WO2022209824A1 - 画像表示装置の製造方法および画像表示装置 - Google Patents
画像表示装置の製造方法および画像表示装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022209824A1 WO2022209824A1 PCT/JP2022/011368 JP2022011368W WO2022209824A1 WO 2022209824 A1 WO2022209824 A1 WO 2022209824A1 JP 2022011368 W JP2022011368 W JP 2022011368W WO 2022209824 A1 WO2022209824 A1 WO 2022209824A1
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Definitions
- the embodiments of the present invention relate to an image display device manufacturing method and an image display device.
- micro LEDs which are minute light emitting elements, as self-luminous elements.
- a method of manufacturing a display device using micro LEDs a method of sequentially transferring individually formed micro LEDs to a driving circuit has been introduced.
- the image quality becomes full HD, 4K, 8K, etc.
- the number of micro LED elements increases.
- a huge amount of time is required for the transfer process.
- a connection failure or the like may occur between the micro LED and the drive circuit or the like, resulting in a decrease in yield.
- a known technique is to grow a semiconductor layer including a light-emitting layer on a Si substrate, form an electrode on the semiconductor layer, and then attach it to a circuit substrate on which a drive circuit is formed (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
- An embodiment of the present invention provides an image display device manufacturing method and an image display device in which the transfer process of light emitting elements is shortened and the yield is improved.
- a method for manufacturing an image display device comprises: a circuit element formed on a first surface of a substrate; a first wiring layer connected to the circuit element; a first insulating film covering a wiring layer; forming a layer containing graphene on the first insulating film; forming a layer containing graphene on the layer containing graphene; forming a layer; processing the semiconductor layer to form a light-emitting element including a light-emitting surface on the layer containing graphene and a top surface opposite to the light-emitting surface; and the first insulating film.
- a second insulating film covering the layer containing graphene and the light emitting element; forming a first via penetrating the first insulating film and the second insulating film; and forming the second insulating film. and forming a second wiring layer thereon.
- the first via is provided between the first wiring layer and the second wiring layer and electrically connects the first wiring layer and the second wiring layer.
- An image display device comprises a first member having a first surface, a circuit element provided on the first surface, and a first wiring layer electrically connected to the circuit element. a first insulating film covering the first surface, the circuit element, and the first wiring layer; a layer containing graphene provided on the first insulating film; and a light emitting surface on the layer containing graphene. a light emitting element including a top surface opposite to the light emitting surface; a second insulating film covering the first insulating film and the light emitting element; and a second wiring layer provided on the second insulating film.
- the first via is provided between the first wiring layer and the second wiring layer and electrically connects the first wiring layer and the second wiring layer.
- An image display device comprises a first member having a first surface, a circuit element provided on the first surface, and a first wiring layer electrically connected to the circuit element.
- a first insulating film covering the first surface, the circuit element and the first wiring layer; a translucent member provided penetrating the first insulating film and the first member; a light-emitting element including a light-emitting surface on a material member and a top surface opposite to the light-emitting surface; a second insulating film covering the first insulating film and the light-emitting element; and the first insulating film and the second insulating film.
- a first via is provided through the film, and a second wiring layer is provided on the second insulating film.
- the first member includes a light shielding portion having a lower light transmittance than the translucent member.
- the first via is provided between the first wiring layer and the second wiring layer and electrically connects the first wiring layer and the second wiring layer.
- An image display device comprises a light transmissive member having a first surface, a plurality of transistors provided on the first surface, and a second transistor electrically connected to the plurality of transistors.
- the plurality of second semiconductor layers are separated by the second insulating film.
- the plurality of light emitting layers are separated by the second insulating film.
- the plurality of first vias are provided between the first wiring layer and the second wiring layer and electrically connect the first wiring layer and the second wiring layer.
- An image display device comprises a light transmissive member having a first surface, a circuit element provided on the first surface, and first wiring electrically connected to the circuit element. a layer, a first insulating film covering the first surface, the circuit element and the first wiring layer, a layer containing graphene provided on the first insulating film, and a light emitting surface on the layer containing graphene. and a top surface opposite to the light emitting surface, a second insulating film covering the first insulating film and the plurality of light emitting elements, the first insulating film and the second insulating film and a second wiring layer provided on the second insulating film.
- the first via is provided between the first wiring layer and the second wiring layer and electrically connects the first wiring layer and the second wiring layer.
- a method for manufacturing an image display device is realized in which the transfer process of light emitting elements is shortened and the yield is improved.
- the present invention it is possible to reduce the size of the light-emitting element and realize a high-definition image display device.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating part of an image display device according to a first embodiment
- FIG. FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating part of an image display device according to a modification of the first embodiment
- 1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating an image display device according to a first embodiment
- FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view illustrating part of an image display device according to a first embodiment
- FIG. 10A to 10C are schematic cross-sectional views illustrating a part of the method for manufacturing the image display device of the modified example of the first embodiment
- 1 is a schematic perspective view illustrating an image display device according to a first embodiment
- FIG. 5 is a schematic perspective view illustrating an image display device of a modified example of the first embodiment
- FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating part of an image display device according to a second embodiment
- FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram illustrating an image display device according to a second embodiment
- 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a part of an image display device according to a third embodiment
- 10A to 10C are schematic cross-sectional views illustrating a part of the method for manufacturing the image display device of the third embodiment
- 10A to 10C are schematic cross-sectional views illustrating a part of the method for manufacturing the image display device of the third embodiment
- 10A to 10C are schematic cross-sectional views illustrating a part of the method for manufacturing the image display device of the third embodiment
- 10A to 10C are schematic cross-sectional views illustrating a part of the method for manufacturing the image display device of the third embodiment
- 10A to 10C are schematic cross-sectional views illustrating a part of the method for manufacturing the image display device of the third embodiment
- 10A to 10C are schematic cross-sectional views illustrating a part of the method for manufacturing the image display device of the third embodiment
- 10A to 10C are schematic cross-sectional views illustrating a part of the method for manufacturing the image display device of the third embodiment
- FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating part of an image display device according to a fourth embodiment; It is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a part of the manufacturing method of the image display device of the fourth embodiment. It is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a part of the manufacturing method of the image display device of the fourth embodiment. It is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a part of the manufacturing method of the image display device of the fourth embodiment. It is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a part of the manufacturing method of the image display device of the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating part of an image display device according to a fifth embodiment
- 10A to 10C are schematic cross-sectional views illustrating a part of the method for manufacturing the image display device of the fifth embodiment
- 10A to 10C are schematic cross-sectional views illustrating a part of the method for manufacturing the image display device of the fifth embodiment
- FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a part of an image display device according to a sixth embodiment
- FIG. 14 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating part of an image display device according to a sixth embodiment
- FIG. 12 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating part of an image display device according to a seventh embodiment
- FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a part of an image display device according to a seventh embodiment
- FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating an image display device according to an eighth embodiment
- FIG. 21 is a block diagram illustrating an image display device according to a modification of the eighth embodiment
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a part of the image display device according to this embodiment.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows the configuration of a sub-pixel 20 of the image display device of this embodiment.
- an XYZ three-dimensional coordinate system may be used.
- the light emitting elements 150 are arranged in a two-dimensional plane as shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, which will be described later.
- a light emitting element 150 is provided for each sub-pixel 20 .
- a two-dimensional plane on which the sub-pixels 20 are arranged is defined as an XY plane.
- the sub-pixels 20 are arranged along the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction.
- FIG. 1 shows a cross section taken along the line AA' in FIG.
- cross-sectional views taken along a plurality of planes perpendicular to the XY plane, such as FIG. 1, do not show the X-axis and Y-axis, but show the Z-axis perpendicular to the XY plane. That is, in these figures, the plane perpendicular to the Z axis is the XY plane.
- the positive direction of the Z-axis is sometimes referred to as “up” or “upper”, and the negative direction of the Z-axis is referred to as “down” or “downward”.
- the direction is not limited.
- the length in the direction along the Z-axis is sometimes called height.
- the sub-pixel 20 has a light emitting surface 151S substantially parallel to the XY plane.
- the light emitting surface 151S is a surface that mainly emits light in the negative direction of the Z axis orthogonal to the XY plane.
- the light emitting surface mainly emits light in the negative direction of the Z axis.
- the sub-pixel 20 of the image display device includes a substrate (first member) 102, a transistor (circuit element) 103, a first wiring layer 110, a first interlayer insulating film (first insulating film ) 112, a graphene sheet 140a, a light emitting element 150, a second interlayer insulating film (second insulating film) 156, a via (first via) 161d, and a second wiring layer 160.
- Subpixel 20 further includes a color filter 180 .
- the transistor 103 is provided on one surface (first surface) 102 a of the substrate 102 .
- a color filter 180 is provided on the other surface 102 b of the substrate 102 .
- the substrate 102 has translucency and is, for example, a glass substrate.
- the transistor 103 is formed on the TFT lower layer film 106 provided on the surface 102a.
- the transistor 103 is, for example, a thin film transistor (TFT).
- TFT thin film transistor
- the transistor 103 is covered with an insulating film 108 , and the insulating film 108 is covered with a first interlayer insulating film 112 together with a first wiring layer 110 provided on the insulating film 108 .
- the light emitting element 150 is provided on the first interlayer insulating film 112 via the graphene sheet 140a.
- the light emitting element 150 is driven by the transistor 103 provided below the light emitting element 150 and emits light.
- Light emitted from the light emitting element 150 is incident on the color filter 180 via the first interlayer insulating film 112 , the insulating film 108 , the insulating layer 105 , the TFT lower layer film 106 and the substrate 102 .
- the light incident on the color filter 180 is converted into light having a desired wavelength by the color filter 180 and emitted to the outside.
- the light emitted from the light emitting element 150 travels in the negative direction of the Z axis and is emitted to the outside. The same applies to modified examples and other embodiments to be described later.
- Color filter 180 includes light shielding portion 181 and color conversion portion 182 .
- the color conversion section 182 is provided below the light emitting surface 151S of the light emitting element 150 according to the shape of the light emitting surface 151S.
- a portion of the color filter 180 other than the color conversion portion 182 is a light shielding portion 181 .
- the light shielding portion 181 is a so-called black matrix, which reduces blurring due to color mixture of light emitted from the adjacent color conversion portion 182, and makes it possible to display a clear image.
- the color conversion unit 182 has one layer or two layers or more.
- FIG. 1 shows a case where the color conversion section 182 has two layers. Whether the color conversion section 182 has one layer or two layers is determined by the color of the light emitted from the sub-pixel 20, that is, the wavelength.
- the color conversion section 182 is made up of two layers, a color conversion layer 183 and a filter layer 184 that allows red light to pass through.
- the color conversion section 182 is preferably made up of two layers, a color conversion layer 183 and a filter layer 184 that allows green light to pass through. If the emission color of the sub-pixel 20 is blue, then one layer of filter layer 184 is preferred.
- the color conversion section 182 has two layers, one layer is the color conversion layer 183 and the other layer is the filter layer 184 .
- the color conversion layer 183 is stacked on the filter layer 184 , and the color conversion layer 183 is provided closer to the light emitting element 150 than the filter layer 184 is.
- the color conversion layer 183 converts the wavelength of light emitted by the light emitting element 150 into a desired wavelength.
- the light of 467 nm ⁇ 30 nm which is the wavelength of the light emitting element 150
- the light of 467 nm ⁇ 30 nm which is the wavelength of the light emitting element 150
- the light of 467 nm ⁇ 30 nm which is the wavelength of the light emitting element 150
- the light of 467 nm ⁇ 30 nm which is the wavelength of the light emitting element 150
- the filter layer 184 of the sub-pixel that emits red or green light cuts off the wavelength component of blue emission that remains without being color-converted by the color conversion layer 183 .
- the filter layer 184 of the blue-emitting sub-pixel blocks wavelength components of light other than blue.
- the color of the light emitted by the sub-pixels 20 When the color of the light emitted by the sub-pixels 20 is blue, it may be output through the color conversion layer 183 or through the filter layer 184 without the color conversion layer 183 .
- the wavelength of the light emitted by the light emitting element 150 When the wavelength of the light emitted by the light emitting element 150 is about 467 nm ⁇ 30 nm, the light may be output without passing through the color conversion layer 183 .
- the wavelength of the light emitted by the light emitting element 150 is set to 410 nm ⁇ 30 nm, it is preferable to provide the color conversion layer 183 in order to convert the wavelength of the output light to about 467 nm ⁇ 30 nm.
- the subpixel 20 may have the filter layer 184 even in the case of the blue subpixel 20 .
- the filter layer 184 that transmits blue light, minute external light reflection other than blue light generated on the surface of the light emitting element 150 is suppressed.
- the color filter 180 is provided in contact with the surface 102b of the substrate 102, and the TFT lower layer film 106 is provided over the surface 102a opposite to the surface 102b.
- the transistor 103 is provided on the TFT lower layer film 106 .
- the TFT lower layer film 106 is provided to ensure flatness during formation of the transistor 103 and to protect the TFT channel of the transistor 103 from contamination and the like during heat treatment.
- the TFT lower layer film 106 is an insulating film such as SiO 2 and has translucency.
- circuit elements such as other transistors and capacitors are formed on the TFT lower layer film 106, and the circuit 101 is configured by wiring and the like.
- the transistor 103 corresponds to the driving transistor 26 in FIG. 3 described later.
- the selection transistor 24, the capacitor 28, and the like are circuit elements.
- Circuit 101 includes TFT channel 104 , insulating layer 105 , insulating film 108 , vias 111 s and 111 d and first wiring layer 110 .
- the transistor 103 is a p-channel TFT in this example.
- Transistor 103 includes TFT channel 104 and gate 107 .
- the TFT channel 104 is preferably formed by a Low Temperature Poly Silicon (LTPS) process.
- LTPS Low Temperature Poly Silicon
- the TFT channel 104 is formed by polycrystallizing and activating the amorphous Si region formed on the TFT underlayer film 106 .
- laser annealing using a laser is used for polycrystallization and activation of the amorphous Si region.
- TFTs formed by the LTPS process have sufficiently high mobility.
- the TFT channel 104 includes regions 104s, 104i and 104d.
- the regions 104s, 104i, and 104d are all provided on the TFT lower layer film 106 .
- Region 104i is provided between region 104s and region 104d.
- the regions 104s and 104d contain impurities such as boron (B) and boron fluoride (BF) and form p-type semiconductor regions.
- the region 104s is ohmically connected to the via 111s, and the region 104d is ohmically connected to the via 111d.
- the insulating layer 105 is provided on the TFT lower layer film 106 and the TFT channel 104 .
- the insulating layer 105 is, for example, SiO2 .
- the insulating layer 105 may be a multilayer insulating layer containing SiO 2 , Si 3 N 4 or the like.
- the gate 107 is provided on the TFT channel 104 via the insulating layer 105 .
- the insulating layer 105 is provided to insulate the TFT channel 104 from the gate 107 and to insulate it from other adjacent circuit elements.
- a potential lower than that of region 104s is applied to gate 107, a channel is formed in region 104i, thereby controlling the current flowing between regions 104s and 104d.
- the gate 107 may be made of, for example, polycrystalline Si, or may be made of a refractory metal such as W or Mo. Gate 107 is formed by, for example, CVD when it is formed of a polycrystalline Si film.
- Insulating film 108 is provided on insulating layer 105 and gate 107 .
- the insulating film 108 is an inorganic film such as SiO 2 or Si 3 N 4 .
- the insulating film 108 is a laminated film such as SiO 2 and Si 3 N 4 .
- the insulating film 108 is provided to isolate circuit elements such as the transistor 103 that are arranged adjacent to each other.
- the insulating film 108 provides a flat surface that does not interfere with the formation of the first wiring layer 110 .
- the insulating film 108, the insulating layer 105 and the TFT lower layer film 106 have translucency.
- the first wiring layer 110 is provided on the insulating film 108 .
- the first wiring layer 110 can include a plurality of wirings that can have different potentials.
- the first wiring layer 110 includes wirings 110s and 110d. The wirings 110s and 110d are formed separately and can be connected to different potentials.
- the symbols representing the wiring layers are displayed next to the wiring that constitutes the wiring layer.
- the reference numerals of the first wiring layer 110 are displayed beside the wiring 110s.
- the wiring 110s is provided above the region 104s.
- the wiring 110s is connected to, for example, a power supply line 3 shown in FIG. 3, which will be described later.
- the wiring 110d is provided above the region 104d.
- One end of the via 161d is connected to the wiring 110d.
- the other end of via 161 d is connected to second wiring layer 160 .
- the vias 111 s and 111 d are provided through the insulating film 108 and the insulating layer 105 .
- the via 111s is provided between the wiring 110s and the region 104s and electrically connects the wiring 110s and the region 104s.
- the via 111d is provided between the wiring 110d and the region 104d and electrically connects the wiring 110d and the region 104d.
- the wiring 110s is connected to the region 104s via the via 111s.
- Region 104 s is the source region of transistor 103 . Therefore, the source region of transistor 103 is electrically connected to, for example, power supply line 3 of the circuit of FIG. 3 through via 111s and wiring 110s.
- the wiring 110d is connected to the region 104d via the via 111d.
- Region 104 d is the drain region of transistor 103 . Therefore, the drain region of transistor 103 is electrically connected to second wiring layer 160 through via 111d, wiring 110d and via 161d.
- the first interlayer insulating film 112 is provided to cover the insulating film 108 and the first wiring layer 110 .
- the first interlayer insulating film 112 forms a graphene layer and provides a flattened surface 112F for crystal growth of a semiconductor layer on the graphene layer, as will be described in a manufacturing method to be described later.
- the first interlayer insulating film 112 is made of a translucent organic material, such as a transparent resin.
- the transparent resin may be, for example, a silicon-based resin such as SOG (Spin On Glass) or a novolak-type phenolic resin.
- a graphene sheet 140a is provided for each light emitting element 150 on the flattened surface 112F.
- the light emitting surface 151S is in contact with the graphene sheet 140a.
- the light emitting element 150 is provided on the flattened surface 112F via the graphene sheet 140a.
- the outer circumference of the graphene sheet 140a in XY plan view substantially matches the outer circumference of the light emitting element 150 in XY plan view. Since the thickness of the graphene sheet 140a is sufficiently thin, the graphene sheet 140a can transmit light.
- the graphene sheet 140a is formed by etching the graphene layer 1140, as will be described later in connection with FIG. 6B and subsequent figures.
- Graphene layer 1140 is used as a seed for forming light emitting device 150 .
- the light emitting element 150 includes a top surface 153U provided on the opposite side of the light emitting surface 151S.
