and 5c.
- Capacitor C12 is connected between high voltage side nodes 5c and 5b and stabilizes DC voltage VDC2 between high voltage side nodes 5c and 5b.
- IGBT Q1 and IGBT Q4 are turned on and off at a predetermined frequency in response to excessive power generation ( ⁇ P ⁇ 0) in power system 20 when power system 20 is healthy, and supply DC power generated by converter 3 to battery 22. store.
- IGBTs Q2 and Q3 are fixed in the off state.
- the IGBTs Q1 and Q4 are controlled by the gate signal S1 from the control circuit 7.
- Gate signal S1 is alternately set to H (logic high) level and L (logic low) level at a predetermined frequency.
- the IGBTs Q1 and Q4 are turned on when the gate signal S1 is set to H level, and the IGBTs Q1 and Q4 are turned off when the gate signal S1 is set to L level.
- the ratio between the time (pulse width) during which the gate signal S1 is at H level and one period is called the duty ratio.
- the duty ratio of the gate signal S1 the battery voltage VB can be adjusted to a predetermined reference DC voltage VBr.
- the DC power (charging power) Pb charged in the battery 22 can be adjusted to a predetermined reference DC power Pbr.
- IGBT Q2 and IGBT Q3 are turned on and off at a predetermined frequency in response to excessive demand ( ⁇ P>0) in power system 20 when power system 20 is healthy or in response to power failure in power system 20, DC power from the battery 22 is supplied to the inverter 8 .
- IGBTs Q1 and Q4 are fixed in the off state when power system 20 has an excessive demand or when power failure in power system 20 occurs.
- the IGBTs Q2 and Q3 are controlled by a gate signal S2 from the control circuit 7.
- Gate signal S2 is alternately set to H level and L level at a predetermined frequency.
- the IGBTs Q2 and Q3 are turned on when the gate signal S2 is set to H level, and the IGBTs Q2 and Q3 are turned off when the gate signal S2 is set to L level.
- the ratio between the time (pulse width) during which the gate signal S2 is at H level and one period is called the duty ratio.
- the DC power (discharge power) Pb discharged from the battery 22 can be adjusted to a predetermined reference DC power Pbr by adjusting the duty ratio of the gate signal S2.
- the battery voltage VB is stepped up and applied between the DC lines L1 and L2 so that VB ⁇ VDC.
- FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the control circuit 7.
- the control circuit 7 includes voltage detectors 32, 34, 36, a frequency compensator 70, a charge controller 72, a discharge controller 74, an SOC (State Of Charge) calculator 76, and a power failure detector 78. , and a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) control unit 80 .
- the frequency compensation unit 70 uses the system frequency f detected by the frequency detector 30 to calculate a frequency change amount ⁇ f that indicates the change (increase or decrease) of the system frequency f.
- the frequency compensator 70 refers to the characteristics of the power system 20 that have been acquired in advance (see FIG. 4), and based on the frequency change amount ⁇ f, calculates the difference indicating the difference between the demand power and the generated power in the power system 20. Calculate the power ⁇ P.
- Frequency compensator 70 generates current command value Ib* for controlling DC current Ib so that battery 22 is charged or discharged with DC power Pb corresponding to calculated differential power ⁇ P. Current command value Ib* is input to PWM control unit 80 .
- the voltage detector 32 detects the terminal voltage (battery voltage) VB of the battery 22 and outputs a signal VBf indicating the detected value.
- Voltage detector 34 detects a DC voltage VDC between DC lines L1 and L2 and outputs a signal VDCf indicating the detected value.
- the voltage detector 36 detects the AC input voltage Vi and outputs a signal Vif indicating the detected value.
- the charging control unit 72 generates a reference DC voltage VBr, which is the target voltage of the battery voltage VB. Charging control unit 72 generates voltage command value VB* based on battery voltage VB indicated by output signal VBf of voltage detector 32 so that battery voltage VB becomes reference DC voltage VBr. Voltage command value VB* is input to PWM control unit 80 .
- the discharge control unit 74 generates a reference DC voltage VDCr, which is a target voltage of the DC voltage VDC between the DC lines L1 and L2. Discharge control unit 74 generates voltage command value VDC* based on DC voltage VDC indicated by output signal VDCf of voltage detector 34 so that DC voltage VDC becomes reference DC voltage VDCr. Voltage command value VDC* is input to PWM control unit 80 .
- the SOC calculator 76 calculates the SOC of the battery 22 using the detected value of the battery voltage VB and/or the detected value of the DC current Ib.
