WO2022210370A1 - 積層体 - Google Patents
積層体 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022210370A1 WO2022210370A1 PCT/JP2022/014460 JP2022014460W WO2022210370A1 WO 2022210370 A1 WO2022210370 A1 WO 2022210370A1 JP 2022014460 W JP2022014460 W JP 2022014460W WO 2022210370 A1 WO2022210370 A1 WO 2022210370A1
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- Prior art keywords
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- mass
- laminate
- resin
- heating
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- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
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- RCYJPSGNXVLIBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenetitanium Chemical compound [S].[Ti] RCYJPSGNXVLIBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- PUGUQINMNYINPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 4-(2-chloroacetyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OC(=O)N1CCN(C(=O)CCl)CC1 PUGUQINMNYINPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000383 tetramethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- AGGKEGLBGGJEBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylenedisulfotetramine Chemical compound C1N(S2(=O)=O)CN3S(=O)(=O)N1CN2C3 AGGKEGLBGGJEBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001721 transfer moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- LALRXNPLTWZJIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylborane Chemical compound CCB(CC)CC LALRXNPLTWZJIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010455 vermiculite Substances 0.000 description 1
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- XAEWLETZEZXLHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;dioxido(dioxo)molybdenum Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O XAEWLETZEZXLHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DUNKXUFBGCUVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-J zirconium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Zr](Cl)(Cl)Cl DUNKXUFBGCUVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- LSWWNKUULMMMIL-UHFFFAOYSA-J zirconium(iv) bromide Chemical compound Br[Zr](Br)(Br)Br LSWWNKUULMMMIL-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
Images
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
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- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
- H01M50/204—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
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- H01M50/218—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders characterised by the material
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- H01M50/218—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders characterised by the material
- H01M50/22—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders characterised by the material of the casings or racks
- H01M50/231—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders characterised by the material of the casings or racks having a layered structure
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- H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
- H01M50/249—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders specially adapted for aircraft or vehicles, e.g. cars or trains
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention is capable of maintaining sufficient strength even after combustion, and in particular, when used as a cover for a vehicle-mounted battery, a laminate that can suppress strength reduction due to flames and heat generated by ignition from the inside of the battery. Regarding the body.
- batteries such as lithium-ion batteries have the risk of thermal runaway due to an internal short circuit or the like, resulting in ignition.
- in-vehicle batteries may cause thermal runaway and fire due to impact such as vehicle accidents, resulting in vehicle fires.
- the cover that covers the battery is required to make it difficult to transmit the heat of the battery, which has reached an abnormally high temperature due to thermal runaway, to the surroundings, and to make it difficult to transmit flames caused by the ignition of the battery to the outside.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a battery case made of a metal material such as iron or aluminum.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a vehicle battery case using a metal material such as an aluminum alloy or stainless steel as a base material.
- Patent Document 3 describes an in-vehicle battery containing body composed of a laminate having a layer containing a thermoplastic resin such as polyamide and a reinforcing fiber such as glass fiber.
- Patent Document 4 discloses a flame-retardant vinyl chloride resin laminate used as interior and exterior materials for transport aircraft, interior and exterior materials for buildings, housing materials, and the like. Further, as such a laminate, the first layer, which is the surface layer, contains a PVC matrix containing a vinyl chloride homopolymer, a post-chlorinated polyvinyl chloride, etc., and a flame retardant containing titanium oxide, etc., and the second layer, which is a base layer. It is described that the two layers contain a PVC matrix made of a polyvinyl chloride resin with a high chlorine content and a flame retardant containing titanium oxide.
- the cover made of a metal material as described in Patent Documents 1 and 2 has a significantly reduced strength due to heat, and cannot sufficiently withstand ignition due to thermal runaway of the battery.
- the in-vehicle battery container described in Patent Document 3 and the laminate described in Patent Document 4 cannot suppress reduction in strength due to heat, and have sufficient resistance to ignition due to thermal runaway of the battery. not a thing
- the present invention is capable of maintaining sufficient strength even after combustion, and in particular, when used as a cover for a vehicle-mounted battery, a laminate that can suppress strength reduction due to flames and heat generated by ignition from the inside of the battery.
- the purpose is to provide the body.
- the present invention is a laminate having a base layer containing resin and fibers and a sintered layer containing a thermoplastic resin and a sintering accelerator.
- the present invention will be described in detail below.
- the present inventors found that by providing a base layer containing a resin and fibers and a sintered layer containing a thermoplastic resin and a sintering accelerator, especially when used as a cover for an in-vehicle battery, The inventors have found that the reduction in strength can be sufficiently suppressed even after combustion occurs due to flame or heat generated inside the battery, leading to the completion of the present invention.
- the laminate of the present invention has a base layer containing resin and fibers and a sintered layer containing a thermoplastic resin and a sintering accelerator.
- the sintered layer is sintered when exposed to flames due to ignition to form a strong layer, so that sufficient strength is maintained even when combustion occurs due to thermal runaway of the battery. can hold.
- the laminate of the present invention has a base layer containing resin and fibers.
- the base layer when used as a cover for a battery, sufficient mechanical strength can be exhibited, and breakage, etc. due to the occurrence of a collision accident can be suppressed.
- the basic layer contains a resin.
- the resin include synthetic resins such as thermoplastic resins and thermosetting resins, elastomers, and the like.
- thermoplastic resin examples include halogen-containing resins such as chlorinated vinyl chloride resin (CPVC) and vinyl chloride resin (PVC), polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, polystyrene (PS), acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer (AS resin), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS resin), acrylic resin such as polymethylmethacrylate, polyamide, polycarbonate, polysulfone (PSU resin), polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), polyethersulfone (PES resin), Examples include polyetherimide (PEI resin), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS resin), polyester resins such as polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate, polyacetal, polyimide, polyphenylene ether, polyetheretherketone, and liquid crystal polymer. Among them, halogen-containing resins, polycarbonates and polyamides are preferred, chlorin
- thermosetting resin examples include polyurethane, phenol resin, epoxy resin, urea resin, melamine resin, silicone resin, unsaturated polyester resin, alkyd resin, and thermosetting polyimide.
- thermoplastic elastomers such as olefin-based elastomers, styrene-based elastomers, ester-based elastomers, amide-based elastomers, and vinyl chloride-based elastomers.
- One of the above resins may be used alone, or two or more thereof may be used in combination. Among them, thermoplastic resins are preferred, and chlorinated vinyl chloride resins are more preferred. Moreover, the above resin may be crosslinked or modified within a range that does not impair the effects of the present invention.
- the cross-linking method is not particularly limited, and includes a cross-linking method that is commonly used for the resin component, such as a cross-linking method using various cross-linking agents, peroxides, etc., and a cross-linking method by electron beam irradiation.
- the resin preferably has a weight loss rate on heating at 400° C. of 30% by mass or more, and preferably 80% by mass or less.
- rate of weight loss on heating is within the above range, loss of the resin due to heat can be suppressed while sufficiently suppressing a decrease in strength.
- the heat loss rate is more preferably 50% by mass or more, and more preferably 75% by mass or less.
- the heating weight loss rate can be measured by, for example, a thermogravimetric (TG) apparatus.
- the resin preferably takes 10 seconds or more, more preferably 30 seconds or more, and preferably 20 minutes or less until the weight loss rate on heating at 400° C. reaches 50% by mass. , 15 minutes or less.
- the time required for the heating weight loss rate to reach 50% by mass can be confirmed by, for example, a thermogravimetry (TG) device.
- TG thermogravimetry
- the oxygen index of the resin is preferably 20 or more. When the oxygen index is 20 or more, excellent flame-shielding performance can be exhibited.
- the oxygen index is more preferably 22 or more, preferably 90 or less, and more preferably 70 or less.
- the oxygen index is the minimum oxygen concentration (% by volume) required for the material to sustain combustion, and can be measured by a method conforming to JIS K7201-2:2007 or ASTM D2863, for example.
- the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the resin is preferably 1,000 to 1,000,000, more preferably 50,000 to 200,000.
- the thermosetting resin is preferably crosslinked to the extent that it does not flow when heated, but the degree of crosslinking is not limited to the above.
- the number average molecular weight (Mn) of the resin is preferably 35,000 or more and preferably 90,000 or less.
- the above weight average molecular weight (Mw) and number average molecular weight (Mn) are average molecular weights in terms of polystyrene, and can be obtained by performing GPC measurement using, for example, column LF-804 (manufactured by Showa Denko) as a column. can.
- column LF-804 manufactured by Showa Denko
- polyamide it is preferable to use the average molecular weight in terms of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).
