WO2022210764A1 - 経鼻投与インフルエンザワクチン - Google Patents
経鼻投与インフルエンザワクチン Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022210764A1 WO2022210764A1 PCT/JP2022/015639 JP2022015639W WO2022210764A1 WO 2022210764 A1 WO2022210764 A1 WO 2022210764A1 JP 2022015639 W JP2022015639 W JP 2022015639W WO 2022210764 A1 WO2022210764 A1 WO 2022210764A1
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- influenza
- tgdk
- antigen
- virus
- vaccine
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a nasal influenza vaccine that is efficiently taken up through the nasal mucosa.
- Influenza virus which is prevalent in winter, is an acute infectious disease that infects the upper respiratory tract and presents with sudden fever, cough and sore throat.
- vaccines are mentioned, but most of the approved vaccines worldwide are injectable vaccines, and although they can promote a systemic immune response represented by an antibody response in the blood.
- mucosal immunity cannot be induced at the site of viral infection.
- Non-Patent Document 2 has been reported to be able to induce IgA in the nasal mucosa.
- the dose of the inactivated whole particle vaccine administered clinically is 45 ⁇ g HA/Strain/shot, which is three times the amount of the approved vaccine, and the intranasal administration of the inactivated whole particle vaccine has a high titer. Without it, sufficient immune induction cannot be achieved. This is because mucosal epithelial cells, which are always exposed to the outside world, have a barrier function.
- M cells are cells that sample foreign antigens, efficiently deliver the foreign antigens to the immunocompetent cells present immediately below, and contribute to the regulation of mucosal immunity.
- substances that target and specifically bind to M cells include invasin possessed by bacteria belonging to the genus Yersinia and ⁇ 1 protein, which is a surface antigen of rotavirus.
- protein-based targeting molecules are concerned about the induction of immunity against the targeting molecule.
- TGDK Tetragalloyl-D-Lysine Dendrimer
- Mossad SB Demystifying FluMist, a new intranasal, live influenza vaccine. Cleve Clin J Med. 2003 Sep;70(9):801-6. Ainai A, Tamura S, Suzuki T, et al. Intranasal vaccination with an inactivated whole influenza virus vaccine induces strong antibody responses in serum and nasal mucus of healthy adults. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013 Sep;9(9):1962-70. Misumi S, Masuyama M, Takamune N, et al. Targeted Delivery of Immunogen to Primate M Cells with Tetragalloyl Lysine Dendrimer Journal of Immunology, 2009;182(10):6061-6070
- the present invention relates to providing an influenza vaccine that is highly effective in nasal administration.
- the inventors of the present application have found that when an influenza antigen chemically bound to the M-cell targeting molecule TGDK is administered to the nasal mucosa, the immune response in the blood and nasal cavity is enhanced, and the virus antigen is effective against nasally administered influenza. It was found to be useful as a vaccine.
- the present invention relates to the following 1) to 5).
- a nasally administered influenza vaccine composition containing an influenza antigen chemically conjugated to TGDK. 2) The vaccine composition according to 1), wherein the influenza antigen is one or more viral antigens selected from influenza A virus strains and influenza B virus strains. 3) A vaccine composition according to 1) or 2), wherein the influenza antigen is a split antigen or an inactivated whole virus antigen. 4) The vaccine composition according to any one of 1) to 3) formulated as a liquid or dry powder. 5) The vaccine composition according to any one of 1) to 4), wherein the influenza antigen content in the composition is 1 to 21 ⁇ g HA/strain.
- An immunization method comprising nasally administering an influenza vaccine composition containing an influenza antigen chemically bound to TGDK to a subject in need thereof.
- a method of preventing influenza comprising nasally administering an influenza vaccine composition containing an influenza antigen chemically bound to TGDK to a subject in need thereof.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a highly effective influenza vaccine that can induce mucosal immunity, and the creation of a highly value-added influenza preventive drug will greatly contribute to the pharmaceutical industry.
- Serum IgG antibody titers against A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 strain (A/H3N2 subtype).
- Nasal wash IgA antibody titer against A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 strain (A/H3N2 subtype) on Day 56.
- Evaluation of transcytosis efficiency from mucosal M cells Serum IgG antibody titer against A/California/07/2009 strain (A/H1N1 subtype) on Day 35.
- Serum IgG antibody titers against the A/California/07/2009 strain (A/H1N1 subtype) on Day 56.
- Nasal wash IgA antibody titers against A/California/07/2009 strain (A/H1N1 subtype) on Day 56.
- influenza vaccine means a vaccine containing at least either antigen of influenza A virus or influenza B virus. That is, the influenza vaccine may be a monovalent vaccine containing only one of influenza A virus or influenza B virus, or a polyvalent vaccine containing both of them.
