WO2022239795A1 - 接合方法および接合体 - Google Patents
接合方法および接合体 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022239795A1 WO2022239795A1 PCT/JP2022/019908 JP2022019908W WO2022239795A1 WO 2022239795 A1 WO2022239795 A1 WO 2022239795A1 JP 2022019908 W JP2022019908 W JP 2022019908W WO 2022239795 A1 WO2022239795 A1 WO 2022239795A1
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- point
- welding
- friction stir
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to technology for joining a plurality of members by friction stir.
- a rotary tool (rotary tool) is press-fitted into a plurality of welding points (point joint portions) in an overlapping portion where two plate materials (metal plates) are overlapped, and is formed by the press-fitting.
- the two plate materials are joined together via a plurality of friction stir parts.
- Patent Document 1 when the plate material on the rotating tool side is the upper plate and the plate material on the opposite side to the rotating tool is the lower plate, the rotating tool is press-fitted from the surface of the upper plate and is press-fitted at least until it penetrates the upper plate. be. Therefore, the temperature rise at the press-fitting of the rotating tool is greater in the upper plate than in the lower plate.
- the temperature of the upper plate becomes higher than that of the lower plate, both the amount of deformation due to thermal expansion (the amount of thermal expansion) and the amount of deformation due to thermal contraction caused by subsequent cooling (the amount of thermal contraction) tend to increase in the upper plate.
- the amount of heat shrinkage of the upper plate is greater than that of the lower plate, the joined body, which is a combination of the upper plate and the lower plate, is warped in a downwardly convex arch shape.
- Patent Document 1 since friction stir welding is performed on each of a plurality of welding points arranged in a line in the overlapped portion of the upper plate and the lower plate, warping due to the difference in the amount of thermal contraction described above As a result of accumulated deformation, the amount of warpage of the joined body may increase significantly.
- the present disclosure has been made in view of the circumstances as described above, and an object of the present disclosure is to suppress warpage deformation of a joined body in which a plurality of welding points are friction stir welded.
- a joining method provides a plurality of welding points set between one end and the other end of an overlapping portion where a first member and a second member are overlapped.
- a welding method for joining the first member and the second member at the overlapping portion by forming a friction stir portion by press-fitting each rotating tool, wherein the welding point is the most one end side of the overlapping portion.
- a joined body includes a first member, a second member arranged so as to overlap with the first member, one end of an overlapping portion between the first member and the second member, and the other end of the overlapping portion. and a welded portion in which a plurality of welding points set between the ends are welded by friction stir, wherein the heat input of a welding point on the one end side, which is the welding point closest to the one end in the overlapping portion, and the one end The amount of heat input to the other end side impact point away from the side impact point to the other end side is smaller than the heat input amount to the intermediate impact point located between the one end impact point and the other end impact impact point.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a structure of a joined body manufactured by a joining method according to a first embodiment of the present disclosure
- FIG. FIG. 4 is a plan view of the joined body
- 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along line III-III of FIG. 2
- FIG. 4 is a table showing examples of combinations of materials that can be applied to the first member and the second member that constitute the joined body.
- 1 is a system diagram showing the overall configuration of a friction stir welding apparatus used when manufacturing the joined body;
- FIG. It is a flow chart which shows a concrete procedure of the above-mentioned joining method.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram for explaining the contents of a preforming step performed in S2 of FIG. 6;
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram for explaining the contents of a bonding step performed in S3 of FIG. 6;
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing how thermal expansion occurs due to friction stir welding;
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing how a joined body warps and deforms due to thermal contraction after friction stir welding. It is sectional drawing which shows the 1st procedure in the case of performing friction stir welding in order to join first from the center. It is sectional drawing which shows the 2nd procedure in the case of performing friction stir welding in order to join first from the center. It is sectional drawing which shows the 3rd procedure in the case of performing friction stir welding in order to join first from the center.
- FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing the structure of a test piece used in experiments for confirming the effects of the first embodiment; It is a schematic diagram expressing the warpage deformation
- FIG. 14 is a graph showing experimental results when the material of the test piece is different from that in FIG. 13.
- FIG. 15 is a graph showing experimental results when the material of the test piece is different from that in FIGS. 13 and 14.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining a joining method according to a second embodiment of the present disclosure, and is a table illustrating a method of making the amount of heat input to both end hitting points smaller than the heat input to an intermediate hitting point.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view for explaining the effect of the above-described difference in heat input;
- FIG. 11 is a perspective view showing the structure of a joined body manufactured by a joining method according to a third embodiment of the present disclosure;
- FIG. 10 is a schematic plan view for explaining a first sequence pattern for joining each hitting point of the joined body
- FIG. 10 is a schematic plan view for explaining a second order pattern for joining the hitting points of the joined body
- FIG. 11 is a perspective view showing the structure of a joined body manufactured by a joining method according to a third embodiment of the present disclosure
- FIG. 4 is a plan view of the joined body
- [Joint] 1 and 2 are a perspective view and a plan view showing the structure of a joined body 1 manufactured by the joining method according to the first embodiment of the present disclosure.
- the joined body 1 includes a first member 11, a second member 12, and a joining portion 13 that joins the members 11 and 12 to each other.
- the joint 1 can be used, for example, in structures such as aircraft, rail vehicles, or automobiles.
- the front, rear, left, right, up, and down directions of the joined body 1 are defined as shown in the drawings, but this is for convenience of explanation and is intended to limit the orientation of the joined body 1. is not.
- Both the first member 11 and the second member 12 are plate-shaped members having a constant thickness in the vertical direction.
- the rear end portion of the first member 11 and the front end portion of the second member 12 overlap each other in the vertical direction (thickness direction) to form a strip-shaped overlapping portion 15 elongated in the horizontal direction.
- the first member 11 and the second member 12 are stacked with the first member 11 on the upper side of the second member 12 . That is, at the overlapping portion 15, the front end portion of the upper surface 12a of the second member 12 and the rear end portion of the lower surface 11b of the first member 11 are in contact with each other.
- the joint portion 13 is formed in the overlapping portion 15 and joins the rear end portion of the first member 11 and the front end portion of the second member 12 at the overlapping portion 15 .
- the joint section 13 is composed of a plurality of independent friction stir sections 20 arranged in the left-right direction.
- the number of friction stirrers 20 is five in this embodiment.
- Each friction stir portion 20 is a spot weld formed by a friction stir process using a friction stir welding apparatus M, which will be described later.
- the friction stirrers 20 are formed at five hitting points P1 to P5 set in the overlapping portion 15, respectively.
- the overlapping portion 15 is defined as a first hitting point P1, a second hitting point P2, . That is, the first hit point P1 is the leftmost hit point in the overlapping portion 15, the second hit point P2 is the hit point adjacent to the right side of the first hit point P1, and the third hit point P3 is on the right side of the second hit point P2.
- the fourth point P4 is adjacent to the right of the third point P3, and the fifth point P5 is adjacent to the right of the fourth point P4 and is located on the rightmost side of the overlapping portion 15. It is an RBI to do.
