WO2022202714A1 - メルケル細胞活性化剤、シナプス小胞の増強剤、神経伝達物質放出促進剤、メルケル細胞の神経伝達物質放出活性の評価方法、並びにメルケル細胞の神経伝達物質放出促進剤のスクリーニング方法 - Google Patents
メルケル細胞活性化剤、シナプス小胞の増強剤、神経伝達物質放出促進剤、メルケル細胞の神経伝達物質放出活性の評価方法、並びにメルケル細胞の神経伝達物質放出促進剤のスクリーニング方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
- C07C2601/06—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a five-membered ring
- C07C2601/10—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a five-membered ring the ring being unsaturated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2602/00—Systems containing two condensed rings
- C07C2602/02—Systems containing two condensed rings the rings having only two atoms in common
- C07C2602/14—All rings being cycloaliphatic
- C07C2602/18—All rings being cycloaliphatic the ring system containing six carbon atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2503/00—Use of cells in diagnostics
- C12N2503/02—Drug screening
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a Merkel cell activator and an enhancer of synaptic vesicles in Merkel cells.
- the present invention also relates to a method for evaluating the neurotransmitter release activity of Merkel cells, a method for screening a neurotransmitter release-enhancing agent using such an evaluation method, and a neurotransmitter screened by such a screening method. It also relates to release enhancers.
- Receptors related to tactile sensation are excited by mechanical stimuli, and signals are sent to the brain via sensory nerves.
- Receptors for such mechano-stimulation include Merkel cells existing in the deepest part of the epidermis, Meissner's corpuscles existing in the outermost layer of the dermis, Pacinian corpuscles existing in the deep dermis, and Ruffini endings.
- Merkel cells are synaptically connected to the terminals of sensory nerves, and when excited by mechanical stimulation, neurotransmitters are secreted into the synapses and information is transmitted to the sensory nerves. It has been suggested that the Piezo2 channel of Merkel cells is involved in the sensing of mechanical stimulation (Non-Patent Document 1: Nature (2014) volume 509, pages 622-626).
- Non-Patent Document 6 a decrease in Merkel cells causes allonesis, in which itching is induced by stimuli that normally do not cause itching, and that activation of Merkel cells suppresses itching. Furthermore, it has been reported that PIEZO2-deficient subjects cannot induce sensitization or pain responses even at the site of skin inflammation, suggesting that PIEZO2 channels are therapeutic targets for allodynia, which causes pain with non-noxious stimuli that normally do not cause pain. It has been reported that it becomes (Non-Patent Document 6)
- the olfactory receptor OR2AT4 is expressed in keratinocytes, which are the main constituent cells of the epidermis, and its agonist Sandalore acts on OR2AT4 to induce intracellular signals and promote wound healing.
- Non-Patent Document 2 J Investigative Dermatology (2014) vol. 134, p. 2823-2832.
- OR2AT4 is expressed in the sheath cells of hair follicles and that application of sandalore causes hair elongation (Patent Document 1: JP-A-2019-519502, Non-Patent Document 3: Nat Commun. (2016) Sep 18;9(1):3624).
- the inventors are conducting intensive research on skin care that focuses on the sense of touch, with the goal of obtaining drugs that activate Merkel cells.
- OR2AT4 an olfactory receptor expressed in the skin
- OR2AT4 was expressed in Merkel cells.
- Merkel cells are activated by applying sandalol, which is an agonist of OR2AT4, to the Merkel cells, resulting in the present invention.
- the invention thus relates to: [A1-1] The following formula: [In the formula, R 1 and R 2 together form a double bond or R 1 and R 2 together form a cyclopropyl group; R 3 and R 4 are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, or R 3 and R 4 together form a double bond; R5 and R6 are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, or R5 and R6 together form a double bond; or R5 and R6 are , together form a cyclopropyl group; R7 is methyl or ethyl; R8 is hydrogen or methyl]
- An activator of Merkel cells comprising a compound represented by [A1-2]
- [A4-1] The following formula: [In the formula, R 1 and R 2 together form a double bond or R 1 and R 2 together form a cyclopropyl group; R 3 and R 4 are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, or R 3 and R 4 together form a double bond; R5 and R6 are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, or R5 and R6 together form a double bond; or R5 and R6 are , together form a cyclopropyl group; R7 is methyl or ethyl; R8 is hydrogen or methyl]
- An agent for enhancing synaptic vesicles in Merkel cells comprising a compound represented by [A4-2]
- For use in the treatment, prevention or alleviation of at least one symptom selected from the group consisting of itching, pruritus, allonesis, and allodynia through enhancement of synaptic vesicles in Merkel cells The formula for: [In the formula, R 1 and R 2 together
- the present inventors focused on the tactile sensation that can be perceived by skin care, etc., and conducted intensive research on the mechanism of releasing neurotransmitters by excitation of Merkel cells.