- Influenza vaccines of the present invention include trivalent or higher vaccines containing at least three or more influenza virus strains, for example, two influenza A virus strains and one or two influenza B virus strains, preferably. include quadrivalent vaccines.
- a quadrivalent vaccine containing two type A strains (A/H1N1 subtype strain and A/H3N2 subtype strain) and two type B strains (B/Victoria lineage strain and B/Yamagata lineage strain) are mentioned.
- influenza virus refers to influenza A virus or influenza B virus, or both.
- Influenza virus also includes all currently known subtypes and subtypes to be isolated and identified in the future.
- Influenza virus strains used for vaccine preparation of the present invention may be strains isolated from infected animals or patients, or recombinant viruses established in cultured cells by genetic engineering.
- the viral antigen in the influenza vaccine composition of the present invention is an influenza antigen to which TGDK is chemically bound.
- Influenza antigens include inactivated whole viruses that have lost infectivity while retaining the morphology of virus particles (inactivated whole virus antigens), and split viruses that have been cleaved from virus particles with a surfactant or an organic solvent such as diethyl ether. (Split antigens) as well as subunit antigens are included.
- Subunit antigens refer to influenza virus-derived components, including hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), matrix (M1, M2), nonstructural (NS), polymerase (basic polymerase (PB1, PB2), acidic polymerase (PA)), nucleoprotein (NP), etc.
- HA and NA are preferred.
- Subunit antigens may be prepared from naturally occurring viral organisms, or may be produced synthetically or by recombinant technology.
- Influenza virus particles can be prepared using the embryonated chicken egg method or the cell culture method.
- the “embedded egg method” is a method in which a virus strain is inoculated into hatched eggs and cultured, followed by clarification, concentration, purification and inactivation of the virus suspension to obtain a virus fluid containing virus particles.
- the “cell culture method” is a method of inoculating cultured cells with a virus strain and culturing the cells, and then obtaining a virus fluid containing virus particles from the culture supernatant in the same manner as in the above-described embryonated chicken egg method.
- the cultured cells are not particularly limited as long as the influenza virus is proliferative, and examples thereof include MDCK (Madin-Darby Canine Kidney), Vero, Caco-2, PER. C6, EB66 and those cells engineered to high express the receptors that the virus uses for entry.
- the culture is performed by inoculating the influenza virus strain at 30 to 37° C. for about 1 to 7 days, preferably at 33 to 35° C. for about 2 days. After culturing, the virus suspension (infected allantoic fluid or infected cell culture supernatant) is collected and centrifuged or filtered for clarification. Then, for concentration, a barium salt adsorption elution reaction and ultrafiltration are performed.
- Virus purification can be performed using means such as ultracentrifugation such as sucrose density gradient centrifugation and liquid chromatography.
- the purified virus fluid is inactivated.
- Virus inactivation methods include formalin treatment, ultraviolet irradiation, treatment with beta-propiolactone, binary ethyleneimine, and the like.
- TGDK is an abbreviation for Tetragalloyl-D-Lysine Dendrimer, N 2 ,N 6 -bis[N 2 ,N 6 -bis(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)-lysyl] -N-(2-aminoethyl)-lysinamide.
- TGDK is known as a target molecule for M cells, which are antigen-uptake cells present in mucous membranes.
- TGDK can be produced, for example, by solid-phase or liquid-phase synthesis using Gallic acid and D-Lysine (Patent Documents 1 and 2 and Non-Patent Document 3).
- the chemical bond between the TGDK and the influenza antigen may be either a bond via a crosslinker or a direct covalent bond between the influenza antigen and the TGDK.
- TGDK can be conjugated via a terminal primary amine, and influenza antigens via proteins, sugar chains and lipids.
- primary amines, carboxyl groups, and sulfhydryl groups are targeted; for conjugation via primary amines, NHS esters, imidoesters, pentafluorophenyl esters, and hydroxymethylphosphines; Carbodiimide-terminated crosslinkers can be used for linkage, and maleimide-, haloacetic acid-, pyridyldisulfide-, thiosulfone- and vinylsulfone-terminated crosslinkers can be used for linkage via sulfhydryl groups.
- the glycol of the sugar chain is oxidized with sodium coiniodate or the like, and the carbonyl group generated by this serves as a target, and a crosslinker having hydrazide and alkoxyamine at the end can be used.
- Lipid-mediated conjugation can also use cross-linkers with straight or branched carbon chains, such as commercially available DSPE-PEG(5000) Maleimide (Merck).
- the crosslinkers used may be homobifunctional crosslinkers with the same terminal reactive groups or heterobifunctional crosslinkers with different terminal reactive groups.
- influenza antigens and TGDK are modified with cyclooctyne and the other is modified with an azide group, and by mixing these, the cyclooctyne and the azide group form a triazole ring.