- the glass transition temperature of the resin is preferably 0° C. or higher, more preferably 20° C. or higher, still more preferably 40° C. or higher, preferably 300° C. or lower, and 250° C. or lower. It is more preferable that the temperature is 200° C. or lower.
- the glass transition temperature can be measured according to JIS K 7121, for example.
- the chlorine content of the chlorinated vinyl chloride resin is preferably 57% by mass or more, more preferably 60% by mass or more, and 72% by mass. % or less, more preferably 71 mass % or less.
- the said chlorine content can be measured by the method based on JISK7229, for example.
- the average degree of polymerization of the chlorinated vinyl chloride resin is preferably 400-3000, more preferably 500-2000. When the average degree of polymerization is within the above range, thermal decomposition products are less likely to scatter during combustion, and reduction in strength can be suppressed.
- the average degree of polymerization can be measured, for example, by a method according to JIS K 6720-2:1999.
- the chlorinated vinyl chloride resin preferably has structural units (b) and (c) represented by the following formulas (b) and (c).
- the ratio of the structural unit (b) to all structural units is preferably 5.1 mol% or more, more preferably 15.2 mol% or more, preferably 39.8 mol% or less, and 30 0 mol % or less is more preferable. Furthermore, in the chlorinated vinyl chloride resin, the ratio of the structural unit (c) to all structural units is preferably 5.2 mol% or more, more preferably 25.1 mol% or more, and preferably 54.9 mol% or less. , 40.0 mol % or less is more preferable.
- the molar ratio of the structural units (b) and (c) of the chlorinated vinyl chloride resin reflects the site into which chlorine is introduced when the vinyl chloride resin (PVC) is chlorinated. In PVC before chlorination, the structural units (b) and (c) are in a state of 0 mol %, but the structural units (b) and (c) increase with chlorination.
- the molar ratio of the structural units (b) and (c) of the chlorinated vinyl chloride resin can be measured by molecular structure analysis using NMR. NMR analysis was carried out according to R.M. A. Komoroski, R.; G. Parker,J. P. Shocker, Macromolecules, 1985, 18, 1257-1265.
- the chlorinated vinyl chloride resin is a resin obtained by chlorinating vinyl chloride resin (PVC).
- the vinyl chloride resin include vinyl chloride homopolymers, copolymers of vinyl chloride monomers and monomers having unsaturated bonds copolymerizable with vinyl chloride monomers, and graft copolymers obtained by graft copolymerizing vinyl chloride monomers onto polymers.
- a polymer or the like can be used. These polymers may be used alone, or two or more of them may be used in combination.
- Examples of the monomer having an unsaturated bond copolymerizable with the vinyl chloride monomer include ⁇ -olefins, vinyl esters, vinyl ethers, (meth)acrylic acid esters, aromatic vinyls, vinyl halides, Examples include N-substituted maleimides and the like, and one or more of these are used.
- Examples of the ⁇ -olefins include ethylene, propylene, and butylene.
- Examples of the vinyl esters include vinyl acetate and vinyl propionate.
- Examples of the vinyl ethers include butyl vinyl ether and cetyl vinyl ether.
- Examples of the (meth)acrylic acid esters include methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, butyl acrylate, and phenyl methacrylate.
- Examples of the aromatic vinyls include styrene and ⁇ -methylstyrene.
- Examples of the vinyl halides include vinylidene chloride and vinylidene fluoride.
- Examples of the N-substituted maleimides include N-phenylmaleimide and N-cyclohexylmaleimide.
- the polymer graft-copolymerized with vinyl chloride is not particularly limited as long as it is graft-polymerized with vinyl chloride.
- examples thereof include ethylene copolymers, acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymers, polyurethanes, chlorinated polyethylenes and chlorinated polypropylenes. These may be used alone, or two or more of them may be used in combination.
- ethylene copolymer examples include ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate-carbon monoxide copolymer, ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer, ethylene-butyl acrylate-carbon monoxide copolymer, ethylene- A methyl methacrylate copolymer, an ethylene-propylene copolymer and the like can be mentioned.
- the average degree of polymerization of PVC is not particularly limited, and is preferably from 400 to 3,000, more preferably from 600 to 2,000, which is commonly used.
- the average degree of polymerization can be measured by the method described in JIS K 6720-2:1999.
- the method of polymerizing PVC is not particularly limited, and conventionally known water suspension polymerization, bulk polymerization, solution polymerization, emulsion polymerization and the like can be used.
- the content of the resin in the base layer is preferably 10% by mass or more, more preferably 20% by mass or more, further preferably 25% by mass or more, and 80% by mass or less. is preferred, 75% by mass or less is more preferred, and 70% by mass or less is even more preferred.
- the content of the resin in the base layer is preferably 20% by volume or more, more preferably 25% by volume or more, further preferably 30% by volume or more, and 80% by volume or less. is preferred, 75% by volume or less is more preferred, and 70% by volume or less is even more preferred.
- the content of the resin constituting the basic layer is preferably 25% by mass or more, more preferably 30% by mass or more, and even more preferably 35% by mass or more. , is preferably 75% by mass or less, more preferably 70% by mass or less, and even more preferably 65% by mass or less.
- the content of the resin constituting the basic layer is preferably 15% by volume or more, more preferably 20% by volume or more, and even more preferably 25% by volume or more. , preferably 75% by volume or less, more preferably 70% by volume or less, and even more preferably 65% by volume or less.
- the base layer contains fibers.
- the fibers include reinforcing fibers such as carbon fibers, metal fibers, organic fibers, and inorganic fibers.
- the carbon fiber include PAN-based carbon fiber, pitch-based carbon fiber, cellulose-based carbon fiber, and vapor-grown carbon fiber.
- the metal fibers include fibers made of metals such as iron, gold, silver, copper, aluminum, brass, and stainless steel.
- the organic fibers include fibers made of organic materials such as aramid, polybenzoxazole (PBO), polyphenylene sulfide, polyester, polyamide, and polyethylene.
- the inorganic fibers include fibers made of inorganic materials such as glass, basalt, silicon carbide, and silicon nitride.
- the glass fiber examples include E-glass, C-glass, S-glass, and T-glass.
- the fiber is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of carbon fibers and inorganic fibers, and at least one selected from the group consisting of carbon fibers and glass fibers. Seeds are more preferred.
- the average fiber diameter of the fibers is preferably 2 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 3 ⁇ m or more, preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 26 ⁇ m or less.
- the fibers may be discontinuous fibers that are intermittently cut, or may be continuous fibers that are not cut.
- the average fiber length of the fibers is preferably 2 mm or more, more preferably 4 mm or more, preferably 100 mm or less, and more preferably 80 mm or less. preferable.
- the specific gravity of the fiber is preferably 1.5 or more, more preferably 1.7 or more, still more preferably 2.0 or more, and preferably 3.0 or less. It is more preferably 7 or less, and even more preferably 2.6 or less.
- the above specific gravity can be measured, for example, using an electronic hydrometer or the like.
- the form of the fiber is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include fibrous form, woven fabric, knitted fabric, sheet form of nonwoven fabric, and the like.
- the basis weight of the fibers is preferably 100 g/m 2 or more, more preferably 350 g/m 2 or more, and preferably 1000 g/m 2 or less. /m 2 or less is more preferable.
- the number of layers of the fibers is preferably 3 or more, more preferably 5 or more, preferably 15 or less, and more preferably 10 or less, from the viewpoint of ensuring strength.
- the content of the fibers in the base layer is preferably 10% by mass or more, more preferably 20% by mass or more, further preferably 25% by mass or more, and 80% by mass or less. is preferred, 75% by volume or less is more preferred, and 70% by mass or less is even more preferred.
- the mechanical strength of the laminate can be sufficiently increased.
- the content of the fibers in the base layer is preferably 20% by volume or more, more preferably 25% by volume or more, further preferably 30% by volume or more, and 80% by volume or less. is preferred, 75% by volume or less is more preferred, and 70% by volume or less is even more preferred.
- the mechanical strength of the laminate can be sufficiently increased.
- the content of the fibers in the base layer is preferably 40 parts by mass or more, more preferably 50 parts by mass or more, and further preferably 70 parts by mass or more, relative to 100 parts by mass of the resin. It is preferably 200 parts by mass or less, more preferably 190 parts by mass or less, and even more preferably 170 parts by mass or less.
- the content of the fibers in the laminate of the present invention is preferably 20% by mass or more, more preferably 25% by mass or more, preferably 70% by mass or less, and 65% by mass or less. is more preferable.
- the content of the fibers in the laminate of the present invention is preferably 15% by volume or more, more preferably 20% by volume or more, still more preferably 25% by volume or more, and 75% by volume or less. preferably 70% by volume or less, and even more preferably 65% by volume or less.