- the first to fifth hitting points P1 to P5 are arranged in the overlapping portion 15 so as to be aligned in the horizontal direction at regular intervals.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of the friction stir portion 20 formed at each hitting point P1 to P5.
- the friction stir parts 20 at the hitting points P1 to P5 are formed in a columnar shape having substantially the same height as the thickness of the first member 11, in other words, in a columnar shape penetrating the first member 11. It is The area of such a cylindrical friction stir portion 20 corresponds to a press-fit area of a rotating tool 101 which is press-fitted from the upper surface 11a of the first member 11 and will be described later. In this press-fit region, the friction-stirred material is softened (plastically flowed) and then solidified to form the cylindrical friction-stirred portion 20 .
- the materials of the first member 11 and the second member 12 are selected so that the coefficient of linear expansion of the first member 11 is greater than or equal to the coefficient of linear expansion of the second member 12.
- various combinations of materials that satisfy such a relationship are conceivable, but for example, various metals including aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys, stainless steels, carbon steels, titanium alloys, and copper, and thermoplastic resins are appropriately selected. can be selected.
- the thermoplastic resin may include a fiber-reinforced resin in which reinforcing fibers are impregnated in a matrix resin made of a thermoplastic resin.
- FIG. 4 exemplifies suitable combinations of the material of the first member 11 (upper plate) and the material of the second member 12 (lower plate) in the form of a table.
- the material of the first member 11 when the material of the first member 11 is aluminum alloy, the material of the second member 12 can be aluminum alloy, carbon steel, stainless steel, copper, or titanium alloy.
- the material of the first member 11 when the material of the first member 11 is a magnesium alloy, the material of the second member 12 can be magnesium alloy, aluminum alloy, carbon steel, stainless steel, copper, or titanium alloy.
- the material of the first member 11 is carbon steel, the material of the second member 12 can be carbon steel or a titanium alloy.
- the material of the first member 11 is metal, the material of the second member 12 can be thermoplastic resin (including fiber-reinforced resin).
- the material of the first member 11 is thermoplastic resin
- the material of the second member 12 can be thermoplastic resin.
- the materials of the first member 11 and the second member 12 may be the same or different.
- the linear expansion coefficients of the first member 11 and the second member 12 are the same.
- the coefficient of linear expansion of the first member 11 becomes larger than the coefficient of linear expansion of the second member 12 .
- the coefficient of linear expansion of the first member 11 is the same as that of the second member 12 is greater than the linear expansion coefficient of This means that when the material of the first member 11 is a magnesium alloy and the material of the second member is an aluminum alloy, carbon steel, stainless steel, copper, or titanium alloy, the material of the first member 11 is carbon.
- the material of the second member 12 is steel and the material of the second member 12 is a titanium alloy, the same applies when the material of the first member 11 is metal and the material of the second member 12 is thermoplastic resin.
- the friction stir welding apparatus M includes a double-acting rotating tool 101, a tool driving unit 102 that rotates and vertically drives the rotating tool 101, and a controller C that controls the operation of the tool driving unit 102.
- FIG. 5 shows directions of “up” and “down”, but this is for convenience of explanation, and is not meant to limit the actual usage posture of the rotating tool 101 .
- the rotating tool 101 is supported by an unillustrated tool fixing portion.
- This tool fixing part can be, for example, the tip part of an articulated robot.
- a backing member 115 is arranged facing the lower end surface of the rotary tool 101 . Between the rotary tool 101 and the backing member 115, the first member 11 and the second member 12 to be joined are arranged.
- the rotary tool 101 includes a pin member 111, a shoulder member 112, a clamp member 113 and a spring 114.
- the pin member 111 is a columnar member, and is arranged so that its axis extends in the vertical direction.
- the pin member 111 can rotate about the axis R as the rotation axis R, and can move up and down (advance and retreat) along the rotation axis R in the vertical direction.
- the shoulder member 112 is arranged so as to cover the outer periphery of the pin member 111 . That is, the shoulder member 112 is a cylindrical member having a hollow portion into which the pin member 111 is inserted.
- the axis of the shoulder member 112 is coaxial with the axis of the pin member 111 (rotational axis R).
- the shoulder member 112 rotates around the same rotation axis R as the pin member 111 and can move vertically along the rotation axis R (movement back and forth).
- both the shoulder member 112 and the pin member 111 inserted in the hollow portion thereof can rotate about the rotation axis R and relatively move along the rotation axis R. That is, the pin member 111 and the shoulder member 112 can move not only up and down simultaneously along the rotation axis R, but also move independently such that one moves down and the other moves up.
- the clamp member 113 is arranged so as to cover the outer circumference of the shoulder member 112 . That is, the clamp member 113 is a cylindrical member having a hollow portion into which the shoulder member 112 is inserted. The axis of the clamp member 113 is also coaxial with the rotation axis R. The clamp member 113 does not rotate about its axis, but can move up and down (advance and retreat) along the rotation axis R. As shown in FIG. The clamp member 113 serves to surround the outer periphery of the pin member 111 or the shoulder member 112 when performing friction stir. The enclosure of the clamp member 113 prevents the friction stir material from scattering and allows the friction stir portion to be smoothly finished.
- the spring 114 is attached to the upper end side of the clamp member 113 and biases the clamp member 113 in the direction (downward) toward the object to be joined.
- a clamp member 113 is attached to the tool fixing portion via a spring 114 .
- the backing member 115 has an upper surface as a support surface that contacts the lower surface of the object to be joined. That is, the backing member 115 is a backing member that supports the object to be welded when the pin member 111 or the shoulder member 112 is press-fitted into the object to be welded. A clamp member 113 biased by a spring 114 presses the object to be joined against a backing member 115 .
- the tool drive section 102 includes a rotation drive section 121 , a pin drive section 122 and a shoulder drive section 123 .
- Rotation drive unit 121 includes a motor, a drive gear, and the like, and drives pin member 111 and shoulder member 112 to rotate about rotation axis R.
- the pin drive unit 122 is a mechanism that advances and retreats (lifts) the pin member 111 along the rotation axis R. As shown in FIG.
- the pin drive unit 122 drives the pin member 111 so as to press-fit the pin member 111 into the object to be joined and retract from the object to be joined.
- the shoulder drive unit 123 is a mechanism that advances and retreats the shoulder member 112 along the rotation axis R, and causes the shoulder member 112 to be press-fitted into and retracted from the object to be joined.
- the shoulder drive 123 also moves the clamp member 113 together with the shoulder member 112 toward the object to be joined, causing the clamp member 113 to press against the backing member 115 .
- the biasing force of the spring 114 acts.
- the controller C consists of a microcomputer or the like, and controls the operation of each part of the tool driving section 102 by executing a predetermined control program. Specifically, the controller C controls the rotation driving section 121 to cause the pin member 111 and the shoulder member 112 to perform required rotation operations. Further, the controller C controls the pin driving section 122 and the shoulder driving section 123 to cause the pin member 111, the shoulder member 112, and the clamp member 113 to move forward and backward as required.
- the friction stir welding apparatus M having the above structure is usually used to join two or more members by friction stir welding.