- Influenza antigens and TGDK may be bound using, for example, DBCO-PEG-NHS (Biochempeg) and Azido-PEG4-NHS Ester (Tokyo Kasei Kogyo).
- the primary amine of TDGK and the carboxyl group present in the protein of the influenza antigen can be condensed and bound via amide formation.
- the condensation reaction may utilize a Schotten-Baumann reaction in which a carboxyl group is converted to an acid chloride and then reacted with a primary amine in the presence of a base to form an amide, or a carbodiimide-based condensing agent such as DCC, Reactions using condensing agents such as BOP, HBTU, HATU, COMU or triazole condensing agents may also be used.
- an influenza antigen chemically conjugated with TGDK can serve as an influenza vaccine for nasal administration, and can be used to efficiently induce immunity by nasal administration.
- intranasal administration of an influenza antigen chemically bound to TGDK to subjects is useful as an immunization method for inducing antibodies in the subject and as a method for preventing influenza. be.
- the influenza vaccine composition of the present invention may contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier as appropriate in addition to the influenza antigen described above, and be formulated in a predetermined form.
- the carrier includes carriers commonly used in the production of vaccines, specifically buffers, emulsifiers, preservatives (e.g., thimerosal), tonicity agents, pH adjusters, thickening agents, Examples include inactivating agents (eg, formalin), adjuvants, immunostimulants, and the like.
- An adjuvant is a substance that, when administered together with an antigen, enhances the immune response to the antigen. Since it itself has a high antibody-inducing ability, it does not necessarily require the addition of an adjuvant, and an adjuvant-free composition can be prepared.
- influenza vaccine compositions may be formulated as compositions (pharmaceutical compositions) for nasal administration (nasal mucosal administration) in solid, semi-solid or liquid form.
- the dosage form of the composition may be any form as long as it can be dissolved or disintegrated on the nasal mucosa, and can be in the form of dry powder or liquid (solution, suspension, amorphous gel, etc.).
- administration to the nasal mucosa is not limited, and various methods such as spraying, coating, and dripping can be employed.
- Influenza vaccine compositions of the invention are preferably formulated as liquids for administration as an aerosol or nasal drops, or as lyophilized powders for rapid deposition in the nasal passages.
- liquid preparations in the form of solutions include those dissolved in purified water and buffer solutions
- liquid preparations in the form of suspensions include purified water, buffer solutions, etc., together with methylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatin, casein, etc. and the like suspended in.
- dry powder formulations may also optionally contain fillers and agents to provide suitable powder flow and size characteristics (e.g., mannitol, sucrose, trehalose, xylitol, etc.). can.
- the content of the influenza antigen in the vaccine composition is 1 ⁇ g or more per virus strain, that is, 1 ⁇ g HA/strain or more, preferably 1 to 21 ⁇ g HA/strain, and more preferably 15 ⁇ g HA/strain, as the amount of hemagglutinin.
- the hemagglutinin content is a value obtained by measuring by a test method such as a single radiation immunodiffusion test method defined by WHO or national standards.
- the amount of antigen contained in the vaccine may be appropriately changed according to the type of virus or the subject of administration.
- the subjects for administration of the influenza vaccine of the present invention include humans and mammals other than humans, but humans are preferred. Mammals other than humans include, for example, mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, pigs, cows, horses, goats, sheep, dogs, cats, rhesus monkeys, cynomolgus monkeys, orangutans, and chimpanzees.
- the administration frequency of the influenza vaccine of the present invention is at least once, but preferably at least twice from the viewpoint of efficacy. Additional administration is sometimes referred to as booster immunization, which can provide more effective protection against infection. A booster interval of at least one week is recommended, with intervals of one to four weeks being preferred.
- Example 1 Evaluation of transcytosis in an in vitro M-like cell model
- the preparation of inactivated whole-particle antigen used in this example is as follows.
- a virus of the A/California/07/2009 strain (A/H1N1 pdm9) was inoculated into the chorioallantoic cavity of a 12-day-old embryonated chicken egg, and after culturing for 3 days, chorioallantoic fluid was collected. After clarification of the collected urinary fluid by filter filtration, the influenza virus was recovered by adsorbing to barium sulfate and eluting with a 12% sodium citrate solution.
- the recovered virus was further subjected to ultrafiltration to replace with 6.7 mM phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2), and after buffer replacement, the fraction containing influenza virus was recovered by sucrose density gradient centrifugation to purify.
- An inactivating agent, beta-propiolactone was added to the purified influenza virus to a final concentration of 0.05%, and the infectivity of the influenza virus was inactivated by reaction at 4°C for 24 hours.
- the buffer was replaced with 6.7 mM phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.2) containing 1 w/w% sucrose by ultrafiltration (MWCO: 100,000), and this was used as an inactivated whole particle vaccine. did.