- the present inventors have found that the neurotransmitter release activity of Merkel cells can be evaluated by measuring the change in fluorescence intensity value before and after depolarizing stimulation under a microscope, leading to the present invention.
- the invention thus relates to: [B1] A method for evaluating neurotransmitter releasing activity of Merkel cells in a skin sample, comprising: culturing a skin sample in a medium containing a fluorescent tracer of a neurotransmitter; applying a depolarizing stimulus; The above evaluation method, comprising measuring changes in fluorescence intensity values of Merkel cells before and after depolarizing stimulation under a fluorescence microscope. [B2] The evaluation method according to item B1, wherein the neurotransmitter fluorescent tracer is a monoamine neurotransmitter fluorescent tracer. [B3] The evaluation method according to item B1 or B2, wherein the skin sample is a human skin sample.
- a method for screening a Merkel cell neurotransmitter release enhancer in a skin sample comprising: culturing a skin sample in a medium containing a fluorescent tracer of a neurotransmitter; adding a candidate neurotransmitter release-enhancing agent; Measuring the change in the fluorescence intensity value of the Merkel cells before and after the addition under a fluorescence microscope.
- the neurotransmitter fluorescent tracer is a monoamine neurotransmitter fluorescent tracer.
- a neurotransmitter release enhancer in Merkel cells comprising a compound represented by [B7-2]
- Any of items B7-1 to B7-5, B8, B9, or B10 for treating, preventing, or alleviating at least one symptom selected from the group consisting of itching, pruritus, allonesis, and allodynia A neurotransmitter release-enhancing agent, compound, cosmetic method, enhancement method, or use according to any one of claims 1 to 3.
- FIG. 1 shows the results of co-staining skin samples with CK8 and OR2AT4, which are Merkel cell markers, and observing them under a fluorescence microscope.
- A is a scalp sample
- B is an abdominal skin sample, showing photographs taken by co-staining with CK8 and OR2AT4.
- C The left side of the graph shows the number of OR2AT4 and CK8 double-positive cells in a given area in a scalp sample.
- the right side of the graph shows the ratio of OR2AT4 and CK8 double positive cells to CK8 positive cells in scalp samples.
- D The left side of the graph shows the number of cells double positive for OR2AT4 and CK8 in a given area in abdominal samples.
- FIG. 2 shows the results of co-staining skin samples with CK18 and OR2AT4, which are Merkel cell markers, and observing them under a fluorescence microscope.
- A is a scalp sample
- B is an abdominal skin sample, showing photographs taken by co-staining with CK18 and OR2AT4.
- C The left side of the graph shows the number of OR2AT4 and CK18 double-positive cells in a given area in a scalp sample.
- the right side of the graph shows the ratio of OR2AT4 and CK18 double positive cells to CK18 positive cells in scalp samples.
- FIG. 3 shows the results of co-staining skin samples with CK20 and OR2AT4, which are Merkel cell markers, and observing them under a fluorescence microscope.
- A is a scalp sample and
- B is an abdominal skin sample, showing photographs taken by co-staining with CK20 and OR2AT4.
- C The left side of the graph shows the number of OR2AT4 and CK20 double-positive cells in a given area in a scalp sample.
- FIG. 4 shows photographs taken under a fluorescence microscope of CK20-positive cells expressing piccolo in samples to which sandalore was applied (FIG. 4A: control (vehicle), FIG. 4B: sandalool).
- FIG. 4A control (vehicle)
- FIG. 4B sandalool
- FIG. 4C is a graph showing the number of piccolo-expressing CK20-positive cells counted in a given region in a photograph taken under a fluorescence microscope.