- Friction stir welding using this friction stir welding apparatus M can be broadly classified into a welding method by a shoulder preceding process and a welding method by a pin preceding process.
- the shoulder member 112 of the rotary tool 101 is first press-fitted into the overlapped portion of the two or more members to perform friction stir, and the pin member 111 is retracted from the overlapped portion. Thereafter, the pin member 111 is lowered while retracting (raising) the shoulder member 112, thereby smoothing the upper surface of the overlapping portion.
- the pin member 111 of the rotating tool 101 is first press-fitted into the overlapping portion to perform friction stir, and the shoulder member 112 is retracted from the overlapping portion. After that, the shoulder member 112 is lowered while the pin member 111 is retracted (raised), thereby smoothing the upper surface of the overlapping portion.
- Step S1 is a stacking step of stacking the first member 11 on the second member 12 to form the overlapping portion 15 .
- the first member 11 and the second member 12 are arranged such that the front end portion of the second member 12 is stacked above the rear end portion of the first member 11, thereby The 1st member 11 and the 2nd member 12 form an overlapping portion 15 in which the 1st member 11 and the 2nd member 12 overlap in order from above.
- the step S2 is a preforming step of warping and deforming the first member 11 and the second member 12 that are overlapped at the overlapping portion 15 .
- this preforming step S2 as shown in FIG. 7, the left and right ends of the overlapping portion 15 are fixed, and then the backing member 115 is pushed up against the center portion of the overlapping portion 15 from below.
- the first member 11 and the second member 12 are curved (warped) into an upwardly convex arcuate shape. This is a measure in consideration of the fact that the first member 11 and the second member 12 are curved in a bow shape convex downward due to friction stir welding in the joining steps S3 to S5 described later.
- the first member 11 and the second member 12 are preliminarily warped in a direction opposite to the warp deformation assumed during friction stir welding (S3 to S5) to be performed later. This is a measure to reduce the amount of warpage of the first member 11 and the second member 12 after joining, that is, the joined body 1 .
- the warp deformation due to the preforming step S2 is shown in an exaggerated manner.
- the step S3 is a joining step of press-fitting the rotating tool 101 into the first hitting point P1 to friction stir weld the first hitting point P1.
- the first welding point P ⁇ b>1 located on the leftmost side of the overlapping portion 15 is the object to which friction stir welding is first performed.
- the first hit point P1 corresponds to the "one end side hit point” in the present disclosure.
- the joining step S3, which is the step of joining the first hitting point P1 corresponds to the "first joining step” in the present disclosure.
- the rotating tool 101 is press-fitted from the side of the first member 11, that is, from above, to a position corresponding to the first hitting point P1 in the overlapped portion 15, so that the friction stir portion 20 to form
- the welding (friction stir welding) using the rotating tool 101 includes the already-described shoulder-preceding process and pin-preceding process, and the friction stir part 20 can be formed by either method.
- Embodiments employ a shoulder-first process.
- the bonding step S3 includes four sub-steps S31-S34 shown in FIG.
- the sub-step S31 is a positioning step of positioning the rotary tool 101 at the first hitting point P1 of the overlapping portion 15.
- the controller C (FIG. 5) positions the rotation axis R (FIG. 5) of the rotary tool 101 at the position corresponding to the first hitting point P1 in the overlapping portion 15 supported on the backing member 115.
- the tool driving section 102 is controlled so that the tips 111a to 113a of the pin member 111, the shoulder member 112, and the clamp member 113 come into contact with the upper surface 11a of the first member 11.
- the sub-step S32 is a press-fitting step of press-fitting the shoulder member 112 .
- the controller C controls the rotation drive section 121 to rotate the pin member 111 and the shoulder member 112 at high speed, controls the shoulder drive section 123 to lower the shoulder member 112, is press-fitted into the first impact point P1 of the overlapping portion 15 . Further, the controller C controls the pin drive section 122 to raise the pin member 111 .
- the overlapping portion 15 is friction-stirred, softening and plastic flow of the material occur, and the softened material Q1 overflows the press-fit region of the shoulder member 112 .
- the overflowed softened material Q1 is released into a hollow space within the shoulder member 112 created by the upward movement (retraction) of the pin member 111, as indicated by an arrow b1.
- the press-fitting depth of the shoulder member 112 is set such that the shoulder member 112 substantially penetrates the upper first member 11 .
- FIG. 8 shows an example in which the shoulder member 112 is press-fitted until it completely penetrates the first member 11 in the thickness direction.
- the friction stir portion 20 formed after the smoothing step S34 which will be described later, has a cylindrical shape that penetrates the first member 11 in the thickness direction and reaches the upper surface 12a of the second member 12 or a depth below it. It is formed.
- the shoulder member 112 itself does not necessarily have to penetrate the first member 11 completely, since the friction stir portion 20 is actually formed slightly beyond the tip 112 a of the shoulder member 112 . That is, even if the shoulder member 112 is not press-fitted until it completely penetrates the first member 11, the friction stir portion 20 reaches the upper surface 12a of the second member 12. In other words, the friction stir portion 20 penetrates the first member 11. It is possible to form
- the sub-process S33 is a backfilling process for filling back the overflowed softened material Q1.
- the controller C rotates the pin member 111 and the shoulder member 112 at a high speed while rotating the shoulder driving section 123 and the pin driving section so that the shoulder member 112 rises (retracts) and the pin member 111 descends. 122.
- the softened material Q1 released into the hollow space moves to the region where the shoulder member 112 was press-fitted, as indicated by the arrow b2, and the material is backfilled.
- the backfilled material forms the friction stir portion 20 at the first hit point P1 of the overlapping portion 15 together with the material that was present in the hollow space (see the diagram of the next step S34).
- the friction stir portion 20 is made of a material that has experienced friction stir at the first hitting point P1, and has an outer diameter that substantially matches the outer diameter ds of the shoulder member 112 and a height that substantially matches the press-fit depth of the shoulder member 112. It is formed in a cylindrical shape with
- the sub-step S34 is a smoothing step for shaping the friction stir portion 20.
- the controller C drives the rotation driving section 121 in a state in which the tips 111a and 112a of the pin member 111 and the shoulder member 112 are returned to the height positions of the upper surface 11a of the first member 11. to rotate the pin member 111 and the shoulder member 112 at a predetermined number of revolutions.
- the upper surface of the friction stirrer 20 is shaped and smoothed to the extent that unevenness hardly occurs.
- the friction stir portion 20 having a smooth upper surface is formed at the first hitting point P1 of the overlapping portion 15. That is, the first member 11 and the second member 12 are joined to each other at the first hit point P1 by forming the friction stir portion 20 at the first hit point P1.
- a fifth welding point P5 located at the end opposite to the first welding point P1 is welded in the subsequent welding step S4.
- the second target to be friction stir welded is the fifth welding point P ⁇ b>5 positioned on the rightmost side of the overlapping portion 15 .
- the fifth hit point P5 corresponds to the "other end side hit point” in the present disclosure.
- the joining step S4, which is the step of joining the fifth hitting point P5 corresponds to the "second joining step" in the present disclosure.