- the outer peripheral shape of light emitting surface 151S and top surface 153U in XY plan view is square or rectangular, and light emitting element 150 is provided on flattened surface 112F via graphene sheet 140a, for example, an angular shape. It is a columnar element.
- the cross section of the prism may be a polygon with pentagons or more.
- the light emitting element 150 is not limited to a prismatic element, and may be a cylindrical element.
- the light emitting element 150 includes an n-type semiconductor layer 151, a light emitting layer 152, and a p-type semiconductor layer 153.
- the n-type semiconductor layer 151, the light emitting layer 152 and the p-type semiconductor layer 153 are laminated in this order from the light emitting surface 151S toward the top surface 153U.
- a light-emitting surface 151S is provided by the n-type semiconductor layer 151 .
- the light emitting element 150 emits light in the negative direction of the Z axis through the graphene sheet 140a, the first interlayer insulating film 112, the insulating film 108, the insulating layer 105, the TFT lower layer film 106, the substrate 102, and the color filter 180.
- the n-type semiconductor layer 151 includes a connecting portion 151a.
- the connection part 151a is provided so as to protrude in one direction from the n-type semiconductor layer 151 together with the graphene sheet 140a on the flattened surface 112F.
- the height of the connecting portion 151a from the light emitting surface 151S is the same as the height of the n-type semiconductor layer 151 from the light emitting surface 151S or lower than the height of the n-type semiconductor layer 151 from the light emitting surface 151S.
- the connecting portion 151 a is part of the n-type semiconductor layer 151 .
- the connection portion 151a is connected to one end of the via 161k, and the n-type semiconductor layer 151 is electrically connected to the via 161k through the connection portion 151a.
- the shape of the light-emitting element 150 in XY plan view is, for example, substantially square or rectangular.
- the shape of the light emitting element 150 in the XY plan view is a polygon including a square, the corners of the light emitting element 150 may be rounded.
- the shape of the light-emitting element 150 in the XY plane view is cylindrical, the shape of the light-emitting element 150 in the XY plane view is not limited to a circle, and may be, for example, an ellipse.
- a gallium nitride-based compound semiconductor including a light-emitting layer such as In X Al Y Ga 1-XY N (0 ⁇ X, 0 ⁇ Y, X+Y ⁇ 1) is preferably used for the light-emitting element 150, for example.
- the gallium nitride-based compound semiconductor described above may be simply referred to as gallium nitride (GaN).
- the light emitting element 150 in one embodiment of the invention is a so-called light emitting diode.
- the wavelength of the light emitted by the light emitting element 150 may be in the range from the near-ultraviolet region to the visible light region, and is, for example, approximately 467 nm ⁇ 30 nm.
- the wavelength of the light emitted by the light emitting element 150 may be blue-violet emission of about 410 nm ⁇ 30 nm.
- the wavelength of the light emitted by the light emitting element 150 is not limited to the values described above, and may be an appropriate one.
- the second interlayer insulating film 156 covers the flattened surface 112F, the graphene sheet 140a and the light emitting element 150.
- the second interlayer insulating film 156 separates other adjacent light emitting devices 150 .
- the second interlayer insulating film 156 protects the light emitting element 150 from the surrounding environment by covering the light emitting element 150 .
- the surface of the second interlayer insulating film 156 should be flat enough to form the second wiring layer 160 on the second interlayer insulating film 156 .
- the second interlayer insulating film 156 is made of an organic insulating material.
- the organic insulating material used for the second interlayer insulating film 156 is preferably a resin having light reflectivity, such as a white resin.
- a white resin for the second interlayer insulating film 156 By using a white resin for the second interlayer insulating film 156, the light emitted in the horizontal direction of the light emitting element 150 can be reflected and guided toward the light emitting surface 151S, so that the light emitting efficiency of the light emitting element 150 is substantially improved. It is possible to
- the white resin is formed by dispersing scattering fine particles having a Mie scattering effect in a transparent resin such as a silicon-based resin such as SOG or a novolak-type phenol-based resin.
- the scattering microparticles are colorless or white, and have diameters that are about 1/10 to several times the wavelength of the light emitted by the light emitting element 150 .
- Scattering fine particles that are preferably used have a diameter that is about half the wavelength of light.
- such scattering fine particles include TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , ZnO, and the like.
- the white resin can also be formed by utilizing a large number of fine pores dispersed in the transparent resin.
- a SiO 2 film or the like formed by ALD (Atomic-Layer-Deposition) or CVD, for example, may be used over SOG or the like.
- the second interlayer insulating film 156 may be black resin. By using a black resin for the second interlayer insulating film 156, scattering of light within the sub-pixel 20 is suppressed, and stray light is suppressed more effectively. An image display device with suppressed stray light can display a clearer image.
- the second wiring layer 160 is provided on the second interlayer insulating film 156 .
- the second wiring layer 160 can include a plurality of wirings that can have different potentials.
- the second wiring layer 160 includes wirings 160d and 160k. The wirings 160d and 160k are formed separately and can be connected to different potentials.
- a connection member 161a is provided between the wiring 160d provided above the top surface 153U and the top surface 153U, and the top surface 153U is connected to the wiring 160d by the connection member 161a.
- the wiring 160d is also provided above the wiring 110d.
- the wiring 160k is provided above the connecting portion 151a. The wiring 160k is connected to the ground line 4 of the circuit of FIG. 3, for example.
- the via 161d is provided to penetrate the second interlayer insulating film 156 and the first interlayer insulating film 112 and reach the wiring 110d.
- the via 161d is provided between the wiring (first wiring) 160d and the wiring 110d and electrically connects the wiring 160d and the wiring 110d. Therefore, the p-type semiconductor layer 153 is electrically connected to the drain region of the transistor 103 through the connecting member 161a, the wiring 160d, the via 161d, the wiring 110d and the via 111d.
- a via (second via) 161k is provided to penetrate the second interlayer insulating film 156 and reach the connecting portion 151a.
- the via 161k is provided between the wiring (second wiring) 160k and the connecting portion 151a, and connects the wiring 160k and the connecting portion 151a. Therefore, n-type semiconductor layer 151 is electrically connected to, for example, ground line 4 of the circuit of FIG.
- the first wiring layer 110, the connection member 161a, and the vias 111s, 111d, 161d, and 161k are formed of, for example, Al, an alloy of Al, a laminated film of Al and Ti, or the like.
- Al is laminated on a Ti thin film, and Ti is further laminated on Al.
- a protective layer may be further provided over the second interlayer insulating film 156 and the second wiring layer 160 for protection from the external environment.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating part of an image display device according to a modification of this embodiment.
- a part of the color filter 180 is composed of the graphene sheet 140a1, the first interlayer insulating film 112, the insulating film 108, the insulating layer 105, and the TFT lower layer film. 106 and through the substrate 102 .
- part of color filter 180 is color conversion layer 183 .
- the light emitting surface 151S is provided over the graphene sheet 140a1 and the color conversion layer 183. FIG. Therefore, the light emitted from the light emitting element 150 is directly incident on the color conversion layer 183 via the light emitting surface 151S, and emitted to the outside via the filter layer 184.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating part of an image display device according to a modification of this embodiment.
- a part of the color filter 180 is composed of the graphene sheet 140a1, the first interlayer insulating film 112, the insulating
- Each element of the circuit 101 including the transistor 103 is provided on the light shielding portion 181 of the color filter 180 via the substrate 102 .
- the color conversion layer 183 penetrates the graphene sheet 140a1, the first interlayer insulating film 112, the insulating film 108, the insulating layer 105, the TFT lower layer film 106 and the substrate 102 and fills the opening reaching the light emitting surface 151S. and the light emitting surface 151S.
- the light emitted from the light emitting element 150 is directly incident on the color filter 180, so that the attenuation of the intensity can be suppressed before reaching the color filter 180.
- the color filter 180 is provided over the surface 102b of the substrate 102, the wall surface 158W, and the light emitting surface 151S. Elements of the circuit 101 such as the transistor 103 may be provided without the 102 .
- the first interlayer insulating film 112 and the insulating film 108 may be formed of a light-reflective material such as white resin, like the second interlayer insulating film 156 . This prevents the light traveling through the color conversion layer 183 from leaking into the first interlayer insulating film 112 and the insulating film 108, and suppresses attenuation of the intensity.
- the thickness of the graphene sheet 140a1 can be sufficiently thin so as to have high light transmittance, so the color conversion layer 183 may be provided so as not to penetrate the graphene sheet.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram illustrating the image display device according to this embodiment.
- the image display device 1 of this embodiment has a display area 2 .
- Sub-pixels 20 are arranged in the display area 2 .
- the sub-pixels 20 are arranged, for example, in a grid.
- n sub-pixels 20 are arranged along the X-axis and m sub-pixels 20 are arranged along the Y-axis.
- a pixel 10 includes a plurality of sub-pixels 20 that emit light of different colors.
- the sub-pixel 20R emits red light.
- Sub-pixel 20G emits green light.
- Sub-pixel 20B emits blue light.
- the emission color and brightness of one pixel 10 are determined by causing the three types of sub-pixels 20R, 20G, and 20B to emit light with desired brightness.
- One pixel 10 includes three sub-pixels 20R, 20G, 20B, and the sub-pixels 20R, 20G, 20B are linearly arranged on the X-axis, for example, as shown in FIG.
- Each pixel 10 may have sub-pixels of the same color arranged in the same column, or may have sub-pixels of different colors arranged in different columns as in this example.
- the image display device 1 further has a power line 3 and a ground line 4 .
- the power lines 3 and the ground lines 4 are laid out in a grid pattern along the array of the sub-pixels 20 .
- a power supply line 3 and a ground line 4 are electrically connected to each sub-pixel 20 to supply power to each sub-pixel 20 from a DC power supply connected between a power supply terminal 3a and a GND terminal 4a.
- a power supply terminal 3 a and a GND terminal 4 a are provided at ends of the power supply line 3 and the ground line 4 , respectively, and are connected to a DC power supply circuit provided outside the display area 2 .
- a positive voltage is supplied to the power supply terminal 3a with reference to the GND terminal 4a.
- the image display device 1 further has scanning lines 6 and signal lines 8 .
- the scanning lines 6 are laid in a direction parallel to the X-axis. That is, the scanning lines 6 are laid out along the array of the sub-pixels 20 in the row direction.
- the signal lines 8 are laid in a direction parallel to the Y-axis. That is, the signal lines 8 are wired along the array of the sub-pixels 20 in the column direction.
- the image display device 1 further has a row selection circuit 5 and a signal voltage output circuit 7 .
- Row selection circuit 5 and signal voltage output circuit 7 are provided along the outer edge of display area 2 .
- the row selection circuit 5 is provided along the Y-axis direction of the outer edge of the display area 2 .
- a row selection circuit 5 is electrically connected to the sub-pixels 20 in each column via scanning lines 6 and supplies a selection signal to each sub-pixel 20 .
- the signal voltage output circuit 7 is provided along the X-axis direction on the outer edge of the display area 2 .
- the signal voltage output circuit 7 is electrically connected to the sub-pixels 20 in each row via signal lines 8 and supplies signal voltages to each sub-pixel 20 .
- the sub-pixel 20 includes a light emitting element 22, a select transistor 24, a drive transistor 26, and a capacitor 28.
- the select transistor 24 may be labeled T1
- the drive transistor 26 may be labeled T2
- the capacitor 28 may be labeled Cm.
- the light emitting element 22 is connected in series with the driving transistor 26 .
- the driving transistor 26 is a p-channel TFT, and the drain electrode of the driving transistor 26 is connected to the anode electrode of the light emitting element 22 .
- the main electrodes of drive transistor 26 and select transistor 24 are the drain and source electrodes.
- An anode electrode of the light emitting element 22 is connected to the p-type semiconductor layer.
- a cathode electrode of the light emitting element 22 is connected to the n-type semiconductor layer.
- a series circuit of the light emitting element 22 and the driving transistor 26 is connected between the power supply line 3 and the ground line 4 .
- the drive transistor 26 corresponds to the transistor 103 in FIG. 1, and the light emitting element 22 corresponds to the light emitting element 150 in FIG.
- the current flowing through the light emitting element 22 is determined by the voltage applied between the gate and source of the driving transistor 26, and the light emitting element 22 emits light with a brightness corresponding to the current flowing through the light emitting element
- the select transistor 24 is connected between the gate electrode of the drive transistor 26 and the signal line 8 via the main electrode.
- a gate electrode of the selection transistor 24 is connected to the scanning line 6 .
- a capacitor 28 is connected between the gate electrode of the drive transistor 26 and the power supply line 3 .
- the row selection circuit 5 selects one row from the array of m rows of sub-pixels 20 and supplies a selection signal to the scanning line 6 .
- a signal voltage output circuit 7 supplies a signal voltage having the required analog voltage value to each sub-pixel 20 of the selected row.
- a signal voltage is applied across the gate-source of the drive transistors 26 of the sub-pixels 20 in the selected row.
- the signal voltage is held by capacitor 28 .
- the drive transistor 26 causes a current corresponding to the signal voltage to flow through the light emitting element 22 .
- the light emitting element 22 emits light with a brightness corresponding to the current that flows.
- the row selection circuit 5 sequentially switches the rows to be selected and supplies selection signals. That is, the row selection circuit 5 scans the rows in which the sub-pixels 20 are arranged. A current corresponding to the signal voltage flows through the light emitting elements 22 of the sequentially scanned sub-pixels 20 to emit light. The brightness of the sub-pixel 20 is determined by the current flowing through the light emitting element 22 . The sub-pixels 20 emit light with gradation based on the determined brightness, and an image is displayed in the display area 2 .
- FIG. 4 is a schematic plan view illustrating a part of the image display device of this embodiment.
- the AA' line represents the cutting line in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 1 and the like.
- the light emitting element 150 and the driving transistor 103 are stacked in the Z-axis direction with the first interlayer insulating film 112 and the second interlayer insulating film 156 interposed therebetween.
- Light emitting element 150 corresponds to light emitting element 22 in FIG.
- the driving transistor 103 corresponds to the driving transistor 26 in FIG. 3 and is also denoted as T2.
- the anode electrode of the light emitting device 150 is provided by the p-type semiconductor layer 153 shown in FIG.
- a connection member 161 a is provided on the top surface 153 U of the p-type semiconductor layer 153 .
- the p-type semiconductor layer 153 is connected to the wiring 160d through the connection member 161a.
- the wiring 160d is connected to the via 161d through the contact hole 161d1, and the wiring 160d is connected to the wiring 110d provided in the lower layer through the via 161d.
- the wiring 110d is connected to the drain electrode of the transistor 103 via the via 111d shown in FIG.
- the drain electrode of transistor 103 is part of TFT channel 104, region 104d shown in FIG.
- a source electrode of the transistor 103 is connected to the wiring 110s through the via 111s illustrated in FIG.
- the source electrode of transistor 103 is region 104s shown in FIG.
- the first wiring layer 110 includes the power line 3 and the wiring 110 s is connected to the power line 3 .
- the cathode electrode of the light emitting element 150 is provided by the connecting portion 151a.
- the connection portion 151 a is provided in a layer above the transistor 103 and the first wiring layer 110 .
- the connecting portion 151a is electrically connected to the wiring 160k through the via 161k. More specifically, one end of the via 161k is connected to the connecting portion 151a. The other end of via 161k is connected to wiring 160k through contact hole 161k1.
- the wiring 160 k is connected to the ground line 4 .
- the light emitting element 150 can electrically connect the first wiring layer 110 provided below the light emitting element 150 to the second wiring layer 160 by using the via 161d.
- the light emitting element 150 can electrically connect the connecting portion 151a provided below the second wiring layer 160 to the second wiring layer 160 by using the via 161k.
- FIG. 5A to 8 are schematic cross-sectional views illustrating part of the method for manufacturing the image display device of this embodiment.
- the substrate 102 is prepared in the method for manufacturing the image display device of this embodiment.
- the substrate 102 is a translucent substrate, for example, a substantially rectangular glass substrate of approximately 1500 mm ⁇ 1800 mm.
- the TFT lower layer film 106 is formed on one surface (first surface) 102a.
- the TFT underlayer film 106 is formed by, for example, the CVD method.
- a Si layer 1104 is formed on the formed TFT lower layer film 106 .
- the Si layer 1104 is an amorphous Si layer at the time of deposition, and after the deposition, a polycrystalline Si layer 1104 is formed by, for example, scanning an excimer laser pulse a plurality of times.
- the transistor 103 is formed at a predetermined position on the TFT lower layer film 106 .
- transistor 103 is formed as follows.
- the polycrystallized Si layer 1104 shown in FIG. 5A is processed into an island shape like the transistor 103 shown in FIG. 4 to form the TFT channel 104 .
- An insulating layer 105 is formed to cover the TFT lower layer film 106 and the TFT channel 104 .
- the insulating layer 105 functions as a gate insulating film.
- a gate 107 is formed on the TFT channel 104 with an insulating layer 105 interposed therebetween.
- the transistor 103 is formed by selectively doping an impurity such as B into the gate 107 and thermally activating it.
- the regions 104s and 104d are p-type active regions and function as the source and drain regions of the transistor 103, respectively.
- Region 104i is an n-type active region and functions as a channel.
- insulating film 108 is formed to cover insulating layer 105 and gate 107 .
- An appropriate manufacturing method is applied to the formation of the insulating film 108 according to the material of the insulating film 108 .
- the insulating film 108 is formed of SiO2 , techniques such as ALD and CVD are used.
- the flatness of the insulating film 108 is sufficient to form the first wiring layer 110, and the flattening process is not necessarily required.
- the number of steps for the planarization process can be reduced.
- Vias 111s and 111d are formed through the insulating film 108 and the insulating layer 105 .
- the via 111s is formed to reach the region 104s.
- Via 111d is formed to reach region 104d.
- RIE or the like is used to form the via holes for forming the vias 111s and 111d.
- a first wiring layer 110 including wirings 110s and 110d is formed on the insulating film .
- the wiring 110s is connected to one end of the via 111s.
- the wiring 110d is connected to one end of the via 111d.
- the first wiring layer 110 may be formed simultaneously with the formation of the vias 111s and 111d.
- a first interlayer insulating film (first insulating film) 112 is formed to cover the insulating film 108 and the first wiring layer 110 .
- the surface of the first interlayer insulating film 112 is planarized by chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) or the like to form a planarized surface 112F.
- CMP chemical mechanical polishing
- the drive circuit board (first board) 100 is formed.
- the manufacturing process of the drive circuit board 100 may be performed in a plant different from the process after the semiconductor layer forming process described later, or may be performed in the same plant.