- Azido-PEG4-NHS Ester (Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) dissolved in 0.25 mL of phosphate-buffered saline was added to 1 mL of the inactivated whole-particle vaccine, and the pH was adjusted to 8.0 with HEPES, followed by stirring for 3 hours. did. After stirring, 1 mL of 1M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5) was added to stop the reaction. After stopping the reaction, the mixture was centrifuged at 82,000 ⁇ g for 45 minutes, and the resulting precipitate was suspended in 0.5 mL of phosphate-buffered saline.
- TGDK prepared by the method described in Patent Document 2 was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), mixed with DBCO-PEG-NHS(5K)Ester (Biochempeg), and adjusted to pH 8.0. did. After adjusting the pH, the mixture was stirred for 3 hours, then ether was added and centrifuged at 3,000 ⁇ g. The resulting precipitate was lyophilized to give TGDK-DBCO5K. TGDK-DBCO5K dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline was added to the azide-inactivated whole-particle vaccine and stirred overnight. After stirring, the mixture was centrifuged at 82,000 ⁇ g for 45 minutes, and 1 mL of phosphate-buffered saline was added to the resulting precipitate to suspend it. virus: TLV).
- Transwells are transferred to 24-well plates supplemented with fresh 20% FBS, 0.1 mM NEAA EMEM approximately every 3 days and cultured for 21 days to form Caco-2 monolayers. After culturing for 21 days, 1 ⁇ 10 6 Raji B cells were added to the upper chamber of Transwell, and further cultured for 3 days to promote differentiation into M-like cells.
- TLV showed a 2.5-fold increase in transcytosis efficiency compared to WIV, confirming a significant improvement in transcytosis efficiency. Therefore, even when TGDK was bound to an influenza antigen, it was thought that it exerted a function of promoting uptake via M cells and promoted the uptake of influenza antigens from the mucosa.
- Example 2 Mouse Immunogenicity Test An inactivated whole particle vaccine was prepared by the method described in Example 1, and the A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 strain was used as the virus. TGDK was also prepared by the method of Patent Document 2 in the same manner as in Example 1.
- TGDK 790 ⁇ g of TGDK was dissolved in dehydrated dimethyl sulfoxide, and the volume was adjusted to 0.5 mL.
- SUNBRIGHT PTE-100NP NOF
- 200 ⁇ L of TGDK solution was added to 100 ⁇ L of this SUNBRIGHT PTE-100NP solution and gently stirred for 2 hours.
- 300 ⁇ L of the stirred solution was added to 2.7 mL of inactivated whole-particle vaccine and stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. After stirring, the pH was adjusted to 8.0, and 50 ⁇ L of 1M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5) was added to stop the reaction.
- phosphate-buffered saline containing 10% sucrose was added, and 6 mL of phosphate-buffered saline was further added.
- This solution was buffer-exchanged with 1% sucrose-containing phosphate-buffered saline by ultrafiltration (MACROSEP OMEGA: Pall), and this was designated as TGDK-100NP-Labeled WV.
- the prepared TGDK-conjugated influenza vaccine (TGDK-100NP-Labeled WV) and the inactivated whole-particle influenza vaccine (Non-Labeled WV) as a control were administered intranasally to BALB/c mice (female, 5 weeks old). 0.01 mL (containing 1 ⁇ g HA as an antigen amount) was administered 3 times at 3-week intervals, blood was collected and serum preparation was performed 2 weeks after each administration (Days 14, 35, and 56), and nasal washings were collected after blood collection on Day 56. .
- the recovered serum was subjected to measurement of the antigen-specific IgG antibody titer by ELISA, and the nasal wash was used to measure the antigen-specific IgA antibody titer by ELISA.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 The results of the antibody titer measurement are shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, and the serum antigen-specific IgG antibody titer showed high antibody induction with the TGDK-bound vaccine at any time point. It was found that antibody induction was significantly improved by In addition, the TGDK-conjugated vaccine also showed a significantly higher antibody titer at the same time point than the control. Therefore, it was confirmed that nasally-administered influenza vaccines in which TGDK is conjugated to influenza antigens have improved mucosal uptake compared to non-TGDK-conjugated vaccines, resulting in improved blood and nasal antibody induction. Such intranasal influenza vaccines are highly safe because they use inactivated antigens, and can be said to be highly immunogenic due to the function of TGDK.
- TGDK was synthesized and M-like cells were prepared by the method described in Example 1, and transcytosis was evaluated under conditions in which TGDK was not bound. As described above, cells that were promoted to differentiate into in vitro M-like cells were prepared on the transwell membrane, and 22.9 ⁇ g of inactivated whole particle vaccine (: Virus) was added as the amount of HA antigen to the lower chamber.
- inactivated whole particle vaccine Virus
- transcytosis does not work in Caco-2 monolayers that have not been differentiated into M-like cells, so migration of vaccine antigens to the upper chamber was not confirmed under any condition.