- FIG. 5A shows iPS cell-derived sensory neural progenitor cells.
- FIG. 5B shows the amount of mRNA expression of type I collagen when the culture supernatant of iPS cell-derived sensory neural progenitor cells (conditioned medium) was added to fibroblasts. Shown as a relative value compared to the case. Error bars are mean ⁇ SD, ** indicates statistical significance by unpaired t-test ( ** P ⁇ 0.01).
- FIG. 5A shows iPS cell-derived sensory neural progenitor cells.
- FIG. 5B shows the amount of mRNA expression of type I collagen when the culture supernatant of iPS cell-derived sensory neural progenitor cells (conditioned medium) was added to fibroblasts. Shown as a relative value compared to the case. Error bars are mean ⁇ SD, ** indicates statistical significance by un
- FIG. 6A shows the mRNA expression level of type I collagen when the medium supernatant of iPS cell-derived sensory neural progenitor cells stimulated with a test substance (lavender oil: LO 0.005%) was added to fibroblasts.
- FIG. 6B shows the mRNA expression level of type I collagen when the above test substances were added directly to fibroblasts at the same concentration.
- collagen production is shown as a relative value with the control (no test substance added: control) set to 100%. Error bars are mean ⁇ SD, * indicates statistically significant difference by unpaired t-test ( * P ⁇ 0.05), n. s. indicates no statistically significant difference.
- FIG. 7 shows the mRNA expression level of type I collagen when a test substance (lavender oil: LO 0.02%) was added directly to fibroblasts at a higher concentration (4-fold) than in FIG. 6B. Collagen production is shown as a relative value with the control (no test substance added: control) set to 100%. Error bars are mean ⁇ SD, ** indicates statistically significant difference by unpaired t-test ( ** p ⁇ 0.01), n. s. indicates no statistically significant difference.
- FIG. 8 is a photograph showing changes in fluorescence after 0, 200, 400 and 600 seconds in Merkel cells incorporating a fluorescent tracer (FFN206).
- FIG. 8A shows the fluorescence change when sandalore stimulation was applied from 300 seconds to 600 seconds, and FIG.
- FIG. 8B shows the fluorescence change when the BSS solution was refluxed from 300 seconds to 600 seconds as a control. show.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing changes in fluorescence intensity values of Merkel cells in fluorescence imaging for 10 minutes. At 5 minutes (300 seconds), sandalore was introduced and fluorescence intensity values decreased (filled circles). As a control, at 5 minutes (300 seconds), BSS solution was perfused (open squares).
- the present invention provides sandalol (3-methyl-5-(2,2,3-trimethyl-cyclopent-3-en-1-yl)-pentan-2-ol [CAS: 65113-99-7]), or It relates to activators of Merkel cells, including analogues thereof.
- a sandal roll is represented by the following formula:
- Sandalol was developed and marketed as a compound with a sandalwood-like odor.
- the fragrance component of sandalwood is mainly composed of santalol and further includes its stereoisomers.
- Alpha and beta forms of santalol are known. Due to its complicated structure, it is difficult to synthesize sandalol, and fragrances having a sandalwood-like scent with a simpler structure have been synthesized, and sandalol is one of them.
- Sandalore acts as an agonist of OR2AT4, one of the olfactory receptors.
- Sandalol and its analogues are mentioned as a compound which has an agonistic effect
- sandalol analogues having an agonistic action on OR2AT4 include brahmanol (2-methyl-4-(2,2,3-trimethyl-3-cyclopenten-1-yl)-butan-1-ol [CAS: 72089 -08-8]) (Non-Patent Document 2).
- Brahmanol is represented by the formula:
- Sandalol or analogs thereof that act as agonists of OR2AT4 include, by way of example, the following compounds:
- Sandalol or its analogues may, for example, have the following formula: [In the formula, R 1 and R 2 together form a double bond or R 1 and R 2 together form a cyclopropyl group; R 3 and R 4 are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, or R 3 and R 4 together form a double bond; R5 and R6 are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, or R5 and R6 together form a double bond; or R5 and R6 are , together form a cyclopropyl group; R7 is methyl or ethyl; R8 is hydrogen or methyl] Relating to the compound represented by These compounds may contain optical isomers. These compounds, like sandalol, can act as agonists of OR2AT4. In addition, these compounds, like Sandalore, activate Merkel cells and promote the release of neurotransmitters from Merkel cells.
