WO2022246941A1 - 一种土建屏蔽工程墙体构件 - Google Patents

一种土建屏蔽工程墙体构件 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022246941A1
WO2022246941A1 PCT/CN2021/102019 CN2021102019W WO2022246941A1 WO 2022246941 A1 WO2022246941 A1 WO 2022246941A1 CN 2021102019 W CN2021102019 W CN 2021102019W WO 2022246941 A1 WO2022246941 A1 WO 2022246941A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
civil
wall member
wall
shielding
casing
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PCT/CN2021/102019
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
丛峰松
斎喜重信
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上海斋喜工程技术有限公司
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Publication of WO2022246941A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022246941A1/zh

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
    • E02D29/0258—Retaining or protecting walls characterised by constructional features
    • E02D29/0266—Retaining or protecting walls characterised by constructional features made up of preformed elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B21/00—Alarms responsive to a single specified undesired or abnormal condition and not otherwise provided for
    • G08B21/18—Status alarms
    • G08B21/187—Machine fault alarms

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a construction equipment, namely a wall component of a civil shielding project.
  • the civil shielding engineering wall commonly known as the retaining wall, is a wall used to block and fix slopes or mountains, as well as large amounts of earth and stone in construction engineering, to prevent them from sliding.
  • this kind of retaining wall is required for block division.
  • Retaining walls are also used in projects such as terraced field construction in mountainous areas, village construction, and desert control.
  • the structure of the existing retaining wall mainly includes an upright wall panel and a bottom plate below, which are mostly made of reinforced concrete and other materials, and are made by cast-in-situ or prefabricated methods.
  • the so-called cast-in-place is to carry out integral pouring on the design position of the wall.
  • prefabrication is to manufacture a single wall panel through forming equipment in advance, and then butt the wall panel into a wall.
  • Prefabricated wall panels have the advantages of precise shape, short wall construction period, less environmental disturbance on site, reduced environmental pollution, easy control of construction quality, etc., and are widely used in retaining wall buildings.
  • the present retaining wall member the included angle between its bottom plate and the vertical wallboard is the right angle of 90 degrees. Because the material on one side of the wall will distribute a horizontal lateral pressure to one side of the wallboard in addition to the downward gravity. This lateral pressure can cause the wall to slide outward or topple over. Therefore, the wall can only be stable if it can resist this lateral pressure. It can be known from the knowledge of mechanics: To prevent the wall from sliding, there must be sufficient friction between the bottom plate and the foundation below. To prevent the wall from turning over, the moment against the turning direction generated by the pressure above the bottom plate must be greater than the moment of turning over. The friction force is the product of the coefficient of friction and the vertical pressure between the contacting materials.
  • the moment of anti-turnover is the product of the vertical pressure on the base plate, especially the outer end of the base plate, and the distance from the wall.
  • the gravity of the material above the base plate is an important component of this vertical pressure, which is established when the wall is constructed. Therefore, to prevent the wall from slipping, it is necessary to improve the mechanical properties of the wall components, increase the friction between the bottom plate and the foundation, and increase the anti-turning moment of the entire wall.
  • the methods of increasing the dead weight of the body of wall and the length of the bottom plate, and increasing the buried depth outside the body of the wall are mainly adopted to resist the sliding and overturning of the body of wall.
  • the above-mentioned methods all need to increase the specifications of the wall panels, which will increase the cost of the wall, and will also increase the difficulty and cost of wall construction.
  • the retaining wall will also be damaged, causing slippage and overturning accidents. And the present retaining wall body does not have any accident warning and warning function.
  • the equipment with forecasting and alarm functions are all high-tech products, the cost is very high, and they are not suitable for application in conventional civil engineering.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a civil shielding engineering wall member with high stability, good anti-slip and anti-overturning performance, and smaller self-weight, which is convenient for production and construction, short installation period, and small negative environmental impact.
  • Another object of the present invention is that the civil shielding engineering wall member has a sliding and overturning failure forecast or alarm function, which can prevent losses caused by geological disasters.
  • a civil shielding engineering wall component including an upright wall board, a bottom board is arranged under the wall board, and the characteristic is that the angle between the wall board and the bottom board is an obtuse angle.
  • the wall board and the bottom board are solidly connected integral prefabricated components, and the angle between the wall board and the bottom board is 100-110 degrees.
  • the angle between the wallboard and the baseboard is 105 degrees.
  • a buttress is provided between the wallboard and the bottom board.
  • the two sides of the wall board are provided with grooves or respectively provided with matching grooves and tenons. Drainage holes are arranged on the side of the wallboard.
  • the width of the outer end of the bottom plate is smaller than the width of the inner side.
  • An anchor hole for installing an anchor is arranged on the base plate.
  • a deformation alarm is arranged under the bottom plate.
  • the shell of the deformation alarm is a casing, the casing is divided into an upper casing and a lower casing, the upper end of the upper casing is connected to the bottom plate, and the upper end of the lower casing is slidably inserted into the lower part of the upper casing.
  • the upper end of the pull rod is connected to the bottom plate, and the lower part protrudes a rod-shaped movable electrode to one side.
  • a fixed electrode is arranged above the movable electrode, and the lower part of the fixed electrode is connected to the base of the lower casing.