- the basic layer contains additives such as heat stabilizers, lubricants, inorganic fillers, pigments, flame retardants, antioxidants, processing aids, ultraviolet absorbers, and light stabilizers as necessary. may contain
- the thickness of the basic layer is preferably 0.2 mm or more, more preferably 0.4 mm or more, preferably 10 mm or less, and more preferably 7 mm or less.
- the thickness of the basic layer means the total thickness of the basic layers.
- the mass ratio of the base layer in the laminate of the present invention is preferably 1/10 or more, more preferably 2/10 or more, preferably 9/10 or less, and 8/10. The following are more preferable.
- the thickness ratio of the base layer in the laminate of the present invention is preferably 1/10 or more, more preferably 2/10 or more, preferably 9/10 or less, and 8/10. The following are more preferable.
- the flexural modulus of the base layer is preferably 10 GPa or more, more preferably 15 GPa or more, still more preferably 17 GPa or more, preferably 100 GPa or less, and more preferably 50 GPa or less. It is preferably 30 GPa or less, and more preferably 30 GPa or less. Within the above range, when used as a battery cover, sufficient mechanical strength can be exhibited, and damage or the like due to the occurrence of a collision accident can be suppressed.
- the flexural modulus can be measured by the method described in Examples below.
- the laminate of the present invention has a sintered layer containing a thermoplastic resin and a sintering accelerator.
- the sintered layer when used as a cover for an automotive battery, the sintered layer is sintered by the flame and heat generated inside the battery to form a stronger layer, and the strength is maintained even after combustion. Decrease can be suppressed.
- the sintered layer contains a thermoplastic resin.
- thermoplastic resin examples include the same thermoplastic resins as those constituting the base layer. Of these, vinyl chloride resins and chlorinated vinyl chloride resins are preferred.
- thermoplastic resin forming the sintered layer may be the same as the resin forming the basic layer, or may be a different resin.
- thermoplastic resin forming the sintered layer has a weight loss rate on heating at 400° C. that is equal to or less than the weight loss rate on heating at 400° C. of the resin forming the base layer.
- the thermoplastic resin constituting the sintered layer preferably takes 3 seconds or more, more preferably 10 seconds or more, until the heating weight loss rate at 400 ° C. reaches 50 mass%, and 15 minutes. It is preferably 10 minutes or less, more preferably 10 minutes or less.
- the ratio of the time until it becomes (sintered layer/basic layer) is preferably 1 or more, more preferably 1.3 or more, preferably 10 or less, and more preferably 9 or less.
- the ratio (sintered layer/basic layer) of the rate of weight loss on heating of the thermoplastic resin forming the sintered layer at 400° C. to the rate of weight loss on heating of the resin forming the base layer at 400° C. is 0.5. It is preferably 8 or more, more preferably 0.9 or more, preferably 1.2 or less, and more preferably 1.1 or less.
- the ratio of the oxygen index of the thermoplastic resin constituting the sintered layer to the oxygen index of the resin constituting the basic layer is preferably 0.5 or more, more preferably 0.6 or more. It is preferably 1.5 or less, more preferably 1.4 or less.
- the content of the thermoplastic resin in the sintered layer is preferably 70% by mass or more, more preferably 75% by mass or more, even more preferably 80% by mass or more, and 99% by mass or less. is preferably 95% by mass or less, and even more preferably 92% by mass or less.
- the ratio of the content of the resin in the base layer to the content of the thermoplastic resin in the sintered layer is determined by mass
- the standard is preferably 0.5 or more, more preferably 1.0 or more, still more preferably 1.5 or more, preferably 3 or less, and more preferably 2 or less.
- the content of the thermoplastic resin in the sintered layer is preferably 80% by volume or more, more preferably 85% by volume or more, and preferably 99.9% by volume or less, and 99.8% by volume. It is more preferably vol% or less, and even more preferably 99.7 vol% or less.
- the content of the thermoplastic resin constituting the sintered layer in the laminate of the present invention is preferably 2% by mass or more, more preferably 5% by mass or more, and 7% by mass or more. More preferably, it is 35% by mass or less, more preferably 30% by mass or less, and even more preferably 25% by mass or less.
- the ratio of the content of the resin constituting the base layer to the content of the thermoplastic resin constituting the sintered layer in the laminate of the present invention is preferably 0.1 or more, more preferably 0.5 or more, still more preferably 1.5 or more, preferably 5 or less, and more preferably 4 or less.
- the content of the thermoplastic resin constituting the sintered layer in the laminate of the present invention is preferably 5% by volume or more, more preferably 10% by volume or more, and 15% by volume or more. More preferably, it is 90% by volume or less, more preferably 80% by volume or less, and even more preferably 70% by volume or less.
- the total content of the resin constituting the basic layer and the thermoplastic resin constituting the sintered layer in the laminate of the present invention is preferably 15% by mass or more, more preferably 30% by mass or more, and 90% by mass or less. is preferred, and 80% by mass or less is more preferred.
- the sintered layer contains a sintering accelerator.
- the sintered layer is sintered and a strong layer is formed when exposed to flame due to ignition due to thermal runaway of the battery, and strength reduction after combustion can be suppressed. can.
- the sintering accelerator examples include metals, metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal sulfides, metal halides, metal alkyl compounds and metal alkoxy compounds.
- the sintering accelerator is preferably a Lewis acid catalyst from the viewpoint of strength after combustion.
- the sintering accelerator is preferably a compound containing an atom having an electronegativity of 2.5 or more from the viewpoint of promoting sintering of the resin.
- Examples of the above metals include boron, aluminum, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, zirconium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, iridium, platinum, and gold. mentioned.
- Examples of the metal oxides include oxides of the above metals such as titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide and zinc oxide.
- Examples of the metal nitrides include nitrides of the above metals such as titanium nitride and molybdenum nitride.
- Examples of the metal sulfides include sulfides of the above metals such as titanium sulfide and molybdenum sulfide.
- Examples of the metal halides include chlorides of the above metals such as zinc chloride, titanium chloride, zirconium chloride, copper chloride, silver chloride, gold chloride and aluminum chloride; fluorides of the above metals such as boron trifluoride; Bromides of the above metals such as zinc bromide, titanium bromide, zirconium bromide, copper bromide, silver bromide, gold bromide, and aluminum bromide.
- Examples of the metal alkyl compounds include alkyl compounds of the above metals such as triethylboron and diethylzinc.
- metal alkoxy compounds examples include alkoxy compounds of the above metals such as tetrabutoxytitanium, tetrapropoxytitanium, and tetrabutoxyzirconium.
- metal halides and metal oxides are preferred, and zinc chloride, zinc bromide and zinc oxide are more preferred.
- Lewis acid catalysts include zinc chloride, zinc bromide, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, and iron oxide.
- the shape of the sintering accelerator is not particularly limited, and may be particulate or amorphous such as pulverized material.
- the average particle size of the sintering accelerator is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.2 ⁇ m or more, preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less.
- the average particle size can be obtained, for example, by photographing with an SEM, measuring the particle size of 20 randomly extracted samples, and calculating the average value.
- the content of the sintering accelerator in the sintered layer is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.2% by mass or more, and is preferably 0.3% by mass or more. More preferably, it is 30% by mass or less, more preferably 15% by mass or less, and even more preferably 10% by mass or less.
- the content of the sintering accelerator in the sintered layer is preferably 0.1% by volume or more, more preferably 0.2% by volume or more, and is preferably 0.3% by volume or more. More preferably, it is 20% by volume or less, more preferably 15% by volume or less, and even more preferably 10% by volume or less.
- the content of the sintering accelerator in the sintered layer is preferably 0.1 parts by mass or more, more preferably 0.2 parts by mass or more, relative to 100 parts by mass of the thermoplastic resin. , more preferably 0.3 parts by mass or more, preferably 10 parts by mass or less, more preferably 8 parts by mass or less, and even more preferably 5 parts by mass or less.
- the content of the sintering accelerator in the laminate of the present invention is preferably 0.01% by mass or more, more preferably 0.02% by mass or more, and 0.50% by mass or less. is preferred, and 0.40% by mass or less is more preferred.
- the content of the sintering accelerator in the laminate of the present invention is 0.1 parts by mass or more with respect to a total of 100 parts by mass of the resin constituting the basic layer and the thermoplastic resin constituting the sintered layer. is preferred, 0.15 parts by mass or more is more preferred, 10 parts by mass or less is preferred, and 8 parts by mass or less is more preferred.
- the content of the sintering accelerator in the laminate of the present invention is preferably 0.1% by volume or more, more preferably 0.5% by volume or more, and 1.0% by volume or more. is more preferably 20% by volume or less, more preferably 15% by volume or less, and even more preferably 10% by volume or less.
- the sintered layer may further contain additives such as heat stabilizers, lubricants and foaming agents.