- the graphene layer 1140 is formed on the planarized surface 112F.
- the graphene layer 1140 is a layer containing graphene, and is preferably formed by stacking several to ten single graphene layers.
- the graphene layer 1140 cut into an appropriate size and shape is placed at a predetermined position on the flattened surface 112F, and is attracted to the flattened surface 112F due to the flatness of the flattened surface 112F.
- Graphene layer 1140 may be adhered onto planarizing surface 112F, for example, by an adhesive or the like.
- the perimeter of the cut graphene layer 1140 in XY plan view is determined according to the perimeter of the semiconductor layer 1150 in XY plan view shown in FIG. 7A described below.
- the outer periphery of the graphene layer 1140 in XY plan view and the outer periphery of the semiconductor layer 1150 in XY plan view are set to sufficiently include the outer periphery of the light emitting element 150 in FIG. 7B described later in XY plan view. That is, the outer periphery of the light emitting element 150 is arranged within the outer periphery of the graphene layer 1140 and within the outer periphery of the semiconductor layer 1150 in XY plan view.
- a semiconductor layer 1150 is formed over the graphene layer 1140, as shown in FIG. 7A.
- the semiconductor layer 1150 includes an n-type semiconductor layer 1151, a light-emitting layer 1152, and a p-type semiconductor layer 1153 in this order from the graphene layer 1140 side toward the positive direction of the Z-axis.
- the semiconductor layer 1150 includes, for example, GaN, more specifically, In X Al Y Ga 1-XY N (0 ⁇ X, 0 ⁇ Y, X+Y ⁇ 1) and the like.
- crystal defects due to crystal lattice mismatch are likely to occur, and crystals containing GaN as a main component generally exhibit n-type semiconductor characteristics. Therefore, by growing the graphene layer 1140 from the n-type semiconductor layer 1151, the yield can be improved.
- Non-Patent Document 1 2nd prize.
- the drive circuit board 100 is formed on a substrate 102 made of glass, for example, and the low-temperature sputtering method is suitable for forming the semiconductor layer 1150 on the drive circuit board 100 .
- a single-crystallized semiconductor layer 1150 including a light-emitting layer 1152 is formed on the graphene layer 1140 by growing a GaN semiconductor layer 1150 on the graphene layer 1140 using an appropriate deposition technique.
- the semiconductor layer 1150 is formed within the region indicated by the two-dot chain line in FIG. 7A.
- an amorphous deposit 1162 containing the growth seed material such as Ga may be deposited on the flattened surface 112F where the graphene layer 1140 does not exist.
- the deposits 1162 are stacked in the order of deposits 1162a, 1162b, and 1162c from the flattened surface 112F toward the positive direction of the Z-axis.
- Deposit 1162a was deposited during the formation of n-type semiconductor layer 1151
- deposit 1162b was deposited during the formation of light-emitting layer 1152
- deposit 1162c was deposited during the formation of p-type semiconductor layer 1153.
- the semiconductor layer 1150 is not limited to being formed directly on the graphene layer 1140, and may be formed on a buffer layer formed on the graphene layer 1140. By providing the buffer layer, it may be possible to promote the crystal growth of GaN.
- the buffer layer can be formed sufficiently thin so as not to impair the light transmittance. good.
- the semiconductor layer 1150 shown in FIG. 7A is processed by etching to form the light emitting element 150. As shown in FIG. 7B, the semiconductor layer 1150 shown in FIG. 7A is processed by etching to form the light emitting element 150. As shown in FIG. 7B, the semiconductor layer 1150 shown in FIG. 7A is processed by etching to form the light emitting element 150. As shown in FIG. 7B, the semiconductor layer 1150 shown in FIG. 7A is processed by etching to form the light emitting element 150. As shown in FIG.
- the connecting portion 151a is formed, and then the other portion is formed by further etching.
- the light-emitting element 150 having the connecting portion 151a projecting from the n-type semiconductor layer 151 above the flattened surface 112F in the positive direction of the X-axis can be formed.
- a dry etching process for example, is used to form the light emitting element 150, and preferably anisotropic plasma etching (Reactive Ion Etching, RIE) is used.
- the graphene layer 1140 shown in FIG. 7A is over-etched during the formation of the light emitting device 150 and formed into the graphene sheet 140a. Therefore, the outer circumference of the graphene sheet 140a in XY plan view substantially matches the outer circumference of the light emitting element 150 in XY plan view.
- a second interlayer insulating film (second insulating film) 156 is formed so as to cover the flattened surface 112F, the graphene sheet 140a and the light emitting element 150 .
- the via 161d (first via) is formed by filling a via hole that penetrates the second interlayer insulating film 156 and the first interlayer insulating film 112 and reaches the wiring 110d with a conductive material.
- the via (second via) 161k is formed by embedding a conductive material in a via hole that penetrates the second interlayer insulating film 156 and reaches the connecting portion 151a.
- the connection member 161a is formed by filling a contact hole formed to reach the top surface 153U with a conductive material. RIE, for example, is used to form via holes and contact holes.
- a second wiring layer 160 including wirings 160 d and 160 k is formed on the second interlayer insulating film 156 .
- the wiring 160d is connected to one end of the connection member 161a and the via 161d.
- the wiring 160k is connected to one end of the via 161k.
- the second wiring layer 160 may be formed simultaneously with the formation of the vias 161k and 161d and the connection member 161a. In this manner, the wiring 160d and the wiring 110d are electrically connected by the via 161d, and the wiring 160k and the connecting portion 151a are electrically connected by the via 161k.
- FIGS. 9A to 9D show a method of forming color filters by an inkjet method.
- a structure 1192 is prepared as shown in FIG. 9A.
- Structure 1192 includes second interlayer insulating film 156, second wiring layer 160, vias 161d and 161k, and connection member 161a shown in FIG.
- the light shielding portion 181 is formed in a region on the surface 102b and not including the outer circumference of the light emitting surface 151S in the XY plan view.
- the light shielding portion 181 is formed using, for example, screen printing, photolithography, or the like.
- the phosphor corresponding to the emitted color is ejected from the inkjet nozzle to form the color conversion layer 183.
- the phosphor forming the color conversion layer 183 is ejected onto the surface 102b.
- the phosphor also colors the area between the light shielding portions 181 on the surface 102b.
- phosphors for example, fluorescent paints using general phosphor materials, perovskite phosphor materials, and quantum dot phosphor materials are used. It is preferable to use a perovskite phosphor material or a quantum dot phosphor material, since each emission color can be realized, and the monochromaticity and color reproducibility can be improved.
- dry processing is performed at an appropriate temperature and time.
- the color conversion layer 183 is not formed if the color conversion section is not formed.
- the blue phosphor preferably covers the region formed by the light shielding section 181. The ejection volume is set to fill all.
- the paint for the filter layer 184 is ejected from an inkjet nozzle.
- the paint is applied over the coating film of the phosphor.
- the ejection amount is set so as to fill the entire area formed by the light shielding portion 181 .
- the structure 1192 is diced together with the color filter 180 to form an image display device. Note that the step of forming the color filters 180 may be performed after the structure 1192 is diced.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a part of a modification of the method for manufacturing the image display device of this embodiment.
- FIG. 10 shows a method of forming a film type color filter 180a.
- the top view of the arrow shows structure 1192 .
- the figure below the arrow shows the glass substrate 186, the color filter 180a adhered to the glass substrate 186, and the transparent thin film adhesion layer 189 that adheres the color filter 180a to the structure 1192.
- FIG. The arrows represent the situation where the color filter 180a is attached to the structure 1192 together with the glass substrate 186 and the transparent thin film adhesive layer 189.
- FIG. 10 for some constituent elements of the structure 1192, illustration of the reference numerals and constituent elements including the reference numerals is omitted in order to avoid complication.
- Components within structure 1192 not shown in FIG. 10 are shown in FIG.
- the components shown in FIG. 8 are each element of circuit 101 in drive circuit board 100, vias 161d and 161k, and second wiring layer 160.
- FIG. 8 is each element of circuit 101 in drive circuit board 100, vias 161d and 161k, and second wiring layer 160.
- the color filter 180a includes a light shielding portion 181a, color conversion layers 183R, 183G, and 183B, and a filter layer 184a.
- the light shielding part 181a has the same function as the light shielding part 181 in the case of the inkjet method.
- the color conversion layers 183R, 183G, and 183B have the same function as the color conversion layer 183 in the inkjet method, and are made of the same material.
- the color conversion layer 183R is a conversion layer that outputs red light.
- the color conversion layer 183G is a conversion layer that outputs green light.
- the color conversion layer 183B is a conversion layer that outputs blue light.
- the filter layer 184a also has the same function as the filter layer 184 in the inkjet method, and is made of the same material.
- the color filter 180a is adhered to the structure 1192 on one side.
- the other surface of the color filter 180a is adhered to the glass substrate 186.
- a transparent thin film adhesive layer 189 is provided on one surface of the color filter 180a, and is adhered to the surface 102b of the structure 1192 via the transparent thin film adhesive layer 189.
- the transparent thin film adhesive layer 189 is formed between the substrate 102 and the color filter 180a according to the above procedure.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing the image display device of this modified example.
- the steps described in connection with FIG. 11 are performed before performing the steps of forming the color filters.
- the steps of FIG. 11 are performed subsequent to the steps described in connection with FIG.
- openings 158 are formed.
- the opening 158 is formed to expose the light emitting surface 151S from the surface 102b of the substrate 102. As shown in FIG.
- opening 158 is formed by sequentially removing portions of substrate 102, TFT underlayer film 106, insulating layer 105, insulating film 108, first interlayer insulating film 112, and graphene sheet 140a shown in FIG. formed by The opening 158 is formed by wet etching or the like using a solvent suitable for the material.
- a color filter is formed by an inkjet method by the method described with reference to FIGS. 9A to 9D.
- the phosphor is ejected so as to fill opening 158, and the phosphor is formed to cover wall surface 158W of opening 158 and light emitting surface 151S.
- the phosphor is also ejected between the light shielding portions 181 .
- the filter layer 184 is formed to fill the space between the light shielding portions 181 .
- the openings 158 shown in FIG. 11 are filled with, for example, a transparent resin.
- the color filter can be formed by attaching the color filter to the surface 102b of the substrate 102 and the exposed surface of the transparent resin filled in the opening 158 via the transparent thin film adhesive layer 189 shown in FIG. .
- the color conversion layer 183 be as thick as possible in order to improve the color conversion efficiency.
- the color conversion layer 183 is too thick, the emitted light of the color-converted light is approximated to Lambertian, whereas the emission angle of the blue light that is not color-converted is limited by the light shielding portion 181. .
- the display color of the displayed image is dependent on the viewing angle.
- the thickness of the color conversion layer 183 should be about half the size of the opening of the light shielding portion 181 in order to match the light distribution of the light of the sub-pixel provided with the color conversion layer 183 with the light distribution of the blue light that is not color-converted. is desirable.
- the pitch of the sub-pixels 20 is about 30 ⁇ m, so the thickness of the color conversion layer 183 is preferably about 15 ⁇ m.
- the color conversion material is made of spherical phosphor particles, it is preferable to stack them in a close-packed structure in order to suppress light leakage from the light emitting element 150 .
- the particle size of the phosphor material forming the color conversion layer 183 is preferably about 5 ⁇ m or less, more preferably about 3 ⁇ m or less.
- FIG. 12 is a schematic perspective view illustrating the image display device according to this embodiment.
- a driving circuit substrate 100 having a circuit 101 including transistors formed on a color filter 180 is provided, and a large number of light emitting elements are formed on the flattened surface 112F.
- a light emitting circuit portion 172 having an element 150 is provided.
- the light emitting circuit section 172 includes the graphene sheet 140a, the second interlayer insulating film 156 and the second wiring layer 160 shown in FIG.
- the drive circuit board 100 and the light emitting circuit section 172 are electrically connected via the vias 161d and 161k shown in FIG.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic perspective view illustrating an image display device according to a modification of this embodiment.
- the image display device can be formed without providing the color filters 180 and 180a. can be a device.
- a light emitting circuit section 172 having a large number of light emitting elements 150 is provided on the flattened surface 112F of the drive circuit board 100 .
- This modified example can also be applied to other embodiments and their modified examples to be described later.
- the light emitting element 150 is formed by etching the semiconductor layer 1150 crystal-grown on the flattened surface 112F of the drive circuit board 100 . After that, the light emitting element 150 is covered with the second interlayer insulating film 156 and electrically connected to the circuit 101 built in the drive circuit board 100 . Therefore, the manufacturing process can be significantly shortened compared to individually transferring individual light emitting elements onto the substrate 102 .
- the graphene layer 1140 formed on the flattened surface 112F can be used as a seed for crystal growth of the semiconductor layer 1150. Since the graphene layer 1140 can be easily formed on the flattened surface 112F, sufficiently high productivity can be achieved.
- a 4K image display device has more than 24 million sub-pixels
- an 8K image display device has more than 99 million sub-pixels.
- Forming such a large number of light-emitting elements individually and mounting them on a circuit board requires an enormous amount of time. Therefore, it is difficult to realize an image display device using micro LEDs at a realistic cost.
- the yield decreases due to connection failures during mounting, etc., and further cost increases are unavoidable. effect is obtained.
- the light emitting element 150 is formed after forming the entire semiconductor layer 1150 on the graphene layer 1140 formed on the flattened surface 112F. can be reduced. Therefore, in the manufacturing method of the image display device 1 of the present embodiment, the transfer process time can be shortened and the number of processes can be reduced as compared with the conventional manufacturing method.
- the graphene layer 1140 is appropriately cut and attached onto the flattened surface 112F so that the light emitting elements 150 can be arranged in self-alignment. can be done. Therefore, it is not necessary to align the light-emitting elements on the drive circuit board 100, and the size of the light-emitting elements 150 can be easily reduced, which is suitable for high-definition displays.
- the light-emitting elements are directly formed by etching or the like on the drive circuit board 100 on which the circuit 101 is already incorporated, the light-emitting element 150 and the circuit 101 under the light-emitting element 150 are connected by via formation or the like. Connect electrically. Therefore, a uniform connection structure can be realized, and a decrease in yield can be suppressed.
- the drive circuit board 100 can include drive circuits including TFTs and the like, scanning circuits, and the like.
- the circuit 101 that constitutes the drive circuit board 100 can be formed on a light-transmissive substrate such as a glass substrate, and the existing manufacturing processes and plants for flat panel displays can be used. It has the advantage of being able to
- the light emitting elements 150 are laminated on the drive circuit board 100, and the optical path from the light emitting surface 151S to the outside may be long.
- the optical path of light emitted from the light emitting element 150 has a distance from the light emitting surface 151S to the surface 102b. This distance may range from about 1 ⁇ m to several ⁇ m. That is, the light output from the light emitting surface 151S is radiated to the outside through an optical path of about 1 ⁇ m to several ⁇ m. Therefore, the light output from the light emitting surface 151S is attenuated in accordance with the length of the optical path as compared with the case where the light is directly emitted to the outside.
- the optical path is filled with the color conversion layer 183, and the intensity of the light emitted to the outside depends on the light absorption rate of the phosphors forming the color conversion layer 183. is attenuated accordingly.
- the light emitting element 150 is covered with a second interlayer insulating film 156 except for the light emitting surface 151S.
- a second interlayer insulating film 156 By forming the second interlayer insulating film 156 from a highly light-reflective material such as white resin, scattered light to the sides of the light emitting element 150 is reflected and prevented from leaking to the sides of the light emitting element 150 . can do.
- the light emitting element 150 is covered with the second interlayer insulating film 156, so that the light traveling in directions other than the light emitting surface 151S can be confined within the light emitting element 150.
- Light confined in the light emitting element 150 is reflected at the interface between the light emitting element 150 and the second interlayer insulating film 156, and part of the light is guided toward the light emitting surface 151S. Therefore, the light-emitting element 150 has substantially improved luminous efficiency, and even if the light intensity is attenuated by a long optical path from the light-emitting surface 151S to the outside and the light absorption rate of the phosphor, sufficient intensity is obtained. of light can be emitted to the outside.
- the first interlayer insulating film 112 and the insulating film 108 are formed of a material having light reflectivity such as white resin, it is possible to further prevent the leakage of light, and the emitted light Attenuation of the strength of can be suppressed more effectively.
- FIG. 14 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a part of the image display device according to this embodiment.
- the configurations of the light emitting element 250 and the transistor 203 are different from those of the other embodiments described above.
- light emitting surface 253S is provided by p-type semiconductor layer 253, and transistor 203 is n-channel.
- the p-type semiconductor layer 253 and the via 261a are connected by the third wiring layer 230, which is also different from the other embodiments described above.
- the same reference numerals are given to the same components as in other embodiments, and detailed description thereof will be omitted as appropriate.
- the image display device of this embodiment includes sub-pixels 220 .
- the sub-pixel 220 includes a substrate 102, a third wiring layer 230, a graphene sheet 140a, a transistor 203, a first wiring layer 110, a first interlayer insulating film 112, a light emitting element 250, and a second interlayer insulating film. 156, a via 161d, and a second wiring layer 160.
- FIG. Subpixel 220 further includes color filter 180 .
- the circuit 101 including the transistor 203 is provided on one surface 102a of the substrate 102, as in the other embodiments described above.
- a color filter 180 is provided on the other surface 102 b of the substrate 102 .
- the configuration of the color filter 180 is the same as in other embodiments described above, and detailed description thereof will be omitted.
- the transistor 203 is provided on the TFT lower layer film 106 .
- the transistor 203 is an n-channel TFT.
- Transistor 203 includes TFT channel 204 and gate 107 .
- transistor 203 is formed by an LTPS process or the like, similar to the other embodiments described above.
- the circuit 101 includes a TFT channel 204, an insulating layer 105, an insulating film 108, vias 111s and 111d, and a first wiring layer 110.
- the TFT channel 204 includes regions 204s, 204i and 204d. Regions 204 s , 204 i and 204 d are provided on TFT lower layer film 106 .
- the regions 204s and 204d are doped with impurities such as phosphorus (P) and activated to form n-type semiconductor regions.
- the region 204s is ohmically connected to the via 111s.
- the region 204d is ohmically connected to the via 111d.
- the gate 107 is provided above the TFT channel 204 via the insulating layer 105 .
- the insulating layer 105 insulates the TFT channel 204 and the gate 107 .
- a channel is formed in region 204i when a higher voltage is applied to gate 107 than region 204s.
- the current flowing between regions 204s and 204d is controlled by the voltage of gate 107 on region 204s.