- the method of joining the fifth spot P5 in the joining step S4 is the same as the method of joining the first spot P1 in the above-described joining step S3 (Fig. 8). That is, in the joining step S4, the friction stir portion 20 is formed at the fifth hitting point P5 by press-fitting the rotary tool 101 from above to a position corresponding to the fifth hitting point P5 in the overlapping portion 15 .
- the second to fourth welding points P2 to P4 are successively welded in the subsequent welding step S5.
- the third and subsequent friction stir welding targets are the second to fourth welding points P2 to P5 located in the intermediate region of the overlapping portion 15.
- any one of the second to fourth hit points P2 to P4 corresponds to the "intermediate hit point" in the present disclosure.
- the joining step S5, which is the step of joining the second to fourth welding points P2 to P4 corresponds to the "third joining step" in the present disclosure.
- the method of joining the second to fourth points P2 to P4 in the joining step S5 is also the same as the method of joining the first point P1 in the above-described joining step S3 (FIG. 8). That is, in the joining step S5, the rotary tool 101 is press-fitted from above to positions corresponding to the second to fourth hitting points P2 to P4 in the overlapped portion 15, respectively, so that the second to fourth hitting points P2 to P4 are rubbed. A stirring section 20 is formed.
- the order of joining the second to fourth points P2 to P4 does not matter.
- joining may be performed in the order of second hitting point P2 ⁇ fourth hitting point P4 ⁇ third hitting point P3, or in the order of third hitting point P3 ⁇ second hitting point P2 ⁇ fourth hitting point P4.
- the friction stirrers 20 at the hitting points P1 to P5 formed by the method described above construct the joints 13 that join the first member 11 and the second member 12 at the overlapping portions 15 . That is, the joined body 1 in which the first member 11 and the second member 12 are joined via the joining portion 13 is manufactured by the method based on steps S1 to S5 of FIG.
- Friction stir welding is performed in order of priority to the welding points on both ends of the direction, that is, the welding points P1 and P5 on the leftmost and rightmost sides. That is, after the first welding point P1 on the leftmost side and the fifth welding point P5 on the rightmost side are friction stir welded first, the second to fourth welding points P2 to P4 between the two welding points P1 and P5 are then friction stir welded. be done. According to such a configuration, it is possible to suppress the warp deformation of the joined body 1 obtained as a result of the friction stir welding of the welding points P1 to P5.
- FIGS. 9A and 9B are for explaining warpage deformation that occurs when the upper plate T1 corresponding to the first member 11 of the present embodiment and the lower plate T2 corresponding to the second member 12 of the present embodiment are friction stir welded. It is a schematic diagram of. As shown in FIG. 9A, a case is assumed in which a rotary tool 101 is press-fitted from above into a center impact point p in an overlapping portion W where an upper plate T1 and a lower plate T2 overlap to form a friction stir portion X.
- friction stir welding is a joining method that inherently tends to cause warp deformation of the joined body.
- a plurality of welding points P1 to P5 arranged in one direction are set in the overlapping portion 15 between the first member 11 and the second member 12, and friction stir welding is performed on each of the welding points P1 to P5. Therefore, as a result of accumulating the warp deformation caused by the friction stir welding of the welding points P1 to P5, the final warp amount of the welded body 1 as a whole tends to increase.
- the combination of materials of the first member 11 (upper plate) and the second member 12 (lower plate) is a combination of different materials in which the coefficient of linear expansion of the first member 11 is greater than the coefficient of linear expansion of the second member 12. , the difference in the amount of thermal contraction described above tends to increase, and warpage deformation tends to become apparent.
- friction stir welding is first performed on the first welding point P1 and the fifth welding point P5 located at both ends in the direction of the welding points (left-right direction). Since the friction stir welding for the four welding points P2 to P4 is postponed, it is possible to suppress an increase in the amount of warpage as described above. The reason will be described with reference to FIGS. 10A to 11C.
- FIGS. 10A to 10C show a case where friction stir welding is performed first from the center of the overlapping portion W of the overlapping portion W between the upper plate T1 and the lower plate T2 shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B.
- the points set in the overlapping portion W are three points p1 to p3. Warpage deformation caused by friction stir welding of the welding points p1 to p3 is omitted from the illustration. This also applies to FIGS. 11A to 11C, which will be described later.
- FIGS. 11A to 11C which will be described later.
- FIGS. 10A-C assuming that the leftmost hit point is the left hit point p1, the rightmost hit point is the right hit point p3, and the hit point between the two hit points p1 and p3 is the center hit point p2, in this case, the center hit point p2 is the first hit point.
- FIG. 10A the left hit point p1 is joined second (FIG. 10B), and the right hit point p3 is joined third (FIG. 10C).
- the material expands outward each time the rotating tool 101 is press-fitted into each of the welding points p1 to p3.
- the colored areas and arrows above them in FIGS. 10A-C represent the outward expansion of the material.
- FIGS. 11A to 11C show a case in which friction stir welding is performed in the reverse order of the cases in FIGS. That is, in the case of FIGS. 11A to 11C, the left hit point p1 is joined first (FIG. 11A), the right hit point p3 is joined second (FIG. 11B), and the center hit point p2 is joined third (FIG. 11C).
- the material expands outward when the left and right welding points p1 and p3 are welded, but the outward expansion of the material is suppressed when the central welding point p2 is welded.
- step S2 the amount of warp of the joined body 1 can be sufficiently reduced in combination with the effect of suppressing warp deformation by setting the order of joining as described above. That is, the preforming causes the first member 11 and the second member 12 to be bent in advance in the opposite direction to the warp deformation caused by the friction stir welding, that is, the deformation to bend into a downwardly convex arcuate shape. Warp deformation caused by friction stir welding is deformation in the direction of canceling the curvature due to preforming. As a result, the final warp amount of the joined body 1 can be reduced as much as possible, and the shape quality of the joined body 1 can be favorably secured.
- FIG. 12A is a perspective view showing the structure of the test piece TP used in this experiment.
- the test piece TP is obtained by stacking a flat plate-like first member TP1 and a flat plate-like second member TP2 each having a length L and a width W.
- the first member TP1 and the second member TP2 respectively correspond to the first member 11 and the second member 12 in the joined body 1 of this embodiment (FIGS. 1 to 8).
- the test piece TP has a length L of 300 mm and a width W of 30 mm.
- the test piece TP was joined under three conditions in which the materials of the first member TP1 and the second member TP2 were different, and the amount of warpage caused in the test piece TP by the joining was measured. As shown in FIG. 12B, the amount of warpage here was obtained by averaging the values of the amounts of warp ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 measured at both ends in the length direction of the test piece TP with a clearance gauge.
- FIG. 13 is a graph showing measurement results of the amount of warpage obtained when the material of both the first member TP1 and the second member TP2 is an aluminum alloy.
- the vertical axis in this graph represents the amount of warpage of the test piece TP, that is, the average amount of left and right warpage, and the horizontal axis represents the number of hit points where friction stir welding was performed.
- the graph of FIG. 13 is a graph showing the relationship between the number of times of friction stir welding and the warp amount of the test piece TP.