- the SOC of the battery 22 is a value indicating the amount of electricity stored in the battery 22, and is, for example, a percentage of the current amount of electricity stored relative to the fully charged capacity of the battery 22.
- FIG. As for the method of calculating the SOC, known methods such as a method using an integrated value of the DC current Ib, a method using an OCV-SOC curve that shows the relationship between the open circuit voltage (OCV) of the battery 22 and the SOC are used. can be used.
- a signal SOCf indicating the calculated value of SOC is input to the PWM control section 80 .
- the power failure detector 78 detects whether or not a power failure has occurred in the power system 20 based on the value of the AC input voltage Vi detected by the voltage detector 36, and outputs a signal DET indicating the detection result.
- the power failure detector 78 determines that the power system 20 is sound and outputs an L level signal DET.
- AC input voltage Vi is lower than the normal range
- power failure detector 78 determines that power failure has occurred in power system 20 and outputs signal DET of H level.
- the output signal DET of the power failure detector 78 is given to the PWM control section 80 .
- FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing a configuration example of the frequency compensator 70, charge controller 72 and discharge controller 74 shown in FIG.
- the frequency compensation section 70 has subtractors 40 and 46, a multiplier 42, a divider 44, and a current control section 48.
- the subtractor 40 subtracts the reference value (reference frequency) fr of the system frequency from the value of the system frequency f detected by the frequency detector 30 to calculate the frequency change amount ⁇ f.
- the subtractor 40 corresponds to an embodiment of the "frequency change calculator".
- the reference frequency fr is, for example, a set value corresponding to the nominal value of 50 [Hz] or 60 [Hz].
- the frequency change amount ⁇ f has a positive polarity ( ⁇ f>0)
- the frequency change amount ⁇ f has a negative polarity ( ⁇ f ⁇ 0).
- the method of calculating the frequency change amount ⁇ f is not limited to the above example.
- the frequency change amount ⁇ f can be calculated by any method, including changing the definition of polarity (positive/negative), as long as the increase and decrease of the system frequency can be represented.
- the multiplier 42 calculates the differential power ⁇ P by multiplying the frequency change amount ⁇ f by the compensation gain K.
- the compensation gain K can be determined based on the previously acquired characteristics of the power system 20 (see FIG. 4). In the example of FIG. 4, since ⁇ f and ⁇ P have a proportional relationship, the compensation gain K can be determined based on the slope of the straight line showing the proportional relationship.
- Multiplier 42 corresponds to one embodiment of the "computing unit".
- the relationship between ⁇ f and ⁇ P differs from power system to power system, and is not limited to the proportional relationship shown in FIG.
- the differential power ⁇ P can be calculated based on the frequency variation ⁇ f by referring to the nonlinear relationship.
- the divider 44 divides the differential power ⁇ P by the battery voltage VB indicated by the output signal VBf of the voltage detector 32 to calculate the reference DC current Ibr, which is the target current of the DC current Ib.
- a current control unit 48 adds a value proportional to the deviation ⁇ Ib and an integral value of the deviation ⁇ Ib to generate a current command value Ib*.
- the charge controller 72 includes a reference voltage generator 50 , a subtractor 52 and a voltage controller 54 .
- Reference voltage generator 50 generates reference DC voltage VBr, which is the target voltage of battery voltage VB.
- the reference voltage generator 50 sets the reference DC voltage VBr corresponding to the OCV when the SOC of the OCV-SOC curve of the battery 22 reaches a predetermined threshold value Sth.
- Voltage control unit 54 adds a value proportional to deviation ⁇ VB and an integral value of deviation ⁇ VB to generate voltage command value VB*.
- the charge controller 72 includes a reference voltage generator 60 , a subtractor 62 and a voltage controller 64 .
- Reference voltage generator 60 generates a reference DC voltage VDCr, which is a target voltage of DC voltage VDC between DC lines L1 and L2.
- Voltage control unit 64 adds a value proportional to deviation ⁇ VDC and an integral value of deviation ⁇ VDC to generate voltage command value VDC*.
- PWM control unit 80 outputs current command value Ib* from frequency compensating unit 70, and or the voltage command value VDC* from the discharge control unit 74 is selected. PWM control unit 80 generates gate signals S1 and S2 based on the result of comparison between the selected command value and carrier wave signal CW of a predetermined frequency.