- Activation of Merkel cells refers to the promotion of proliferation or maturation of Merkel cells.
- Merkel cells undergo changes in their expression markers as they mature.
- CK8, CK18, and CK20 are used as Merkel cell markers.
- CK8 is expressed in an undifferentiated state
- CK18 is expressed in activated Merkel cells
- CK20 is expressed in a mature state (PLoS Genet (2016) Jul. 14;12(7):e1006151.).
- Merkel cells can be activated by applying the Merkel cell activator of the present invention. Specifically, by applying a Merkel cell activator, the activated Merkel cells increase the expression of proteins involved in synaptic vesicles, such as Piccolo. This activation of Merkel cells promotes the release of neurotransmitters into synapses, thereby enhancing tactile sensation.
- Another aspect of the present invention relates to an agent for enhancing synaptic vesicles in Merkel cells, containing Sandalore or an analogue thereof.
- a potentiator of synaptic vesicles in Merkel cells containing sandalore or an analogue thereof By applying a potentiator of synaptic vesicles in Merkel cells containing sandalore or an analogue thereof, the number of synaptic vesicles in Merkel cells is increased. Enhancement of synaptic vesicles improves the efficiency of neurotransmission between Merkel cells and neurons, and activates neurons involved in tactile sensation. Activation of nerve cells existing in the dermal layer increases collagen production in dermal fibroblasts. Accordingly, the present invention also relates to collagen production-enhancing agents comprising sandalore or analogues thereof.
- Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a composition for treating, preventing, or alleviating at least one symptom selected from the group consisting of itching, pruritus, allonesis, and allodynia, comprising Sandalore or an analogue thereof.
- a method of activating Merkel cells in vitro or in vivo a method of promoting release of neurotransmitters from Merkel cells in vitro or in vivo comprising applying Sandalore or an analogue thereof also related to A method for activating Merkel cells in vitro and a method for promoting the release of neurotransmitters from Merkel cells in vitro include culturing a group of cells or tissue containing Merkel cells in a solution containing sandalore or an analogue thereof. Including process.
- Methods of activating Merkel cells in vivo, methods of enhancing release of neurotransmitters from Merkel cells in vivo comprise administering sandalore or an analog thereof to any subject.
- the Merkel cell activator and neurotransmitter release promoter of the present invention are agents for treating, preventing, or alleviating at least one symptom selected from the group consisting of itching, pruritus, allonesis, and allodynia.
- Subjects to whom Sandalore or an analogue thereof is administered include, for example, subjects with decreased activity of Merkel cells, subjects with decreased tactile sensation, subjects with decreased collagen production, itching, skin pruritus, allonesis, and allodynia.
- Sandalol or its analogs can be administered by any route such as transdermal, oral, transmucosal, nasal, intravenous, intraarterial, or subcutaneous. Transmucosal administration is preferred.
- the Sandalol or its analogues can be applied to any skin, such as the skin of the face, head, neck, limbs, trunk.
- the Merkel cell activator, synaptic vesicle enhancer, and/or neurotransmitter release enhancer of the present invention may be incorporated into cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, or quasi-drugs, respectively. These agents may be administered orally or parenterally, eg transdermally.
- transdermal administration it can be formulated into an external preparation for skin.
- the external skin preparation is not particularly limited as long as it can be applied to the skin, and examples include solution, emulsified, solid, semi-solid, powder, powder dispersion, water-oil two-layer separation, and water-oil.
- Any dosage form can be applied, such as powder three-layer separated form, ointment form, gel form, aerosol form, mousse form, stick form, and the like.
- bases and excipients commonly used in external skin preparations such as preservatives, emulsifiers and pH adjusters, may be used.
- face or body cosmetics such as lotions, milky lotions, serums, creams, lotions, packs, essences, and gels
- makeup cosmetics such as foundations, makeup bases, and concealers, and even It can be blended into bath agents and the like.
- Merkel cells are activated, resulting in activation of nerve cells and promotion of collagen production associated therewith. It may be used in cosmetics intended to improve wrinkles and sagging by promoting collagen production.