- M-like cells Caco-2 + Raji B
- migration of the vaccine antigen to the upper chamber was confirmed with the inactivated whole particle vaccine alone, but addition of TGDK inhibited this migration and inhibited The effect was found to be correlated with the concentration of TGDK.
- TGDK conjugation of TGDK to an inactivated whole-particle vaccine promotes translocation to the upper chamber in M-like cells, ie, transcytotic uptake from the mucosa. It was shown that the coexistence of TGDK and vaccine antigens without transcytosis of vaccine antigens is inhibited. This is probably because when TGDK, an M-cell targeting molecule, and a vaccine antigen coexist, TGDK preferentially binds to the M-cell surface and is taken up, resulting in reduced virus particle uptake. In other words, it is thought that TGDK needs to bind to the vaccine antigen in order to promote uptake of the vaccine antigen through the mucosa.
- TGDK-binding amount of the TGDK-binding influenza vaccine (TGDK-100NP-Labeled WV) prepared in Example 2 was evaluated by the iron tartrate method. The details of the measurement by the iron tartrate method are as described below.
- 0.1 M 2-Morpholinoethanesulfonic acid (:MES) 12.5 mg/mL sodium dodecyl sulfate, 2.5 mg/mL sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, 0.5 mg/mL iron sulfate (final concentration) II
- the heptahydrate was dissolved and used as iron tartrate test solution.
- ethyl gallate was prepared to be 15.6 to 500 ⁇ M with 0.1 M MES.
- the sample was a TGDK-conjugated influenza vaccine (TGDK-100NP-Labeled WV), and the antigen concentration was 1307 ⁇ g HA/mL.
- the concentration of galloyl group was 139 ⁇ M (139 nmol/mL), and when converted to the amount of HA antigen, which is the main antigen, it is 0.11 nmol/ ⁇ g HA.
- TGDK has four galloyl groups in the molecule, it is 0.026 nmol/ ⁇ g HA in terms of TGDK, that is, 0.03 ⁇ g/ ⁇ g HA (molecular weight of TGDK: 1053).
- TGDK-100NP-Labeled WV administered 0.03 ⁇ g vaccine-bound TGDK per animal.
- Example 3 the undiluted solution of the A/H1N1 subtype (A/California/07/2009 strain) of the influenza HA vaccine “SEIKEN” was used as the split antigen.
- 2 mg of SUNBRIGHT(8)-HGEO-200NP was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide, mixed with a TGDK solution (5 nmol/mL) containing N-methylmorpholine, and reacted for 3 hours. After the reaction, yellowing of the reaction solution due to liberation of para-nitrophenol was confirmed, and diethyl ether was added to the reaction solution to obtain a precipitate of TGDK-bound SUNBRIGHT(8)-HGEO-200NP.