- PWM control unit 80 selects voltage command value VDC* from discharge control unit 74 when output signal DET of power failure detector 78 is at H level (during power failure of power system 20). . PWM control unit 80 generates gate signal S2 based on the result of comparison between voltage command value VDC* and carrier wave signal CW, and fixes gate signal S1 at L level.
- the PWM control unit 80 controls the battery power indicated by the frequency change amount ⁇ f and the output signal SOCf of the SOC calculation unit 76. Any one of current command value Ib*, voltage command value VB* and voltage command value VDC* is selected according to the SOC of V.22.
- the SOC of the battery 22 is set to the charging of the battery 22.
- reference values Smin, Smax, and Sth are set for discharge and frequency compensation.
- the SOC is set with a prohibited area where charging of the battery 22 is prohibited to prevent overcharging and a prohibited area where discharging of the battery 22 is prohibited to prevent overdischarging.
- the SOC control range has an upper limit value Smax and a lower limit value Smin set based on these prohibited areas. Charging of the battery 22 is prohibited when SOC>Smax, and discharging of the battery 22 is prohibited when SOC ⁇ Smin.
- the charge amount of the battery 22 is divided into a backup charge amount and a frequency compensation charge amount by a threshold value Sth.
- the power outage compensation charging amount is the amount of charging necessary for continuing to supply power from the battery 22 to the load 23 for a predetermined time or longer when a power outage occurs in the power system 20 .
- Sth the threshold value
- the frequency compensation charging amount is used to discharge DC power from the battery 22 to compensate for a decrease in the system frequency f, or to charge the battery 22 with DC power to compensate for an increase in the system frequency f. charge amount.
- the frequency compensation function is performed within the range of Sth ⁇ SOC ⁇ Smax. When SOC ⁇ Sth, discharging of the battery 22 for frequency compensation is prohibited. This preserves power outage compensation for the load 23 . Further, when SOC>Smax, charging of the battery 22 for frequency compensation is prohibited.
- PWM control unit 80 compares the SOC of battery 22 indicated by output signal SOCf of SOC calculation unit 76 with determination values Smin, Smax, Smin, and based on the comparison result and frequency change amount ⁇ f, current command value Ib*. , voltage command value VB* and voltage command value VDC*.
- FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing a configuration example of the PWM control section 80 shown in FIG.
- the PWM control section 80 includes a triangular wave generator 81, comparators 82-85, a selector 86, a signal output circuit 87, and a multiplier 88.
- a triangular wave generator 81 generates a carrier wave signal CW of a predetermined frequency.
- Carrier wave signal CW is, for example, a triangular wave signal.
- Multiplier 88 inverts the polarity of carrier signal CW.
- Comparator 82 compares voltage command value VB* from charge control section 72 (FIG. 8) with carrier wave signal CW, and outputs PWM signal ⁇ 1A indicating the comparison result.
- PWM signal ⁇ 1A is set to H level
- PWM signal ⁇ 1A is set to L level.
- the comparator 83 compares the level of the voltage command value VDC* from the discharge control section 74 (FIG. 8) and the carrier wave signal CW, and outputs a PWM signal ⁇ 2A indicating the comparison result.
- VDC*>CW PWM signal ⁇ 2A is set to H level
- VDC* ⁇ CW PWM signal ⁇ 2A is set to L level.
- a comparator 84 compares the current command value Ib* from the frequency compensator 70 (FIG. 8) with the carrier wave signal CW, and outputs a PWM signal ⁇ 2B indicating the comparison result.
- PWM signal ⁇ 2B is set to H level
- Ib* ⁇ CW PWM signal ⁇ 2B is set to L level.
- Comparator 84 generates PWM signal ⁇ 2B when current command value Ib* is a positive value (when battery 22 is discharged).
- a comparator 85 compares the current command value Ib* from the frequency compensator 70 (FIG. 8) and the polarity-inverted carrier wave signal CW, and outputs a PWM signal ⁇ 1B indicating the comparison result.
- PWM signal ⁇ 1B is set to H level
- PWM signal ⁇ 1B is set to L level.
- Comparator 85 generates PWM signal ⁇ 1B when current command value Ib* is a negative value (during charging of battery 22).
- Selector 86 selects one of PWM signals ⁇ 1A, ⁇ 2A, ⁇ 1B, and ⁇ 2B based on output signal DET of power failure detector 78 (FIG. 8), output signal SOCf of SOC calculator 76 (FIG. 8), and frequency variation ⁇ f. Choose one.
- selector 86 selects PWM signal ⁇ 2A when output signal DET of power failure detector 78 is at the H level (at the time of power failure in power system 20), and converts selected PWM signal ⁇ 2A to PWM signal ⁇ 2. is given to the signal output circuit 87 as .