  • the movable electrode and the fixed electrode are respectively equipped with lead wires, and the two lead wires protrude from the wall member and form the circuit of the alarm with the power supply and the alarm device.
  • a motion amplifying device is arranged between the pull rod and the movable electrode of the deformation alarm.
  • the action amplifying device between the pull rod and the movable electrode is: the lower section of the pull rod is an upright active rack, the active rack is driven by the pinion, the pinion is coaxial with the bull gear, and the bull gear is connected to the vertical passive rack.
  • the rack is driven in phase, and the active electrode is installed on one side of the passive rack.
  • the upper casing and the pull rod pass through the bottom plate and are connected upwardly through the buttress to the wall panel.
  • the beneficial effects of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention include: the angle between the wall board and the bottom board is an obtuse angle, the friction between the bottom board and the foundation and the anti-turning moment of the wall are greatly increased, and the wall is resistant to slipping and overturning
  • the performance of the wall is significantly enhanced; the buried depth outside the wall is reduced, which increases the usable height of the wall, reduces the self-weight, and greatly reduces the cost of raw materials; Convenient, short construction period, small environmental impact. It is especially suitable for civil construction under conditions such as steep mountains and slopes. It is widely used in roads, mines, terraced fields, village construction, and river and desert control projects. The market prospect is very promising.
  • Fig. 1 is the front view of the first embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention
  • Fig. 2 is the left side view of the first embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention
  • Fig. 3 is the top view of the first embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention.
  • Fig. 4 is the installation structure diagram of the wallboard in the prior art of the first embodiment
  • Fig. 5 is the installation structure diagram of the first embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention.
  • Fig. 6 is the front view of the second embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention.
  • Fig. 7 is the left side view of the second embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention.
  • Fig. 8 is the top view of the second embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention.
  • Fig. 9 is the front view of the third embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention.
  • Fig. 10 is the left side view of the third embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention.
  • Fig. 11 is the front view of the fourth embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention.
  • Fig. 12 is the left side view of the fourth embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention.
  • Fig. 13 is the front view of the fifth embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention.
  • Fig. 14 is the left side view of the fifth embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention.
  • Fig. 15 is the top view of the fifth embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention.
  • Fig. 16 is the front view of the wall member of the sixth embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention.
  • Fig. 17 is the right side view of the wall member of the sixth embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention.
  • Fig. 18 is a wall member perspective view of the sixth embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention.
  • Fig. 19 is an assembled perspective view of the wall member of the sixth embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention.
  • Fig. 20 is an analytical front view of the experimental wall panel mechanical parameters of the sixth embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention.
  • Fig. 21 is an analytical top view of the experimental wallboard mechanical parameters of the sixth embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention.
  • Fig. 22 is the front view of the seventh embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention.
  • Fig. 23 is an enlarged front view of the component deformation alarm of the seventh embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention.
  • Fig. 24 is the simplified circuit diagram of the seventh embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention.
  • Fig. 25 is the front view of the eighth embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention.
  • Fig. 26 is the front view of the ninth embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention.
  • Fig. 27 is a partial enlarged view of the ninth embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention.
  • Fig. 28 is a partial enlarged view of the ninth embodiment of the civil shielding engineering wall member of the present invention.
  • wall component 1 wall panel 2, bottom plate 3, buttress 4, groove 5, drainage hole 6, tenon 7, anchor hole 8, deformation alarm 9, casing 10, upper casing 11 , Lower casing 12, pull rod 13, movable electrode 14, fixed electrode 15, wire 16, hanging ring 17, positioning plate 18, driving rack 19, pinion 20, bull gear 21, passive rack 22.
  • the first embodiment In order to improve the performance of the existing retaining wall, a civil shielding engineering wall component is provided. As shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, the main body of this wall member 1 is also a vertical wall panel 2, and a bottom plate 3 extending to one side of the wall panel is arranged below the wall panel.
  • the improvement is: the wall board and the bottom board are fixedly connected together, preferably reinforced cement concrete prefabricated parts.
  • the included angle between the wall board and the bottom board is not a right angle, but an obtuse angle greater than 90 degrees. According to a large number of experiments and calculations, the obtuse angle should be between 100-110 degrees, preferably 105 degrees.
  • Fig. 4 is the installation structure diagram of the wallboard in the prior art of the first embodiment, the angle between the wallboard and the bottom plate in the figure is 90 degrees, a large area of hard foundation is needed during installation, and there is also a large area of hard foundation on the outside A greater depth is required.
  • the installation structure of the wallboard 2 of the first embodiment introduced in Fig. 5 can reach 105 degrees because the angle between the bottom plate and the wallboard is an obtuse angle, and its hard foundation only needs the original 3 ⁇ 1 or 2 ⁇ 1. And the outside does not need to be buried deep, which is equivalent to reducing a section of the wall.
  • the burial depth in Figure 4 needs to be 500mm, while that in Figure 5 does not require a burial depth, which saves some raw materials and man-hours.
  • the frictional force and anti-rolling moment of this structure are greatly increased, and the specifications of the body are also reduced accordingly.
  • the width of the outer end of the bottom plate is smaller than the width of the inner side.