- Pattern 1 in this graph is a welding pattern in which friction stir welding is performed in order from the third welding point P3 in the center to the outside thereof.
- pattern 1 friction stir welding is performed in the order of the third welding point P3 ⁇ second welding point P2 ⁇ fourth welding point P4 ⁇ first welding point P1 ⁇ fifth welding point P5, whereby the first member TP1 and the second member TP1 are welded together.
- the two members TP2 are joined together.
- Pattern 2 is a welding pattern in which friction stir welding is performed in order from the first welding point P1 and the fifth welding point P5 at both ends toward the inner side.
- the first member TP1 and the third member TP1 are joined by friction stir welding in the order of the first welding point P1, the fifth welding point P5, the second welding point P2, the fourth welding point P4, and the third welding point P3.
- the two members TP2 are joined together.
- the first member TP1 and the second member TP2 were not preformed to be curved in advance into an upwardly convex arcuate shape.
- the amount of warpage increases approximately proportionally as the number of hit points subjected to friction stir welding increases.
- the amount of warpage is reduced until the first and second welding, that is, the welding at the first welding point P1 and the fifth welding point P5. Although an increase is observed, no noticeable increase in the amount of warpage is observed in the third and subsequent welding, that is, in the welding of the second to fourth welding points P2 to P4.
- the final amount of warp of the test piece TP that is, the amount of warp of the test piece TP at the time of the fifth bonding is only slightly increased compared to the amount of warp at the time of the second bonding. not.
- the final amount of warp for pattern 2 is greatly reduced compared to the final amount of warp for pattern 1 .
- FIG. 14 is a graph showing measurement results of the amount of warp obtained when the material of the first member TP1 is an aluminum alloy and the material of the second member TP2 is carbon steel.
- the coefficient of linear expansion of the first member TP1 is larger than the coefficient of linear expansion of the second member TP2. Therefore, compared to the case of FIG. 13 in which the linear expansion coefficients of the first member TP1 and the second member TP2 are the same, in the case of FIG. is increasing.
- the amount of warpage in pattern 2 in which bonding is performed from the outside to the inside is greater than that in pattern 1, in which bonding is performed from the inside to the outside. It is suppressed to be smaller than the amount of warpage.
- FIG. 15 is a graph showing measurement results of the amount of warpage obtained when the material of the first member TP1 is an aluminum alloy and the material of the second member TP2 is stainless steel.
- the pattern 3 which joined in order from the outer side to the inner side after performing the said preforming was prepared. That is, in the pattern 3, the first member TP1 and the second member TP2 are pre-formed to curve upwardly convex arcuately, and then the first hitting point P1 ⁇ fifth hitting point P5 ⁇ second hitting point P2 ⁇ In this pattern, friction stir welding is performed in the order of the fourth welding point P4 ⁇ the third welding point P3.
- the amount of warpage when the number of impact points is 0 is negative because of the preforming.
- the coefficient of linear expansion of the first member TP1 is also larger than the coefficient of linear expansion of the second member TP2, compared to the case of FIG. At least the final amount of warpage is increased.
- the amount of warp each time is suppressed to be even smaller than in pattern 2.
- FIG. As a result, the final amount of warp in pattern 3 of FIG. 15 is smaller than the final amount of warp in pattern 2 of FIG.
- the heat input to the first welding point P1 and the fifth welding point P5 at both ends is smaller than the heat input to the intermediate second to fourth welding points P2 to P4.
- Set welding conditions for the welding point In the following, the first hitting point P1 and the fifth hitting point P5 where the heat input is relatively small are collectively referred to as both end hitting points P1 and P5, and the second to fourth hitting points P2 where the heat input is relatively large.
- ⁇ P4 are collectively referred to as intermediate hitting points P2 ⁇ P4.
- the joining order of the points P1 to P5 is assumed to be the same as in the first embodiment. That is, also in the second embodiment, the both end welding points P1 and P5 are friction stir welded before the intermediate welding points P2 to P4.
- the first method is to change the tool diameter, which is the outer diameter of the rotating tool 101 . That is, the outer diameter of the rotating tool 101 used for joining the two end welding points P1 and P5 is made smaller than the outer diameter of the rotating tool 101 used for joining the intermediate welding points P2 to P4.
- the tool diameter means the outer diameter of the shoulder member 112 press-fitted in the press-fitting step S32.
- a second method is to change the rotation speed of the rotating tool 101 . That is, the rotational speed when the rotary tool 101 is press-fitted into the both end hitting points P1 and P5 is made slower than the rotational speed when the rotary tool 101 is press-fitted into the intermediate hitting points P2 to P4.
- friction stir welding is performed by the shoulder preceding process shown in FIG. means speed.
- a third method is to change the pressing force of the rotating tool 101 . That is, the axial pressure when the rotary tool 101 is press-fitted into the both end hitting points P1 and P5 is made smaller than the axial pressure when the rotary tool 101 is press-fitted into the intermediate hitting points P2 to P4.
- the pressurizing force of the rotating tool 101 means the pressurizing force of the shoulder member 112 press-fitted in the press-fitting step S32.
- the fourth method is to change the bonding time. That is, the welding time for friction stir welding the both end welding points P1 and P5 is made shorter than the welding time for friction stir welding the intermediate welding points P2 to P4.
- the bonding time is the total time of the press-fitting step S32, the backfilling step S33, and the smoothing step S34 shown in FIG.
- the fifth method is to change the amount of external cooling. For example, when each welding point P1 to P5 is externally cooled by a method such as air cooling in combination with friction stir welding, the external cooling capacity (cooling amount) is changed for each welding point. That is, the amount of external cooling to the end hitting points P1, P5 is made larger than the amount of external cooling to the intermediate hitting points P2 to P4.
- the heat input when friction stir welding is performed on both end welding points P1 and P5 can be made smaller than the heat input when friction stir welding is performed on intermediate welding points P2 to P4. can.
- the amount of heat input is varied in this manner, the amount of warpage of the joined body 1 can be further reduced.
- the amount of heat input to both end impact points P1 and P5 is made smaller than the heat input amount to intermediate impact points P2 to P4, so thermal expansion itself at both end impact points P1 and P5 is suppressed. As a result, the amount of warpage of the joined body 1 can be sufficiently reduced.
- FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view for explaining the effect of the above-described difference in heat input.
- the friction stir diameter Rf shown in this figure is the outer diameter of the friction stir part 20 and is a dimension corresponding to the tool diameter, which is the outer diameter of the rotating tool 101 .
- the difference in the amount of heat input for each hitting point can be confirmed from this friction stir diameter Rf.
- the friction stir radius Rf of the both end impact points P1 and P5 is smaller than the friction stir radius Rf of the intermediate impact points P2 to P4
- this fact indicates that the amount of heat input to the both end impact points P1 and P5 is less than the intermediate impact point P2. This is the basis for the fact that the amount of heat input was smaller than that to P4.
- the friction stir depth Hf which is the depth of the friction stir portion 20 corresponding to the press-fit depth (push amount) of the rotary tool 101, is the same.