- the selector 86 selects the PWM signal ⁇ 1A.
- PWM signal ⁇ 1A is applied to signal output circuit 87 as PWM signal ⁇ 1.
- the selector 86 When the output signal DET of the power failure detector 78 is at the L level (when the power system 20 is healthy) and the SOC of the battery 22 is equal to or higher than the threshold value Sth, the selector 86 performs PWM Either signal ⁇ 1B or ⁇ 2B is selected. Specifically, when ⁇ f>0, the selector 86 selects the PWM signal ⁇ 1B and applies the selected PWM signal ⁇ 1B to the signal output circuit 87 as the PWM signal ⁇ 1. If ⁇ f ⁇ 0, selector 86 selects PWM signal ⁇ 2B and applies the selected PWM signal ⁇ 2B to signal output circuit 87 as PWM signal ⁇ 2.
- the signal output circuit 87 generates gate signals S1 and S2 based on the PWM signals ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 given from the selector 86. Specifically, when the PWM signal ⁇ 1 is supplied from the selector 86, the signal output circuit 87 amplifies and converts the level of the PWM signal ⁇ 1 to generate the gate signal S1 having the same waveform as the PWM signal ⁇ 1. and applied to the gates of the IGBTs Q1 and Q4 of the bidirectional chopper 5. In this case, the signal output circuit 87 fixes the gate signal S2 to L level.
- IGBTs Q1 and Q4 of bidirectional chopper 5 are turned on and off by gate signal S1, and DC voltage VDC between DC lines L1 and L2 is stepped down and supplied to battery 22.
- the signal output circuit 87 When the PWM signal ⁇ 2 is applied from the selector 86, the signal output circuit 87 amplifies and level-converts the PWM signal ⁇ 2, generates a gate signal S2 having the same waveform as that of the PWM signal ⁇ 2, and operates as a bidirectional chopper. 5 to the gates of IGBTs Q2 and Q3. In this case, the signal output circuit 87 fixes the gate signal S1 to L level.
- this gate IGBTs Q2 and Q3 of bidirectional chopper 5 are turned on and off by signal S2, and battery voltage VB is boosted and supplied to inverter 8 via DC lines L1 and L2.
- FIG. 12 is a flowchart for explaining the operation of the bidirectional chopper 5 by the control circuit 7.
- FIG. The flowchart of FIG. 12 is repeatedly executed by the control circuit 7 when the UPS 100 is in operation.
- the control circuit 7 detects a power failure in the power system 20 based on the value of the AC input voltage Vi detected by the voltage detector 36 in step (hereinafter simply referred to as "S") 01. Determine whether or not it has occurred. If the AC input voltage Vi is within the normal range, a NO determination is made in S01, and if the AC input voltage Vi is lower than the normal range, a YES determination is made in S01.
- control circuit 7 compares the SOC of the battery 22 with the lower limit value Smin of the control range in S02.
- control circuit 7 proceeds to S03 and controls the bidirectional chopper 5 to discharge the DC power from the battery 22.
- control circuit 7 generates voltage command value VDC* such that DC voltage VDC between DC lines L1 and L2 becomes reference DC voltage VDCr.
- Control circuit 7 turns on and off IGBTs Q2 and Q3 of bidirectional chopper 5 by gate signal S2 having the same waveform as PWM signal ⁇ 2A generated based on voltage command value VDC*.
- the DC power Pb of the battery 22 is supplied to the inverter 8 by the bidirectional chopper 5 , converted into AC power and supplied to the load 23 .
- the control circuit 7 compares the SOC of the battery 22 with the lower limit value Smin in S04. If SOC ⁇ Smin (YES determination in S04), discharging of the battery 22 in S03 is continued. When SOC ⁇ Smin (NO determination in S04), the control circuit 7 stops the operation of the bidirectional chopper 5 in S05, thereby stopping discharging of the battery 22.
- SOC ⁇ Smin NO determination in S04
- control circuit 7 proceeds to S06 and compares the SOC of the battery 22 with the threshold value Sth.
- control circuit 7 proceeds to S07 and controls the bidirectional chopper 5 to charge the battery 22 with DC power.
- control circuit 7 generates voltage command value VB* so that battery voltage VB becomes reference DC voltage VBr.