- the TFT channel 204 and the gate 107 are formed by the same material and manufacturing method as those of the TFT channel 104 and the gate 107 in the other embodiments described above.
- the first wiring layer 110 includes wirings 110s and 110d.
- the interconnection 110s is connected to, for example, a ground line 4 shown in FIG. 15 which will be described later.
- the vias 111s and 111d are provided through the insulating film 108 .
- the via 111s is provided between the wiring 110s and the region 204s.
- the via 111s electrically connects the wiring 110s and the region 204s.
- the via 111d is provided between the wiring 110d and the region 204d.
- the via 111d electrically connects the wiring 110d and the region 204d.
- the vias 111s and 111d are formed with the same material and manufacturing method as in the other embodiments described above.
- the third wiring layer 230 is provided on the flattened surface 112F.
- the third wiring layer 230 includes a plurality of wirings 230a that can have different potentials.
- a plurality of wirings 230 a are provided for each light emitting element 250 .
- the light emitting element 250 is provided over the wiring 230a via the graphene sheet 140a. Since the graphene sheet 140a is sufficiently thin, the electrical resistance in the thickness direction is sufficiently small. Therefore, the light emitting surface 253S is electrically connected to the wiring 230a through the graphene sheet 140a.
- the third wiring layer 230 including the wiring 230a is made of a translucent conductive film, such as an ITO film or a ZnO film.
- the graphene sheet 140a is also formed thin enough to have sufficient translucency, and the light emitted from the light emitting element 250 passes through the graphene sheet 140a and the wiring 230a.
- the outer circumference of the wiring 230a is set so as to include the outer circumference of the light emitting element 250 when the light emitting element 250 is projected onto the wiring 230a in the XY plan view. That is, the outer periphery of the light emitting element 250 is arranged within the outer periphery of the wiring 230a in the XY plan view. As a result, a contact area between the wiring 230a and the light emitting surface 253S is ensured, and an increase in contact resistance between the wiring 230a and the light emitting surface 253S can be suppressed.
- the wiring 230a is provided so as to protrude in one direction above the flattened surface 112F. One end of the via 261a is connected to the wiring 230a, and the light emitting element 250 is electrically connected to the via 261a through the graphene sheet 140a and the wiring 230a.
- the light emitting element 250 includes a top surface 251U provided on the opposite side of the light emitting surface 253S.
- the light emitting element 250 is a prismatic or cylindrical element, as in the other embodiments described above.
- the light emitting element 250 includes a p-type semiconductor layer 253, a light emitting layer 252, and an n-type semiconductor layer 251.
- the p-type semiconductor layer 253, the light emitting layer 252 and the n-type semiconductor layer 251 are laminated in this order from the light emitting surface 253S toward the top surface 251U.
- the light emitting surface 253S is provided by the p-type semiconductor layer 253, and the top surface 251U is provided by the n-type semiconductor layer 251.
- the light emitting element 250 has the same shape in XY plan view as the light emitting element 150 of the other embodiment described above. An appropriate shape is selected for the light emitting element 250 according to the layout of other circuit elements and the like.
- the light emitting element 250 is a so-called light emitting diode similar to the light emitting element 150 of the other embodiments described above.
- the second wiring layer 160 is provided on the second interlayer insulating film 156 .
- the second wiring layer 160 includes wirings 160d and 260a.
- a portion of the wiring 160d is provided above the light emitting element 250 and the other portion is provided above the wiring 110d, as in the other embodiments described above.
- a portion of the wiring 260a is provided above the wiring 230a.
- the wiring 260a is connected to, for example, the power supply line 3 of the circuit of FIG. 15, which will be described later.
- a via 161d is provided in the same manner as in the other embodiments described above. That is, the via 161d is provided so as to penetrate the second interlayer insulating film 156 and the first interlayer insulating film 112 and reach the wiring 110d.
- the via 161d is provided between the wiring 160d and the wiring 110d and electrically connects the wiring 160d and the wiring 110d.
- a connection member 161a is provided between the wiring 160d and the top surface 251U, and the wiring 160d is electrically connected to the top surface 251U by the connection member 161a. Therefore, the n-type semiconductor layer 251 is electrically connected to the drain region of the transistor 203 through the connecting member 161a, the wiring 160d, the via 161d, the wiring 110d and the via 111d.
- a via (second via) 261a is provided to penetrate the second interlayer insulating film 156 and reach the wiring 230a.
- the via 261a is provided between the wiring (second wiring) 260a and the wiring 230a, and electrically connects the wiring 260a and the wiring 230a. Therefore, p-type semiconductor layer 253 is electrically connected to, for example, power supply line 3 of the circuit of FIG. 15 via wiring 230a, via 261a and wiring 260a.
- FIG. 15 is a schematic block diagram illustrating the image display device of this embodiment.
- the image display device 201 of this embodiment includes a display area 2, a row selection circuit 205 and a signal voltage output circuit 207.
- Pixel 10 includes a plurality of sub-pixels 220 that emit light of different colors, as in the other embodiments described above.
- Sub-pixel 220R emits red light.
- Subpixel 220G emits green light.
- Sub-pixel 220B emits blue light. The emission color and brightness of one pixel 10 are determined by causing the three types of sub-pixels 220R, 220G, and 220B to emit light with desired brightness.
- One pixel 10 includes three sub-pixels 220R, 220G, 220B, and the sub-pixels 220R, 220G, 220B are linearly arranged on the X-axis, for example, as in this example.
- Each pixel 10 may have sub-pixels of the same color arranged in the same column, or may have sub-pixels of different colors arranged in different columns as in this example.
- the sub-pixel 220 includes a light emitting element 222, a select transistor 224, a drive transistor 226, and a capacitor 228.
- select transistor 224 may be labeled T1
- drive transistor 226 may be labeled T2
- capacitor 228 may be labeled Cm.
- the light emitting element 222 is provided on the power line 3 side, and the drive transistor 226 connected in series with the light emitting element 222 is provided on the ground line 4 side.
- the driving transistor 226 is connected to the lower potential side than the light emitting element 222 is.
- the drive transistor 226 is an n-channel transistor.
- a select transistor 224 is connected between the gate electrode of the drive transistor 226 and the signal line 208 .
- a capacitor 228 is connected between the gate electrode of the drive transistor 226 and the ground line 4 .
- the row selection circuit 205 and the signal voltage output circuit 207 supply signal voltages of polarities different from those in the above-described other embodiments to the signal line 208 in order to drive the drive transistor 226, which is an n-channel transistor.
- the row selection circuit 205 supplies selection signals to the scanning lines 206 so as to sequentially select one row from the array of m rows of sub-pixels 220 .
- a signal voltage output circuit 207 supplies a signal voltage having the required analog voltage value to each sub-pixel 220 of the selected row.
- the drive transistors 226 of the sub-pixels 220 in the selected row pass current through the light emitting elements 222 according to the signal voltage.
- the light-emitting element 222 emits light with luminance according to the current that flows.
- 16A to 18 are schematic cross-sectional views illustrating part of the method for manufacturing the image display device of this embodiment.
- This embodiment uses the substrate 102 described in connection with FIG. 5A of the other embodiment described above.
- the substrate 102 is formed with a Si layer 1104 with a TFT underlayer film 106 interposed therebetween.
- FIG. 16A it is assumed that the steps after FIG. 16A are applied after the step of FIG. 5A.
- the polycrystallized Si layer 1104 shown in FIG. 5A is processed into an island shape to form the TFT channel 204 .
- An insulating layer 105 is formed to cover the TFT lower layer film 106 and the TFT channel 204 .
- the insulating layer 105 functions as a gate insulating film.
- a gate 107 is formed on the TFT channel 204 with an insulating layer 105 interposed therebetween.
- a transistor (circuit element) 203 is formed by selectively doping the gate 107 with an impurity such as P and thermally activating it.
- the regions 204s and 204d are n-type active regions and function as the source and drain regions of the transistor 203, respectively.
- Region 204i is a p-type active region and functions as a channel. Thus, an n-channel TFT is formed.
- the insulating film 108 is formed covering the insulating layer 105 and the transistor 203 . Vias 111s and 111d penetrating through insulating film 108 and insulating layer 105 are formed. A first wiring layer 110 including wirings 110 s and 110 d is formed on the insulating film 108 . The wiring 110s is connected to the via 111s, and the wiring 110d is connected to the via 111d. A first interlayer insulating film 112 is formed to cover the insulating film 108 and the first wiring layer 110 . Thus, a drive circuit substrate (first substrate) 100 including p-channel TFTs is formed.
- a translucent conductive film 1130 is formed on the flattened surface 112F.
- a graphene layer 1140 is formed at a predetermined position on the formed translucent conductive film 1130 .
- a semiconductor layer 1150 is formed over the graphene layer 1140 as shown in FIG. 17A.
- the semiconductor layer 1150 is formed by sequentially forming a p-type semiconductor layer 1153, a light emitting layer 1152, and an n-type semiconductor layer 1151 from the graphene layer 1140 toward the positive direction of the Z-axis.
- the semiconductor layer 1150 is formed over the graphene layer 1140 as indicated by the two-dot chain line in FIG. 17A.
- an amorphous deposit 1162 containing Ga or the like which is a growth seed material, may be deposited on the translucent conductive film 1130 where the graphene layer 1140 is not present. be.
- deposits 1162d, 1162e, and 1162f are stacked in this order from translucent conductive film 1130 toward the positive direction of the Z-axis.
- Deposit 1162d is shown deposited during formation of p-type semiconductor layer 1153
- deposit 1162e is deposited during formation of light emitting layer 1152
- deposit 1162f is shown deposited during formation of n-type semiconductor layer 1151.
- a third wiring layer 230 including light emitting elements 250, graphene sheets 140a and wiring 230a is formed.
- the semiconductor layer 1150 shown in FIG. 17A is processed by etching to form the light emitting element 250 .
- the graphene layer 1140 shown in FIG. 17A is over-etched during the formation of the light emitting device 250 to form the graphene sheet 140a. Therefore, the outer circumference of the graphene sheet 140a in XY plan view substantially matches the outer circumference of the light emitting element 250 in XY plan view.
- the wiring 230a is formed so as to protrude from the light emitting element 250 in one direction on the flattened surface 112F.
- the outer circumference of the wiring 230a is set so as to include the outer circumference of the light emitting element 250 when the light emitting element 250 is projected onto the wiring 230a in an XY plan view. That is, the outer periphery of the light emitting element 250 is arranged within the outer periphery of the wiring 230a in the XY plan view.
- the projecting portion of the wiring 230a is formed so as to secure a region for connecting one end of a via 261a shown in FIG. 18, which will be described later. Since the light emitting surface 253S is connected to the via 261a through the wiring 230a, the light emitting element 250 can be formed into a single prismatic or cylindrical shape without forming a connecting portion as in the other embodiments described above. molded.
- the second interlayer insulating film 156 is formed.
- the second interlayer insulating film 156 is formed to cover the planarized surface 112F, the third wiring layer 230 including the wiring 230a, the graphene sheet 140a and the light emitting element 250.
- a via (second via) 261a is formed by filling a via hole formed to penetrate the second interlayer insulating film 156 and reach the wiring 230a with a conductive material.
- a via 161d and a connecting member 161a are formed in the same manner as in the other embodiments described above. That is, the via 161d is formed by filling a conductive material in a via hole formed to penetrate the second interlayer insulating film 156 and the first interlayer insulating film 112 and reach the wiring 110d.
- the connection member 161a is formed by filling a contact hole formed to reach the top surface 251U with a conductive material.
- RIE for example, is used to form via holes and contact holes, as in the other embodiments described above.
- the second wiring layer 160 is formed on the second interlayer insulating film 156, the wiring 160d is connected to the via 161d and the connection member 161a, and the wiring 260a is connected to the via 261a.
- Color filters are then formed on the exposed surface 102b of the substrate 102 to form the sub-pixels 220, as in the other embodiments described above.
- the effect of the image display device of this embodiment will be described.
- the image display device of this embodiment has the effect of shortening the time required for the transfer process for forming the light emitting element 250 and reducing the number of processes, as in the other embodiments described above. .
- the polarity of the TFT to n-channel, it is possible to use the p-type semiconductor layer 253 as the light emitting surface 253S. Therefore, there are merits such as an improvement in the degree of freedom in layout of circuit elements and in circuit design.
- the light emitting element 250 is provided on the wiring 230a and the graphene sheet 140a, and the light emitting surface 253S is provided in contact with the graphene sheet 140a.
- the third wiring layer 230 including the wiring 230a is formed of a translucent conductive film or a translucent metal thin film.
- the graphene sheet 140a is formed sufficiently thin and has sufficient translucency. Therefore, in the present embodiment, sufficient intensity of light emitted from the light emitting element 250 is ensured even through the graphene sheet 140a and the wiring 230a.
- the wiring 230a is electrically connected to the light emitting surface 253S, and can connect the light emitting element 250 to the via 261a with low resistance. Therefore, of the current flowing in the light emitting element 250, the current component in the direction crossing the Z axis is reduced, and the voltage drop is accordingly reduced, so the power loss of the light emitting element 250 is reduced. In other words, the light emitting element 250 having the vertical structure can substantially improve the luminous efficiency.
- FIG. 19 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating part of the image display device according to this embodiment.
- This embodiment differs from the other embodiments described above in that a light blocking layer 330 is provided between the light emitting element 150 and the transistor 103 .
- the light emitting element 150 of this embodiment also differs from the other embodiments described above in that the light emitting surface 151S is roughened.
- the same reference numerals are given to the same components as in the other embodiments described above, and detailed description thereof will be omitted as appropriate.
- the image display device has sub-pixels 320 .
- the sub-pixel 320 includes a color filter (first member) 180, a transistor 103, a first wiring layer 110, a light blocking layer 330, a first interlayer insulating film 112, a light emitting element 150, and a second interlayer insulating film 156. , a via 161 d and a second wiring layer 160 .
- Sub-pixel 320 further includes an electrode 165a having light reflectivity.
- Subpixel 320 further includes a light shielding layer 330 .
- each component of the circuit 101 including the transistor 103 is provided on the color filter 180 .
- the transistor 103 is provided on the light shielding portion 181 forming the color filter 180 .
- the transistor 103 is formed on the TFT lower layer film 106 provided on the color filter 180 .
- the TFT lower layer film 106 is provided on the formation surface (first surface) 180S of the color filter (first member) 180, and the transistor 103 is provided on the light shielding portion 181 with the TFT lower layer film 106 interposed therebetween.
- a color conversion portion (translucent member) 182 of the color filter 180 is provided so as to penetrate the first interlayer insulating film 112, the light shielding layer 330, the insulating film 108, the insulating layer 105 and the TFT lower layer film 106.
- a light emitting surface 151 S of the light emitting element 150 is provided over the color conversion layer 183 . Light emitted from the light emitting surface 151S is radiated to the outside through the color conversion layer 183 and the filter layer 184 .
- the light emitting surface 151S is roughened.
- the color conversion layer 183 fills the opening penetrating through the first interlayer insulating film 112 , the light shielding layer 330 , the insulating film 108 , the insulating layer 105 and the TFT lower layer film 106 .
- the color conversion layer 183 is provided to cover the roughened light emitting surface 151S and the wall surface 158W of the opening.
- the first interlayer insulating film 112 includes two insulating films 112a and 112b. Insulating films 112 a and 112 b are made of the same material, for example, and form first interlayer insulating film 112 .
- the insulating film 112 a is provided on the insulating film 108 and the first wiring layer 110 .
- a light shielding layer 330 is provided on the insulating film 112a.
- An insulating film 112 b is provided on the light shielding layer 330 . That is, the light shielding layer 330 is provided between the insulating films 112a and 112b.
- the light shielding layer 330 is provided between the first interlayer insulating film 112 and the second interlayer insulating film 156 over substantially the entire surface of the first interlayer insulating film 112 except for the through holes 331 .
- the color conversion section 182 of the color filter 180 is provided through the insulating film 112b, the light shielding layer 330, the insulating film 112a, the insulating film 108, the insulating layer 105, and the TFT lower layer film .
- the light shielding layer 330 has a through hole 331 having a larger diameter than the diameter of the color conversion section 182 in XY plan view.
- the color converter 182 is provided via a through hole.
- the via 161d is provided close to the color conversion section 182, so the through hole 331 has a sufficiently large diameter so as to pass through the via 161d as well.
- the light shielding layer 330 may or may not be conductive as long as it is a light shielding material.
- the light shielding layer 330 may be made of black resin. When the light-shielding layer 330 is made of black resin, it is formed together with the insulating films 112a and 112b at the time of forming the opening for the color conversion section 182 without previously forming a through hole having a sufficiently large diameter. be able to.
- the light shielding layer 330 is set so as to include most of the periphery of the TFT channel 104 when the TFT channel 104 is projected onto the light shielding layer 330 in XY plan view. That is, the outer periphery of the TFT channel 104 is arranged within the outer periphery of the light shielding layer 330 in the XY plan view. Therefore, scattered light or the like from the light-emitting element 150 can be blocked, and malfunction of the transistor 103 due to light can be prevented.
- the light-emitting element 150 has a roughened light-emitting surface 151S and is provided directly on the color conversion layer 183, and is the same as in the above-described other embodiments, so detailed description thereof will be omitted.
- the electrode 165a is provided over the top surface 153U.
- the electrode 165a is provided between the top surface 153U and the connection member 161a.
- the electrode 165a is made of a conductive material having light reflectivity.
- the electrode 165a realizes an ohmic connection with the p-type semiconductor layer 153.
- a second interlayer insulating film 156 is provided to cover the flattened surface 112F, the light emitting element 150 and the electrode 165a.
- Vias 161d and 161k are provided in the same manner as in the other embodiments described above, and a second wiring layer 160 including wirings 160d and 160k is provided in the same manner as in the other embodiments described above.
- FIG. 20A to 23B are schematic cross-sectional views illustrating part of the method for manufacturing the image display device of this embodiment.
- the steps described with reference to FIG. 6A are applied until the first wiring layer 110 is formed. be done.
- the steps after forming the first wiring layer 110 will be described in the description related to FIG. 6A.
- an insulating film 112a is formed on the insulating film 108 and the first wiring layer 110.
- a light shielding layer 330 having through holes 331 is formed on the insulating film 112a.
- the insulating film 112b is formed on the insulating film 112a and the light shielding layer 330. As shown in FIG. The insulating film 112b is also formed inside the through hole 331 . The surface of the insulating film 112b is planarized to form a planarized surface 112F. Thus, the drive circuit board (first board) 100 having the light shielding layer 330 is formed.
- graphene layers 1140 are formed at predetermined positions on the flattened surface 112F.