- the heat input amount can be measured by the volume of the friction stir portion 20 determined by the product of the friction stir diameter Rf and the friction stir depth Hf. That is, when there are impact points where the volume of the friction stir part 20 is large and impact points where the volume of the friction stir part 20 is small, the amount of heat input to the impact point where the volume of the friction stir part 20 is large is greater than the amount of heat input to the impact point where the volume of the friction stir part 20 is small. It can be said.
- a heat-affected zone 30 in which the crystal grain size of the material is enlarged can be confirmed around the friction stir zone 20 . That is, the heat-affected zone 30 is heated by heat transfer from the friction stir zone 20 whose temperature is increased during welding, and the crystal grain size of the material expands. The grain size of the heat affected zone 30 increases as the amount of heat input increases. From this, the amount of heat input to each hitting point can be measured by the crystal grain size of the heat affected zone 30 .
- the crystal grain size is correlated with the hardness of the material. That is, in the same metal material, there is a tendency that the larger the crystal grain size, the lower the hardness. Therefore, it is also possible to measure the amount of heat input based on the hardness of the material. For example, if it is confirmed that the hardness of the heat affected zone 30 at both end impact points P1, P5 is higher than the hardness of the heat affected zone 30 at intermediate impact points P2 to P4, this fact indicates that the hardness of the heat affected zone 30 at both end impact points P1, P5 is higher. This is the basis for the fact that the amount of heat was smaller than the amount of heat input to the intermediate hitting points P2 to P4.
- the difference in the amount of heat input can be confirmed by whether or not there is a structural change in the second member 12, which is the lower plate. That is, when the second member 12 is steel, if the second member 12 is heated to exceed its transformation point, a phenomenon occurs in which the structure of the second member 12 changes to an austenitic structure. On the other hand, when the second member 12 is not heated to the transformation point, no such structural change is observed. From this, it is possible to determine the difference in the amount of heat input based on the presence or absence of structural change in the second member 12 .
- a relatively wide first member 31 and a second member 32 overlap each other to form an overlapping portion 35 elongated in the left-right direction.
- a total of 10 hitting points P11 to P20 are set.
- the points are defined as a first hitting point P11, a second hitting point P12, . . . a tenth hitting point P20.
- the first to tenth welding points P11 to P20 are divided into two groups, and friction stir welding is performed on the welding points of each group in the same order as in the first embodiment.
- the friction stir portion 20 is formed at each of the hit points P11 to P20, the first member 31 and the second member 32 are joined, and the joined body 1A is constructed.
- a group of hitting points P11 to P15 is a first group PG1
- a group of hitting points P16 to P20 is a second group PG2
- the joining order is adopted in which the hitting points P11 and P15 on both ends of the five hitting points (first to fifth hitting points P11 to P15) belonging to the first group PG1 are preferentially joined
- a joining order is adopted in which the hit points P16 and P20 on both ends are preferentially joined.
- Friction stir welding can be performed in the order of P17 ⁇ third welding point P13 ⁇ eighth welding point P18.
- the hit points at both ends are joined first. That is, among the five hitting points belonging to the first group PG1, the first hitting point P11 and the fifth hitting point P15 at both ends are joined first. The 6th hit point P16 and the 10th hit point P20 are joined first. Therefore, in the third embodiment, the left half of the overlapping portion 15 corresponding to the first group PG1 and the right half of the overlapping portion 15 corresponding to the second group PG2 warp for the same reason as in the first embodiment. A deformation suppression effect is obtained. As a result, also in this third embodiment, the final amount of warp of the joined body 1A can be reduced.
- the first hit point P1 having the earliest joining order in the first group PG1 corresponds to the "one end side hitting point” in the present disclosure, and the next joining order in the first group PG1.
- the early fifth hit point P15 corresponds to the "other end side hit point” in the present disclosure.
- the tenth hit point P20 having the earliest joining order in the second group PG2 corresponds to the "one end side hitting point” in the present disclosure
- the sixth hitting point P16 having the next earliest joining order in the second group PG2. corresponds to the “other end side hitting point” in the present disclosure.
- the second welding point to be welded may be a welding point located at a certain distance on the other end side from the welding point on the one end side.
- the five hitting points (first to fifth hitting points P1 to P5) set in the overlapping portion 15 are By adopting the welding order in which the fifth welding points P1 and P5 are welded first, thermal expansion of the material to the outside during welding at the second to fourth welding points P2 to P4, which are intermediate welding points, is regulated. reduces the amount of warpage of the joined body 1.
- thermal expansion at intermediate points is limited to the left-right direction, which is the direction in which the points are arranged, and thermal expansion in the front-rear direction perpendicular to the left-right direction is not particularly restricted. Therefore, there is a possibility that the thermal expansion in the front-rear direction will rather increase at the intermediate impact point.
- 20 and 21 are a perspective view and a plan view for explaining the joining method of the fourth embodiment.
- rear end portions of a flat plate-shaped first member 41 and a flat plate-shaped second member 42 having the same width are overlapped to form an overlapping portion 45, and this overlapping portion
- a rotating tool 101 is press-fitted from the side of the first member 41, that is, the upper side, to the first to fifth hitting points P21 to P25 set at 45.
- the friction stir portions 20 are formed at the hitting points P21 to P25, the first member 41 and the second member 42 are joined, and the joined body 1B is constructed.
- a characteristic feature of the fourth embodiment is that friction stir welding is performed on the welding points P21 to P25 in a state where the jig 50 having a shape along the overlapping portion 45 is arranged.
- the jig 50 is a U-shaped member that can surround the overlapping portion 45 from both the left and right sides and from the rear.
- Friction stir welding is performed on the first to fifth welding points P21 to P25 in a state in which the jig 50 surrounds the overlapping portion 45, that is, in a state in which the inner surface of the jig 50 is in close contact with the outer periphery of the overlapping portion 45.
- the joining order as in the first embodiment, a joining order that prioritizes the hit points on both ends is adopted. That is, after the first hit point P21 and the fifth hit point P25 at both ends are welded first, the middle second to fourth hit points P22 to P24 are welded.
- friction stir welding is performed on the welding points P21 to P25 while the overlapping portion 45 of the first member 41 and the second member 42 is surrounded by the jig 50. It is possible to suppress the above-described undulating deformation that may occur due to the thermal expansion of the steel. That is, it is possible to prevent the edge Rx, which is the rearmost side of the first member 41 (upper plate), from being deformed in a wavy manner after joining. Thereby, the shape quality of the joined body 1 can be further improved.
- the materials of the first member 11 and the second member 12 are selected so that the coefficient of linear expansion of the first member 11 is greater than or equal to the coefficient of linear expansion of the second member 12 (see FIG. 4).
- the materials of both members may be selected so that the coefficient of linear expansion of the first member 11 is smaller than the coefficient of linear expansion of the second member 12 .
- a specific combination of materials in this case for example, a combination in which the material of the first member 11 is an aluminum alloy and the material of the second member 12 is a magnesium alloy, the material of the first member 11 is carbon steel, and the material of the second member is carbon steel.