  • the base plate is not a complete square or rectangle, but an outer edge line shorter than the inner end edge line, that is, the joint line between the base plate and the wall plate, forming a trapezoidal plate.
  • the advantage of this shape is that when building a curved retaining wall, the sides of two adjacent wall panels can form a certain angle. Of course, for straight walls, the construction is also very convenient. Of course, for a straight wall, such a trapezoidal base plate may not be used, but a rectangular base plate may be made.
  • the second embodiment improved on the basis of the first embodiment.
  • a buttress 4 is provided between the wall board 2 and the bottom board 3 .
  • the buttress is a commonly used reinforcing rib among rigid components, which can be a triangular panel, the inner side is fixedly connected with the wallboard, and the bottom side is fixedly connected with the bottom board, preferably with the wallboard It is an integral part poured with the bottom plate at one time, which can play the role of supporting and connecting the wall panels.
  • the third embodiment improvement on the basis of the foregoing embodiments.
  • grooves 5 are arranged on both sides of the wallboard. If the retaining surface of the wallboard is called the inner side and the outer side is called the outer side, the two sides mentioned here are the left and right sides, which are the sides of the thickness of the wallboard. Open this vertical groove 5 on these two sides, the cross section of groove can be semicircular or triangular etc.
  • the purpose of the grooves is to close the seams of the wall panels. Because when building a retaining wall, multiple wall panels must be combined one by one. The joint between two adjacent wall panels needs to be airtight. With this groove, cement mortar or other adhesives can be filled in the groove, and the adjacent wall panels can be firmly bonded after butt joint. Together, the strength and airtight performance of the retaining wall are greatly enhanced.
  • drainage holes are provided at the joints of the wall panels, thus saving the original drainage devices.
  • the drainage hole 6 of each wallboard is a half hole, and the position is below the groove.
  • the two half holes are paired together to form a through hole, which can discharge the accumulated water in the earth and rock materials on one side of the retaining wall in time.
  • the fourth embodiment improve on the basis of the third embodiment.
  • matching grooves 5 and tenons 7 are provided on both sides of the wallboard 2 . That is, grooves and tenons are respectively arranged on the left and right sides of the same wallboard.
  • the fifth embodiment an improvement on the basis of the foregoing embodiments.
  • the base plate 3 is provided with an anchor hole 8 for installing an anchor.
  • the function of the anchor hole is that when building a retaining wall, first build the foundation of the wall, then install the retaining wall panel on the foundation, and then pour concrete in the anchor hole, which will form a high-strength concrete after solidification. fixed pile.
  • other rigid connectors can also be driven in as ground feet.
  • the sixth embodiment An experimental example is given on the basis of the foregoing embodiments to prove that the retaining wall panel has good stability and economy.
  • the seventh embodiment an improvement on the basis of the foregoing embodiments.
  • a deformation alarm 9 is arranged under the bottom plate 3 .
  • This deformation alarm 9 can send an alarm signal when the body of wall slips or turns over.
  • the equipment that can realize the above-mentioned purpose has multiple, but all belong to high-tech product, and cost is higher, is difficult to popularize and apply.
  • This example attempts to introduce a simple in structure, cheap deformation alarm. It can be seen in conjunction with accompanying drawing 22 that the shell of this deformation alarm 9 is a casing 10, which is divided into an upper casing 11 and a lower casing 12, and the upper end of the upper casing is connected to the base plate 3.
  • a pull rod 13 is arranged in the sleeve pipe, and the upper end of the pull rod links to each other with the base plate. It is preferable to be provided with an internal thread in the inside of the upper sleeve pipe to cooperate with a positioning disc 18 with external thread.
  • a through hole in the center of the positioning disc there is a through hole in the center of the positioning disc, and the upper end of the pull rod stretches out of the through hole, and is fixed with a clamping plate larger than the through hole.
  • the upper section of the pull rod passes through the downward section of the locating plate, preferably provided with a link 17, and the pull bar of the lower section is articulated on the link by a hook. In this way, the height of the positioning plate can be adjusted conveniently, and the installation of the pull rod is convenient.
  • a rod-shaped movable electrode 14 protrudes from the lower end of the pull rod 13 to one side.
  • a fixed electrode 15 is arranged on the top of the movable electrode, and the bottom of the fixed electrode is connected with the base of the lower casing.
  • the movable electrode and the fixed electrode are equipped with wires 16 respectively, and the two wires extend out of the wall member 1 and are connected to the power supply and the alarm.
  • the device constitutes the electrical circuit of the alarm. Obviously, there are many kinds of circuits that can meet the requirements of this job.
  • Figure 24 exemplifies a simple circuit.
  • the switch wherein is exactly described movable electrode and fixed electrode, and bulb wherein represents alarm elements such as sound and light.
  • the depth of the hole should be lower than the ground outside the wall, and then place the deformation alarm underground when the wall components are installed. And adjust the gap between the movable electrode and the fixed electrode, generally around 1mm. After the body of wall is installed, the wire of this deformation alarm can be powered on.
  • the pull rod is pulled up, the movable electrode touches the fixed electrode, the circuit is turned on, and the alarm device can emit sound or flash signals to inform people to take countermeasures.
  • this alarm device has a simple structure and low cost. Even if this device is installed on each wall member, the increase in wall cost is not too large. In fact, installing an alarm device every 50-100 meters can effectively warn various geological disasters such as wall collapse and landslides.