- the semiconductor layer 1150 is formed over the graphene layer 1140 as shown in FIG. 21B.
- the process of forming the semiconductor layer 1150 and the technique to be applied are the same as the example described with reference to FIG. 7A.
- a metal layer 1160 is formed on the p-type semiconductor layer 1153 .
- the metal layer 1160 is made of a conductive material such as a light-reflective metal.
- electrodes 165a, light emitting elements 150 and graphene sheets 140a are formed. Similar techniques and procedures apply to their formation as for the other embodiments described above.
- a second interlayer insulating film 156 is formed covering the flattened surface 112F, the formed electrode 165a, the light emitting element 150 and the graphene sheet 140a.
- the metal layer 1160 shown in FIG. 21B is processed by etching to form the electrode 165a.
- the semiconductor layer 1150 shown in FIG. 21B is processed by etching to form the light emitting element 150 .
- other portions are formed.
- the graphene layer 1140 shown in FIG. 21A is overetched to form graphene sheets 140a. For these etching processes, RIE or the like is used as in the other embodiments described above.
- a via 161d is formed through the second interlayer insulating film 156 and the first interlayer insulating film 112.
- a via 161 k is formed through the second interlayer insulating film 156 .
- a connection member 161a is formed by filling a contact hole formed in the second interlayer insulating film 156 with a conductive material.
- a second wiring layer 160 is formed on the second interlayer insulating film 156, the wiring 160d is connected to the via 161d and the connection member 161a, and the wiring 160k is connected to the via 161k.
- an adhesive layer 1170 is formed over the second interlayer insulating film 156 and the second wiring layer 160, and a reinforcing substrate 1180 is adhered via the adhesive layer 1170.
- a reinforcing substrate 1180 By providing the reinforcing substrate 1180, it is possible to protect against damage due to stress, impact, etc. during the subsequent removal of the substrate 102 and transportation. After bonding the reinforcing substrate 1180, the substrate 102 is removed by wet etching or laser lift-off to expose the surface 106S of the TFT underlayer film 106.
- an opening 158 is formed from the surface 106S toward the light emitting surface 151S.
- the opening 158 is formed to penetrate the TFT lower layer film 106, the insulating layer 105, the insulating film 108, the light shielding layer 330 and the first interlayer insulating film 112 and reach the light emitting surface 151S.
- all of the graphene sheets 140a shown in FIG. 23A are removed when the openings 158 are formed.
- the formation process of the opening 158 can apply the same technique and procedure as in other embodiments described above.
- the light emitting surface 151S exposed by forming the opening 158 is roughened by wet etching or the like.
- the steps described with respect to FIGS. 9A-9D are then applied to form color filters to form sub-pixels 320 .
- the openings 158 may be filled with a transparent resin to form an inkjet or film type color filter.
- the openings 158 may be formed including the substrate 102 without removing the substrate 102 to form an inkjet method or film type color filter. Note that the reinforcing substrate 1180 may be removed after the color filters are formed, or may be left as it is and removed separately.
- a color filter can be formed and a sub-pixel 320 can be formed.
- the time for the transfer process for forming the light emitting element 150 can be shortened and the number of processes can be reduced, as in the other embodiments described above. have an effect.
- the light emitting surface 151S is made of the n-type semiconductor layer 151 having a resistance lower than that of the p-type, the n-type semiconductor layer 151 can be formed thick and the light emitting surface 151S can be sufficiently roughened.
- the emitted light is diffused by roughening the light emitting surface 151S. Therefore, even a small light emitting element 150 can be used as a light source with a sufficient light emitting area. .
- the light shielding layer 330 is provided between the insulating films 112a and 112b. That is, the light shielding layer 330 is provided between the light emitting element 150 and the transistor 103 . Therefore, even if the light emitting element 150 emits light, the emitted light, scattered light, and the like are less likely to reach the TFT channel 104, and malfunction of the transistor 103 can be prevented.
- the light shielding layer 330 can be made of a conductive material such as metal, and the light shielding layer 330 can be connected to any potential. For example, by arranging part of the light shielding layer 330 directly under the switching element such as the transistor 103 and connecting it to a ground potential, a power supply potential, or the like, it is possible to help suppress noise.
- the through hole 331 is provided in the formation of the via 161d described in relation to FIG. 22B and the formation of the opening 158 described in relation to FIG. 23B.
- the opening 158 can be formed without the Therefore, the step of forming the through hole 331 can be omitted, and the formation of a gap through which light can pass due to the through hole 331 can be prevented.
- the light-shielding layer 330 is not limited to application in this embodiment, and can be commonly applied to sub-pixels in the other embodiments described above and other embodiments described later. Even when applied to other embodiments, the same effect as described above can be obtained.
- the periphery of the light emitting element 150 other than the light emitting surface 151S is covered with the second interlayer insulating film 156.
- the second interlayer insulating film 156 can be made of a material having light reflectivity, such as white resin.
- an electrode 165a having light reflectivity is provided across the top surface 153U on the opposite side of the light emitting surface 151S.
- the insulating films 112a and 112b and the insulating film 108 are made of translucent resin, for example, transparent resin. If the insulating films 112a and 112b and the insulating film 108 are also made of a material having light reflectivity such as white resin, the substantial luminous efficiency of the light emitting element 150 can be further improved.
- a roughened light emitting surface can be applied as in the case of this embodiment by adding a step of forming an opening for exposing the light emitting surface.
- Specific applications include the light emitting device 150 of the first embodiment and the semiconductor layer 750 of the seventh embodiment described later.
- the light emitting surface can be roughened by changing the connection by the translucent wiring to the connection by the connection portion formed on the light emitting element. to By roughening the light-emitting surfaces of the components of these light-emitting elements, the above effects can be obtained.
- FIG. 24 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a part of the image display device of this embodiment.
- This embodiment differs from the above-described other embodiments in that the fourth wiring layer 470 provided on the light emitting element 150 is included.
- Other points are the same as those of the other embodiments described above, and the same constituent elements are denoted by the same reference numerals, and detailed description thereof will be omitted as appropriate.
- the connection of the n-type semiconductor layer 151 that provides the light emitting surface 151S to the second wiring layer 160 is through the third wiring layer 230 having translucency.
- the image display device of this embodiment includes sub-pixels 420 .
- Sub-pixel 420 includes substrate 102, transistor 103, first wiring layer 110, first interlayer insulating film 112, third wiring layer 230, light emitting element 150, fourth wiring layer 470, second interlayer Insulating film 156, via 161d, and second wiring layer 160 are included.
- Subpixel 420 further includes a color filter.
- the drive circuit substrate 100 includes a substrate 102 , a TFT lower layer film 106 , a circuit 101 and a first interlayer insulating film 112 .
- the configuration of the drive circuit board 100 is the same as in the first embodiment, and detailed description thereof will be omitted.
- the third wiring layer 230 including the wiring 230a is provided on the flattened surface 112F.
- the configurations and the like of the third wiring layer 230 and the wiring 230a are the same as in the case of the second embodiment described with reference to FIG. 14, and detailed description thereof will be omitted.
- the light emitting element 150 is provided on the wiring 230a via the graphene sheet 140a.
- a resin layer 457 is provided on the planarized surface 112F, the third wiring layer 230 including the wiring 230a, the graphene sheet 140a, and the light emitting element 150.
- Resin layer 457 is, for example, a transparent resin.
- the fourth wiring layer 470 is provided on the resin layer 457 .
- the fourth wiring layer 470 may include a plurality of wirings. Each of the plurality of wirings can be connected to different potentials. In this example, the fourth wiring layer 470 includes separately formed wirings 470a and 470b.
- the wiring (first electrode) 470a is provided over and laterally of the light emitting element 150 and covers the top surface 153U and side surfaces of the light emitting element 150.
- the wiring 470a functions as a member for light reflection.
- the wiring 470a covers most of the light emitting element except for the light emitting surface 151S.
- the wiring 470 a reflects scattered light and reflected light to the side and upward of the light emitting element 150 toward the light emitting surface 151 S, thereby improving the substantial light emitting efficiency of the light emitting element 150 .
- Connection electrode 461a is provided between top surface 153U and wiring 470a, and electrically connects top surface 153U and wiring 470a.
- the resin layer 457 is made of a transparent resin, scattered light or the like emitted from above or from the side of the light emitting element 150 is reflected by the wiring 470a toward the light emitting surface 151S. Therefore, the substantial luminous efficiency of the light emitting element 150 is improved.
- the resin layer 457 is made of a material having high light reflectivity such as a white resin, since the wiring 470a is further provided on the resin layer 457, the scattered light leaking from the resin layer 457 and the like is directed to the light emitting surface 151S side. Since it can be reflected, higher light reflectivity can be achieved.
- the second interlayer insulating film 156 is provided to cover the resin layer 457 and the fourth wiring layer 470 .
- a second wiring layer 160 including wirings 160 d and 160 k is provided on the second interlayer insulating film 156 .
- the via 161d is provided so as to penetrate the second interlayer insulating film 156, the resin layer 457 and the first interlayer insulating film 112 and reach the wiring 110d.
- the via 161d is provided between the wiring 160d and the wiring 110d and electrically connects the wiring 160d and the wiring 110d.
- the wiring 160d is connected to the wiring 470a via the connection member 471a. Therefore, the p-type semiconductor layer 153 is electrically connected to the drain region of the transistor 103 through the connection electrode 461a, the wiring 470a, the connection member 471a, the wiring 160d, the via 161d, the wiring 110d and the via 111d.
- the via 161k is provided so as to penetrate the second interlayer insulating film 156 and the resin layer 457 and reach the wiring 230a.
- the via 161k is provided between the wiring 160k and the wiring 230a and electrically connects the wiring 160k and the wiring 230a. Therefore, n-type semiconductor layer 151 is electrically connected to, for example, ground line 4 of the circuit of FIG. 3 via graphene sheet 140a, wire 230a, via 161k and wire 160k.
- 25A to 26B are schematic cross-sectional views illustrating part of the method for manufacturing the image display device of this embodiment.
- the steps up to forming the translucent conductive film 1130, forming the graphene layer 1140, and forming the semiconductor layer 1150 are the same as in the other embodiments described above. is the same as In the following description, it is assumed that the process of FIG. 25A is performed after the process of FIG. 17A.
- the semiconductor layer 1150 formed on the graphene layer 1140 is laminated in the order of the n-type semiconductor layer 1151, the light emitting layer 1152 and the p-type semiconductor layer 1153 from the graphene layer 1140 side. Therefore, in the application of FIG. 17A in this embodiment, the semiconductor layer 1150 is assumed to be the n-type semiconductor layer 1151, the light-emitting layer 1152, and the p-type semiconductor layer 1153 stacked in this order. The process of forming such a semiconductor layer 1150 has been described with reference to FIG. 7A.
- the translucent conductive film 1130 shown in FIG. 17A is processed by etching to form a third wiring layer 230 including wirings 230a.
- the semiconductor layer 1150 shown in FIG. 17A is processed by etching to form the light-emitting element 150 .
- the graphene layer 1140 is over-etched to form the graphene sheet 140a when the light emitting device 150 is formed.
- the resin layer 457 is formed so as to cover the planarized surface 112F, the third wiring layer 230 including the wiring 230a, the graphene sheet 140a, and the light emitting element 150.
- An opening 462 a is formed in the resin layer 457 so as to expose a portion of the top surface 153 U of the light emitting element 150 .
- connection electrode 461a may be formed by simultaneously filling the opening 462a shown in FIG. may
- the fourth wiring layer 470 is formed by etching the metal layer 1470 shown in FIG. 25B.
- the wiring 470a and the wiring 470b are formed separately.
- Wiring 470a is formed to cover top surface 153U and side surfaces of the light emitting element.
- a second interlayer insulating film 156 is formed covering the resin layer 457 and the fourth wiring layer 470 .
- a second wiring layer 160 including wirings 160d and 160k is formed on the second interlayer insulating film 156.
- the via 161k is formed to penetrate the second interlayer insulating film 156 and reach the wiring 230a.
- a via (second via) 161k electrically connects the wiring 160k and the wiring 230a between the wiring 160k and the wiring 230a.
- a via 161d is formed to electrically connect the second wiring layer 160 and the first wiring layer 110, as in the other embodiments described above.
- the connection member 471a is formed by filling a contact hole formed by opening the second interlayer insulating film 156 with a conductive material, and connects the wiring 160d and the wiring 470a.
- a color filter is then formed on the exposed surface 102b of the substrate 102 to form the sub-pixels 420 .
- the effect of the image display device of this embodiment will be described.
- the image display device of this embodiment has the effect of shortening the time required for the transfer process for forming the light emitting element 150 and reducing the number of processes, as in the other embodiments described above. . In addition, it has the following effects.
- the third wiring layer 230 including the wiring 230a is formed of a conductive film having optical transparency such as an ITO film or a metal thin film, it is easy to process. In some cases, the manufacturing process can be shortened.
- the wiring 230a is used to lead the electrode on the light emitting surface 151S side, so the light emitting element 150 can have a vertical structure.
- the current flowing through the semiconductor layer can be reduced in the direction crossing the Z-axis and made substantially along the Z-axis, so that the loss in the semiconductor layer can be reduced.
- the sub-pixel 420 includes the fourth wiring layer 470 .
- the fourth wiring layer 470 is electrically separated from the light emitting element 150 by the resin layer 457 .
- the fourth wiring layer 470 includes a wiring 470 a , and the wiring 470 a covers the top surface 153 U and side surfaces of the light emitting element 150 with the resin layer 457 interposed therebetween. Therefore, scattered light or the like upward or to the side of the light emitting element 150 can be reflected toward the light emitting surface 151S. Therefore, the substantial luminous efficiency of the light emitting element 150 can be improved.
- the resin layer 457 may be smoothed by reflow or the like, and the wiring 470a may be formed in a parabolic curved surface shape. By doing so, the light emitted from the light emitting element 150 can be brought closer to parallel light in the negative direction of the Z axis.
- FIG. 27 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating part of the image display device of this embodiment.
- an electrode 565a covering the top surface 153U of the light emitting element 150 is provided, and the electrode 565a is connected to the wiring 560d formed in the contact hole 561a for the electrode 565a. It is different from the case of form.
- Other points are the same as those of the other embodiments, and the same constituent elements are denoted by the same reference numerals, and detailed description thereof will be omitted as appropriate.
- the image display device of this embodiment includes sub-pixels 520 .
- the sub-pixel 520 includes a color filter (first member) 180, a transistor 103, a first wiring layer 110, a first interlayer insulating film 112, a third wiring layer 230, a graphene sheet 140a, and a light emitting element 150. , a second interlayer insulating film 156, a via 161d, and a second wiring layer 160.
- the second wiring layer 160 includes a wiring 560d in this embodiment.
- a light-reflective electrode (second electrode) 565a is provided over the top surface 153U, and the electrode 565a is connected to the wiring 560d.
- each element of the circuit 101 including the transistor 103 is provided on the formation surface (first surface) 180S of the color filter (first member) 180 with the TFT lower layer film 106 interposed therebetween.
- the light emitting element 150 is provided on the color filter 180 via the insulating film 108 covering the transistor 103 and the like and the first interlayer insulating film 112 on the insulating film 108 .
- each element of the circuit 101 is provided on the light shielding portion 181 of the color filter 180 and the light emitting element 150 is provided on the color conversion portion 182 of the color filter 180 .
- Light emitted from the light emitting element 150 is incident on the color conversion portion 182 of the color filter 180 via the first interlayer insulating film 112 , the insulating film 108 , the insulating layer 105 and the TFT lower layer film 106 .
- the configurations of the color filter 180, the transistor 103, and the like are the same as those of the other embodiments described above, and detailed description thereof will be omitted.
- the third wiring layer 230 including the wiring 230a is provided on the planarized surface 112F, and the light emitting element 150 is provided on the wiring 230a via the graphene sheet 140a. ing.
- the wiring 230a is provided so as to protrude in one direction above the flattened surface 112F, and is connected to one end of the via 161k as in the other embodiments described above.
- the light emitting element 150 has an n-type semiconductor layer 151, a light emitting layer 152 and a p-type semiconductor layer 153 stacked in this order from the light emitting surface 151S toward the top surface 153U.
- An electrode 565a is provided over the top surface 153U opposite to the light emitting surface 151S.
- the electrode 565a is made of a light-reflective conductive material.
- a contact hole 561 a is formed above the light emitting element 150 .
- Contact hole 561 a is formed by partially removing second interlayer insulating film 156 .
- the opening diameter of the contact hole is set sufficiently large, and the inner periphery of the contact hole 561a is the same as the outer periphery of the top surface 153U in XY plan view or slightly inside the outer periphery of the top face 153U in XY plan view. is set to
- the electrode 565a is provided at the bottom of the contact hole 561a. Therefore, the outer circumference of the electrode 565a in XY plan view substantially matches the inner circumference of the contact hole 561a in XY plan view. Therefore, the electrode 565a is provided so as to cover all or most of the top surface 153U. Since the electrode 565a has light reflectivity, it reflects upward scattered light of the light emitting element 150 to the light emitting surface 151S side. Therefore, the substantial luminous efficiency of the light emitting element 150 is improved.
- the electrode 565a can be formed integrally with the wiring 560d formed on the wall surface of the contact hole 561a.
- the second wiring layer 160 includes a wiring 560d.
- the wiring 560d is provided on the second interlayer insulating film 156, is also provided on the wall surface of the contact hole 561a, and is connected to the electrode 565a. Since the wiring 560d is connected to the wiring 110d through the via 161d, the p-type semiconductor layer 153 is electrically connected to the drain region of the transistor 103 through the electrode 565a, the wiring 560d, the via 161d, the wiring 110d and the via 111d. connected
- FIG. 28A and 28B are schematic cross-sectional views illustrating the method for manufacturing the image display device of this embodiment.
- the processes up to the step of forming the semiconductor layer 1150 shown in FIG. 17A are the same as in the other embodiments described above. be. It is assumed that the process of FIG. 28A is performed after the process of FIG. 17A. 17A in this embodiment, however, the semiconductor layer 1150 is described as having an n-type semiconductor layer 1151, a light-emitting layer 1152, and a p-type semiconductor layer 1153 stacked in this order from the graphene layer 1140 side.
- the translucent conductive film 1130 shown in FIG. 17A is processed by etching to form a third wiring layer 230 including wirings 230a.
- the semiconductor layer 1150 shown in FIG. 17A is processed by etching to form the light emitting element 150 .
- the graphene layer 1140 shown in FIG. 17A is over-etched to form the graphene sheet 140a when the light emitting device 150 is formed.