- a combination in which the material of 12 is stainless steel and a combination in which the material of first member 11 is thermoplastic resin (including fiber reinforced resin) and second member 12 is metal.
- the overlapping portion 15 in which the two members consisting of the first member 11 and the second member 12 are overlapped is joined by friction stir welding. These members may be joined while another member is further overlapped. That is, the welding method of the present disclosure is applicable when friction stir welding is performed on an overlapping portion where at least two members overlap, and when friction stir welding is performed on an overlapping portion where three or more members overlap. is applicable.
- friction stir welding was performed in a state in which the first member 11 and the second member 12 were directly overlapped. Friction stir welding may be performed in the applied state. Moreover, friction stir welding may be performed in a state in which at least one of the first member 11 and the second member 12 is subjected to surface treatment such as plating.
- the plurality of hitting points (first to fifth hitting points P1 to P5) into which the rotary tool 101 is press-fitted are aligned linearly at the overlapping portion 15 between the first member 11 and the second member 12.
- a plurality of hit points may be arranged in a specific direction as a whole, and for example, a plurality of hit points may be arranged in a zigzag pattern along a specific direction.
- the rotating tool 101 when the overlapping portion 15 of the first member 11 and the second member 12 is friction stir welded, the rotating tool 101 (shoulder member 112) is inserted so as to penetrate the first member 11 just enough.
- the press-fit depth (push amount) of the rotary tool 101 may be set to a depth at which a friction stir portion that penetrates at least the first member 11 can be formed.
- the rotary tool 101 may be press-fitted so as to penetrate the member 12 halfway.
- the temperature of the second member rises more than when the rotary tool does not reach the second member. Since this reduces the temperature difference between the first member and the second member during bonding, it is expected that an effect of suppressing warp deformation of the bonded body can be obtained.
- a method of forming the backing member from a material having poor thermal conductivity, such as ceramics, or heating the second member with a heater may be employed.
- friction stir welding is performed using a double-acting rotary tool 101 including a pin member 111 and a shoulder member 112 that are individually movable forward and backward and rotatable has been described, but the present disclosure
- This welding method can be realized without using a friction stir welding apparatus including such a double-acting rotary tool.
- friction stir welding may be performed using a single-acting rotary tool that includes a single pin member that can rotate and move back and forth and does not include a shoulder member.
- a joining method is a friction stir section by press-fitting a rotating tool into a plurality of impact points set between one end and the other end of an overlapping portion where a first member and a second member are overlapped.
- a joining method for joining the first member and the second member at the overlapping portion by forming a A first welding step of forming the friction stir portion at the one end side welding point by press-fitting the rotating tool, and a second end side welding point separated from the one end side welding point to the other end side after the first welding step.
- the first member into which the rotating tool is press-fitted is heated to a higher temperature than the second member, thermal expansion of the material during bonding and subsequent thermal contraction tend to be relatively large.
- a plurality of welding points are set in a row in the overlapping portion of the first member and the second member, and friction stir welding is performed on each welding point, so that friction stir welding at each welding point is performed. Warpage deformation accumulates, and there is a risk that the final amount of warpage of the joint as a whole will increase to an unacceptable level.
- friction stir welding is first performed on one end side welding point on the most one end side in the overlapping portion, and then friction stir welding is performed on the other end side welding point away from the one end side welding point to the other end side. Since bonding is performed, it is possible to suppress an increase in the amount of warpage as described above.
- friction stir welding is performed on one end side and the other end side welding points before friction stir welding is performed on an intermediate welding point located between the two welding points.
- the expansion to the outside is regulated by the friction stir parts already existing at the one end side and the other end side impact points at that time. In this way, in the present disclosure, the welding points on one end and the other end are joined first, thereby regulating the thermal expansion at the intermediate welding point. can be done.
- the hit point on the other end is typically the hit point located farthest to the other end in the overlapping portion.
- the intermediate hit point may be any one of a plurality of hit points positioned between the one end hit point and the other end hit point.
- a preforming step of curving the first member and the second member into a convex arcuate shape toward the rotating tool is further included.
- the first member and the second member are curved in advance on the opposite side of the warp deformation resulting from friction stir welding, that is, the deformation of bending into a convex arc on the side opposite to the rotating tool, Warp deformation caused by subsequent friction stir welding is deformation in the direction of canceling the curvature due to preforming.
- the final amount of warp of the joined body can be reduced as much as possible, and the shape quality of the joined body can be satisfactorily secured.
- the heat input to the one end side welding point in the first bonding step and the heat input to the other end side welding point in the second bonding step are larger than the heat input to the intermediate welding point in the third bonding step.
- the rotating tool is press-fitted into each of the hitting points so that
- the thermal expansion at the intermediate welding points where the welding order is late is regulated by the friction stir parts formed earlier at the one end side and the other end side welding points, but the one end side and the other end side welding points where the welding order is earlier.
- suppressing the thermal expansion itself at the impact points on the one end side and the other end side leads to a further reduction in the amount of warpage of the joined body.
- the amount of heat input to the impact points on the one end side and the other end side is made smaller than the amount of heat input to the intermediate impact points, so the thermal expansion itself at the impact points on the one end side and the other end side can be suppressed. , and as a result, the amount of warpage of the joined body can be sufficiently reduced.
- a preferable example is a method of reducing the outer diameter of the rotating tool. That is, in the first joining step and the second joining step, it is preferable to use the rotary tool having a smaller diameter than that used in the third joining step.
- the material of the first member may be a material having a coefficient of linear expansion larger than that of the second member.
- a joined body includes a first member, a second member arranged so as to overlap with the first member, one end of an overlapping portion between the first member and the second member, and the other end of the overlapping portion. and a welded portion in which a plurality of welding points set between the ends are welded by friction stir, wherein the heat input of a welding point on the one end side, which is the welding point closest to the one end in the overlapping portion, and the one end The amount of heat input to the other end side impact point away from the side impact point to the other end side is smaller than the heat input amount to the intermediate impact point located between the one end impact point and the other end impact impact point.
- the outer diameter of the friction stir portion is different, it can be said that the heat input amount is different. That is, it is preferable that the outer diameter of the friction stir portion at the one end side impact point and the other end side impact point is smaller than the outer diameter of the friction stir portion at the intermediate impact point.
