WO2022234169A1 - Convertidor de corriente continua a corriente alterna de onda cuadrada asimétrica - Google Patents
Convertidor de corriente continua a corriente alterna de onda cuadrada asimétrica Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2022234169A1 WO2022234169A1 PCT/ES2022/070266 ES2022070266W WO2022234169A1 WO 2022234169 A1 WO2022234169 A1 WO 2022234169A1 ES 2022070266 W ES2022070266 W ES 2022070266W WO 2022234169 A1 WO2022234169 A1 WO 2022234169A1
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- Prior art keywords
- direct current
- converter
- square wave
- voltage
- bridge
- Prior art date
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- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
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- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 13
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- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 5
- 101100489713 Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c) GND1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101100489717 Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c) GND2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920006926 PFC Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000007743 anodising Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005246 galvanizing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC
- H02M3/04—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters
- H02M3/10—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M3/145—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/155—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/156—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
- H02M3/158—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
- H02M3/1582—Buck-boost converters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
- H02M3/22—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC
- H02M3/24—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters
- H02M3/28—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate AC
- H02M3/325—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate AC using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/335—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate AC using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output
- H02M7/42—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/44—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/48—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output
- H02M7/42—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/44—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/48—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M7/53—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M7/537—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
- H02M7/5387—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
- H03K3/00—Circuits for generating electric pulses; Monostable, bistable or multistable circuits
- H03K3/02—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses
- H03K3/37—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses by the use, as active elements, of gas-filled tubes, e.g. astable trigger circuits
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
- H03K4/00—Generating pulses having essentially a finite slope or stepped portions
- H03K4/02—Generating pulses having essentially a finite slope or stepped portions having stepped portions, e.g. staircase waveform
Definitions
- the invention refers to a converter from direct current to alternating current with asymmetric square wave that provides, to the function for which it is intended, advantages and characteristics, which are described in detail later. , and which represent an improvement on the current state of the art.
- the object of the present invention lies in an asymmetric square wave converter device from direct current to alternating current (normally known in the sector by the respective acronyms in Spanish CC and CA or in English DC and AC) which, essentially intended for use in the industrial field of electrical treatments of metal surfaces, it is distinguished by the fact that it is capable of switching at high frequency thanks to the particular configuration of the elements it comprises.
- the field of application of the present invention falls within the sector of the industry dedicated to the manufacture of electrical apparatus and devices to regulate voltages and currents, particularly encompassing the field of direct current to alternating current converters intended for industrial use in that regulated electrical currents are required, especially for sectors that use electrical currents to produce modifications on metallic surfaces, such as electroerosion, anodizing, galvanizing, with special relevance in the electropolishing sector, both liquid and dry, although it does not limit that other sectors can benefit from this invention, such as the digital electronics sector, as well as analog electronics or computing, among others.
- metal surfaces such as spark erosion, anodizing, galvanizing, liquid electropolishing and solid electropolishing, plasma treatments, etc. they have in common that they are based on applying some type of electric current to the surface to be treated. In most cases, the quality of the results depends directly on the control and regulation of the applied current.
- polarity reversal can be used. Applying a positive voltage oxidizes the surface, generating metal oxides, and negative voltage helps remove the generated oxides. As the chemical effect on the surface is different, both stresses have different optimal values. So asymmetric stresses are necessary.
- the increase in the switching frequency is also essential for many other industrial applications, because it helps to compact and reduce passive elements such as coils or inductance and condensers, increasing overall performance.
- the DC-bus requires a capacitor to stabilize the voltages.
- the counterpart of this is that it acts as a filter that softens the rapid changes in voltage that a high-performance DC source with fast regulation dynamics could make.
- the objective of the present invention is, therefore, to solve the problem described by developing an asymmetric square wave DC to AC converter, capable of switching at high frequency.
- the converter from direct current to alternating current of asymmetric square wave that the invention proposes is configured as the ideal solution to the aforementioned objective, with the characterizing details that make it possible and that distinguish it conveniently collected in the final claims that accompany the present description.
- an asymmetric square wave direct current to alternating current converter device capable of switching at high frequency, for which it basically comprises:
- - four switching devices such that they form a bridge structure consisting of at least two half-bridge substructures, each of which includes two switching devices and at least one direct current source, said Half-bridge substructures connected to each other in the middle and low branches, in which the workload is connected in the middle branch of the switches.