- the Merkel cell activator, synaptic vesicle enhancer, and/or neurotransmitter release enhancer of the present invention has a desired effect, such as a Merkel cell activation effect, synaptic enhancement effect, or release of neurotransmitters from Merkel cells. It can be arbitrarily selected from the viewpoint of exerting the release promoting effect or promoting collagen production. From the viewpoint of blending as an external skin preparation, Sandalol or its analogs can be blended at 0.0005% to 0.5%. From the viewpoint of sufficiently exhibiting the effect, it can be blended preferably at 0.001% or more, and more preferably at 0.005% or more. From the viewpoint of avoiding a strong odor, the content is preferably 0.1% or less, more preferably 0.05% or less.
- the present invention relates to a method for evaluating neurotransmitter releasing activity of Merkel cells in skin samples.
- evaluation methods include the following steps: culturing a skin sample in a medium containing a fluorescent tracer of a neurotransmitter; applying a depolarizing stimulus; Measuring changes in fluorescence intensity values of Merkel cells before and after depolarizing stimulation under a fluorescence microscope.
- a washing step or medium replacement step may be performed.
- Such methods may be performed under perfusion conditions. Such methods allow direct and immediate assessment of the neurotransmitter releasing activity of Merkel cells.
- Merkel cells are cells that exist in the deepest part of the epidermis and function as receptors for mechanical stimulation. When Merkel cells are excited and depolarized by mechanical stimulation, neurotransmitters are secreted into the synaptic cleft and signals are transmitted to sensory neurons via synapses. It has been suggested that the Piezo2 channel of Merkel cells is involved in the sensing of mechanical stimuli. Merkel cells undergo changes in their expression markers as they mature. For identification of Merkel cells in a skin sample, for example, a fluorescent dye such as Quinacrine or FMdye that is specifically incorporated into Merkel cells may be used as a marker. In another aspect, a protein expressed in Merkel cells may be detected as a marker, and as an example, at least one cell surface marker selected from the group consisting of CK8, CK18, and CK20 may be used.
- a skin sample may be a sample containing Merkel cells, and may contain cells other than Merkel cells.
- the skin sample may be derived from any animal, but is preferably derived from humans from the viewpoint of developing cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
- Cells other than Merkel cells may be cells contained in the skin such as epidermal cells and dermal cells, and cells of the nervous system such as nerve cells may be contained.
- the skin sample may be a skin sample obtained from a subject or a culture. More preferably, a cultured skin model constructed three-dimensionally by culturing epidermal cells or dermal cells may be used.
- Neurotransmitter release activity is determined by the amount of neurotransmitters released from Merkel cells.
- Merkel cells When Merkel cells receive a depolarizing stimulus, the stimulus is transmitted by releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. Some of the neurotransmitters released into the synaptic cleft are received by neuronal receptors and cause neuronal excitation. Also, some of the neurotransmitters released into the synaptic cleft are reuptaken via receptors expressed in Merkel cells.
- One example of neurotransmitters released by Merkel cells is monoamine neurotransmitters.
- neurotransmitter release activity is determined by loading Merkel cells with a fluorescent tracer of a neurotransmitter and measuring changes in the fluorescent tracer within the cell upon depolarization.
- a neurotransmitter fluorescent tracer is dissolved in a medium at a concentration of 1 to 50 ⁇ M and cultured for 30 minutes to 12 hours to be incorporated into Merkel cells.
- Fluorescent tracers refer to analogues of neurotransmitters that allow fluorescence observation.
- FFN206 (4-(2-aminoethyl)-7-(methylamino)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one dihydrochloride)
- Non-Patent Document 4 Neuron (2016) 19:100(6):1401-1413
- FFN511 (9-(2-aminoethyl)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H,11H-[ 1]-Benzopyrano[6,7,8-ij]quinolizin-11-one)) is used.
- Fluorescence intensity values may be measured in whole cells or may be determined in specific regions near synapses, such as regions of synaptic vesicles.
- the depolarizing stimulus may be mechanical stimulus or drug stimulus.
- Mechanical stimulation can be imparted by applying the probe to the Merkel cells. Mechanical stimulation can be applied until cell deformation is observed.
- Drug stimulation is applied by applying agents that cause depolarization. Such agents include sandalol or its analogues. More specifically, a depolarizing stimulus can be imparted by introducing a medium containing an agent that induces depolarization under perfusion conditions.