- the second interlayer insulating film 156 is formed to cover the planarized surface 112F, the third wiring layer 230 including the wiring 230a, the graphene sheet 140a and the light emitting element 150.
- a via hole 162d is formed to penetrate the second interlayer insulating film 156 and the first interlayer insulating film 112 and reach the wiring 110d.
- a via hole 162k is formed to penetrate the second interlayer insulating film 156 and reach the wiring 230a.
- a portion of second interlayer insulating film 156 on light emitting element 150 is removed, and top surface 153U is exposed through opening 561 .
- the top surface 153U exposed by the opening 561 of the contact hole 561a is preferably entirely exposed, but the shape of the exposed top surface 153U is appropriately set according to the accuracy of forming the contact hole 561a. be done.
- the inner circumference of the contact hole 561a in XY plan view is set slightly smaller than the outer circumference of the top surface 153U in XY plan view.
- the via holes 162d and 162k are formed at the same time, for example.
- the contact hole 561a may also be formed simultaneously with the via holes 162d and 162k, or may be formed separately.
- via holes 162d and 162k shown in FIG. 28A are filled with a conductive material to form vias 161d and 161k.
- the bottom of the contact hole 561a, that is, the top surface 153U may be covered with a conductive material.
- a second wiring layer 160 is formed on the second interlayer insulating film 156 .
- a conductive layer for forming the second wiring layer 160 is formed on the second interlayer insulating film 156 and processed by etching to form the second wiring layer including the wirings 560d and 160k. 160 is formed.
- the conductive layer is formed not only on the second interlayer insulating film 156 but also on the exposed top surface 153U and the walls of the contact holes 561a.
- wiring 560d connected to the via 161d is formed, and a wiring 160k connected to the via 161k is formed. Since wiring 560d is provided over the wall surface of contact hole 561a, it is also electrically connected to top surface 153U.
- An adhesive layer 1170 is provided on the second interlayer insulating film 156 and the second wiring layer 160 , and the reinforcing substrate 1180 is adhered by the adhesive layer 1170 . After that, the substrate 102 is removed by wet etching or the like, and the surface 106S of the TFT lower layer film 106 is exposed.
- a color filter is formed on the surface 106S to form the sub-pixels 520.
- the image display device of this embodiment has the effect of being able to shorten the time of the transfer process for forming the light emitting element 150 and reduce the number of processes, like the image display devices of the other embodiments described above. have
- the electrode 565a is provided over the top surface 153U, upward scattered light emitted from the light emitting element 150 can be reflected toward the light emitting surface 151S. Therefore, the substantial luminous efficiency of the light emitting element 150 is improved.
- the contact hole 561a for forming the electrode 565a can be formed during the process of forming the vias 161d and 161k. Also, the connection with the top surface 153U by the second wiring layer 160 can be made during the process of forming the second wiring layer 160. FIG. Therefore, there is no need to add a process for forming the electrode 565a, the manufacturing process can be shortened, and the period from the introduction of materials to the completion of the product can be shortened.
- FIG. 29 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating part of the image display device of this embodiment. This embodiment differs from the other embodiments in the configuration of the light emitting element 650 . Other components are the same as in other embodiments described above. The same constituent elements are denoted by the same reference numerals, and detailed description thereof will be omitted as appropriate. As shown in FIG. 29, the image display device of this embodiment includes sub-pixels 620 .
- the sub-pixel 620 includes a substrate 102, a transistor 103, a first wiring layer 110, a light shielding layer 330, a first interlayer insulating film 112, a third wiring layer 230, a graphene sheet 140a, a light emitting element 650, A second interlayer insulating film 156 and a second wiring layer 160 are included. Subpixel 620 further includes color filter 180 .
- a light shielding layer 330 is provided in this embodiment.
- the light shielding layer 330 has the same structure as that described in connection with FIG. 19 in the third embodiment.
- the light shielding layer 330 is set so as to include the periphery of the TFT channel 104 when the TFT channel 104 is projected onto the light shielding layer 330 in the XY plan view. That is, the outer periphery of the TFT channel 104 is arranged within the outer periphery of the light shielding layer 330 in the XY plan view.
- a through hole 331 is provided in the light shielding layer 330 .
- the through hole 331 is provided for insulation from the optical path and the via 161d, as in the third embodiment.
- the light emitting surface 651S is provided on the wiring 230a through the graphene sheet 140a and connected to the via 161k through the wiring 230a.
- the light emitting element 650 is a truncated pyramidal or truncated conical element formed so that its area in XY plan view decreases in the positive direction of the Z axis.
- FIG. 30 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating part of the image display device of this embodiment.
- FIG. 30 is a partially enlarged view of FIG. 29, showing the relationship between the light emitting surface 651S and the side surface 655a in the light emitting element 650.
- the flattened surface 112F is a plane substantially parallel to the XY plane.
- the light emitting element 650 is provided on the planarized surface 112F via the graphene sheet 140a and the wiring 230a.
- the light emitting surface 651S is a surface substantially parallel to the flattened surface 112F and a surface substantially parallel to the XY plane. Light emitted from the light emitting surface 651S is incident on the first interlayer insulating film 112 via the graphene sheet 140a and the wiring 230a. Absorption should be sufficiently small.
- the light emitting element 650 has a top surface 653U opposite to the light emitting surface 651S.
- the light emitting element 650 has a side surface 655a.
- the side surface 655a is a surface between the top surface 653U and the flattened surface 112F and adjacent to the light emitting surface 651S.
- the interior angle ⁇ of the angle formed between the light emitting surface 651S and the side surface 655a is smaller than 90°.
- the internal angle ⁇ is about 70°. More preferably, interior angle ⁇ is smaller than the critical angle at side surface 655 a determined based on the refractive index of light emitting element 650 and the refractive index of second interlayer insulating film 156 .
- the light emitting element 650 is covered with the second interlayer insulating film 156 and has a side surface 655 a in contact with the second interlayer insulating film 156 .
- the critical angle ⁇ c of the internal angle ⁇ formed between the side surface 655a of the light emitting element 650 and the flattened surface 112F is determined, for example, as follows. Assuming that the refractive index of the light emitting element 650 is n0 and the refractive index of the second interlayer insulating film 156 is n1, the critical angle ⁇ c of the light emitted from the light emitting element 650 to the second interlayer insulating film 156 is calculated using the following equation (1). Desired.
- the refractive index of general transparent organic insulating materials such as acrylic resin is around 1.4 to 1.5. Therefore, when the light emitting element 650 is made of GaN and the second interlayer insulating film 156 is made of a general transparent organic insulating material, the refractive index n0 of the light emitting element 650 is 2.5 and the second interlayer insulating film 156 is made of a general transparent organic insulating material.
- the second interlayer insulating film 156 is made of transparent resin. Even if a white resin is used as the transparent resin, the refractive index of the scattering fine particles is ignored in the above calculation because the effect of the white resin on the refractive index of the scattering fine particles is small.
- the light having the component in the negative direction of the Z axis is emitted from the side surface 655a at an emission angle corresponding to the refractive index.
- the light incident on the second interlayer insulating film 156 is emitted from the second interlayer insulating film 156 at an angle determined by the refractive index of the second interlayer insulating film 156 .
- the light totally reflected by the side surface 655a is reflected again by other element interfaces and the top surface 653U. Among the light reflected again, the light having the component in the negative direction of the Z axis is emitted from the light emitting surface 651S and the side surface 655a. be done. Light parallel to flattened surface 112F and light having a component in the positive direction of the Z-axis are totally reflected by side surface 655a.
- the light emitted from the light-emitting layer 652 the light parallel to the flattened surface 112F and the light having a component in the positive direction of the Z-axis are separated by the side surface 655a and the top surface 653U in the negative direction of the Z-axis. is converted into light having a component directed toward Therefore, the light emitted from the light emitting element 650 has an increased proportion toward the light emitting surface 651S, and the substantial light emitting efficiency of the light emitting element 650 is improved.
- the critical angle ⁇ c is approximately 56°. Also, the critical angle ⁇ c is smaller for materials with a higher refractive index n. However, even if the internal angle ⁇ is set to about 70°, most of the light having the component in the negative direction of the Z-axis can be converted into the light having the component in the positive direction of the Z-axis. Then, for example, the internal angle ⁇ may be set to 80° or less.
- the manufacturing process of the light emitting element 650 is different from the other embodiments, and the other manufacturing processes can be applied to the other embodiments described above. In the following, different parts of the manufacturing process will be described. In this embodiment, the following steps are performed to obtain the shape of the light emitting element 650 shown in FIG. Also in this embodiment, the steps described below are applied after the steps described with reference to FIG. 17A. 17A in this embodiment, the structure of the semiconductor layer 1150 is such that the n-type semiconductor layer 1151, the light-emitting layer 1152 and the p-type semiconductor layer 1153 are stacked in this order from the graphene sheet 140a side.
- the semiconductor layer 1150 shown in FIG. 17A is processed by etching into the shape of the light emitting element 650 shown in FIG.
- an etching rate is selected so that the side surface 655a shown in FIG. 30 forms an interior angle ⁇ with respect to the light emitting surface 651S.
- a higher etching rate is selected closer to the top surface 653U.
- the etching rate is set so as to linearly increase from the light emitting surface 651S side toward the top surface 653U side.
- the resist mask pattern during dry etching is devised so that it gradually becomes thinner toward its edge.
- the side surface 655a is formed to form a substantially constant angle with respect to the light emitting surface 651S. Therefore, in the light emitting element 650, the area of each layer in the XY plan view from the top surface 653U is formed so that the area increases in the order of the p-type semiconductor layer 653, the light emitting layer 652, and the n-type semiconductor layer 651.
- Sub-pixels 620 are then formed as in other embodiments.
- the image display device of this embodiment has the effect of shortening the time required for the transfer process for forming the light emitting element 650 and reducing the number of processes, as in the image display devices of the other embodiments described above. In addition to this, the following effects are obtained.
- the light emitting element 650 is formed so as to have a side surface 655a forming an interior angle ⁇ with respect to the light emitting surface 651S on which the light emitting element 650 is provided.
- the interior angle ⁇ is smaller than 90° and is set based on the critical angle ⁇ c determined by the refractive index of the material of the light emitting element 650 and the second interlayer insulating film 156 .
- the interior angle ⁇ can convert the light emitted from the light-emitting layer 652 toward the sides and upwards of the light-emitting element 650 into light toward the light-emitting surface 651S and emit the converted light.
- the light emitting element 650 can substantially improve the light emission efficiency.
- the light emitting element 650 can have a vertical structure by connecting it to the via 161k using the wiring 230a of the third wiring layer 230. Therefore, the current flowing through the light-emitting element 650 can reduce the component crossing the Z-axis, and the substantial luminous efficiency can be improved.
- the light emitting element is not limited to the vertical structure, and may have a horizontal structure by using a light emitting element provided with a connection portion.
- the lateral structure light emitting element is a light emitting element having a structure in which the connection portion 151a is provided on the side of the semiconductor layer provided with the light emitting surface, as in the case of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 31 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating part of the image display device of this embodiment.
- This embodiment differs from the other embodiments in that the image display device includes a sub-pixel group 720 including a plurality of light-emitting regions on one light-emitting surface.
- the same constituent elements are denoted by the same reference numerals, and detailed description thereof will be omitted as appropriate.
- the image display device of this embodiment includes sub-pixel groups 720 .
- the sub-pixel group 720 includes a substrate 102, a graphene sheet 740a, a plurality of transistors 103-1 and 103-2, a first wiring layer 110, a first interlayer insulating film 112, a semiconductor layer 750, a second interlayer Insulating film 156, vias 761d1 and 761d2, and second wiring layer 160 are included.
- Sub-pixel group 720 further includes color filters 180 .
- the transistors 103-1 and 103-2 are provided on the TFT underlayer film 106 provided on one surface 102a of the substrate 102.
- Each element of the circuit 101 including the transistors 103 - 1 and 103 - 2 is covered with an insulating film 108 and covered with a first interlayer insulating film 112 together with a first wiring layer 110 .
- the semiconductor layer 750 is provided on the planarized surface 112 ⁇ /b>F of the first interlayer insulating film 112 .
- a color filter 180 is provided on the other surface 102 b of the substrate 102 .
- holes are injected from one side of the semiconductor layer 750 through the first wiring layer 110 and the vias 761d1 and 761d2 by turning on the p-channel transistors 103-1 and 103-2.
- the p-channel transistors 103 - 1 and 103 - 2 electrons are injected from the other side of the semiconductor layer 750 through the second wiring layer 160 .
- Holes and electrons are injected into the semiconductor layer 750, and the separated light emitting layers 752a1 and 752a2 emit light due to the combination of the holes and electrons.
- a driving circuit for driving light emitting layers 752a1 and 752a2 employs, for example, the circuit configuration shown in FIG.
- the n-type semiconductor layer and the p-type semiconductor layer of the semiconductor layer can be exchanged to form a configuration in which the semiconductor layer is driven by an n-channel transistor.
- the circuit configuration of FIG. 15 is applied to the drive circuit.
- the configuration of sub-pixel group 720 will be described in detail.
- the TFT lower layer film 106 is formed on the surface 102a.
- the TFT lower layer film 106 is planarized, and TFT channels 104-1, 104-2, etc. are formed on the TFT lower layer film 106.
- FIG. 1 A block diagram illustrating an exemplary computing environment in accordance with the present disclosure.
- the insulating layer 105 covers the TFT lower layer film 106 and the TFT channels 104-1 and 104-2.
- Gate 107-1 is provided above TFT channel 104-1 with insulating layer 105 interposed therebetween.
- the gate 107-2 is provided above the TFT channel 104-2 with the insulating layer 105 interposed therebetween.
- Transistor 103-1 includes TFT channel 104-1 and gate 107-1.
- Transistor 103-2 includes TFT channel 104-2 and gate 107-2.
- TFT channel 104-1 includes p-type doped regions 104s1 and 104d1, which are the source and drain regions, respectively, of transistor 103-1.
- Region 104i1 is doped n-type and forms the channel of transistor 103-1.
- TFT channel 104-2 similarly includes p-type doped regions 104s2 and 104d2, which are the source and drain regions, respectively, of transistor 103-2.
- Region 104i2 is doped n-type and forms the channel of transistor 103-2.
- the insulating film 108 covers the insulating layer 105 and the gates 107-1 and 107-2.
- the circuit 101 includes TFT channels 104-1 and 104-2, an insulating layer 105, an insulating film 108, vias 111s1, 111d1, 111s2 and 111d2 and a first wiring layer 110.
- FIG. 1 A first wiring layer 110.
- the first wiring layer 110 is provided on the insulating film 108 .
- the first wiring layer 110 includes wirings 710f, 710s1, 710s2, 710d1, and 710d2.
- the wiring 710f is provided between the light emitting regions 751R1 and 751R2.
- Line 710f is not electrically connected to any of the circuit elements illustrated in FIG. 31 in this example, but can be connected to any potential or circuit element.
- the wiring 710f is arranged between the light emitting regions 751R1 and 751R2 to block the light emitted from the light emitting regions 751R1 and 751R2.
- the wiring 710f has not only a function of shielding the transistors 103-1 and 103-2, but also a function of preventing light emitted from the light emitting regions 751R1 and 751R2 from crossing each other and mixing.
- the wiring 710s1 is provided above the region 104s1.
- the via 111s1 is provided between the wiring 710s1 and the region 104s1 and electrically connects the wiring 710s1 and the region 104s1.
- the wiring 710s2 is provided above the region 104s2.
- the via 111s2 is provided between the wiring 710s2 and the region 104s2 and electrically connects the wiring 710s2 and the region 104s2.
- Wirings 710s1 and 710s2 are connected to power supply line 3 of the circuit shown in FIG. 3, for example.
- the wiring 710d1 is provided above the region 104d1.
- the via 111d1 is provided between the wiring 710d1 and the region 104d1 and electrically connects the wiring 710d1 and the region 104d1.
- the wiring 710d1 is connected to one end of the via 761d1.
- the wiring 710d2 is provided above the region 104d2.
- the via 111d2 is provided between the wiring 710d2 and the region 104d2 and electrically connects the wiring 710d2 and the region 104d2.
- the wiring 710d2 is connected to one end of the via 761d2.
- the first interlayer insulating film 112 is provided covering the insulating film 108 and the first wiring layer 110 .
- the first interlayer insulating film 112 has a flattened surface 112F.
- the graphene sheet 740a is provided on the flattened surface 112F.
- the graphene sheet 740a is sufficiently thin and has high translucency.
- the semiconductor layer 750 is provided on the graphene sheet 740a.
- the perimeter of the graphene sheet 740a in XY plan view substantially matches the perimeter of the semiconductor layer 750 in XY plan view.
- a light emitting surface 751S of the semiconductor layer 750 is in contact with the graphene sheet 740a.
- the light emitting surface 751S is the surface of the n-type semiconductor layer 751. As shown in FIG.
- the light emitting surface 751S includes a plurality of light emitting regions 751R1 and 751R2.
- the semiconductor layer 750 includes an n-type semiconductor layer 751, light emitting layers 752a1 and 752a2, and p-type semiconductor layers 753a1 and 753a2.
- the light emitting layer 752 a 1 is provided on the n-type semiconductor layer 751 .
- the light emitting layer 752a2 is provided on the n-type semiconductor layer 751 so as to be separated from the light emitting layer 752a1.
- the p-type semiconductor layer 753a1 is provided on the light emitting layer 752a1.
- the p-type semiconductor layer 753a2 is separated from the p-type semiconductor layer 753a1 and provided on the light emitting layer 752a2.
- the p-type semiconductor layer 753a1 has a top surface 753U1 provided on the side opposite to the surface provided with the light emitting layer 752a1.
- the p-type semiconductor layer 753a2 has a top surface 753U2 provided opposite to the surface provided with the light emitting layer 752a2.
- the light-emitting region 751R1 is a region of the light-emitting surface 751S that substantially coincides with the region on the opposite side of the top surface 753U1.
- the light emitting region 751R2 is a region of the light emitting surface 751S that substantially coincides with the region on the opposite side of the top surface 753U2.
- FIG. 32 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating part of the image display device of this embodiment.
- FIG. 32 is a schematic diagram for explaining the light emitting regions 751R1 and 751R2.
- the light emitting regions 751R1 and 751R2 are surfaces on the light emitting surface 751S.
- portions of the semiconductor layer 750 that include the light emitting regions 751R1 and 751R2 are called light emitting portions R1 and R2, respectively.
- the light emitting portion R1 includes a portion of the n-type semiconductor layer 751, a light emitting layer 752a1 and a p-type semiconductor layer 753a1.