  • the eighth embodiment an improvement on the basis of the foregoing embodiments.
  • the problem of the gap between the movable electrode 14 and the fixed electrode 15 is mainly solved. Since the deformation of the wall components is very small at the initial stage of the geological disaster, the gap between the movable electrode and the fixed electrode should not be too large. However, for a relatively simple device, the gap is too small to be realized. Even if a small gap is adjusted, it is prone to misconnection and the stability is poor. For this reason, in this example, a motion amplifying device is installed between the pull bar 13 and the movable electrode 14 of the deformation alarm 9 . Certainly, there are many devices capable of realizing this function, and only a relatively simple structure is exemplified below.
  • the lower section of the pull rod 13 is an upright active rack 19, the active rack is driven by the pinion 20, the pinion is coaxial with the bull gear 21, and the bull gear is in phase with the erect passive rack 22. Transmission, the active electrode 14 protrudes from one side of the passive rack.
  • the active rack goes up, driving the pinion to rotate, the pinion drives the big gear to rotate, the big gear drives the passive rack to go up, and the passive rack drives the movable electrode to move up. Due to the large transmission ratio between the pinion and the bull gear, a relatively small movement distance of the active rack can cause a relatively large displacement of the passive rack and the movable electrode. Therefore, the installation distance between the movable electrode and the fixed electrode can be much larger, the difficulty of debugging is greatly reduced, and the stability is significantly enhanced.
  • the ninth embodiment an improvement on the basis of the foregoing embodiments. It mainly solves the alarm problem that the bottom plate is not deformed, but the wall plate is deformed. As shown in FIG. 26 , the upper casing 11 passes through the bottom plate 3 and is fixedly connected to the wall plate 2 through the buttress 4 upwards.
  • the advantage of this structure is that the structure and performance of each component below the bottom plate are not reduced, and when the bottom plate is deformed, it can still function as an alarm. When the bottom plate is not deformed, but the wall panel is deformed, the pull rod will also be pulled to achieve the purpose of alarm.
  • the upper port of the center hole of the positioning plate should be rounded.
  • the device may need to be buried underground for a long time. Therefore, the airtight level of the structure is required to be very high.
  • insulating oil can be filled in the lower section of the lower casing, that is, around the movable electrode and the fixed electrode. In this way, it can prevent moisture, extinguish arcs, prevent misconnection, and maintain the working environment of key components for a long time, thereby ensuring the stability and reliability of the device's working performance.