- Another aspect of the present invention may relate to a screening method for a Merkel cell neurotransmitter release-enhancing agent using the method for evaluating the neurotransmitter release activity of Merkel cells.
- screening methods specifically involve the following steps: culturing a skin sample in a medium containing a fluorescent tracer of a neurotransmitter; adding a candidate neurotransmitter release-enhancing agent; Under a fluorescence microscope, measure the change in fluorescence intensity value of Merkel cells before and after addition.
- Such a screening method enables screening for neurotransmitter release-enhancing agents that enhance neurotransmitter release in Merkel cells.
- a washing step or medium replacement step may be performed.
- Such methods may be performed under perfusion conditions.
- a candidate substance can be selected as a Merkel cell neurotransmitter release facilitator if the fluorescence intensity value decreases significantly.
- Candidate substances for neurotransmitter release accelerators can be substances belonging to any library, such as cosmetic material library, extract library, drug library, and compound library.
- a neurotransmitter release-enhancing agent can induce depolarization of Merkel cells, and can also be referred to as a depolarization stimulator or a Merkel cell activator.
- a neurotransmitter release-enhancing agent induces depolarization of Merkel cells and promotes neurotransmitter release from Merkel cells.
- By promoting the release of neurotransmitters the efficiency of neurotransmission between Merkel cells and neurons is improved, and the neurons involved in tactile sensation are activated.
- a neurotransmitter release accelerator at a lower concentration, it is possible to sensitize the Merkel cells in a state where the Merkel cells are easily depolarized, that is, it is also called a Merkel cell sensitization accelerator. be able to. This results in activation of Merkel cells even with weaker mechanical stimuli.
- the efficiency of neurotransmission between Merkel cells and nerve cells is improved, and nerve cells related to touch are activated.
- Activation of nerve cells existing in the dermal layer increases collagen production in dermal fibroblasts.
- the present invention also relates to collagen production-enhancing agents, including neurotransmitter release-enhancing agents.
- Another aspect of the present invention may relate to a neurotransmitter release-enhancing agent selected by the screening method described above. Specifically, sandalore and its analogues have been screened as neurotransmitter release enhancers. Therefore, the present invention may also relate to a neurotransmitter release enhancer or collagen production enhancer containing at least one selected from the group consisting of sandalol and analogues thereof.
- Example 1 Merkel Cell Distribution in Scalp and Abdominal Skin Samples Skin samples Temporal and occipital human scalp or abdominal skin were obtained from healthy subjects (20 to 60 years old: 13 in total) who underwent regular cosmetic surgery or plastic surgery, informed consent and ethical approval (University of Muenster) was used after obtaining Human scalps were obtained from 3 males and 3 females, and abdominal skin was obtained from 6 females and 1 male.
- Fluorescent immunohistochemically stained scalp and abdominal skin samples were cut into 4 mm pieces, embedded in OCT and frozen in liquid nitrogen.
- OCT-embedded samples were sectioned on a Leica cryostat.
- tissue cryosections were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, preincubated with 10% goat serum (for OR2AT4) or 5% goat serum + 0.3% Triton X-100, and corresponding primary antibody solutions. Incubation was performed overnight at 4°C. Incubation was performed for 45 minutes at room temperature in the solution of secondary antibody. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (1 ⁇ g/ml).
- anti-OR2AT4 antibody As primary antibodies, anti-OR2AT4 antibody (sold by Eurogentech, product number: custom made, 1910432), anti-CK8 antibody (sold by Progen, product number: GP-CK8) and anti-CK18 antibody (sold by Progen, product number : GP-CK18), followed by Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody (sold by Invitrogen, product number: A-11008) as a secondary antibody, Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+ L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody (sold by Invitrogen, product number: A-11030) and Fluorescein (FITC)-conjugated AffiniPure Goat Anti Guinea Pig IgG (H+L) (sold by Jackson ImmunoResearch, product number: 106-095-003) were used for each primary antibody used.
- DAPI manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich, product number: 10236276001
- Quantitative Immunohistomorphometry Staining intensity was assessed by quantitative (immuno)histomorphometry31,32 using NIH ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA) in well-defined reference areas.