- the foaming agent is not particularly limited, and may be a chemical foaming agent or a physical foaming agent.
- the chemical foaming agent include a thermally decomposing inorganic foaming agent, a thermally decomposing organic foaming agent, an inorganic reactive foaming agent using sodium bicarbonate and acid, and an organic reactive foaming agent using isocyanate and water.
- the pyrolytic inorganic foaming agent include thermally expandable graphite, ammonium acid, sodium carbonate, ammonium hydrogencarbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, ammonium nitrite, sodium borohydride, anhydrous monosoda citric acid, and the like.
- thermally decomposable organic blowing agent examples include azodicarbonamide, azodicarboxylic acid metal salts (such as barium azodicarboxylate), azo compounds such as azobisisobutyronitrile, and N,N'-dinitrosopentamethylene.
- thermally decomposable organic blowing agent examples include azodicarbonamide, azodicarboxylic acid metal salts (such as barium azodicarboxylate), azo compounds such as azobisisobutyronitrile, and N,N'-dinitrosopentamethylene.
- examples include nitroso compounds such as tetramine, hydrazodicarbonamide, 4,4'-oxybis(benzenesulfonylhydrazide), hydrazine derivatives such as toluenesulfonylhydrazide, and semicarbazide compounds such as toluenesulfonylsemicarbazide.
- Physical foaming agents include ver
- the thickness of the sintered layer before heating is preferably 0.2 mm or more, more preferably 0.3 mm or more, preferably 10 mm or less, and more preferably 7 mm or less.
- the mass ratio of the sintered layer in the laminate of the present invention is preferably 1/10 or more, more preferably 2/10 or more, and preferably 9/10 or less, and 8/ It is more preferably 10 or less.
- the ratio of the thickness of the sintered layer in the laminate of the present invention is preferably 1/10 or more, more preferably 2/10 or more, preferably 9/10 or less, and 8/ It is more preferably 10 or less.
- the ratio of the thickness of the sintered layer to the thickness of the basic layer is preferably 1/10 or more, and is preferably 2/10 or more. More preferably, it is 9/10 or less, and more preferably 8/10 or less.
- the laminate of the present invention may further have a base layer on the surface of the sintered layer facing the base layer. That is, the basic layer provided with the sintered layer on at least one surface was the basic layer (A), and the basic layer provided on the surface facing the basic layer (A) of the sintered layer was the basic layer (C).
- the laminate may have a laminate structure of basic layer (A)/sintered layer (B)/basic layer (C). The constitution of the basic layers (A) and (C) is the same as that of the basic layer.
- the ratio of the thickness of the basic layer (A) to the thickness of the basic layer (C) (basic layer (A)
- the thickness of / the thickness of the base layer (C)) is preferably 10/1 or more, more preferably 10/2 or more, preferably 10/10 or less, and 10/9 or less. It is more preferable to have
- the ratio of the mass of the basic layer (A) to the mass of the basic layer (C) (basic layer (A)
- the mass of / the mass of the base layer (C)) is preferably 10/1 or more, more preferably 10/2 or more, preferably 10/10 or less, and 10/9 or less is more preferred.
- the shape of the laminate of the present invention is not particularly limited, and may be film-like, plate-like, sheet-like, cylindrical, annular, frame-like, box-like, and the like.
- the laminate of the present invention may have layers made of other components such as a heat insulating material such as glass wool and an insulating material such as a mica sheet.
- the laminate of the present invention preferably has a thermal conductivity of 0.05 W/mK or more before heating, more preferably 0.1 W/mK or more, and preferably 0.5 W/mK or less. , 0.4 W/mK or less.
- the thermal conductivity can be measured according to JIS R 2616, for example.
- the laminate of the present invention preferably has a thermal conductivity of 0.01 W/mK or more after being heated at 800° C. for 1 minute, more preferably 0.05 W/mK or more, and more preferably 0.15 W/mK. It is preferably 0.12 W/mK or less, more preferably 0.12 W/mK or less.
- the thermal conductivity is within the above range, it is possible to sufficiently suppress transmission of flames and heat generated by ignition from the inside of the battery to the outside when used as a cover for a vehicle-mounted battery.
- the rate of change in thermal conductivity after heating at 800° C. for 1 minute which is represented by the following formula (1), is preferably 0.5 or more, preferably 50 or less.
- (Rate of change in thermal conductivity) [(thermal conductivity before heating) - (thermal conductivity after heating)]/(thermal conductivity after heating) (1)
- the rate of change is more preferably 1 or more, more preferably 30 or less, and even more preferably 10 or less.
- the laminate of the present invention preferably has a thermal conductivity loss rate of 50% or more, more preferably 55% or more after heating at 800° C. for 1 minute, represented by the following formula (2). , is preferably 95% or less, more preferably 90% or less.
- (Reduction rate of thermal conductivity) [(thermal conductivity before heating) - (thermal conductivity after heating)] / (thermal conductivity before heating) x 100 (2)
- As a heating method the method described in Examples described later can be used.
- the flexural modulus of the laminate of the present invention is preferably 10 GPa or more, more preferably 15 GPa or more, preferably 100 GPa or less, and more preferably 50 GPa or less.
- the flexural modulus can be measured by the method described in Examples below.
- the laminate of the present invention preferably has a flexural modulus of 8 MPa or more, more preferably 0.2 GPa or more, and more preferably 0.3 GPa or more after heating for 3 seconds with a flame generated by ignition of a lithium ion battery. More preferably 0.5 GPa or more, preferably 100 GPa or less, more preferably 50 GPa or less, even more preferably 10 GPa or less, and 5 GPa or less is even more preferred.
- the laminate of the present invention preferably has a bending elastic modulus reduction rate of 99.7% or less after heating for 3 seconds with a flame generated by ignition of a lithium ion battery represented by the following formula (3), It is more preferably 98.5% or less, even more preferably 98% or less.
- the said rate of change is usually 0% or more, for example, 50% or more. Within the above range, it is possible to sufficiently suppress a decrease in strength due to heat.
- (Reduction rate of flexural modulus) [(flexural modulus before heating) - (flexural modulus after heating)]/(flexural modulus before heating) x 100 (3)
- the method described in Examples described later can be used.
- the thickness of the laminate of the present invention is preferably 0.4 mm or more, more preferably 0.7 mm or more, preferably 20 mm or less, and more preferably 14 mm or less.
- the ratio of the thickness of the laminate before and after heating defined by the following formula (4) is preferably 1% or more, more preferably 2% or more, preferably 80% or less, and more Preferably, it is 60% or less.
- (Ratio of thickness) [(thickness of layered body after heating)/(thickness of layered body before heating)] x 100 (4)
- a method for producing the laminate of the present invention for example, a composition containing resins and fibers constituting the basic layer, and a thermoplastic resin constituting the sintered layer, a sintering accelerator, etc.
- a method of forming a base layer and a sintered layer by, for example, hot press molding is exemplified. Further, if necessary, each layer may be formed so as to have a structure in which the basic layer (A)/sintered layer (B)/basic layer (C) are laminated in this order.
- methods for forming the base layer include hand lay-up molding, spray-up molding, resin transfer molding, bag molding, injection molding, extrusion molding, and stamping molding.
- Methods for forming the sintered layer include, for example, a calendar molding method, an extrusion molding method, an injection molding method, and the like.
- the laminate of the present invention can sufficiently suppress a decrease in strength due to heat and has excellent heat resistance, so that it can be suitably used as a member for a transport machine and a member for a battery device.
- Examples of the transportation equipment include automobiles such as gasoline vehicles, hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles, motorcycles such as gasoline motorcycles, hybrid motorcycles, and electric motorcycles, bicycles such as electrically assisted bicycles, railway vehicles, ships, and aircraft. be done.
- examples of the members for the transport aircraft include mechanical members, interior members, exterior members, window glass, light covers, and the like.
- Examples of the mechanical members include cooling pipes, airbag covers, air ducts, heater units, and the like.
- Examples of the interior members include ceilings, instrument panels, console boxes, armrests, seat belt buckles, switches, door trims, and the like.
- Examples of the exterior member include emblems, license plate housings, bumper core materials, undercovers, and the like.
- Examples of the battery device include primary batteries such as nickel-manganese batteries, lithium batteries, and zinc-air batteries; secondary batteries such as nickel-hydrogen batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and lead-acid batteries; silicon-based solar batteries; Fuel cells such as solar cells such as solar cells, polymer electrolyte fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, and solid oxide fuel cells are included.
- Examples of the battery device members include a battery cover, a battery cooling water jacket, a hydrogen tank cover, a connector, and an insulating sheet.