  • each embodiment in this specification is described in a progressive manner, the same and similar parts of each embodiment can be referred to each other, and each embodiment focuses on the differences from other embodiments.
  • the description is relatively simple, and for relevant parts, refer to part of the description of the method embodiments.
  • the device and system embodiments described above are only illustrative, and the units described as separate components may or may not be physically separated, and the components shown as units may or may not be physical units, that is, It can be located in one place, or it can be distributed to multiple network elements. Part or all of the modules can be selected according to actual needs to achieve the purpose of the solution of this embodiment. It can be understood and implemented by those skilled in the art without creative effort.
  • the components in the device in the embodiment can be distributed in the device in the embodiment according to the description in the embodiment, and can also be changed and located in one or more devices different from the embodiment.
  • the components in the above embodiments can be combined into one component, and can also be further divided into multiple subcomponents.

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Abstract

一种土建屏蔽工程墙体构件(1)，包括竖立的墙板(2)，墙板(2)下面设有底板(3)，所述墙板(2)与底板(3)之间为相固连的整体构件，墙板(2)与底板(3)的夹角α为钝角。

Description

一种土建屏蔽工程墙体构件 技术领域
本发明涉及一种建筑器材，即一种土建屏蔽工程墙体构件。
背景技术
土建屏蔽工程墙体俗称挡土墙，是建筑工程中用来阻挡和固定坡地或山体以及大体量土石等物料，防止其滑动的墙体。在铁路、公路、矿山、水利、城市交通等工程中，特别是在陡峭山体、坡地等环境条件下，都需要这种挡土墙进行区块分割。在山区梯田建设、村落建设以及荒漠治理等工程中，也会使用挡土墙。现有挡土墙的结构主要包括竖立的墙板和下面的底板，多采用钢筋水泥等材料，通过现浇或预制的方式制成。所谓现浇就是在墙体的设计位置上进行整体浇筑成型。而预制则是事先通过成型设备制造单块的墙板，再把这种墙板对接成墙体。预制墙板具有造型精准，墙体建筑工期短，现场环境扰动小，减少环境污染，施工质量容易控制等优点，在挡土墙建筑当中大量采用。
可是，目前的挡土墙构件，其底板与竖直墙板之间的夹角为90度的直角。由于墙体一侧的物料除了向下的重力之外，还会向墙板一侧分出一个水平的侧压力。这个侧压力可使墙体向外滑移或向外翻转倾覆。因此，只有能够抵抗这个侧压力墙体才能稳定。由力学知识可知：要防止墙体滑动，其底板与下面基础之间必须有足够的摩擦力。要防止墙体翻转，底板上方的压力所产生的与翻转方向相反的力矩必须大于翻转的力矩。而摩擦力是接触材料之间的摩擦系数与垂直压力之积。防翻转的力矩是底板上面，特别是底板外端的垂直压力与墙体的距离之积。显然，底板上方物料的重力是这种垂直压力的重要组成部分，而这个压力在墙体建成时就已经确定。因此，要防止墙体的滑移，就必须通过改进墙体构件的力学性能，增大底板与基础之间的摩擦力以及整个墙体抗翻转力矩。为此，现有工程当中，主要采用增大墙体的自重和增加底板的长度，以及加大墙体外侧埋深的作法，来对抗墙体的滑动和翻转。显然，上述作法都需要加大墙板的规格，都会提高墙体的造价，也会增加墙体施工的难度和成本。
此外，现有的预制墙板与底板之间多为分体结构，需要在施工现场进行组装，整体性较差，连接强度较低，且增加了施工的难度。
再有，对于泥石流、山体滑坡、大体积物料塌方等高危场所，挡土墙体也会受到破坏，造成滑移和倾覆事故。而目前的挡土墙体没有任何事故预告及报警功能。而具有预告及报警功能的器材都属于高科技产品，成本很高，不适合在常规的土建工程当中应用。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种稳定性高，抗滑移、抗倾覆性能好，且自重更小，便于生产，便于施工，安装工期短，环境负面影响小的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件。
本发明的另一目的是所述土建屏蔽工程墙体构件具有滑移倾覆故障的预告或报警功能，可以防止地质灾害造成的损失。
上述目的是由以下技术方案实现的：一种土建屏蔽工程墙体构件，包括竖立的墙板，墙板下面设置有底板，其特点是：所述墙板与底板之间的夹角为钝角。
所述墙板与底板之间为相固连的整体预制构件，墙板与底板的夹角为100—110度。
所述墙板与底板之间的夹角为105度。所述墙板与底板之间设置有扶壁。
所述墙板的两侧边上设置有凹槽或分别设置有相配合的凹槽及凸榫。所述墙板侧边设置有排水孔。
所述底板的外端宽度小于内侧的宽度。所述底板上设置有可安装地脚的地脚孔。所述底板下面设置有形变报警器。
所述形变报警器的外壳是一支套管，套管分为上套管和下套管，上套管上端与所述底板相连，下套管的上端与上套管下部滑动插接，之间设置有柔性密封，套管内设置有拉杆，拉杆的上端与底板相连，下部向一侧伸出杆状活动电极，活动电极的上方设置有固定电极，固定电极的下方与下套管的底座相连，活动电极和固定电极分别装有导线，两支导线伸出所述墙体构件且与电源及报警装置构成所述报警器的电路。
所述形变报警器的拉杆与活动电极之间设置有动作放大装置。
所述拉杆与活动电极之间的动作放大装置是：所述拉杆的下部一段是竖立的主动齿条，主动齿条与小齿轮相传动，小齿轮与大齿轮同轴，大齿轮与竖立的被动齿条相传动，所述活动电极装在被动齿条的一侧。