- the light emitting portion R2 includes a portion of the n-type semiconductor layer 751, a light emitting layer 752a2 and a p-type semiconductor layer 753a2.
- the light emitting region 751R1 is the surface opposite to the top surface 753U1.
- the light emitting region 751R2 is the surface opposite to the top surface 753U2.
- the light emitting surface 751S is covered with the graphene sheet 740a.
- the graphene sheet 740a is formed by etching the graphene layer 1140, as described with reference to FIG. 7B and the like in the method of manufacturing the image display device.
- Graphene sheets 740 a are formed by over-etching graphene layer 1140 during formation of semiconductor layer 750 . Therefore, the outer circumference of the graphene sheet 740a in XY plan view substantially matches the outer circumference of the semiconductor layer 750 in XY plan view.
- the semiconductor layer 750 includes a connection portion R0.
- the connection portion R0 is provided between the light emitting portions R1 and R2 and is part of the n-type semiconductor layer 751. As shown in FIG. One end of the via 761k shown in FIG. 31 is connected to the connecting portion R0 to provide a current path between the light emitting portions R1 and R2.
- the light-emitting portion R1 electrons supplied via the connection portion R0 are supplied to the light-emitting layer 752a1.
- holes supplied from the top surface 753U1 are supplied to the light emitting layer 752a1.
- the electrons and holes supplied to the light emitting layer 752a1 combine to emit light.
- Light emitted from the light emitting layer 752a1 reaches the light emitting surface 751S through the n-type semiconductor layer 751 portion of the light emitting portion R1. Since the light travels substantially straight along the Z-axis direction in the light-emitting portion R1, the light-emitting region 751R1 of the light-emitting surface 751S emits light. Therefore, in this example, the light-emitting region 751R1 substantially matches the region surrounded by the outer circumference of the light-emitting layer 752a1 projected onto the light-emitting surface 751S in the XY plan view.
- the light emitting portion R2 is similar to the light emitting portion R1. That is, in the light emitting portion R2, electrons supplied through the connection portion R0 are supplied to the light emitting layer 752a2. In the light emitting portion R2, holes supplied from the top surface 753U2 are supplied to the light emitting layer 752a2. The electrons and holes supplied to the light emitting layer 752a2 combine to emit light. Light emitted from the light emitting layer 752a2 reaches the light emitting surface 751S through the n-type semiconductor layer 751 portion of the light emitting portion R2.
- the light-emitting region 751R2 of the light-emitting surface 751S emits light. Therefore, in this example, the light-emitting region 751R2 substantially matches the region surrounded by the outer periphery of the light-emitting layer 752a2 projected onto the light-emitting surface 751S in the XY plan view.
- the n-type semiconductor layer 751 can be shared to form a plurality of light emitting regions 751R1 and 751R2 on the light emitting surface 751S.
- the semiconductor layer 750 in the plurality of light emitting layers 752a1 and 752a2 and the plurality of p-type semiconductor layers 753a1 and 753a2 of the semiconductor layer 750, part of the n-type semiconductor layer 751 is used as the connection portion R0 to form the semiconductor layer 750. can do. Therefore, the semiconductor layer 750 can be formed in the same manner as the method of forming the light emitting elements 150 and 250 in the first embodiment, the second embodiment, and the like.
- a second interlayer insulating film 156 is provided to cover the flattened surface 112F, the graphene sheet 740a and the semiconductor layer 750 .
- the second wiring layer 160 is provided on the second interlayer insulating film 156 .
- the second wiring layer 160 includes wirings 760d1, 760d2 and 760k.
- the wiring 760d1 is connected to the top surface 753U1 via a connection member 761a1.
- the wiring 760d2 is connected to the top surface 753U2 via the connection member 761a2.
- the wiring 760k is connected to the ground line 4 of the circuit of FIG. 3, for example.
- the via 761d1 is provided so as to penetrate the second interlayer insulating film 156 and the first interlayer insulating film 112 and reach the wiring 710d1.
- the via 761d1 is provided between the wiring 760d1 and the wiring 710d1 and electrically connects the wiring 760d1 and the wiring 710d1.
- the via 761d2 is provided to penetrate the second interlayer insulating film 156 and the first interlayer insulating film 112 and reach the wiring 710d2.
- the via 761d2 is provided between the wiring 760d2 and the wiring 710d2 and electrically connects the wiring 760d2 and the wiring 710d2.
- the via 761 k is provided so as to penetrate the second interlayer insulating film 156 and reach the n-type semiconductor layer 751 .
- the via 761 k electrically connects the wiring 760 k and the n-type semiconductor layer 751 between the wiring 760 k and the n-type semiconductor layer 751 .
- transistors 103-1 and 103-2 are drive transistors for adjacent sub-pixels and are driven sequentially.
- the light-emitting layer 752a1 When holes supplied from the transistor 103-1 are injected into the light-emitting layer 752a1 and electrons supplied from the wiring 760k are injected into the light-emitting layer 752a1, the light-emitting layer 752a1 emits light, and light is emitted from the light-emitting region 751R1.
- holes supplied from the transistor 103-2 are injected into the light emitting layer 752a2 and electrons supplied from the wiring 760k are injected into the light emitting layer 752a2, the light emitting layer 752a2 emits light, and light is emitted from the light emitting region 751R2. be.
- the image display device of this embodiment has the effect of shortening the time required for the transfer process for forming the semiconductor layer 750 and reducing the number of processes, as in the image display devices of the other embodiments described above.
- the connecting portion R0 can be shared by a plurality of light emitting portions R1 and R2, it is possible to reduce the number of vias 761k provided in the connecting portion R0. By reducing the number of vias, it is possible to reduce the pitch of the light-emitting portions R1 and R2 that constitute the sub-pixel group 720, and it is possible to provide a small-sized, high-definition image display device.
- the emitted light from the light emitting regions 751R1 and 751R2 needs to pass through the first interlayer insulating film 112, the insulating film 108, the insulating layer 105, the TFT lower layer film 106 and the substrate 102 before being emitted to the outside. There is Therefore, it is conceivable that the light spreads along the route until it is radiated to the outside.
- the wiring 710f is provided in the middle of the path until the light is emitted to the outside, the light emitted from the adjacent pixels is prevented from being mixed by shielding the spreading light. . Therefore, it is possible to narrow the pixel pitch and realize an image display device with high image quality.
- the case where two light emitting regions are provided has been described, but the number of light emitting regions is not limited to two, and any number of three or more is also possible.
- the image display device described above can be, for example, a computer display, a television, a mobile terminal such as a smartphone, or a car navigation system as an image display module having an appropriate number of pixels.
- FIG. 33 is a block diagram illustrating an image display device according to this embodiment.
- FIG. 33 shows the main parts of the configuration of the computer display.
- the image display device 801 has an image display module 802 .
- the image display module 802 is, for example, an image display device having the configuration of the first embodiment described above.
- Image display module 802 includes display area 2 in which a plurality of sub-pixels including sub-pixel 20 are arranged, row selection circuit 5 and signal voltage output circuit 7 .
- the image display device 801 further includes a controller 870 .
- the controller 870 inputs a control signal separated and generated by an interface circuit (not shown) to control the row selection circuit 5 and the signal voltage output circuit 7 to drive each sub-pixel and the driving order.
- FIG. 34 is a block diagram illustrating an image display device according to a modification of this embodiment.
- FIG. 34 shows the configuration of a high-definition thin television.
- the image display device 901 has an image display module 902 .
- the image display module 902 is, for example, the image display device 1 having the configuration of the first embodiment described above.
- the image display device 901 has a controller 970 and a frame memory 980 .
- Controller 970 controls the driving order of each sub-pixel of display area 2 based on control signals supplied by bus 940 .
- a frame memory 980 stores display data for one frame and is used for processing such as smooth moving image reproduction.
- the image display device 901 has an I/O circuit 910 .
- the I/O circuit 910 is simply labeled "I/O" in FIG.
- the I/O circuit 910 provides an interface circuit or the like for connecting to an external terminal, device, or the like.
- the I/O circuit 910 includes, for example, a USB interface for connecting an external hard disk device, an audio interface, and the like.
- the image display device 901 has a receiving section 920 and a signal processing section 930 .
- An antenna 922 is connected to the receiving unit 920, and separates and generates a necessary signal from the radio wave received by the antenna 922.
- the signal processing unit 930 includes a DSP (Digital Signal Processor), a CPU (Central Processing Unit), and the like, and the signals separated and generated by the receiving unit 920 are converted into image data, audio data, etc. separated and generated.
- DSP Digital Signal Processor
- CPU Central Processing Unit
- the receiving unit 920 and the signal processing unit 930 can also be used as other image display devices by using high-frequency communication modules for mobile phone transmission/reception, WiFi, GPS receivers, and the like.
- an image display device having an image display module with an appropriate screen size and resolution can be a mobile information terminal such as a smart phone or a car navigation system.
- the image display module in the case of this embodiment is not limited to the configuration of the image display device in the case of the first embodiment.
- the image display module in the case of this embodiment and the modified example is configured to include a large number of sub-pixels as shown in FIGS. 12 and 13.
- FIG. 12 and 13 FIG. 12
- 1,201,801,901 image display device 2 display area, 3 power line, 4 ground line, 5,205 row selection circuit, 6,206 scanning line, 7,207 signal voltage output circuit, 8,208 signal line, 10 pixels, 20, 20a, 220, 320, 420, 520, 620 sub-pixels, 22, 222 light-emitting elements, 24, 224 selection transistors, 26, 226 drive transistors, 28, 228 capacitors, 100 drive circuit boards, 101 circuits, 102 substrate, 102a, 102b, 106S surface, 103, 103-1, 103-2, 203 transistor, 104, 104-1, 104-2, 204 TFT channel, 105 insulating layer, 107, 107-1, 107-2 gate, 108 insulating film, 110 first wiring layer, 112 first interlayer insulating film, 140a graphene sheet, 150, 250, 650 light emitting elements, 151S, 253S, 651S, 751S light emitting surface, 156 second interlayer insulating film, 160d, 160k,
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Abstract
Description
なお、図面は模式的または概念的なものであり、各部分の厚みと幅との関係、部分間の大きさの比率などは、必ずしも現実のものと同一とは限らない。また、同じ部分を表す場合であっても、図面により互いの寸法や比率が異なって表される場合もある。
なお、本願明細書と各図において、既出の図に関して前述したものと同様の要素には、同一の符号を付して詳細な説明を適宜省略する。
図1は、本実施形態に係る画像表示装置の一部を例示する模式的な断面図である。
図1には、本実施形態の画像表示装置のサブピクセル20の構成が模式的に示されている。