- the laminate of the present invention can be suitably used as a cover for a lithium ion battery. Since it is possible to suppress a decrease in strength due to heat and heat, it can be suitably used as a vehicle battery cover.
- the present invention it is possible to maintain sufficient strength even after combustion, and in particular, when used as a cover for a vehicle-mounted battery, it is possible to suppress deterioration in strength due to flames and heat caused by ignition from the inside of the battery. It is possible to provide a laminate that can be
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing a mold for molding a battery cover
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing how the battery cover is molded
- Example 1 Preparation of base layer 100 parts by mass of a resin, 10 parts by mass of a heat stabilizer (manufactured by Nitto Kasei Co., Ltd., an organic tin-based heat stabilizer "TVS#1380") are mixed with 400 parts by weight of tetrahydrofuran (THF, manufactured by Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), A resin solution was prepared.
- a resin chlorinated vinyl chloride resin (CPVC, manufactured by Tokuyama Sekisui Kogyo Co., Ltd., average degree of polymerization 500, chlorine content 67.4 mass%, heating weight loss rate at 400 ° C. 72 mass%, heating at 400 ° C.
- the time required for the weight loss to reach 50% by mass was 1 minute, and the oxygen index was 60).
- GF-1 sheet-like glass fiber, Nittobo Co., Ltd. “MC450A”, average fiber diameter 7 ⁇ m, average fiber length 50 mm, basis weight 450 g / m 2
- the hand lay-up method was used for GF-1. was used to impregnate the resin solution.
- the above steps were repeated 7 times to laminate 7 layers of glass fibers.
- THF was evaporated and dried by a dryer to obtain a base layer.
- the thickness of the base layer obtained was 1.5 mm.
- the fiber content was 90 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the resin, and the resin content in the base layer was 50% by mass.
- the average fiber diameter of fibers was calculated by averaging the fiber diameters of arbitrary 10 points from an image taken using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- the average fiber length of fibers was calculated from the average value of 20 arbitrary samples measured by SEM.
- the basis weight of the fiber was obtained by cutting the sheet-shaped fiber into 10 cm ⁇ 10 cm and measuring the weight (g) per 1 m 2 .
- the weight loss rate and time of heating of the above resin at 400° C. were measured with a thermogravimetric measuring device “TG/DTA6200 manufactured by SII Nanotechnology Co., Ltd.”.
- the oxygen index of the resin was measured by a method based on ASTM D2863 (A method, oxygen concentration increase/decrease: 0.2%) using a "candle burning tester AC2" manufactured by Toyo Seiki Seisakusho.
- chlorinated vinyl chloride resin For the chlorinated vinyl chloride resin, the average degree of polymerization was measured according to JIS K 6720-2:1999, and the chlorine content was measured according to JIS K7229. Further, regarding chlorinated vinyl chloride resin, R.I. A. Komoroski, R.; G. Parker,J. P. Molecular structure analysis was performed according to the NMR measurement method described in Shocker, Macromolecules, 1985, 18, 1257-1265, and the contents of structural units (b) and (c) were measured. The NMR measurement conditions are as follows.
- thermoplastic resin 100 parts by mass of thermoplastic resin, sintering accelerator (manufactured by Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ), average particle size 10 ⁇ m) 0.5 parts by mass, heat stabilizer (manufactured by Nitto Kasei Co., Ltd., organic tin Heat stabilizer "TVS #1380") 10 parts by mass and lubricant ("WAX-OP" manufactured by Clariant) 2 parts by mass are mixed and roll-kneaded to prepare a sintered layer (B) having a thickness of 0.5 mm. did.
- sintering accelerator manufactured by Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ), average particle size 10 ⁇ m
- heat stabilizer manufactured by Nitto Kasei Co., Ltd., organic tin Heat stabilizer "TVS #1380”
- WAX-OP lubricant
- thermoplastic resin chlorinated vinyl chloride resin (CPVC, manufactured by Tokuyama Sekisui Kogyo Co., Ltd., average degree of polymerization 500, chlorine content 67.4 mass%, heating weight loss rate at 400 ° C. 72 mass%, 400 ° C. 1 minute until the heating weight loss rate reaches 50% by mass, and an oxygen index of 60) was used.
- CPVC chlorinated vinyl chloride resin
- Example 2 In (preparation of sintered layer), instead of chlorinated vinyl chloride resin, vinyl chloride resin (PVC, manufactured by Tokuyama Sekisui Kogyo Co., Ltd., average degree of polymerization 1000, heating weight loss rate at 400 ° C. 59 mass%, 400 ° C. A laminate having a thickness of 2.0 mm was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the time until the weight loss on heating reached 50% by mass was 3 minutes and 40 seconds and the oxygen index was 48).
- PVC vinyl chloride resin
- PVC manufactured by Tokuyama Sekisui Kogyo Co., Ltd., average degree of polymerization 1000, heating weight loss rate at 400 ° C. 59 mass%, 400 ° C.
- a laminate having a thickness of 2.0 mm was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the time until the weight loss on heating reached 50% by mass was 3 minutes and 40 seconds and the oxygen index was 48).
- Example 3 A laminate having a thickness of 2.0 mm was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in (Preparation of base layer), the resin and fiber contents were changed so as to be as shown in Table 1.
- Example 5 A laminate having a thickness of 2.0 mm was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the vinyl chloride resin having the composition shown in Table 1 was used in (preparation of base layer).
- Example 6 In (Preparation of base layer), polycarbonate (heating weight loss rate at 400 ° C.: 32 mass%, time until heating weight loss rate at 400 ° C. reaches 50 mass%: 7 minutes, oxygen A laminate having a thickness of 2.0 mm was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a polymer with an index of 25 and a weight average molecular weight of 25,000 was used.
- the above weight average molecular weight is an average molecular weight in terms of polystyrene, and was measured by GPC measurement using a column LF-804 (manufactured by Showa Denko KK) as a column.
- Example 7 In (Preparation of base layer), instead of chlorinated vinyl chloride resin, polyamide (heating weight loss rate at 400 ° C. 21% by mass, time until heating weight loss rate at 400 ° C. reaches 50% by mass 9 minutes, oxygen A laminate having a thickness of 2.0 mm was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a polymer with an index of 24 and a weight average molecular weight of 30,000 was used.
- the weight average molecular weight is the average molecular weight in terms of polymethyl methacrylate, and was measured by GPC measurement using a column LF-804 (manufactured by Showa Denko KK) as a column.
- Example 8 A laminate having a thickness of 2.0 mm was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the chlorinated vinyl chloride resin having the composition shown in Table 1 was used in (preparation of base layer).
- Example 10 In (Preparation of base layer), CF (sheet-like carbon fiber, Toray Industries, Inc. "T-700", average fiber diameter 10 ⁇ m, continuous fiber, basis weight 220 g/m 2 ) was used as the fiber in Example 1. A laminate having a thickness of 2.0 mm was obtained in the same manner.
- Example 11 In (Preparation of base layer), GF-2 (sheet-like glass fiber, "U528-450” manufactured by Owens Corning, average fiber diameter 7 ⁇ m, continuous fiber, basis weight 450 g/m 2 ) was used as the fiber. A laminate having a thickness of 2.0 mm was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 12 GF-3 (sheet-like glass fiber, manufactured by Nittobo Co., Ltd., "MC600A", average fiber diameter 7 ⁇ m, average fiber length 50 mm, basis weight 600 g/m 2 ) was used as the fiber in (Preparation of the base layer). A laminate having a thickness of 2.0 mm was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
- GF-4 sheet-like glass fiber, manufactured by Nittobo Co., Ltd., "MC300A", average fiber diameter 7 ⁇ m, average fiber length 50 mm, basis weight 300 g/m 2
- a laminate having a thickness of 2.0 mm was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 14 A laminate having a thickness of 2.0 mm was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the chlorinated vinyl chloride resin having the composition shown in Table 2 was used in (Preparation of sintered layer).
- Example 17-19 A laminate having a thickness of 2.0 mm was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the following sintering accelerator was used in (Preparation of sintered layer).
- Example 1 In Example 1, a laminate was obtained by forming a base layer having a thickness of 2.0 mm without forming a sintered layer.
- Example 2 A laminate having a thickness of 2.0 mm was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that no sintering accelerator was added in (Preparation of sintered layer).
- a laminate having a thickness of 2.0 mm was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the obtained base layer was used.