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Abstract
Description
以下、図面を参照しつつ本開示の第1実施形態について説明する。
図1および図2は、本開示の第1実施形態に係る接合方法により製造された接合体1の構造を示す斜視図および平面図である。本図に示すように、接合体1は、第1部材11と、第2部材12と、両部材11,12を互いに接合する接合部13とを備える。接合体1は、例えば、航空機、鉄道車両、または自動車などの構造物に使用され得る。なお、以下では、接合体1における前、後、左、右、上、下の各方向を図示のとおり定義するが、これは説明の便宜のためであり、接合体1の姿勢を限定する趣旨ではない。
上述した接合体1は、図5に示される摩擦攪拌接合装置Mを用いて製造される。本図に示すように、摩擦攪拌接合装置Mは、複動式の回転ツール101と、回転ツール101を回転および昇降駆動するツール駆動部102と、ツール駆動部102の動作を制御するコントローラCとを備える。なお、図5には「上」「下」の方向表示を付しているが、これは説明の便宜のためであり、実際の回転ツール101の使用姿勢を限定する趣旨ではない。
次に、上述した摩擦攪拌接合装置M(図5)を用いて接合体1(図1~図3)を製造する方法について説明する。接合体1は、図6に示す工程S1~S5を順に経ることで製造される。
以上説明したように、本開示の第1実施形態では、第1部材11と第2部材12との接合時に、両者の重なり部15に並設された5つの打点P1~P5に対し、その並び方向の両端の打点つまり最も左側および右側の打点P1,P5を優先する順番で摩擦攪拌接合が行われる。すなわち、最も左側の第1打点P1および最も右側の第5打点P5が先に摩擦攪拌接合された後、両打点P1,P5の間の第2~第4打点P2~P4が次に摩擦攪拌接合される。このような構成によれば、各打点P1~P5の摩擦攪拌接合の結果得られる接合体1の反り変形を抑制することができる。
上述した第1実施形態では、第1~第5打点P1~P5に対する摩擦攪拌接合をいずれも同一の条件で行ったが、打点によって摩擦攪拌接合の条件を変えてもよい。その一例を第2実施形態として説明する。
前記第1実施形態では、第1部材11と第2部材12とが重なり合った帯状の重なり部15に列状に並ぶ合計5つの打点P1~P5を設定した例について説明したが、重なり部15に設定される打点は3つ以上あればよく、その数は適宜変更可能である。そして、打点の数もしくは重なり部15の左右方向(打点並び方向)の長さによっては、前記第1実施形態とは異なる順番で摩擦攪拌接合を行うこともあり得る。その一例を第3実施形態として説明する。
既述のとおり、前記第1実施形態では、重なり部15に設定された5つの打点(第1~第5打点P1~P5)に対し、両端打点である第1・第5打点P1,P5を先に接合する接合順が採用されることにより、中間打点である第2~第4打点P2~P4での接合時に材料が外側へ熱膨張することが規制され、これによって接合体1の反り量が低減される。ただし、このような中間打点での熱膨張の規制は、打点並び方向である左右方向に限られ、左右方向と直交する前後方向の熱膨張は特に規制されない。このため、中間打点では、前後方向の熱膨張がかえって大きくなる可能性がある。前後方向の熱膨張は反り変形には直結しないものの、重なり部15の接合後の形状に影響が及ぶことが懸念される。例えば、図1および図2において、第1部材11(上板)の後端の形状が、図2の二点鎖線のラインZに示すように、平面視で波打つように変形することが懸念される。第4実施形態では、このような波打ち変形を抑制するための対策を講じた例について説明する。
上述した各実施形態の変形例についてまとめて説明する。なお、以下では、第1実施形態をベースに種々の変形を加えた例について説明するが、他の実施形態(第2~第4実施形態)に対し同様の変形が可能であることは言うまでもない。
上述した実施形態およびその変形例には主に以下の開示が含まれている。
Claims (8)
- 第1部材と第2部材とが重なり合った重なり部における一端と他端との間に設定された複数の打点に回転ツールをそれぞれ圧入して摩擦攪拌部を形成することにより、前記第1部材と前記第2部材とを前記重なり部において接合する接合方法であって、
前記重なり部における最も一端側の打点である一端側打点に前記第1部材側から前記回転ツールを圧入することにより、当該一端側打点に前記摩擦攪拌部を形成する第1接合ステップと、
前記第1接合ステップの後、前記一端側打点から他端側に離れた他端側打点に前記第1部材側から前記回転ツールを圧入することにより、当該他端側打点に前記摩擦攪拌部を形成する第2接合ステップと、
前記第2接合ステップの後、前記一端側打点と前記他端側打点との間に位置する中間打点に前記第1部材側から前記回転ツールを圧入することにより、当該中間打点に前記摩擦攪拌部を形成する第3接合ステップとを含む、接合方法。 - 請求項1に記載の接合方法において、
前記他端側打点は、前記重なり部における最も他端側に位置する打点であり、
前記中間打点は、前記一端側打点と前記他端側打点との間に位置する複数の打点のうちの任意の一つである、接合方法。 - 請求項1または2に記載の接合方法において、
前記第1接合ステップの前に、前記第1部材および前記第2部材を、前記回転ツール側に凸の弓型に湾曲させる予成形ステップをさらに含む、接合方法。 - 請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の接合方法において、
前記第1接合ステップによる前記一端側打点への入熱量、および前記第2接合ステップによる前記他端側打点への入熱量が、前記第3接合ステップによる前記中間打点への入熱量よりも小さくなるように、前記各打点への前記回転ツールの圧入を行う、接合方法。 - 請求項4に記載の接合方法において、
前記第1接合ステップおよび前記第2接合ステップでは、前記第3接合ステップのときよりも小径の前記回転ツールを用いる、接合方法。 - 請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の接合方法において、
前記第1部材の材質として、前記第2部材よりも線膨張係数の大きい材質を用いる、接合方法。 - 第1部材と、当該第1部材と重なるように配置された第2部材と、前記第1部材と前記第2部材との重なり部における一端と他端との間に設定された複数の打点を摩擦攪拌により接合した接合部とを備えた接合体であって、
前記重なり部における最も一端側の打点である一端側打点の入熱量、および前記一端側打点から他端側に離れた他端側打点の入熱量が、前記一端側打点と前記他端側打点との間に位置する中間打点の入熱量よりも小さい、接合体。 - 請求項7に記載の接合体において、
前記一端側打点および前記他端側打点における摩擦攪拌部の外径が、前記中間打点における摩擦攪拌部の外径よりも小さい、接合体。
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JP2007098439A (ja) * | 2005-10-05 | 2007-04-19 | Sumitomo Light Metal Ind Ltd | 段付き重合せ材料の摩擦撹拌接合製品 |
JP2008036659A (ja) * | 2006-08-03 | 2008-02-21 | Sumitomo Light Metal Ind Ltd | 摩擦撹拌接合方法 |
JP2014113616A (ja) * | 2012-12-10 | 2014-06-26 | Mazda Motor Corp | スポット溶接方法および異種金属接合体 |
JP2017070963A (ja) * | 2015-10-05 | 2017-04-13 | トヨタ紡織株式会社 | 異材接合継手及び溶接接合方法 |
US20200398360A1 (en) * | 2019-06-24 | 2020-12-24 | TWB Company, LLC | System and method for forming a weld along a length |
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WO2004018141A1 (ja) * | 2002-08-20 | 2004-03-04 | Kawasaki Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | 摩擦撹拌接合装置 |
JP2007098439A (ja) * | 2005-10-05 | 2007-04-19 | Sumitomo Light Metal Ind Ltd | 段付き重合せ材料の摩擦撹拌接合製品 |
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JP2014113616A (ja) * | 2012-12-10 | 2014-06-26 | Mazda Motor Corp | スポット溶接方法および異種金属接合体 |
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US20200398360A1 (en) * | 2019-06-24 | 2020-12-24 | TWB Company, LLC | System and method for forming a weld along a length |
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