- Control circuit 7 turns on and off IGBTs Q1 and Q4 of bidirectional chopper 5 by gate signal S1 having the same waveform as PWM signal ⁇ 1A generated based on voltage command value VB*. As a result, part of the DC power generated by converter 3 is stored in battery 22 by bidirectional chopper 5 .
- the control circuit 7 compares the SOC of the battery 22 with the threshold value Sth in S08. If SOC ⁇ Sth (NO determination in S08), charging of the battery 22 in S07 is continued. When SOC ⁇ Sth (YES in S08), the control circuit 7 stops the operation of the bidirectional chopper 5 in S09, thereby stopping the charging of the battery 22.
- control circuit 7 determines the polarity of the frequency change amount ⁇ f in S10.
- the control circuit 7 determines that the power system 20 has an excessive demand. In this case, in S11, the control circuit 7 calculates the differential power ⁇ P based on the frequency change amount ⁇ f, and operates the bidirectional chopper 5 so that the DC power Pb corresponding to the calculated differential power ⁇ P is discharged from the battery 22. control (see FIG. 5).
- the control circuit 7 generates the current command value Ib* so that the DC current Ib becomes the reference DC current Ibr calculated from the differential power ⁇ P.
- Control circuit 7 turns on and off IGBTs Q2 and Q3 of bidirectional chopper 5 by gate signal S2 having the same waveform as PWM signal ⁇ 2B generated based on current command value Ib*.
- the DC power Pb corresponding to the differential power ⁇ P is discharged from the battery 22 and supplied to the inverter 8 , converted to AC power and supplied to the load 23 .
- the AC power Ps supplied from the power system 20 to the UPS 1 decreases by the differential power ⁇ P.
- the excess demand is eliminated in the electric power system 20, and the decrease in the system frequency f is compensated.
- the control circuit 7 determines that the electric power system 20 is generating excessive power. In this case, in S12, the control circuit 7 calculates the differential power ⁇ P based on the frequency change amount ⁇ f, and operates the bidirectional chopper 5 so as to charge the battery 22 with the DC power Pb corresponding to the calculated differential power ⁇ P. control (see FIG. 6).
- the control circuit 7 At S12, the control circuit 7 generates the current command value Ib* so that the DC current Ib becomes the reference DC current Ibr calculated from the differential power ⁇ P.
- Control circuit 7 turns on and off IGBTs Q1 and Q4 of bidirectional chopper 5 by gate signal S1 having the same waveform as PWM signal ⁇ 1B generated based on current command value Ib*.
- the DC power Pb corresponding to the differential power ⁇ P is supplied to the battery 22 .
- the AC power Ps supplied from the power system 20 to the UPS 1 increases by the power difference ⁇ P. As a result, excess power generation is eliminated in the electric power system 20, and an increase in the system frequency f is compensated.
- the control circuit 7 determines in S13 whether the SOC of the battery 22 is greater than or equal to Sth and less than or equal to Smax. If SOC ⁇ Sth or SOC>Smax (NO determination in S13), the control circuit 7 stops the process for frequency compensation in S14.
- the UPS according to the present embodiment can adjust the power demand of the power system 20 by charging or discharging the battery 22 when the power system 20 is healthy.
- the UPS when there is an imbalance between the generated power and the demanded power due to fluctuations in the output of the distributed power supply 26, it is possible to compensate for fluctuations in the system frequency by utilizing the battery 22 for power failure compensation. Become.
- a UPS system with large capacity and redundancy is realized by connecting multiple UPS units in parallel.
- the UPS 100 according to the present embodiment to each UPS, even if the capacity that can be accommodated by one UPS to compensate for system frequency fluctuations is several hundred kVA, multiple A large amount of capacity can be accommodated by the entire UPS. This makes it possible to compensate for system frequency fluctuations in the entire UPS system even when system frequency fluctuations increase with the spread of the distributed power supply 26 .