- ⁇ The flexural modulus of the base layer is 10 GPa or more, the flexural modulus of the laminate after heating is 0.2 GPa or more, the rate of change in the flexural modulus of the laminate is 98.5% or less, and the thickness ratio is 10%. Above, the heat distortion temperature is 110 ° C. or higher, the rate of decrease in thermal conductivity is 30% or higher ⁇ : Other than the above
- the present invention it is possible to maintain sufficient strength even after combustion, and in particular, when used as a cover for a vehicle-mounted battery, it is possible to suppress deterioration in strength due to flames and heat caused by ignition from the inside of the battery. It is possible to provide a laminate that can be
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Abstract
Description
また、特許文献2には、アルミニウム合金、ステンレス鋼等の金属材料を基材とした車両用バッテリーケースが開示されている。
また、特許文献3には、ポリアミド等の熱可塑性樹脂とガラス繊維等の強化繊維とを含む層を有する積層体により構成された車載用電池収容体が記載されている。
以下、本発明を詳述する。
上記構成を有することで、発火による炎に曝された際に焼結層が焼結して強固な層が形成されることで、バッテリーの熱暴走により燃焼が生じた際にも充分な強度を保持することができる。
本発明の積層体は、樹脂及び繊維を含む基本層を有する。
上記基本層を有することで、バッテリーのカバーとして用いた場合に、充分な機械的強度を発揮して、衝突事故の発生による破損等を抑制することができる。
上記樹脂としては、熱可塑性樹脂、熱硬化性樹脂等の合成樹脂、エラストマー等が挙げられる。
なかでも、熱可塑性樹脂が好ましく、塩素化塩化ビニル樹脂がより好ましい。
また、上記樹脂には、本発明の効果を阻害しない範囲で、架橋や変性が施されてもよい。
架橋方法については、特に限定されず、上記樹脂分について通常行われる架橋方法、例えば、各種架橋剤、過酸化物等を使用する架橋方法、電子線照射による架橋方法などが挙げられる。
加熱減量率が上記範囲であると、熱による樹脂の消失を抑制しながら強度低下を充分に抑制することができる。
上記加熱減量率は、50質量%以上であることがより好ましく、75質量%以下であることがより好ましい。
上記加熱減量率は、例えば、熱重量測定(TG)装置により測定することができる。
上記加熱減量率が50質量%となるまでの時間は、例えば、熱重量測定(TG)装置により確認することができる。
酸素指数が20以上であると、優れた遮炎性能を発揮することができる。
上記酸素指数は22以上であることがより好ましく、90以下であることが好ましく、70以下であることがより好ましい。
上記酸素指数は、材料が燃焼を持続するのに必要な最低酸素濃度(体積%)であり、例えば、JIS K7201-2:2007やASTM D2863に準拠した方法により測定できる。
また、熱硬化性樹脂に関しては、加熱により流動しない程度に架橋していることが好ましいが、架橋の程度は上記の程度に限定されない。
なお、上記重量平均分子量(Mw)、数平均分子量(Mn)はポリスチレン換算による平均分子量であり、カラムとして例えばカラムLF-804(昭和電工社製)を用いてGPC測定を行うことで得ることができる。ただし、ポリアミドに関してはポリメチルメタクリレート(PMMA)換算による平均分子量とすることが好ましい。
上記ガラス転移温度は、例えば、JIS K 7121により測定することができる。
上記塩素含有量は、例えば、JIS K 7229に準拠した方法により測定することができる。
上記平均重合度が上記範囲であると燃焼時に熱分解物が飛散し難く、強度の低下を抑制することができる。
上記平均重合度は、例えば、JIS K 6720-2:1999に準拠した方法により測定することができる。
更に、上記塩素化塩化ビニル樹脂において、全構成単位に対する構成単位(c)の割合は、5.2モル%以上が好ましく、25.1モル%以上がより好ましく、54.9モル%以下が好ましく、40.0モル%以下がより好ましい。
上記塩素化塩化ビニル樹脂の構成単位(b)及び(c)のモル比は、NMRを用いた分子構造解析により測定することができる。NMR分析は、R.A.Komoroski,R.G.Parker,J.P.Shocker,Macromolecules,1985,18,1257-1265に記載の方法に準拠して行うことができる。
上記塩化ビニル樹脂としては、塩化ビニル単独重合体、塩化ビニルモノマーと共重合可能な不飽和結合を有するモノマーと塩化ビニルモノマーとの共重合体、重合体に塩化ビニルモノマーをグラフト共重合したグラフト共重合体等を用いることができる。これら重合体は単独で用いられてもよいし、2種以上が併用されてもよい。
上記α-オレフィン類としては、エチレン、プロピレン、ブチレン等が挙げられる。
上記ビニルエステル類としては、酢酸ビニル、プロピオン酸ビニル等が挙げられる。
上記ビニルエーテル類としては、ブチルビニルエーテル、セチルビニルエーテル等が挙げられる。
上記(メタ)アクリル酸エステル類としては、メチル(メタ)アクリレート、エチル(メタ)アクリレート、ブチルアクリレート、フェニルメタクリレート等が挙げられる。
上記芳香族ビニル類としては、スチレン、α-メチルスチレン等が挙げられる。
上記ハロゲン化ビニル類としては、塩化ビニリデン、フッ化ビニリデン等が挙げられる。
上記N-置換マレイミド類としては、N-フェニルマレイミド、N-シクロヘキシルマレイミド等が挙げられる。
上記エチレン共重合体としては、エチレン-酢酸ビニル共重合体、エチレン-酢酸ビニル-一酸化炭素共重合体、エチレン-エチルアクリレート共重合体、エチレン-ブチルアクリレート-一酸化炭素共重合体、エチレン-メチルメタクリレート共重合体、エチレン-プロピレン共重合体等が挙げられる。
上記PVCの重合方法は、特に限定されず、従来公知の水懸濁重合、塊状重合、溶液重合、乳化重合等を用いることができる。
上記繊維としては、炭素繊維、金属繊維、有機繊維、無機繊維等の強化繊維が挙げられる。
上記炭素繊維としては、例えば、PAN系炭素繊維、ピッチ系炭素繊維、セルロース系炭素繊維、気相成長系炭素繊維等が挙げられる。
上記金属繊維としては、例えば、鉄、金、銀、銅、アルミニウム、黄銅、ステンレス等の金属からなる繊維が挙げられる。
上記有機繊維としては、例えば、アラミド、ポリベンゾオキサゾール(PBO)、ポリフェニレンスルフィド、ポリエステル、ポリアミド、ポリエチレン等の有機材料からなる繊維が挙げられる。
上記無機繊維としては、例えば、ガラス、バサルト、シリコンカーバイト、シリコンナイトライド等の無機材料からなる繊維が挙げられる。また、上記ガラス繊維としては、例えば、Eガラス、Cガラス、Sガラス、Tガラス等が挙げられる。
なかでも、燃焼後の強度の観点から、上記繊維は、炭素繊維及び無機繊維からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種であることが好ましく、炭素繊維及びガラス繊維からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種であることがより好ましい。
上記繊維が非連続繊維である場合、上記繊維の平均繊維長は、2mm以上であることが好ましく、4mm以上であることがより好ましく、100mm以下であることが好ましく、80mm以下であることがより好ましい。
上記比重は、例えば、電子比重計等を用いて測定することができる。
上記繊維がシート状である場合、上記繊維の目付は、100g/m2以上であることが好ましく、350g/m2以上であることがより好ましく、1000g/m2以下であることが好ましく、650g/m2以下であることがより好ましい。
上記繊維の含有量が上記範囲であると、積層体の機械的強度を充分に高めることができる。
上記繊維の含有量が上記範囲であると、積層体の機械的強度を充分に高めることができる。
なお、本発明の積層体が2層以上の基本層を有する場合、上記基本層の厚さは、基本層の厚さの合計を意味する。
上記範囲であることで、バッテリーのカバーとして用いた場合に、充分な機械的強度を発揮して、衝突事故の発生による破損等を抑制することができる。
上記曲げ弾性率は、後述の実施例に記載の方法で測定することができる。
本発明の積層体は、熱可塑性樹脂及び焼結促進剤を含む焼結層を有する。