- the converter preferably, is able to provide the workload in the intermediate branch with three different states:
- the converter is capable of switching between the three states at high frequency.
- the switching devices are SiC MOSFET switches.
- each half-bridge substructure includes a capacitor in parallel to the power supply.
- the duration of each of the steps is regulated independently.
- the two direct current sources are adjustable in their output voltage value.
- the advantages provided by the converter of the invention are multiple.
- the DC-bus is required to have a high switching frequency. This requires sources with very high performance and high regulation dynamics at a high cost.
- the high frequency is determined by the frequency at which the switches can act, so this converter provides, in a novel way, the ability to generate voltage pulses asymmetric in amplitude at high switching frequencies ( >100 kHz) using standard DC power supplies, without high dynamic regulation requirements.
- This new system object of the invention can be controlled and modulated by adjusting a modulator used for the conventional H-Bridge, using a suitable encoding. This implies that commercially available elements can be used in the implementation of this new topography, which facilitates its application at an industrial level.
- Figures number 1-A, 1-B and 1-C.- Show respective diagrams of the states of a Full-bridge or H-Bridge topology together with the diagram of the voltage produced in each stage, as an example of what already known;
- Figure number 2 - Is a diagram of an example of a topology of the converter object of the invention;
- Figure number 3. Is a diagram of the square wave obtained with the converter of the invention;
- Figure number 4. Is another diagram of an example of a topology of the converter object of the invention;
- Figures number 5-A, 5-B and 5-C.- Show respective examples of diagrams of the states of a topology of the converter of the invention, together with the asymmetric square wave voltage produced by each one.
- Figure number 6. Shows a schematic of the converter of the invention, in which four SiC MOSFET Chanel-N semiconductors with their free-flowing parasitic diodes can be seen; figure number 7.- Shows an operational diagram of the controlled AC/DC source that supplies the voltage VDC1; figure number 8.- Shows an operational diagram of the controlled AC/DC source that supplies the voltage VDC2; Figure number 9.- Shows a block diagram of the power pulser control unit.
- the asymmetric square wave DC to AC converter capable of switching at high frequency
- object of the invention comprises, at least:
- This converter includes a bridge structure made up of two half-bridge substructures, each of which includes two switching devices and a direct current source.
- the Half-bridge substructures are connected in the middle and low branches, leaving the high branch unconnected.
- the workload is connected between the intermediate branches of the Half-bridge substructures.
- the first half-bridge substructure includes the DC source A and the switches Q1 and Q4.
- the second Half-bridge substructure includes DC source B and switches Q2 and Q3.
- an asymmetric square wave is understood as one that, as shown in Figure 3, can be ideally described by a period T subdivided into a first stage of duration Ti at zero voltage, a second stage of duration T2 at voltage VA, a third stage of duration T3 at zero voltage, and a final fourth stage of duration T4 at voltage VB.
- VA and VB values are usually different, although they can also be the same.
- the duration of each stage can also be different.
- the duration of some or several of the steps may be zero.
- An example of a rectangular wave representation with the parameters that define it can be seen schematically in Figure 3.
- high frequency is understood as that in which the period or duration of at least one of its stages is less than 1 ms, or that its frequency is in the order of kHz or higher.
- the converter topology of the invention may include a capacitor in parallel to each DC power supply that stabilizes the output voltage.
- This topology allows the connection of two asymmetric voltage direct current sources in parallel to each of the half-bridge substructures.
- the fact of not having the upper part of the DC-bus of a classic Full-bridge structure allows working with two different voltages without producing, in practice, a short-circuit of the two source voltages. To do so, this structure has to be controlled or modulated through three unique states, as can be seen in Figures 5-A, 5.B and 5-C.
- This topology allows to operate in three unique states that provide different voltages to RL:
- this topology operates with three states equivalent to that topology. To protect against a possible short circuit of the two DC sources through the load, the fourth state (Q1-Q2 closed) is avoided.
- This topology of the converter of the invention allows the use of two direct current buses in parallel through the converter without danger of short circuiting the asymmetrical direct current sources.
- DC sources or direct current power supplies provide the voltage to the system.
- DC sources preferably allow the voltage of the output direct current to be regulated, in this way the converter can be adapted to different required voltages.
- An advantage of this invention is that the DC sources do not need to be high dynamic performance sources, since the switching frequency is determined by the switches, not by the source.
- the switching devices close or open the electrical circuit based on an input.