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Abstract
Description
図2に示すように、UPS100は、電流検出器2,6,9、コンバータ3、直流ラインL1~L3、コンデンサC1,C2,11、制御回路4,7,14、双方向チョッパ5、インバータ8、リアクトル10、および電磁接触器12,13を備える。コンバータ3、直流ラインL1~L3、コンデンサC1,C2,11、双方向チョッパ5、インバータ8、リアクトル10、および電磁接触器12,13は電力変換装置1(図1)を構成する。制御回路4,7,14は制御装置31(図1)を構成する。
図4の縦軸には、周波数変化量Δfが、周波数上昇方向を正方向とし、周波数低下方向を負方向として示される。周波数変化量Δfは、基準周波数frに対する現在の系統周波数fの偏差として算出することができる。図4の横軸には、需要電力と発電電力との差分を示す差分電力ΔPが、需要電力が発電電力を上回る需要過多を正値、発電電力が需要電力を上回る発電過多を負値として示される(ΔP=需要電力-発電電力)。
図7に示すように、双方向チョッパ5は、IGBT(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)Q1~Q4、ダイオードD1~D4、リアクトルX1,X2、およびコンデンサC11,C12を含む。
図8に示すように、制御回路7は、電圧検出器32,34,36、周波数補償部70、充電制御部72、放電制御部74、SOC(State Of Charge)算出部76、停電検出器78、およびPWM(Pulse Width Modulation)制御部80を含む。
図11に示すように、PWM制御部80は、三角波発生器81、比較器82~85、セレクタ86、信号出力回路87、および乗算器88を含む。
上述した実施の形態では、1台のUPSが接続された電力系統20における周波数補償方法について説明したが、図13に示すように、複数台のUPSが接続されている電力系統においても、本実施の形態に係る周波数補償方法を適用することができる。
Claims (6)
- 電力系統および負荷の間に接続される電力変換装置と、
前記電力系統上の交流電圧の周波数である系統周波数を検出する周波数検出器と、
前記電力変換装置を制御する制御装置とを備え、
前記電力変換装置は、
前記電力系統から供給される交流電力を直流電力に変換するコンバータと、
前記コンバータまたは蓄電装置から供給される直流電力を交流電力に変換して前記負荷に供給するインバータと、
前記コンバータによって生成される直流電力の一部を前記蓄電装置に蓄える充電動作と、前記蓄電装置の直流電力を前記インバータに供給する放電動作とを選択的に実行する双方向チョッパとを含み、
前記制御装置は、前記電力系統の停電時に、前記放電動作を実行するように前記双方向チョッパを制御し、前記電力系統の健全時には、検出された前記系統周波数に基づいて前記双方向チョッパを制御する制御回路を含み、
前記制御回路は、前記系統周波数の上昇に対応して前記充電動作を実行する一方で、前記系統周波数の低下に対応して前記放電動作を実行するように前記双方向チョッパを制御する、無停電電源装置。 - 前記制御回路は、
前記系統周波数の変化量を算出する周波数変化算出部と、
予め取得されている前記電力系統における発電電力と需要電力との差分である差分電力と前記変化量との関係を参照することにより、算出された前記変化量に基づいて前記差分電力を算出する演算部と、
算出された前記差分電力に従って前記充電動作および前記放電動作を制御する制御部とを含み、
前記変化量が前記系統周波数の上昇を示す極性である場合には、前記制御部は、前記差分電力に相当する直流電力が前記蓄電装置に蓄えられるように前記充電動作を制御し、
前記変化量が前記系統周波数の低下を示す極性である場合には、前記制御部は、前記差分電力に相当する直流電力が前記蓄電装置から供給されるように前記放電動作を制御する、請求項1に記載の無停電電源装置。 - 前記制御回路は、前記蓄電装置の蓄電量を算出する蓄電量算出部をさらに含み、
前記制御部は、算出された前記蓄電量が閾値以上である場合に、前記差分電力に従って前記充電動作および前記放電動作を制御する、請求項2に記載の無停電電源装置。 - 前記制御部は、前記差分電力に従った前記放電動作の実行中に、前記蓄電量が前記閾値未満となった場合には、前記放電動作を停止する、請求項3に記載の無停電電源装置。
- 前記制御部は、前記差分電力に従った前記充電動作の実行中に、前記蓄電量が上限値を超えた場合には、前記充電動作を停止する、請求項3に記載の無停電電源装置。
- 前記制御部は、前記電力系統の健全時に、算出された前記蓄電量が前記閾値未満である場合には、前記蓄電量が前記閾値以上となるように前記充電動作を制御する、請求項3に記載の無停電電源装置。
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WO2018220778A1 (ja) * | 2017-06-01 | 2018-12-06 | 東芝三菱電機産業システム株式会社 | 電源装置およびそれを用いた電源システム |
JP2019161939A (ja) * | 2018-03-15 | 2019-09-19 | シャープ株式会社 | 電力制御装置および電力制御方法 |
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JPWO2022264303A1 (ja) | 2022-12-22 |
US20230307942A1 (en) | 2023-09-28 |
KR20230034412A (ko) | 2023-03-09 |
JP7218453B1 (ja) | 2023-02-06 |
CN115956331A (zh) | 2023-04-11 |
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