所述上套管及拉杆穿过底板向上通过所述扶壁与所述墙板相连接。
本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的有益效果包括：墙板与底板的夹角为钝角，底板与基础之间的摩擦力以及墙体的抗翻转力矩大幅增加，墙体抗滑移和抗倾覆的性能显著增强；墙体外侧埋深减少，增加了墙体的可利用高度，减轻了自重，原料成本大幅降低；墙体与底板为整体预制构件，便于批量生产，造价低，精度高，安装方便，工期短，环境影响小。特别适于陡峭山体坡地等条件下的土建施工，广泛用于道路、矿山、梯田、村落建设以及江河荒漠治理等工程，市场前景十分可观。
附图说明
图1是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第一种实施例的主视图；
图2是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第一种实施例的左视图；
图3是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第一种实施例的俯视图；
图4是第一种实施例的现有技术中的墙板的安装结构图；
图5是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第一种实施例的安装结构图；
图6是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第二种实施例的主视图；
图7是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第二种实施例的左视图；
图8是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第二种实施例的俯视图；
图9是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第三种实施例的主视图；
图10是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第三种实施例的左视图；
图11是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第四种实施例的主视图；
图12是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第四种实施例的左视图；
图13是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第五种实施例的主视图；
图14是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第五种实施例的左视图；
图15是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第五种实施例的俯视图；
图16是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第六种实施例的墙体构件主视图；
图17是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第六种实施例的墙体构件右视图；
图18是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第六种实施例的墙体构件立体图；
图19是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第六种实施例的墙体构件组装立体图；
图20是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第六种实施例的实验墙板力学参数解析主视图；
图21是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第六种实施例的实验墙板力学参数解析俯视图；
图22是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第七种实施例的主视图；
图23是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第七种实施例部件形变报警器的放大主视图；
图24是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第七种实施例的简易电路图；
图25是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第八种实施例的主视图；
图26是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第九种实施例的主视图；
图27是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第九种实施例的局部放大图；
图28是本发明的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件的第九种实施例的局部放大图。
图中可见：墙体构件1，墙板2，底板3，扶壁4，凹槽5，排水孔6，凸榫7，地脚孔8，形变报警器9，套管10，上套管11，下套管12，拉杆13，活动电极14，固定电极15，导线16，挂环17，定位盘18，主动齿条19，小齿轮20，大齿轮21，被动齿条22。
具体实施方式
第一种实施例：为了改进现有挡土墙的性能，提供一种土建屏蔽工程墙体构件。如图1、图2、图3所示，这种墙体构件1的主体也是一种竖立的墙板2，墙板下面设置有向墙板一侧延伸的底板3。其改进是：墙板和底板固连在一起，最好是钢筋水泥混凝土预制件。所述墙板与底板之间的夹角不是直角，而是大于90度的钝角。根据大量实验和计算，所述钝角应在100—110度之间，优选105度。
图4是第一种实施例的现有技术中的墙板的安装结构图，图中的墙板和底板之间的夹角为90度，安装时需要大面积的硬基础，而且在外侧还需要有较大的埋深。
图5介绍的第一种实施例的墙板2的安装结构，由于底板与墙板之间的夹角为钝角，可达到105度，其硬基础只需要原来的3\1或2\1。而且外侧不需要埋深，相当于减少了一段墙体。具实验证明，高度为2000mm的墙体高度，图4的埋深需要500mm，而图5则不需要埋深，省了一部分原料和工时。加之本结构的摩擦力及抗翻转力矩大幅增加，自体的规格也随之降低。通过实验及计算可知，对于同样的防止 滑移和防倾覆指标，原来的挡土墙板与本墙体构件的自重比＝2800：805。
进一步，所述底板的外端宽度小于内侧的宽度。如图2、图3所示，底板不是一个完整的方形或长方形，而是一个外端边线短于内端边线，即底板与墙板的接合线，形成梯形板块。这种形状的好处是在修建曲线挡土墙的时候，相邻两块墙板的侧面可以形成一定的夹角。当然，对于直线的墙体来说，施工也很方便。当然，对于直线墙体来说，可以不采用这种梯形的底板，而制成矩形底板。
第二种实施例：在第一种实施例的基础上改进。如图6、图7、图8所示，所述墙板2与底板3之间设置有扶壁4。由图可见，所述扶壁就是刚性构件当中常用的加强筋，可以是一块三角形的板面，内侧边与墙板相固连，底侧边与底板相固连，最好是与墙板和底板一次性浇筑的整体部件，能够起到支撑和连接墙板的作用。