上記焼結層を有することで、車載用バッテリーのカバーとして用いた際に電池内部で発生した炎や熱によって、焼結層が焼結してより強固な層が形成され、燃焼後にも強度の低下を抑制することができる。
上記熱可塑性樹脂としては、例えば、上記基本層を構成する熱可塑性樹脂と同様のものが挙げられる。
なかでも、塩化ビニル樹脂、塩素化塩化ビニル樹脂が好ましい。
上記焼結促進剤を含有することで、バッテリーの熱暴走による発火により炎に曝された際に焼結層が焼結して強固な層が形成され、燃焼後の強度低下を抑制することができる。
上記金属酸化物としては、例えば、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウム、酸化鉄、酸化亜鉛等、上記金属の酸化物が挙げられる。
上記金属窒化物としては、例えば、窒化チタン、窒化モリブデン等の上記金属の窒化物が挙げられる。
上記金属硫化物としては、例えば、硫化チタン、硫化モリブデン等の上記金属の硫化物が挙げられる。
上記金属ハロゲン化物としては、例えば、塩化亜鉛、塩化チタン、塩化ジルコニウム、塩化銅、塩化銀、塩化金、塩化アルミニウム等の上記金属の塩化物、三フッ化ホウ素等の上記金属のフッ化物、臭化亜鉛、臭化チタン、臭化ジルコニウム、臭化銅、臭化銀、臭化金、臭化アルミニウム等の上記金属の臭化物等が挙げられる。
上記金属アルキル化合物としては、例えば、トリエチルホウ素、ジエチル亜鉛等の上記金属のアルキル化合物が挙げられる。
上記金属アルコキシ化合物としては、テトラブトキシチタン、テトラプロポキシチタン、テトラブトキシジルコニウム等の上記金属のアルコキシ化合物等が挙げられる。
なかでも、金属ハロゲン化物、金属酸化物が好ましく、塩化亜鉛、臭化亜鉛、酸化亜鉛がより好ましい。
また、上記例示のうち、ルイス酸触媒としては、塩化亜鉛、臭化亜鉛、酸化亜鉛、酸化チタン、酸化鉄が挙げられる。
上記平均粒子径は、例えば、SEMにより撮影し、ランダムに抽出した20サンプルの粒子径を測定し、その平均値を算出することで求めることができる。
上記発泡剤としては、特に限定されず、化学発泡剤であってもよく、物理発泡剤であってもよい。
上記化学発泡剤としては、例えば、熱分解型無機発泡剤、熱分解型有機系発泡剤、重曹と酸による無機系反応型発泡剤、イソシアネートと水による有機系反応型発泡剤等が挙げられる。
上記熱分解型無機発泡剤としては、例えば、熱膨張性黒鉛、酸アンモニウム、炭酸ナトリウム、炭酸水素アンモニウム、炭酸水素ナトリウム、亜硝酸アンモニウム、水素化ホウ素ナトリウム、無水クエン酸モノソーダ等が挙げられる。
上記熱分解型有機系発泡剤としては、例えば、アゾジカルボンアミド、アゾジカルボン酸金属塩(アゾジカルボン酸バリウム等)、アゾビスイソブチロニトリル等のアゾ化合物、N,N’-ジニトロソペンタメチレンテトラミン等のニトロソ化合物、ヒドラゾジカルボンアミド、4,4’-オキシビス(ベンゼンスルホニルヒドラジド)、トルエンスルホニルヒドラジド等のヒドラジン誘導体、トルエンスルホニルセミカルバジド等のセミカルバジド化合物等が挙げられる。
また、物理発泡剤としては、バーミキュライト、炭化水素を内包した熱膨張性粒子等が挙げられる。
すなわち、少なくとも一方の面に焼結層が設けられた基本層を基本層(A)、焼結層の基本層(A)と対向する面に設けられた基本層を基本層(C)としたとき、上記積層体は、基本層(A)/焼結層(B)/基本層(C)の積層構造を有するものであってもよい。
上記基本層(A)及び(C)の構成としては、上記基本層と同様のものが挙げられる。
上記熱伝導率は、例えば、JIS R 2616により測定することができる。
上記熱伝導率が上記範囲であると、車載用バッテリーのカバーとして用いた際に電池内部からの発火により生じる炎や熱が外部に伝わることを充分に抑制できる。
(熱伝導率の変化率)=[(加熱前の熱伝導率)-(加熱後の熱伝導率)]/(加熱後の熱伝導率) (1)
上記変化率が上記範囲であると、加熱前の積層体の厚さを大幅に厚くすることなく、遮熱性能を高められるという利点がある。
上記変化率は1以上であることがより好ましく、30以下であることがより好ましく、10以下であることが更に好ましい。
(熱伝導率の減少率)=[(加熱前の熱伝導率)-(加熱後の熱伝導率)]/(加熱前の熱伝導率)×100 (2)
なお、加熱する方法としては後述する実施例の方法を用いることができる。
上記曲げ弾性率は、後述の実施例に記載の方法で測定することができる。
上記範囲であることで、熱による強度低下を充分に抑制することができる。
(曲げ弾性率の減少率)=[(加熱前の曲げ弾性率)-(加熱後の曲げ弾性率)]/(加熱前の曲げ弾性率)×100 (3)
なお、加熱する方法としては後述する実施例の方法を用いることができる。
上記比率が上記範囲内であると、燃焼後の強度を維持することが容易となる。
(厚さの比率)=[(加熱後の積層体の厚さ)/(加熱前の積層体の厚さ)]×100 (4)
上記基本層を形成する方法としては、例えば、ハンドレイアップ成形法、スプレーアップ成形法、レジントランスファーモールディング成形法、バッグ成形法、射出成型法、押出成形法、スタンピング成形法等が挙げられる。
上記焼結層を形成する方法としては、例えば、カレンダー成形法、押出成形法、射出成形法等が挙げられる。
また、上記輸送機用の部材としては、機構部材、内装部材、外装部材、窓ガラス、ライトカバー等が挙げられる。
上記機構部材としては、冷却パイプ、エアバッグカバー、エアーダクト、ヒーターユニット等が挙げられる。
上記内装部材としては、天井、インストルメンタルパネル、コンソールボックス、アームレスト、シートベルトバックル、スイッチ類、ドアトリム等が挙げられる。
上記外装部材としては、エンブレム、ナンバープレートハウジング、バンパー芯材、アンダーカバー等が挙げられる。
上記電池装置用の部材としては、バッテリー用カバー、バッテリー冷却用ウォータージャケット、水素タンクカバー、コネクタ、絶縁シート等が挙げられる。
特に、本発明の積層体は、リチウムイオンバッテリー用カバーとして好適に用いることができ、更に、衝突事故等の外部からの衝撃により電池が熱暴走した際にも、電池内部からの発火により生じる炎や熱による強度の低下を抑制できることから、車載用バッテリー用カバーとして好適に用いることができる。
(基本層の作製)
樹脂100質量部、熱安定剤(日東化成社製、有機錫系熱安定剤「TVS#1380」)10質量部をテトラヒドロフラン(THF、富士フイルム和光純薬社製)400質量部と混合して、樹脂溶液を作製した。なお、樹脂としては、塩素化塩化ビニル樹脂(CPVC、徳山積水工業社製、平均重合度500、塩素含有量67.4質量%、400℃での加熱減量率72質量%、400℃での加熱減量率が50質量%となるまでの時間1分、酸素指数60)を用いた。
次に、繊維としてGF-1(シート状のガラス繊維、日東紡社製「MC450A」、平均繊維径7μm、平均繊維長50mm、目付450g/m2)を用い、GF-1にハンドレイアップ法を用いて樹脂溶液を含浸させた。上記工程を7回繰り返してガラス繊維7層を積層させた。その後、乾燥機によりTHFを蒸発乾燥させて、基本層を得た。得られた基本層の厚さは1.5mmであった。なお、樹脂100質量部に対する繊維の含有量は90質量部であり、基本層における樹脂の含有量は50質量%であった。
繊維の平均繊維径は、走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)を用いて撮影した画像により、任意の10点の繊維径の平均値を算出した。繊維の平均繊維長は、任意の20サンプルをSEMにより測定して、その平均値から算出した。繊維の目付は、シート状の繊維を10cm×10cmにカットして1m2あたりの重量(g)を測定して求めた。
また、上記樹脂の400℃での加熱減量率及び時間は、熱重量測定装置「エスアイアイ・ナノテクノロジー社製、TG/DTA6200」により測定した。
更に、樹脂の酸素指数は、東洋精機製作所社製「キャンドル燃焼試験機AC2型」を用いてASTM D2863(A法、酸素濃度増減量;0.2%)に準拠した方法により測定した。
更に、塩素化塩化ビニル樹脂について、R.A.Komoroski,R.G.Parker,J.P.Shocker,Macromolecules,1985,18,1257-1265に記載のNMR測定方法に準拠して分子構造解析を行い、構成単位(b)及び(c)の含有量を測定した。
NMR測定条件は以下の通りである。
装置:FT-NMRJEOLJNM-AL-300
測定核:13C(プロトン完全デカップリング)
パルス幅:90°
PD:2.4sec
溶媒:o-ジクロロベンゼン:重水素化ベンゼン(C5D5)=3:1
試料濃度:約20%
温度:110℃
基準物質:ベンゼンの中央のシグナルを128ppmとした
積算回数:20000回
熱可塑性樹脂100質量部、焼結促進剤(富士フイルム和光純薬社製、塩化亜鉛(ZnCl2)、平均粒子径10μm)0.5質量部、熱安定剤(日東化成社製、有機錫系熱安定剤「TVS#1380」)10質量部、滑剤(クラリアント社製「WAX-OP」)2質量部を混合し、ロール混錬して厚さ0.5mmの焼結層(B)を作製した。なお、熱可塑性樹脂としては、塩素化塩化ビニル樹脂(CPVC、徳山積水工業社製、平均重合度500、塩素含有量67.4質量%、400℃での加熱減量率72質量%、400℃での加熱減量率が50質量%となるまでの時間1分、酸素指数60)を用いた。
上記基本層-焼結層を重ねて、プレス機にてプレスすることにより厚さ2.0mmの積層体を得た。