以下では、XYZの3次元座標系を用いて説明することがある。発光素子150は、後述する図12および図13に示すように、2次元平面状に配列されている。発光素子150は、サブピクセル20ごとに設けられている。サブピクセル20が配列された2次元平面をXY平面とする。サブピクセル20は、X軸方向およびY軸方向に沿って配列されている。図1は、後述の図4のAA'線における矢視断面を表しており、XY平面に垂直な複数の平面における断面を1つの平面上でつなげた断面図としている。他の図においても、図1のように、XY平面に垂直な複数の平面における断面図では、X軸およびY軸は図示されず、XY平面に垂直なZ軸が示されている。つまり、これらの図では、Z軸に垂直な平面がXY平面とされている。
カラーフィルタ180は、遮光部181と色変換部182とを含む。色変換部182は、発光素子150の発光面151Sの下方で、発光面151Sの形状に応じて設けられている。カラーフィルタ180では、色変換部182以外の部分は、遮光部181とされている。遮光部181は、いわゆるブラックマトリクスであり、隣接する色変換部182から発光される光の混色等による滲みを低減し、くっきりとした画像を表示することを可能にする。
図2は、本実施形態の変形例に係る画像表示装置の一部を例示する模式的な断面図である。
図2に示すように、本変形例の画像表示装置のサブピクセル20aは、カラーフィルタ180の一部が、グラフェンシート140a1、第1層間絶縁膜112、絶縁膜108、絶縁層105、TFT下層膜106および基板102を貫通して設けられている。この例では、カラーフィルタ180の一部は、色変換層183である。発光面151Sは、グラフェンシート140a1および色変換層183上にわたって、設けられている。したがって、発光素子150が出射した光は、発光面151Sを介して、直接、色変換層183に入射され、フィルタ層184を経由して、外部に放射される。
図3に示すように、本実施形態の画像表示装置1は、表示領域2を備える。表示領域2には、サブピクセル20が配列されている。サブピクセル20は、たとえば格子状に配列されている。たとえば、サブピクセル20は、X軸に沿ってn個配列され、Y軸に沿ってm個配列される。
図4では、AA'線は、図1等の断面図における切断線を表している。本実施形態では、発光素子150および駆動用のトランジスタ103は、第1層間絶縁膜112および第2層間絶縁膜156を介して、Z軸方向に積層されている。発光素子150は、図3では発光素子22に対応する。駆動用のトランジスタ103は、図3では駆動トランジスタ26に対応し、T2とも表記される。
図5A~図8は、本実施形態の画像表示装置の製造方法の一部を例示する模式的な断面図である。
図5Aに示すように、本実施形態の画像表示装置の製造方法では、基板102が準備される。基板102は、透光性基板であり、たとえば、1500mm×1800mm程度のほぼ長方形のガラス基板である。TFT下層膜106は、一方の面(第1面)102a上に形成される。TFT下層膜106は、たとえばCVD法によって形成される。形成されたTFT下層膜106上に、Si層1104が形成される。Si層1104は、成膜時にはアモルファスSiの層であり、成膜後に、たとえばエキシマレーザパルスを複数回走査することによって多結晶化されたSi層1104が形成される。
図9A~図9Dは、本実施形態の画像表示装置の製造方法の一部を例示する模式的な断面図である。
図9A~図9Dには、カラーフィルタをインクジェット方式で形成する方法が示されている。
図10には、フィルム形式のカラーフィルタ180aを形成する方法が示されている。
図10では、矢印の上の図は、構造体1192を示している。矢印の下の図は、ガラス基板186、ガラス基板186に接着されたカラーフィルタ180aおよびカラーフィルタ180aを構造体1192に接着する透明薄膜接着層189を示している。矢印は、カラーフィルタ180aを、ガラス基板186および透明薄膜接着層189とともに構造体1192に貼り付ける状況を表している。
図10では、煩雑さを避けるために、構造体1192の一部の構成要素に関しては、その符号やその符号を含む構成要素自体の図示を省略している。図10において図示を省略している構造体1192内の構成要素は、図8に示されている。図8に示された構成要素は、駆動回路基板100内の回路101の各要素、ビア161d,161kおよび第2配線層160である。
図11は、本変形例の画像表示装置の製造方法を例示する模式的な断面図である。
変形例の場合には、カラーフィルタを形成する工程を実行する前に、図11に関連して説明する工程を実行する。図11の工程は、図8に関連して説明した工程に続いて実行される。
図11に示すように、開口158が形成される。開口158は、基板102の面102bから発光面151Sを露出するように形成される。より具体的には、開口158は、基板102、TFT下層膜106、絶縁層105、絶縁膜108、第1層間絶縁膜112および図8に示したグラフェンシート140aのそれぞれの一部を順次除去することによって形成される。開口158は、材質に応じた溶媒を用いたウェットエッチング等により形成される。
図12に示すように、本実施形態の画像表示装置は、カラーフィルタ180上に、トランジスタを含む回路101が形成された駆動回路基板100が設けられ、その平坦化面112F上に、多数の発光素子150を有する発光回路部172が設けられている。発光回路部172は、発光素子150の他、図1に示したグラフェンシート140a、第2層間絶縁膜156および第2配線層160を含んでいる。駆動回路基板100と発光回路部172とは、図1に示したビア161d,161kを介して電気的に接続されている。
図13は、本実施形態の変形例に係る画像表示装置を例示する模式的な斜視図である。
図1に示した実施形態や図2に示した変形例の場合には、カラーフィルタ180,180aを設けずに、画像表示装置を形成することができ、この例のように単色発光の画像表示装置とすることができる。
図13に示すように、本変形例の画像表示装置では、駆動回路基板100の平坦化面112F上に、多数の発光素子150を有する発光回路部172が設けられている。
本変形例は、後述する他の実施形態やそれらの変形例にも適用することができる。
本実施形態の画像表示装置の製造方法では、駆動回路基板100の平坦化面112F上に結晶成長させた半導体層1150をエッチングすることによって、発光素子150が形成される。その後、発光素子150を第2層間絶縁膜156で覆って、駆動回路基板100内に作りこまれた回路101と電気的な接続がとられる。そのため、基板102に個片化された発光素子を個々に転写するのに比べて、製造工程が著しく短縮される。
図14は、本実施形態に係る画像表示装置の一部を例示する模式的な断面図である。
本実施形態の場合には、発光素子250およびトランジスタ203の構成が上述した他の実施形態の場合と相違する。具体的には、発光面253Sは、p形半導体層253によって提供され、トランジスタ203は、nチャネルである。また、p形半導体層253とビア261aとを、第3配線層230によって接続する点でも上述の他の実施形態の場合と相違する。他の実施形態の場合と同一の構成要素には、同一の符号を付して、詳細な説明を適宜省略する。
図15に示すように、本実施形態の画像表示装置201は、表示領域2、行選択回路205および信号電圧出力回路207を備える。表示領域2には、上述の他の実施形態の場合と同様に、たとえばサブピクセル220がXY平面上に格子状に配列されている。
図16A~図18は、本実施形態の画像表示装置の製造方法の一部を例示する模式的な断面図である。
本実施形態では、上述した他の実施形態の図5Aに関連して説明した基板102を用いる。図5Aにおいて、基板102は、TFT下層膜106を介して、Si層1104が形成される。以下では、図5Aの工程の後に、図16A以降の工程が適用されるものとして説明する。
本実施形態の画像表示装置では、上述の他の実施形態の場合と同様に、発光素子250を形成するための転写工程の時間を短縮し、工程数を削減することができるとの効果を有する。この他、TFTの極性をnチャネルとすることによって、発光面253Sをp形半導体層253とすることが可能になる。そのため、回路素子の配置や回路設計上の自由度が向上する等のメリットがある。
図19は、本実施形態に係る画像表示装置の一部を例示する模式的な断面図である。
本実施形態では、発光素子150とトランジスタ103との間に遮光層330が設けられている点で、上述の他の実施形態の場合と相違する。本実施形態の発光素子150では、発光面151Sが粗面化されている点でも、上述の他の実施形態の場合と相違する。上述の他の実施形態の場合と同一の構成要素には、同一の符号を付して、詳細な説明を適宜省略する。
図20A~図23Bは、本実施形態の画像表示装置の製造方法の一部を例示する模式的な断面図である。
本実施形態の画像表示装置の製造方法では、図6Aに示した駆動回路基板100を準備する工程のうち、第1配線層110を形成するまでは、図6Aに関連して説明した工程が適用される。本実施形態の製造方法では、図6Aに関連した説明において、第1配線層110を形成した後の工程から説明する。
図20Aに示すように、絶縁膜108および第1配線層110上に、絶縁膜112aが形成される。貫通孔331を有する遮光層330は、絶縁膜112a上に形成される。
本実施形態の画像表示装置の製造方法では、上述の他の実施形態の場合と同様に、発光素子150を形成するための転写工程の時間を短縮し、工程数を削減することができるとの効果を有する。その他、発光面151Sをp形よりも低抵抗のn形半導体層151としているので、n形半導体層151を厚く形成でき、発光面151Sを十分に粗面化することができる。
図24は、本実施形態の画像表示装置の一部を例示する模式的な断面図である。
本実施形態では、発光素子150上に設けられた第4配線層470を含んでいる点で上述の他の実施形態と相違する。他の点では、上述した他の実施形態の場合と同じであり、同一の構成要素には、同一の符号を付して詳細な説明を適宜省略する。本実施形態では、発光面151Sを提供するn形半導体層151の第2配線層160への接続は、透光性を有する第3配線層230によるものである。
図25A~図26Bは、本実施形態の画像表示装置の製造方法の一部を例示する模式的な断面図である。
本実施形態では、図17Aに関連して説明したように、透光性導電膜1130を形成し、グラフェン層1140を形成し、半導体層1150を形成するまでは、上述の他の実施形態の場合と同じである。以下では、図17Aの工程の後に、図25Aの工程を実行するものとして説明する。ただし、本実施形態では、グラフェン層1140上に形成される半導体層1150は、グラフェン層1140の側から、n形半導体層1151、発光層1152およびp形半導体層1153の順に積層される。そのため、本実施形態における図17Aの適用では、n形半導体層1151、発光層1152およびp形半導体層1153の順に積層された半導体層1150であるものとする。このような半導体層1150の形成工程については、図7Aに関連して説明したものである。
本実施形態の画像表示装置では、上述の他の実施形態の場合と同様に、発光素子150を形成するための転写工程の時間を短縮し、工程数を削減することができるとの効果を有する。その他、以下の効果を有する。
図27は、本実施形態の画像表示装置の一部を例示する模式的な断面図である。
本実施形態では、発光素子150の天面153Uを覆う電極565aが設けられ、電極565aは、電極565aのためのコンタクトホール561aに形成された配線560dに接続されている点で上述の他の実施形態の場合と相違する。他の点では、他の実施形態の場合と同一であり、同一の構成要素には同一の符号を付して詳細な説明を適宜省略する。
図28Aおよび図28Bは、本実施形態の画像表示装置の製造方法を例示する模式的な断面図である。
本実施形態の画像表示装置の製造方法では、上述した第4の実施形態の場合と同様に、図17Aに示した半導体層1150の形成工程までは、上述の他の実施形態の場合と同じである。図17Aの工程の後に、図28Aの工程を実行するものとして説明する。ただし、本実施形態の場合における図17Aの適用では、半導体層1150は、グラフェン層1140側から、n形半導体層1151、発光層1152およびp形半導体層1153の順に積層されたものとして説明する。
本実施形態の画像表示装置は、上述した他の実施形態の画像表示装置と同様に、発光素子150を形成するための転写工程の時間を短縮し、工程数を削減することができるとの効果を有する。この他、本実施形態では、電極565aが天面153U上にわたって設けられているので、発光素子150が放射する上方への散乱光等を発光面151S側に反射することができる。そのため、発光素子150の実質的な発光効率が向上される。
図29は、本実施形態の画像表示装置の一部を例示する模式的な断面図である。
本実施形態では、発光素子650の構成が他の実施形態の場合と相違する。その他の構成要素は、上述の他の実施形態の場合と同じである。同一の構成要素には同一の符号を付して、詳細な説明を適宜省略する。
図29に示すように、本実施形態の画像表示装置は、サブピクセル620を備える。サブピクセル620は、基板102と、トランジスタ103と、第1配線層110と、遮光層330と、第1層間絶縁膜112と、第3配線層230と、グラフェンシート140aと、発光素子650と、第2層間絶縁膜156と、第2配線層160と、を含む。サブピクセル620は、カラーフィルタ180をさらに含む。
図30は、図29の部分拡大図であり、発光素子650において、発光面651Sと側面655aとの関係が示されている。
図30に示すように、平坦化面112Fは、XY平面にほぼ平行な平面である。発光素子650は、グラフェンシート140aおよび配線230aを介して、平坦化面112F上に設けられいる。発光面651Sは、平坦化面112Fにほぼ平行な面であり、XY平面にほぼ平行な面である。発光面651Sが出射する光は、グラフェンシート140aおよび配線230aを経由して第1層間絶縁膜112に入射されるが、グラフェンシート140aおよび配線230aの厚さは、十分に薄く、光の反射および吸収は、十分に小さいものとする。
発光素子650の屈折率n0および第2層間絶縁膜156の屈折率n1とすると、発光素子650から第2層間絶縁膜156に出射する光の臨界角θcは、以下の式(1)を用いて求められる。
本実施形態では、発光素子650の製造工程が他の実施形態の場合と相違し、他の製造工程は、上述した他の実施形態の場合を適用することができる。以下では、製造工程のうち相違する部分について説明する。
本実施形態では、図29に示した発光素子650の形状とするために、以下の工程が実行される。なお、本実施形態の場合にも、図17Aに関連して説明した工程の後に以下に説明する工程が適用される。本実施形態における図17Aの工程の適用では、半導体層1150の構成は、グラフェンシート140a側からn形半導体層1151、発光層1152およびp形半導体層1153の順に積層されるものとする。
本実施形態の画像表示装置は、上述した他の実施形態の画像表示装置と同様に、発光素子650を形成するための転写工程の時間を短縮し、工程数を削減することができるとの効果の他、以下の効果を奏する。
本実施形態の画像表示装置では、発光素子650が設けられた発光面651Sに対して、内角θをなす側面655aを有するように、発光素子650が形成される。内角θは、90°よりも小さく、発光素子650および第2層間絶縁膜156のそれぞれの材質の屈折率で決定される臨界角θcにもとづいて設定される。内角θは、発光層652から放射される光のうち、発光素子650の側方や上方に向かう光を、発光面651S側に向かう光に変換して出射することができる。内角θを十分小さくすることによって、発光素子650では、実質的な発光効率が向上される。
図31は、本実施形態の画像表示装置の一部を例示する模式的な断面図である。
本実施形態では、画像表示装置は、1つの発光面に複数の発光領域を含むサブピクセル群720を備える点で他の実施形態と相違する。同一の構成要素には、同一の符号を付して詳細な説明を適宜省略する。
図31に示すように、本実施形態の画像表示装置は、サブピクセル群720を備える。サブピクセル群720は、基板102と、グラフェンシート740aと、複数のトランジスタ103-1,103-2と、第1配線層110と、第1層間絶縁膜112と、半導体層750と、第2層間絶縁膜156と、ビア761d1,761d2と、第2配線層160と、を含む。サブピクセル群720は、カラーフィルタ180をさらに含む。
TFT下層膜106は、面102a上に形成されている。TFT下層膜106は、平坦化されており、TFT下層膜106上にTFTチャネル104-1,104-2等が形成されている。
図32は、発光領域751R1,751R2を説明するための模式図である。
図32に示すように、発光領域751R1,751R2は、発光面751S上の面である。図32では、半導体層750のうち、発光領域751R1,751R2を含む部分を発光部R1,R2とそれぞれ呼ぶ。発光部R1は、n形半導体層751の一部、発光層752a1およびp形半導体層753a1を含んでいる。発光部R2は、n形半導体層751の一部、発光層752a2およびp形半導体層753a2を含んでいる。
第2層間絶縁膜156は、平坦化面112F、グラフェンシート740aおよび半導体層750を覆って設けられている。
本実施形態の画像表示装置は、上述した他の実施形態の画像表示装置と同様に、半導体層750を形成するための転写工程の時間を短縮し、工程数を削減することができるとの効果を有する。この他、複数の発光部R1,R2について、接続部R0を共有することができるので、接続部R0に設けるビア761kの数を減らすことが可能になる。ビアの本数を減らすことによって、サブピクセル群720を構成する発光部R1,R2のピッチを縮小することが可能になり、小型、高精細の画像表示装置とすることが可能になる。
上述した画像表示装置は、適切なピクセル数を有する画像表示モジュールとして、たとえばコンピュータ用ディスプレイ、テレビ、スマートフォンのような携帯用端末、あるいは、カーナビゲーション等とすることができる。
図33には、コンピュータ用ディスプレイの構成の主要な部分が示されている。
図33に示すように、画像表示装置801は、画像表示モジュール802を備える。画像表示モジュール802は、たとえば上述した第1の実施形態の場合の構成を備えた画像表示装置である。画像表示モジュール802は、サブピクセル20を含む複数のサブピクセルが配列された表示領域2、行選択回路5および信号電圧出力回路7を含む。
図34は、本実施形態の変形例に係る画像表示装置を例示するブロック図である。
図34には、高精細薄型テレビの構成が示されている。
図34に示すように、画像表示装置901は、画像表示モジュール902を備える。画像表示モジュール902は、たとえば上述した第1の実施形態の場合の構成を備えた画像表示装置1である。画像表示装置901は、コントローラ970およびフレームメモリ980を備える。コントローラ970は、バス940によって供給される制御信号にもとづいて、表示領域2の各サブピクセルの駆動順序を制御する。フレームメモリ980は、1フレーム分の表示データを格納し、円滑な動画再生等の処理のために用いられる。
Claims (23)
- 基板の第1面上に形成された回路素子と、前記回路素子に接続された第1配線層と、前記回路素子および前記第1配線層を覆う第1絶縁膜と、を含む第1基板を準備する工程と、
前記第1絶縁膜上にグラフェンを含む層を形成する工程と、
前記グラフェンを含む層上に発光層を含む半導体層を形成する工程と、
前記半導体層を加工して、前記グラフェンを含む層上の発光面と前記発光面の反対側の天面とを含む発光素子を形成する工程と、
前記第1絶縁膜、前記グラフェンを含む層および前記発光素子を覆う第2絶縁膜を形成する工程と、
前記第1絶縁膜および前記第2絶縁膜を貫通する第1ビアを形成する工程と、
前記第2絶縁膜上に第2配線層を形成する工程と、
を備え、
前記第1ビアは、前記第1配線層と前記第2配線層との間に設けられ、前記第1配線層と前記第2配線層とを電気的に接続する画像表示装置の製造方法。 - 前記第2絶縁膜を貫通する第2ビアを形成する工程
をさらに備え、
前記発光素子は、前記第1面に沿って設けられた接続部を含み、
前記第2ビアは、前記第2配線層と前記接続部との間に設けられ前記第2配線層と前記接続部とを電気的に接続する請求項1記載の画像表示装置の製造方法。 - 前記グラフェンを含む層を形成する前に前記第1絶縁膜上に透光性を有する第3配線層を形成する工程をさらに備え、
前記第2絶縁膜を貫通する第2ビアを形成する工程
をさらに備え、
前記第2ビアは、前記第2配線層と前記第3配線層との間に設けられ前記第1配線層と前記第3配線層とを電気的に接続する請求項1記載の画像表示装置の製造方法。 - 前記基板は、透光性を有する請求項1~3のいずれか1つに記載の画像表示装置の製造方法。
- 前記第1面の反対側の第2面に波長変換部材を形成する工程をさらに備えた請求項4記載の画像表示装置の製造方法。
- 前記第2絶縁膜を形成する工程の前に前記天面および前記発光素子の側面を覆うように第4配線層を形成する工程をさらに備えた請求項1~5のいずれか1つに記載の画像表示装置の製造方法。
- 前記基板を除去する工程と、
前記基板に代えて波長変換部材を形成する工程と、
をさらに備えた請求項1または2に記載の画像表示装置の製造方法。 - 前記第1絶縁膜を貫通する開口によって前記発光面を露出させ、前記発光面を粗面化する工程をさらに備えた請求項7記載の画像表示装置の製造方法。
- 前記波長変換部材は、遮光部と色変換部とを含み、
前記色変換部は、前記開口内に形成された請求項8記載の画像表示装置の製造方法。 - 前記第1基板を準備する工程は、前記回路素子上に遮光層を形成する工程を含む請求項1~9のいずれか1つに記載の画像表示装置の製造方法。
- 前記半導体層は、窒化ガリウム系化合物半導体を含む請求項1~10のいずれか1つに記載の画像表示装置の製造方法。
- 第1面を有する第1部材と、
前記第1面上に設けられた回路素子と、
前記回路素子に電気的に接続された第1配線層と、
前記第1面、前記回路素子および前記第1配線層を覆う第1絶縁膜と、
前記第1絶縁膜上に設けられたグラフェンを含む層と、
前記グラフェンを含む層上の発光面と前記発光面の反対側の天面とを含む発光素子と、
前記第1絶縁膜および前記発光素子を覆う第2絶縁膜と、
前記第1絶縁膜および前記第2絶縁膜を貫通して設けられた第1ビアと、
前記第2絶縁膜上に設けられた第2配線層と、
を備え、
前記第1ビアは、前記第1配線層と前記第2配線層との間に設けられ、前記第1配線層と前記第2配線層とを電気的に接続する画像表示装置。 - 前記第1部材は、前記発光素子からの光の波長を変換して出力する色変換部を含む請求項12記載の画像表示装置。
- 第1面を有する第1部材と、
前記第1面上に設けられた回路素子と、
前記回路素子に電気的に接続された第1配線層と、
前記第1面、前記回路素子および前記第1配線層を覆う第1絶縁膜と、
前記第1絶縁膜および前記第1部材を貫通して設けられた透光性部材と、
前記透光性部材上の発光面と前記発光面の反対側の天面とを含む発光素子と、
前記第1絶縁膜および前記発光素子を覆う第2絶縁膜と、
前記第1絶縁膜および前記第2絶縁膜を貫通して設けられた第1ビアと、
前記第2絶縁膜上に設けられた第2配線層と、
を備え、
前記第1部材は、前記透光性部材よりも光透過率の低い遮光部を含み、
前記第1ビアは、前記第1配線層と前記第2配線層との間に設けられ、前記第1配線層と前記第2配線層とを電気的に接続する画像表示装置。 - 前記第2絶縁膜を貫通して設けられた第2ビアをさらに備え、
前記発光素子は、前記発光面に沿って設けられた接続部を含み、
前記第2配線層は、第1配線と、前記第1配線から分離された第2配線と、を含み、
前記第1ビアは、前記第1配線と前記第1配線層との間に設けられ、前記第1配線と前記第1配線層とを電気的に接続し、
前記第2ビアは、前記第2配線と前記接続部との間に設けられ、前記第2配線と前記接続部とを電気的に接続する請求項12~14のいずれか1つに記載の画像表示装置。 - 前記第1絶縁膜上に設けられた光透過性を有する第3配線層と、
前記第2絶縁膜を貫通して設けられた第2ビアと、
をさらに備え、
前記第2配線層は、第1配線と前記第1配線から分離された第2配線とを含み、
前記第1ビアは、前記第1配線と前記第1配線層との間に設けられ、前記第1配線と前記第1配線層とを電気的に接続し、
前記第2ビアは、前記第2配線と前記第3配線層との間に設けられ、前記第2配線と前記第3配線層とを電気的に接続する請求項12または13に記載の画像表示装置。 - 前記天面および前記発光素子の側面を覆い前記天面に電気的に接続された第1電極を含む第4配線層をさらに備え、
前記第1電極は、前記第1配線を介して、前記第1ビアに電気的に接続された請求項16記載の画像表示装置。 - 前記天面にわたって設けられ、前記天面に電気的に接続された第2電極をさらに備え、
前記第2電極は、前記第1配線を介して、前記第1ビアに電気的に接続された請求項16記載の画像表示装置。 - 前記発光面と前記発光素子の側面とのなす内角は、90°よりも小さい請求項12~14のいずれか1つに記載の画像表示装置。
- 前記回路素子と前記発光素子との間に設けられた遮光層をさらに備えた請求項12~19のいずれか1つに記載の画像表示装置。
- 前記発光素子は、窒化ガリウム系化合物半導体を含む請求項12~20のいずれか1つに記載の画像表示装置。
- 第1面を有する光透過性部材と、
前記第1面上に設けられた複数のトランジスタと、
前記複数のトランジスタに電気的に接続された第1配線層と、
前記第1面、前記複数のトランジスタおよび前記第1配線層を覆う第1絶縁膜と、
前記第1絶縁膜上に設けられたグラフェンを含む層と、
前記グラフェンを含む層上に、複数の発光領域を形成し得る発光面を含む第1半導体層と、
前記第1半導体層上に設けられた複数の発光層と、
前記複数の発光層上にそれぞれ設けられ、前記第1半導体層とは異なる導電形を有する複数の第2半導体層と、
前記第1絶縁膜、前記第1半導体層、前記複数の発光層および前記複数の第2半導体層を覆う第2絶縁膜と、
前記第1絶縁膜および前記第2絶縁膜を貫通して設けられた複数の第1ビアと、
前記第2絶縁膜上に設けられた第2配線層と、
を備え、
前記複数の第2半導体層は、前記第2絶縁膜によって分離され、
前記複数の発光層は、前記第2絶縁膜によって分離され、
前記複数の第1ビアは、前記第1配線層と前記第2配線層との間に設けられ、前記第1配線層および前記第2配線層を電気的に接続する画像表示装置。 - 第1面を有する光透過性部材と、
前記第1面上に設けられた回路素子と、
前記回路素子に電気的に接続された第1配線層と、
前記第1面、前記回路素子および前記第1配線層を覆う第1絶縁膜と、
前記第1絶縁膜上に設けられたグラフェンを含む層と、
前記グラフェンを含む層上の発光面と前記発光面の反対側の天面とをそれぞれ含む複数の発光素子と、
前記第1絶縁膜および前記複数の発光素子を覆う第2絶縁膜と、
前記第1絶縁膜および前記第2絶縁膜を貫通して設けられた第1ビアと、
前記第2絶縁膜上に設けられた第2配線層と、
を備え、
前記第1ビアは、前記第1配線層と前記第2配線層との間に設けられ、前記第1配線層と前記第2配線層とを電気的に接続する画像表示装置。
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