- TGDK-bound SUNBRIGHT(8)-HGEO-200NP was added to this pH-adjusted split antigen solution and reacted at room temperature for 3 hours.
- diethyl ether was added to remove the reaction by-product, para-nitrophenol, and the lower layer containing the TGDK-binding split antigen (TGDK-SV) was recovered. Diethyl ether was added again to the recovered lower layer to remove impurities, and the lower layer was lyophilized to obtain a purified TGDK-binding split antigen.
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Abstract
Description
国内では、この副反応の問題を解決するため、不活化全粒子ワクチンの経鼻投与製剤の研究開発が進められ、臨床において不活化全粒子ワクチンの経鼻投与により血中の抗体応答だけでなく、鼻腔粘膜のIgAも誘導可能であることが報告されている(非特許文献2)。しかし、臨床で投与された不活化全粒子ワクチンの用量は、既承認ワクチンの3倍量である45μgHA/Strain/shotであり、不活化全粒子ワクチンの経鼻投与では、高力価のワクチンとしなければ十分な免疫誘導を達成できない。これは、常に外界に曝されている粘膜上皮細胞がバリア機能を有しているためである。
1)TGDKが化学結合したインフルエンザ抗原を含有する、経鼻投与されるインフルエンザワクチン組成物。
2)インフルエンザ抗原がA型インフルエンザウイルス株及びB型インフルエンザウイルス株から選ばれる1種以上のウイルスの抗原である、1)に記載のワクチン組成物。
3)インフルエンザ抗原がスプリット抗原又は不活化全ウイルス抗原である、1)又は2)に記載のワクチン組成物。
4)液剤又は乾燥粉末として製剤化された、1)~3)のいずれかに記載のワクチン組成物。
5)組成物中のインフルエンザ抗原の含有量が1~21μgHA/株である、1)~4)のいずれかに記載のワクチン組成物。
6)TGDKが化学結合したインフルエンザ抗原を含有するインフルエンザワクチン組成物を、それを必要とする対象に経鼻投与する、免疫方法。
7)TGDKが化学結合したインフルエンザ抗原を含有するインフルエンザワクチン組成物を、それを必要とする対象に経鼻投与する、インフルエンザの予防方法。
本発明のワクチン調製に用いるインフルエンザウイルス株は、感染動物または患者から単離された株であっても、遺伝子工学的に培養細胞で樹立された組換えウイルスであってもよい。
インフルエンザ抗原としては、ウイルス粒子の形態を保持したままで感染性を消失した不活化全ウイルス(不活化全ウイルス抗原)、ウイルス粒子を界面活性剤若しくはジエチルエーテルなどの有機溶媒で解裂したスプリットウイルス(スプリット抗原)の他、サブユニット抗原が包含される。
サブユニット抗原とは、インフルエンザウイルス由来の成分をいい、ヘマグルチニン(HA)、ノイラミニダーゼ(NA)、マトリクス(M1、M2)、非構造(NS)、ポリメラーゼ(塩基性ポリメラーゼ(PB1、PB2)、酸性ポリメラーゼ(PA))、核タンパク質(NP)等が挙げられ、このうちHA、NAであるのが好ましい。サブユニット抗原は、天然のウイルス体から調製してもよく、合成又は組換え技術により作製してもよい。
「発育鶏卵法」とは、ウイルス株を孵化鶏卵に接種して培養した後、ウイルス浮遊液を清澄化、濃縮、精製及び不活化して、ウイルス粒子を含むウイルス液を得る方法である。また、「細胞培養法」とは、ウイルス株を培養細胞に接種して培養した後、上記の発育鶏卵法と同様に培養上清よりウイルス粒子を含むウイルス液を得る方法である。培養細胞はインフルエンザウイルスが増殖性を示す細胞であれば特に限定されず、例えば、MDCK(Madin-Darby Canine Kidney)、Vero、Caco-2、PER.C6、EB66及びウイルスが侵入に使用するレセプターを高発現するよう組換えたこれらの細胞が挙げられる。
ここで、培養は、インフルエンザウイルス株を接種して、30~37℃で1~7日程度、好ましくは33~35℃で2日間程度行われる。培養終了後、ウイルス浮遊液(感染尿膜腔液若しくは感染細胞培養上清)が回収され、清澄化のため、遠心分離または濾過が行われる。次いで、濃縮のために、バリウム塩吸着溶出反応や限外濾過が行われる。ウイルス精製は、ショ糖密度勾配遠心分離等の超遠心分離や液体クロマトグラフィー等の手段を用いて行うことができる。
精製ウイルス液は不活化処理される。ウイルスの不活化方法は、ホルマリン処理、紫外線照射、ベータプロピオラクトン、バイナリーエチレンイミン等による処理が挙げられる。
TGDKは、例えば、Gallic acidとD-Lysineを用いて固相又は液相合成により製造することができる(前記特許文献1、2及び非特許文献3)。