- the switching frequency of the apparatus of this invention is determined by the switching frequency of the switching devices.
- MOSFET Metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor
- IGFET Insulated-gate field-effect transistor
- SiC MOSFETs are preferred, as they reduce the tail during switching, which reduces switching time and improves stability. They also have lower ON resistance and lower capacitance.
- capacitors are located in each Half-bride subframe in parallel with the DC power supply. Capacitors in parallel to a direct current source are called DC BUS or DC BUS, whose function is to filter and regulate the voltage value generated by the source to which they are connected. If the electrical current generated by the sources presents noise, the capacitors filter it.
- these capacitors also function as buffers or current lungs, in sources that have a small output capacitor, they cannot supply large current consumptions in a short time (slow dynamics) and current peaks could not occur. transient current due to lack of speed. In these cases, the capacitors in parallel to the output act as a lung, being able to provide these current peaks if the load needs a lot of current in a short time, freeing the DC source.
- BUS capacitors can be a problem as their responsiveness depends on their dynamics or time constant. For example, with classical capacitors it would not be possible to generate microsecond pulses.
- these capacitors affect the switching speed.
- the derivative of the voltage vs. time decreases, that is, the applied wave requires a longer time to reach the final voltage in each new stage.
- This invention generates, as output current, asymmetrical square waves controllable in its parameters.
- control module such as those used to control a Full-bridge
- the times in which the system is in the three states Q1-Q3, Q2-Q4 and Q3-Q4 are regulated.
- the output voltages are expected to be be dimmable through the use of adjustable voltage DC sources.
- FIG. 6 an example of the diagram of the converter of the invention can be seen, in which four SiC MOSFET Chanel-N semiconductors (T1H, T1L, T2H and T2L) with their free-flowing parasitic diodes can be seen.
- the topology shown presents two power points or two partially isolated DC-Links. Between the +VDC1 point and the GND1 point, the DC output of the AC/DC source is connected, which will govern the voltage of the positive pulses or positive voltage. Between the +VDC2 points and the GND2 point, the DC output of the AC/DC source is connected, which will govern the voltage of the negative pulses or negative voltage.
- the semiconductors T1L and T2L are activated, setting a null voltage at the outputs A1 and K1 of the converter.
- Figure 6 it can be seen how the potentials GND1 and GND2 are connected when connected to the low point of the DC-Link of the converter of the invention.
- Said figure 6 also shows the existence of a sensor(s) next to the output A1.
- Figure 7 shows the operational diagram of the controlled AC/DC source that supplies the VDC1 voltage.
- This power supply is powered by a 230Vac (Ph-N) 50Hz triphasic signal RST+N+PE.
- the regulation of the DC output voltage value is carried out by means of a 0-6V setpoint signal, with the setpoint value corresponding to 0V to 0V output voltage, and 6V to 60V maximum output.
- the output voltage measurement is taken directly from the +VDC1 / GND1 output voltage bars of the supply.
- figure 8 shows the operational scheme of the controlled AC/DC source that supplies the VDC2 voltage.
- This power supply is powered by a 230Vac (Ph-N) 50Hz triphasic signal RST+N+PE.
- the regulation of the output DC voltage value is carried out by means of a 0-6V setpoint signal, with the setpoint value corresponding to 0V to 0V output voltage, and 6V to 60V maximum output.
- the output voltage measurement is taken directly from the +VDC2 / GND2 output voltage bars of the supply.
- circuit essentially comprises the following conventional elements:
- control unit (14) of the power pulsers communicates with the control PLC through an industrial bus (15) with MODBUS TCP protocol. Using this protocol, the control PLC sends the positive (+VDC1) and negative (+VDC2) voltage commands to the Power control unit. The desired value of the four pulse times is also sent to you. From the voltage setpoints, both positive and negative, the control system generates a 0V - 6V voltage signal for each of the two AC/DC sources, thus setting the desired DC value in each of them.
- control system based on the pulse time instructions, generates a modulation for each of the SiC Mosfet semiconductors of the converter of the invention.
- These four signals are sent via optical fiber (16) to avoid interference and synchronization delays between them.
- the optical signals reach the gate drivers (17) that are responsible for transforming the optical signals into electrical signals of +20V / -3V format, optimal for the gate trigger of a SiC semiconductor.