第三种实施例：在前述实施例的基础上改进。如图9、图10所示，所述墙板的两侧边上设置有凹槽5。如果把墙板的挡土面称为内侧面，把其外侧称为外侧面的话，这里所述的两侧边就是左右两侧，也就是墙板的厚度的侧面。在这两个侧面上开出这种竖立的凹槽5，凹槽的横截面可以呈半圆形或三角形等。凹槽的作用是封闭墙板的接缝。因为在修筑挡土墙的时候，要把多个墙板一个接一个的组合在一起。两个相邻的墙板之间的接缝需要密闭，有了这种凹槽，即可把水泥砂浆或其他粘合剂填充在这个凹槽里，相邻墙板对接后即可牢固的粘结在一起，使挡土墙的强度和密闭性能大幅增强。
此外，针对现有挡土墙的需要另设排水管路的问题，本例在墙板的接缝处设置排水孔，从而省去了原有的排水装置。如图所示，每个墙板的排水孔6都是半个孔，位置处于凹槽的下方。组合时，两个墙板相对以后，两个半孔对在一起形成一个通孔，可以把挡土墙一侧土石物料中的积水及时排出。
第四种实施例：在第三种实施例的基础上改进。如图11、图12所示，所述墙板2的两侧边上设置有相配合的凹槽5和凸榫7。也就是在同一块墙板的左右两侧，分别设置有凹槽和凸榫。在修筑墙体时，相邻两块墙板相对接时，一块墙板的凸榫恰好插入另一墙板的凹槽里。这样，就可以使两块墙板紧密连接，同时，接缝与排水孔上下相邻，可以进一步增强排水功能。
第五种实施例：在前述实施例的基础上改进。如图13、图14、图15所示，所述底板3上设置有可安装地脚的地脚孔8。地脚孔的作用是，在修建挡土墙的时候，先修建墙体的地基，再把挡土墙板安装在地基上面，随后在地脚孔内浇筑混凝土，凝固以后就会形成高强度的固定桩。当然，也可以打入其他刚性连接件作为地脚。
第六种实施例：在前述实施例的基础上例举一个实验例，用以证明本挡土墙板的具有良好的稳定性和经济性。
1、实验所用的墙体构件的结构如图16、图17、图18所示，本墙体构件组装成的墙体如图19所示。
(1)墙体构件的主要参数如下表：
Figure PCTCN2021102019-appb-000001
(2)实验用墙体构件(如图20、图21所示)的结构力学参数如下表：
分区 重量Wi(kN) 距离Xi(m) 力矩(KN·m)
① 3.920 0.040 0.157
② 2.891 0.674 1.948
③ 3.177 0.879 2.791
④ 32.263 0.674 21.745
上载荷重 10.727 0.674 7.230
∑ 52.977 — 33.871
重量∑W＝52.977kN，重心∑x＝∑mi＝33.871＝0.6392、土压(安定計算用)(平衡态计算)
上載荷重的土換算高度(上载荷重q＝10KN/m 2)
Figure PCTCN2021102019-appb-000002
土压系数KA＝0.297
壁面摩擦角θ＝30°
土压力(假设高度H＝2.00m)
Figure PCTCN2021102019-appb-000003
水平分力PH＝Pcosθ＝16.64 x cos30°＝14.41kN
竖直分力PV＝Psinθ＝16.64 x sin30°＝8.32kN
作用位置Y＝H/3·(1+h/(H+2h))
＝2.00/3x(1+0.556/(2.00+2 x 0.556))
＝0.786m
作用力矩
MO＝PH·Y＝14.41 x 0.786＝11.32kN·m
3、荷重的计算(稳定性计算参数)
Figure PCTCN2021102019-appb-000004
水平分力∑H＝14.41kN
鉛直分力∑V＝61.29kN
合力的作用位置
Figure PCTCN2021102019-appb-000005
荷重的偏心量
Figure PCTCN2021102019-appb-000006
4、平衡态计算
(1)讨论倾倒
Figure PCTCN2021102019-appb-000007
(2)讨论滑动情况
底板倾斜角α＝15°
Figure PCTCN2021102019-appb-000008
Figure PCTCN2021102019-appb-000009
Figure PCTCN2021102019-appb-000010
Figure PCTCN2021102019-appb-000011
力的方向相反，导致结果为负值，故选取绝对值
11.8≥Fs＝1.5……OK
(3)支持力
Figure PCTCN2021102019-appb-000012
Figure PCTCN2021102019-appb-000013
(4)平衡性总结表
Figure PCTCN2021102019-appb-000014
Figure PCTCN2021102019-appb-000015
第七种实施例：在前述实施例的基础上改进。如图22所示，所述底板3下面设置有形变报警器9。这种形变报警器9能在墙体出现滑移或翻转之初，即可发出报警信号。显然，能够实现上述目的的器材有多种，但均属于高科技产品，造价较高，难以普及应用。本例试图介绍一种结构简单，造价低廉的形变报警器。结合附图22可见，这种形变报警器9的外壳是一支套管10，套管分为上套管11和下套管12，上套管上端与所述底板3相连。为了便于安装和调试，最好在底板上开出通孔，把这种形变报警器装在通孔下面，上面设置有压盖密闭。下套管的上端与上套管下部滑动插接，最好是下套管插在上套管内，之间采用高弹柔性材料密封。套管内设置有拉杆13，拉杆的上端与底板相连，最好在上套管的里面设置有内螺纹，与一个有外螺纹的定位盘18相配合。定位盘的中间开有通孔，拉杆上端伸出通孔，并且用大于通孔的卡板固定。拉杆的上段通过定位盘向下的一段，最好设置有一个挂环17，下段的拉杆通过挂钩挂接在挂环上。这样，即可方便的调整定位盘的高度，又便于拉杆的安装。图中可见，拉杆13的下端向一侧伸出一支杆状的活动电极14。活动电极的上方设置有一个固定电极15，固定电极的下方与下套管的底座相连，活动电极和固定电极分别装有导线16，两支导线伸出所述墙体构件1且与电源及报警装置构成所述报警器的电路。显然，能够胜任这种工作要求的电路有多种，图24例举了一种简单的电路。其中的开关就是所述的活动电极和固定电极，其中的灯泡代表声光等报警原件。
使用时，先在基础地面向下打孔，孔深应当低于墙体外侧的地面，再于墙体构件安装的同时把这种形变报警器置于地下。并且把活动电极和固定电极的间隙调准，一般可在1mm左右。墙体安装以后，这种形变报警器的导线接通电源即可。当出现地质异常情况，致使底板出现平移或上摆时，拉杆上拉，活动电极触碰固定电极，电路导通，报警装置即可发出声响或闪光等信号，告知人们采取应对措施。
以上可见，这种报警装置结构简单，成本很低，即使每个墙体构件都安装这种装置，墙体造价增幅也不太大。实际上，每隔50—100米安装一个报警装置，即可有效的预警墙体垮塌及山体滑坡等多种地质灾害。
第八种实施例：在前述实施例的基础上改进。主要解决活动电极14与固定电极15之间的间隙问题。由于地质灾害初期墙体构件的形变很小，因而活动电极和固定电极之间的间隙不能太大。可是，对于一种比较简易的装置来说，间隙太小很难实现。即使调出了很小的间隙，也容易出现误连，稳定性很差。为此，本例在形变报警器9的拉杆13与活动电极14之间安装了动作放大装置。当然，能够实现这种功能的装置很多，下面仅例举一个比较简单的结构。