(焼結層の作製)において、塩素化塩化ビニル樹脂に代えて、塩化ビニル樹脂(PVC、徳山積水工業社製、平均重合度1000、400℃での加熱減量率59質量%、400℃での加熱減量率が50質量%となるまでの時間3分40秒、酸素指数48)を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして厚さ2.0mmの積層体を得た。
(基本層の作製)において、樹脂及び繊維の含有量を表1の通りとなるように配合を変更した以外は実施例1と同様にして厚さ2.0mmの積層体を得た。
(基本層の作製)において、表1の組成を有する塩化ビニル樹脂を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして厚さ2.0mmの積層体を得た。
(基本層の作製)において、塩素化塩化ビニル樹脂に代えて、ポリカーボネート(400℃での加熱減量率32質量%、400℃での加熱減量率が50質量%となるまでの時間7分、酸素指数25、重量平均分子量25,000)を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして厚さ2.0mmの積層体を得た。
なお、上記重量平均分子量はポリスチレン換算による平均分子量であり、カラムとしてカラムLF-804(昭和電工社製)を用いてGPC測定を行うことで測定した。
(基本層の作製)において、塩素化塩化ビニル樹脂に代えて、ポリアミド(400℃での加熱減量率21質量%、400℃での加熱減量率が50質量%となるまでの時間9分、酸素指数24、重量平均分子量30,000)を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして厚さ2.0mmの積層体を得た。
なお、上記重量平均分子量はポリメチルメタクリレート換算による平均分子量であり、カラムとしてカラムLF-804(昭和電工社製)を用いてGPC測定を行うことで測定した。
(基本層の作製)において、表1の組成を有する塩素化塩化ビニル樹脂を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして厚さ2.0mmの積層体を得た。
(基本層の作製)において、繊維としてCF(シート状の炭素繊維、東レ社製「T-700」、平均繊維径10μm、連続繊維、目付220g/m2)を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして厚さ2.0mmの積層体を得た。
(基本層の作製)において、繊維としてGF-2(シート状のガラス繊維、オーウェンスコーニング社製「U528-450」、平均繊維径7μm、連続繊維、目付450g/m2)を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして厚さ2.0mmの積層体を得た。
(基本層の作製)において、繊維としてGF-3(シート状のガラス繊維、日東紡社製「MC600A」、平均繊維径7μm、平均繊維長50mm、目付600g/m2)を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして厚さ2.0mmの積層体を得た。
(基本層の作製)において、繊維としてGF-4(シート状のガラス繊維、日東紡社製「MC300A」、平均繊維径7μm、平均繊維長50mm、目付300g/m2)を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして厚さ2.0mmの積層体を得た。
(焼結層の作製)において、表2の組成を有する塩素化塩化ビニル樹脂を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして厚さ2.0mmの積層体を得た。
(焼結層の作製)において、熱可塑性樹脂及び焼結促進剤の含有量を表2の通りとなるように配合を変更した以外は実施例1と同様にして厚さ2.0mmの積層体を得た。
(焼結層の作製)において、焼結促進剤として以下のものを用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして厚さ2.0mmの積層体を得た。
臭化亜鉛(ZnBr2):富士フイルム和光純薬社製、平均粒子径10μm
酸化亜鉛(ZnO):富士フイルム和光純薬社製、平均粒子径0.5μm
Mo系焼結促進剤:Huber社製、Kemgard911C(モリブデン酸亜鉛)、平均粒子径25μm
実施例1において、焼結層を形成せず、厚さ2.0mmの基本層を形成して積層体を得た。
(焼結層の作製)において、焼結促進剤を添加しなかった以外は実施例1と同様にして厚さ2.0mmの積層体を得た。
(基本層の作製)
塩素化塩化ビニル樹脂(CPVC、徳山積水工業社製、平均重合度500、塩素含有量67.4質量%、400℃での加熱減量率72質量%)100質量部、熱安定剤(日東化成社製「TVS#1380」)10質量部、滑剤(クラリアント社製「WAX-OP」)2質量部を混合し、ロール混錬して厚さ0.3mmの樹脂層を作製した。
得られた樹脂層を積層しプレス成形することにより厚さ1.5mmの基本層を得た。
実施例、比較例で得られた基本層、積層体について以下の評価を行った。結果を表1及び表2に示した。
実施例、比較例で得られた基本層について、ORIENTEC社製「テンシロン」を使用して、ASTM D-790に準拠して、以下の条件で曲げ弾性率を測定した。
試験片形状:長さ13mm×幅15mm×厚さ3mm
温度:23℃
また、実施例、比較例で得られた積層体についても同様に曲げ弾性率を測定した。
更に、実施例、比較例で得られた積層体について、リチウムイオン電池発火による火炎にて3秒間加熱した後、同様にして曲げ弾性率を測定し、下記式(3)により曲げ弾性率の変化率を算出した。
(曲げ弾性率の減少率)=[(加熱前の曲げ弾性率)-(加熱後の曲げ弾性率)]/(加熱前の曲げ弾性率)×100 (3)
なお、リチウムイオン電池発火による火炎での加熱は以下の方法により行った。
・リチウムイオン電池:18650型(製品名「KEEPPOWER」、3.7V、3600mAh、13.32Wh)
・発火方法
リチウムイオン電池を充電器にて満充電する。その後、リチウムイオン電池にフレキシブルヒーターを巻き付け200℃に昇温し、加熱を継続して発火させる。
・試験片の加熱方法
電池と試験片との距離を20cmとして、試験片の厚さ方向に沿って下方から3秒間加熱する。なお、実施例、比較例2~3については、焼結層側から加熱する。
上記加熱前後の積層体の厚さの比率を下記式(4)により算出した。
なお、積層体の厚さは、X線CT装置により測定した。
(厚さの比率)=[(加熱後の積層体の厚さ)/(加熱前の積層体の厚さ)]×100 (4)
実施例、比較例で得られた積層体について、ASTM D-648に準拠して負荷荷重186N/cm2で熱変形温度を測定した。
実施例、比較例で得られた積層体について、100mm×100mmにカットして測定用サンプルを得た。得られた測定用サンプルについて、JIS R 2616により熱伝導率を測定した。
また、得られた測定用サンプルを厚み方向が垂直方向となるように治具に固定し、サンプルとバーナーとの距離を20mmとして下方から加熱して800℃の状態で1分間加熱を続けた後、同様にして熱伝導率を測定し、下記式(5)により熱伝導率の減少率を算出した。
(熱伝導率の減少率)=[(加熱前の熱伝導率)-(加熱後の熱伝導率)]/(加熱前の熱伝導率)×100 (2)
上記(1)~(4)に基づき、以下の基準で判定した。
〇:基本層の曲げ弾性率が10GPa以上、積層体の加熱後の曲げ弾性率が0.2GPa以上、積層体の曲げ弾性率の変化率が98.5%以下、厚さの比率が10%以上、熱変形温度が110℃以上、熱伝導率の減少率が30%以上
×:上記以外
(リチウムイオンバッテリー用カバーの作製)
実施例で得られた積層体を、図1に示す金型を用いて、図2のようにプレス成形(温度200℃、予熱4分、加圧4分、冷却4分)することによりリチウムイオンバッテリー用カバーを作製した。上記カバーは、亀裂、ヒビが無く外観の良好なものが得られた。
2 積層体
Claims (6)
- 樹脂及び繊維を含む基本層と熱可塑性樹脂及び焼結促進剤を含む焼結層とを有する積層体。
- 下記式(3)で表されるリチウムイオン電池の発火により発生した火炎で3秒間加熱した後の曲げ弾性率の変化率が99.7%以下である、請求項1に記載の積層体。
(曲げ弾性率の減少率)=[(加熱前の曲げ弾性率)-(加熱後の曲げ弾性率)]/(加熱前の曲げ弾性率)×100 (3) - 基本層の曲げ弾性率が10GPa以上である、請求項1又は2に記載の積層体。
- 繊維はガラス繊維及び炭素繊維からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種である、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の積層体。
- 樹脂の400℃での加熱減量率が30~80質量%である、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の積層体。
- 焼結層を構成する焼結促進剤はルイス酸触媒である、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の積層体。
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