クロスリンカーを使用する場合、TGDKは末端の1級アミン、インフルエンザ抗原はタンパク質、糖鎖及び脂質を介して結合することができる。タンパク質を介して結合する場合、1級アミン、カルボキシル基、スルフヒドリル基が標的となり、1級アミンを介した結合ではNHSエステル、イミドエステル、ペンタフルオロフェニルエステル及びヒドロキシメチルホスフィンを、カルボキシル基を介した結合ではカルボジイミドを、スルフヒドリル基を介した結合ではマレイミド、ハロ酢酸、ピリジルジスルフィド、チオスルフォン及びビニルスルホンを末端に有するクロスリンカーが使用できる。糖鎖を介して結合する場合、糖鎖のグリコールを貨ヨウ素酸ナトリウム等で酸化し、これによって生成したカルボニル基が標的となり、ヒドラジド及びアルコキシアミンを末端に有するクロスリンカーが使用できる。また、脂質を介した結合では、直鎖又は分岐鎖の炭素鎖を有するクロスリンカーが使用でき、例えば、市販のDSPE-PEG(5000) Maleimide(Merck)のようなものが挙げられる。
使用するクロスリンカーは、末端の反応基が同じホモ二機能性クロスリンカーでも良く、末端の反応基が異なるヘテロ二機能性クロスリンカーでも良い。また、クリックケミストリー法のように、インフルエンザ抗原とTGDKの一方にシクロオクチンを修飾し、もう一方にアジド基を修飾して、これらを混ぜ合わせることでシクロオクチンとアジド基がトリアゾール環を形成することでインフルエンザ抗原とTGDKとを結合させても良く、例えば、DBCO-PEG-NHS(Biochempeg)とAzido-PEG4-NHS Ester(東京化成工業)を使用して結合させることができる。
したがって、TGDKを化学結合したインフルエンザ抗原は、経鼻投与のためのインフルエンザワクチンとなり得、経鼻投与によって効率的に免疫誘導するために使用できる。
また、TGDKを化学結合したインフルエンザ抗原の対象(ヒト及びヒトを除く哺乳動物)への経鼻投与は、当該対象に対して抗体を誘導するための免疫方法として、またインフルエンザの予防方法として有用である。
ここで、担体としては、ワクチンの製造に通常用いられる担体が挙げられ、具体的には、緩衝剤、乳化剤、保存剤(例えば、チメロサール)、等張化剤、pH調整剤、粘稠剤、不活化剤(例えば、ホルマリン)、アジュバント若しくは免疫刺激剤等が例示される。アジュバントとは、抗原と共に投与することで、当該抗原に対する免疫応答を増強させる物質であるが、本発明のワクチン組成物は、上記のとおりワクチン抗原がTGDKが化学結合したインフルエンザ抗原であって、それ自体が高い抗体誘導能を有することから、アジュバントの添加は必ずしも必要とせず、アジュバントを含有しない組成物とすることができる。
組成物の剤形としては、鼻粘膜上で溶解又は崩壊できるものであればよく、乾燥粉末、液剤(溶液状、懸濁状、不定形ゲル状等)とすることができる。また、鼻粘膜への投与は限定されず、噴霧、塗布、滴下等、種々の方法を採用できる。
本発明のインフルエンザワクチン組成物は、好ましくは、エアロゾル又は点鼻薬としての投与のために液剤として製剤されるか、あるいは、鼻道内で迅速に堆積するような凍結乾燥粉末として製剤化される。
溶液状の液剤としては、精製水、緩衝液に溶解したもの等が挙げられ、懸濁状の液剤としては、メチルセルロース、ヒドロキシメチルセルロース、ポリビニルビロリドン、ゼラチン、カゼイン等と共に精製水、緩衝液等に懸濁させたもの等が挙げられる。また、乾燥粉末製剤には、粘膜接着性物質の他、充填剤や適切な粉末流及びサイズの特徴を齎すための作用物質(例えばマンニトール、ショ糖、トレハロース、キシリトール等)を適宜配合することができる。
本実施例で使用した不活化全粒子抗原の調製は以下に記す通りである。12日齢の発育鶏卵のしょう尿膜腔内にA/California/07/2009株(A/H1N1 pdm9)のウイルスを接種して、3日間培養後にしょう尿液を採取した。採取したしょう尿液をフィルターろ過で清澄化した後、硫酸バリウム塩に吸着させ、12%クエン酸ナトリウム溶液で溶出してインフルエンザウイルスを回収した。回収したウイルスは、更に限外ろ過で6.7mMリン酸緩衝生理食塩液(pH7.2)に置換し、バッファー置換後にしょ糖密度勾配遠心でインフルエンザウイルスを含む画分を回収することによって精製した。この精製インフルエンザウイルスに終濃度0.05%となるように不活化剤であるベータプロピオラクトンを添加して、4℃、24時間の反応でインフルエンザウイルスの感染性を不活化させた。この不活化反応後に限外ろ過(MWCO:100,000)でバッファーを1w/w%しょ糖含有6.7mMリン酸緩衝生理食塩液(pH7.2)に置換し、これを不活化全粒子ワクチンとした。
特許文献2に記載する方法で調製したTGDKをN,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)に溶解し、これをDBCO-PEG-NHS(5K)Ester(Biochempeg)と混合し、pHを8.0に調整した。pH調整後、3時間撹拌し、その後エーテルを加えて3,000×gで遠心分離した。得られた沈殿を凍結乾燥して、これをTGDK-DBCO5Kとした。
アジド化不活化全粒子ワクチンにリン酸緩衝生理食塩水に溶解したTGDK-DBCO5Kを加え、一晩撹拌した。撹拌後、82,000×gで45分間遠心分離し、得られた沈殿に1mLのリン酸緩衝生理食塩水を加えて懸濁し、この懸濁液をTGDK結合不活化全粒子ワクチン(TGDK-Labeled virus:TLV)とした。
実施例1に記載の方法で不活化全粒子ワクチンを調製し、ウイルスはA/Switzerland/9715293/2013株を用いた。また、TGDKについても実施例1と同様に特許文献2の方法で調製した。