如图25所示，所述拉杆13的下部一段是竖立的主动齿条19，主动齿条与小齿轮20相传动，小齿轮与大齿轮21同轴，大齿轮与竖立的被动齿条22相传动，所述活动电极14在被动齿条的一侧伸出。工作时，当拉杆上拉，主动齿条上行，带动小齿轮转动，小齿轮带动大齿轮转动，大齿轮带动被动齿条上行，被动齿条带动活动电极上移。由于小齿轮与大齿轮之间具有较大的传动比，主动齿条的移动较小的距离，就可以是被动齿条和活动电极产生较大的位移。因此，活动电极和固定电极之间的安装距离就可以大许多，调试的难度大幅降低，稳定性却显著增强。
第九种实施例：在前述实施例的基础上改进。主要解决底板没有变形，而墙板出现变形的报警问题。如图26所示，所述上套管11穿过底板3向上通过所述扶壁4与所述墙板2相固连。这种结构的优点是，其底板以下各个构件的结构和性能没有降低，在底板出现变形时，照样能够起到报警的作用。在底板没有变形，只是墙板出现变形时，拉杆也会被拉动而达到报警的目的。
此外，为了进一步提高工作性能，还可以进行以下改进：
由于套管向上延伸，原来的套管通过定位盘的一段出现了少量的弯曲，为了减少摩擦阻力，应如图27所示，定位盘的中孔上端口应为圆角。
由于底板上下的套管相通，两条导线可以如图28所示，均从套管中通过。这样，导线的工作环境更好，不易出现故障。同时，还可以省略专用的绝缘管路，制造成本进一步降低。
由于地质灾害发生的概率极低，因此，本装置可能需要长期埋设在地下。因此，结构的密闭水平要求很高。除了采用良好的管材，接合部采取良好的密闭措施以外，还可以如图28所示，在下套管下段，即活动电极与固定电极的周围，填充绝缘油。这样，即可防潮、灭弧，防止误连，长期保持关键部件的工作环境，从而保证本装置工作性能的稳定性和可靠性。
本领域普通技术人员可以理解：附图只是一个实施例的示意图，附图中的模块或流程并不一定是实施本发明所必须的。
本说明书中的各个实施例均采用递进的方式描述，各个实施例之间相同相似的部分互相参见即可，每个实施例重点说明的都是与其他实施例的不同之处。尤其，对于装置或系统实施例而言，由于其基本相似于方法实施例，所以描述得比较简单，相关之处参见方法实施例的部分说明即可。以上所描述的装置及系统实施例仅仅是示意性的，其中所述作为分离部件说明的单元可以是或者也可以不是物理上分开的，作为单元显示的部件可以是或者也可以不是物理单元，即可以位于一个地方，或者也可以分布到多个网络单元上。可以根据实际的需要选择其中的部分或者全部模块来实现本实施例方案的目的。本领域普通技术人员在不付出创造性劳动的情况下，即可以理解并实施。
本领域普通技术人员可以理解：实施例中的装置中的部件可以按照实施例描述分布于实施例的装置中，也可以进行相应变化位于不同于本实施例的一个或多个装置中。上述实施例的部件可以合并为一个部件，也可以进一步拆分成多个子部件。
以上所述，仅为本发明较佳的具体实施方式，但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此，任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明揭露的技术范围内，可轻易想到的变化或替换，都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。因此，本发明的保护范围应该以权利要求的保护范围为准。

Claims (13)

  1. 一种土建屏蔽工程墙体构件，所述墙体构件(1)包括竖立的墙板(2)，所述墙板(2)下面设置有底板(3)，其特征在于：所述墙板(2)与底板(3)为互相固定连接的整体预制构件，所述墙板(2)与底板(3)之间的夹角α为钝角。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件，其特征在于：所述墙板(2)与所述底板(3)之间的夹角α为100—110度。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件，其特征在于：所述墙板(2)与所述底板(3)之间的夹角α为105度。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件，其特征在于：所述墙板(2)与底板(3)之间设置有扶壁(4)。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件，其特征在于：所述墙板(2)的两侧边上设置有凹槽(5)或分别设置有相配合的凹槽(5)及凸榫(7)。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件，其特征在于：所述墙板(2)的侧边设置有排水孔(6)。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件，其特征在于：所述底板(3)的外端宽度小于内侧的宽度。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件，其特征在于：所述底板(3)上设置有可安装地脚的地脚孔(8)。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件，其特征在于：所述底板(3)下面设置有形变报警器(9)。
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件，其特征在于：所述形变报警器(9)的外壳是一支套管(10)，套管(10)分为上套管(11)和下套管(12)，上套管(11)的上端与所述底板(3)相连，下套管(12)的上端与上套管(11)的下部滑动插接，下套管(12)的上端与上套管(11)之间设置有柔性密封，套管(10)的内部设置有拉杆(13)，拉杆(13)的上端与底板(3)相连接，拉杆(13)的下部向一侧伸出杆状的活动电极(14)，活动电极(14)的上方设置有固定电极(15)，固定电极(15)的下方与下套管(12)的底座相连，活动电极(14)和固定电极(15)分别装有导线(16)，两支导线(16)伸出所述墙体构件(1)且与电源及报警装置构成所述形变报警器的电路。
  11. 根据权利要求10所述的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件，其特征在于：所述形变报警器(9)的拉杆(13)与活动电极(14)之间设置有动作放大装置。
  12. 根据权利要求11所述的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件，其特征在于：所述拉杆(13)与活动电极(14)之间的动作放大装置包括：所述拉杆(13)的下部一段是竖立的主动齿条(19)，主动齿条(19)与小齿轮(20)相传动，小齿轮(20)与大齿轮(21)同轴，大齿轮(21)与竖立的被动齿条(22)相传动，所述活动电极(14)装在被动齿条的一侧。
  13. 根据权利要求4或9或10或11或12所述的土建屏蔽工程墙体构件，其特征在于：所述上套管(11)及所述拉杆(13)穿过底板(3)向上通过所述扶壁(4)与所述墙板(2)相连接。
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