- the power control system is also in charge of collecting the voltage measurements of each DC source, as well as the output current measurement. Once this information has been filtered and formatted, the measurements are sent to the control PLC via the MODBUS TCP protocol bus.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Inverter Devices (AREA)
- Rectifiers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US18/289,271 US20240258933A1 (en) | 2021-05-03 | 2022-05-03 | Direct current to asymmetrical square wave alternating current converter |
CN202280032111.3A CN117280594A (zh) | 2021-05-03 | 2022-05-03 | 直流到非对称方波交流的转换器 |
EP22798697.3A EP4322389A4 (en) | 2021-05-03 | 2022-05-03 | ASYMMETRICAL QUADRATIC WAVE DIRECT CURRENT TO ALTERNATING CURRENT CONVERTER |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ESP202130389 | 2021-05-03 | ||
ES202130389A ES2867673B2 (es) | 2021-05-03 | 2021-05-03 | Convertidor de corriente continua a corriente alterna de onda cuadrada asimetrica |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2022234169A1 true WO2022234169A1 (es) | 2022-11-10 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/ES2022/070266 WO2022234169A1 (es) | 2021-05-03 | 2022-05-03 | Convertidor de corriente continua a corriente alterna de onda cuadrada asimétrica |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20240258933A1 (es) |
EP (1) | EP4322389A4 (es) |
CN (1) | CN117280594A (es) |
ES (1) | ES2867673B2 (es) |
WO (1) | WO2022234169A1 (es) |
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EP4203294A1 (de) * | 2021-12-23 | 2023-06-28 | FRONIUS INTERNATIONAL GmbH | Verfahren zum betreiben einer wechselrichter-anordnung und wechselrichter-anordnung zur durchführung des verfahrens |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN203278773U (zh) * | 2012-12-05 | 2013-11-06 | 艾尔瓦特集成电路科技(天津)有限公司 | 方波发生电路、包含该方波发生电路的集成电路、dc/dc转换器和ac/dc转换器 |
CN204439681U (zh) * | 2015-03-24 | 2015-07-01 | 成都海沃尔电气有限责任公司 | 用于变频电机电磁线耐电晕测试的重复高压方波发生器 |
CN208158454U (zh) * | 2018-03-15 | 2018-11-27 | 长沙航特电子科技有限公司 | 方波发生控制电路和方波发生电路 |
CN109889050A (zh) * | 2019-03-15 | 2019-06-14 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | 基频-倍频双工作模态clcl谐振式dc/dc变换器 |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN202617005U (zh) * | 2012-04-12 | 2012-12-19 | 湖北汽车工业学院 | 用于轻质高强金属材料表面处理的电源装置 |
EP2968938B1 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2019-06-26 | Myndtec Inc. | Electrical stimulation system with pulse control |
DE102015009797A1 (de) * | 2015-08-03 | 2017-02-09 | Iie Gmbh & Co. Kg | Asymmetrische bipolare Spannungsversorgung |
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2021
- 2021-05-03 ES ES202130389A patent/ES2867673B2/es active Active
-
2022
- 2022-05-03 EP EP22798697.3A patent/EP4322389A4/en active Pending
- 2022-05-03 WO PCT/ES2022/070266 patent/WO2022234169A1/es active Application Filing
- 2022-05-03 US US18/289,271 patent/US20240258933A1/en active Pending
- 2022-05-03 CN CN202280032111.3A patent/CN117280594A/zh active Pending
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN203278773U (zh) * | 2012-12-05 | 2013-11-06 | 艾尔瓦特集成电路科技(天津)有限公司 | 方波发生电路、包含该方波发生电路的集成电路、dc/dc转换器和ac/dc转换器 |
CN204439681U (zh) * | 2015-03-24 | 2015-07-01 | 成都海沃尔电气有限责任公司 | 用于变频电机电磁线耐电晕测试的重复高压方波发生器 |
CN208158454U (zh) * | 2018-03-15 | 2018-11-27 | 长沙航特电子科技有限公司 | 方波发生控制电路和方波发生电路 |
CN109889050A (zh) * | 2019-03-15 | 2019-06-14 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | 基频-倍频双工作模态clcl谐振式dc/dc变换器 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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See also references of EP4322389A4 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN117280594A (zh) | 2023-12-22 |
EP4322389A4 (en) | 2025-01-15 |
EP4322389A1 (en) | 2024-02-14 |
ES2867673A1 (es) | 2021-10-20 |
US20240258933A1 (en) | 2024-08-01 |
ES2867673B2 (es) | 2022-10-25 |
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