したがって、インフルエンザ抗原にTGDKを結合した経鼻投与インフルエンザワクチンは、TGDK非結合のワクチンに比べて粘膜での取り込みが向上し、そのため血中及び鼻腔の抗体誘導が向上することが確認された。斯かる経鼻投与インフルエンザワクチンは、不活化抗原を使用しているため安全性が高く、TGDKの機能によって免疫原性も高いワクチンと云える。
実施例1に記載の方法でTGDKの合成及びM-like cellの作製を行い、TGDKを結合しない条件におけるトランスサイトーシスの評価を行った。
前述の通り、in vitro M-like cellへ分化を促した細胞をトランズウェルの膜上で調製し、その下部のチャンバーにHA抗原量として22.9μgの不活化全粒子ワクチン(:Virus)、同量の不活化全粒子ワクチン及び1.1μMの遊離TGDK(:Virus+TGDK(low))、及び同量の不活化全粒子ワクチン及び11.1μMの遊離TGDK(:Virus+TGDK(high))を添加し、1時間経過後に上部チャンバーに移行した不活化全粒子ワクチンの量を評価するため、上部チャンバー溶液が含むインフルエンザウイルスゲノム量をqPCRで測定した。なお、本実験では、粘膜M細胞からのトランスサイトーシス効率を評価するため、対照としてM-like cellに分化していないCaco-2単層(Raji B細胞非添加)でも同様の実験を行った。
実施例2で調製したTGDK結合インフルエンザワクチン(TGDK-100NP-Labeled WV)のTGDK結合量を酒石酸鉄法により評価した。酒石酸鉄法による測定の詳細は以下に記載する通りである。
0.1Mの2-Morpholinoethanesulfonic acid(:MES)に、終濃度として12.5mg/mLのドデシル硫酸ナトリウム、2.5mg/mLの酒石酸ナトリウムカリウム四水和物、0.5mg/mLの硫酸鉄(II)七水和物を溶解し、これを酒石酸鉄試液とした。検量線用標準物質として、没食子酸エチルを0.1M MESで15.6~500μMとなるように調製し、この検量線用標準物質、検体及びブランクとして0.1M MESを180μL採り、そこへ20μLの酒石酸鉄試液を加え、続けて2M トリスヒドロキシメチルアミノメタンを12μL加え、この反応液の波長520nm及び660nmにおける吸光度を測定した。各波長の吸光度の差分より、検量線を作成し、各検体の吸光度の差分を検量線に代入して、ガロイル基の定量値を算出した。なお、検体はTGDK結合インフルエンザワクチン(TGDK-100NP-Labeled WV)であり、抗原濃度は1307μgHA/mLであった。
本実施例では、インフルエンザHAワクチン「生研」のA/H1N1亜型(A/California/07/2009株)の原液をスプリット抗原とした。
2mgのSUNBRIGHT(8)-HGEO-200NPをN,N-ジメチルホルムアミドに溶解し、N-メチルモルフォリンを加えたTGDK溶液(5nmol/mL)と混合して3時間反応した。反応後、パラニトロフェノール遊離による反応液の黄色変化を確認し、反応液にジエチルエーテルを加えてTGDK結合SUNBRIGHT(8)-HGEO-200NPの沈殿を得た。沈殿を再度ジエチルエーテルで洗浄し、得られた沈殿をTGDK結合SUNBRIGHT(8)-HGEO-200NPとした。また、上記に併せてスプリット抗原溶液(含有タンパク質量:829μg)に6.7mM Na2HPO4(pH 9.6)を1mL加え、pHを7.8~7.9に調整した。このpHを調整したスプリット抗原溶液にTGDK結合SUNBRIGHT(8)-HGEO-200NPを加え、室温で3時間反応した。反応後、反応副生成物であるパラニトロフェノールを除去するためジエチルエーテルを加え、TGDK結合スプリット抗原(TGDK-SV)を含む下層を回収した。回収した下層に再度ジエチルエーテルを添加して、不純物を除去し、下層を凍結乾燥することで精製TGDK結合スプリット抗原を得た。
Claims (7)
- TGDKが化学結合したインフルエンザ抗原を含有する、経鼻投与されるインフルエンザワクチン組成物。
- インフルエンザ抗原がA型インフルエンザウイルス株及びB型インフルエンザウイルス株から選ばれる1種以上のウイルスの抗原である、請求項1に記載のワクチン組成物。
- インフルエンザ抗原がスプリット抗原又は不活化全ウイルス抗原である、請求項1又は2に記載のワクチン組成物。
- 液剤又は乾燥粉末として製剤化された、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のワクチン組成物。
- 組成物中のインフルエンザ抗原の含有量が1~21μgHA/株である、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載のワクチン組成物。
- TGDKが化学結合したインフルエンザ抗原を含有するインフルエンザワクチン組成物を、それを必要とする対象に経鼻投与する、免疫方法。
- TGDKが化学結合したインフルエンザ抗原を含有するインフルエンザワクチン組成物を、それを必要とする対象に経鼻投与する、インフルエンザの予防方法。
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KR20230157398A (ko) | 2023-11-16 |
CN117083077A (zh) | 2023-11-17 |
EP4316516A4 (en) | 2024-10-16 |
JPWO2022210764A1 (ja) | 2022-10-06 |
EP4316516A1 (en) | 2024-02-07 |
US20240181039A1 (en) | 2024-06-06 |
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