- Example 2 Changes in piccolo expression due to application of sandal roll to scalp samples Skin samples Temporal and occipital human scalps were obtained from healthy female subjects (ages 47-60) who underwent routine cosmetic surgery and were used after obtaining informed consent and ethical approval (University of Muenster). Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining Occipital Head of Female Subjects Age 60 (Donor 1), Male (Donor 2), Male (Donor 2), Male (Donor 3), Female (Donor 4), Female (Donor 4), and Female (Donor 5) Scalp samples containing hair follicles were obtained by 6 mm punches from (donors 1, 2, 3, 4) or the temporal region (donor 5).
- the obtained samples were placed in DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 25 ng/ml NGF and cultured at 37° C. in a 5% CO 2 humidified atmosphere (day 0). On day 1, medium was replaced with medium containing Sandalore (500 ⁇ M). Medium containing 0.1% DMSO was used as a control. Samples were collected on day 3, embedded in OCT and frozen in liquid nitrogen. OCT-embedded samples were sectioned on a Leica cryostat. For primary antibody staining, tissue cryosections were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, preincubated with 5% goat serum + 0.3% Triton X-100, and incubated overnight at 4°C in a solution of the corresponding primary antibodies. gone.
- DAPI (manufacturer: Sigma-Aldrich, product number: 10236276001) was used for nuclear staining. Photographs taken with a fluorescence microscope are shown (Fig. 4A: Vehicle (control), Fig. 4B: Sandalore). The number of piccolo-expressing CK20-positive cells in a given area in a photograph taken under a fluorescence microscope was counted and shown graphically (Fig. 4C). Sandalore increased the number of piccolo-expressing Merkel cells.
- Example 3 Effect of sensory nerve cells to promote type I collagen production of fibroblasts (1) Culturing of sensory nerve cells Human iPS cell-derived sensory nerve progenitor cells (i-SNs, ax0055, Axol Bioscience, Cambridge, United Kingdom) Cultures were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions (Fig. 5A). Specifically, these cells were plated on a 24-well plate coated with Sure-Bond XF (ax0053) and added with 25 ng/mL GDNF, 25 ng/mL BDNF, 10 ng/mL NGF, and 10 ng/mL NT-3. It was cultured in Sensor Neuron Maintenance Medium (SNMM, ax0060) added.
- SNMM Sensor Neuron Maintenance Medium
- the cells were cultured for 5 weeks while changing half of the medium every 3 to 4 days to differentiate into sensory neurons. After culturing for 5 weeks, the culture medium was collected to obtain the supernatant.
- Type I collagen production in fibroblasts stimulated by sensory nerve cells (2-1) Stimulation by sensory nerve cells
- Fibroblasts are separated from neonatal foreskin fibroblasts obtained after informed consent, The cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Life Technologies Japan Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) containing % fetal bovine serum for 2 days at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO 2 .
- the culture supernatant (300 ⁇ l) obtained by the above method (1) was mixed with the fibroblast culture medium at a ratio of 1:1, cultured for 4 hours, and collagen production was performed by the following method (2-2). was measured.
- the medium for iPS cell-derived sensory nerve progenitor cells shown above was mixed with the fibroblast culture medium at a ratio of 1:1 instead of the culture medium supernatant.
- Fig. 5B The results are shown in Fig. 5B.
- neuronal cell culture supernatant was added (conditioned medium)
- fibroblast type I collagen mRNA expression level was significantly increased compared to the control without addition (control). This suggests that the components derived from nerve cells have the effect of promoting the production of collagen by fibroblasts.
- Example 4 Collagen Production Promoting Action Via Nerve Activation by Stimulation of Various Substances
- nerves are activated.
- Type I collagen production was measured using the culture supernatant of nerve cells stimulated with lavender oil, which was confirmed to be a type I.
- Test substance Lavender oil essential oil containing 30% or more linalyl acetate obtained by steam-distilling Lavandula vera DC. flowers
- Capsaicin (Sigma-Aldrich), which is a TRPV1 known ligand, and cinnamaldehyde (CNM 125 ⁇ M) (Sigma-Aldrich) were also used as test substances.
- Capsaicin (Sigma-Aldrich)
- CCM 125 ⁇ M) cinnamaldehyde
- Culture of Human iPS Cell-Derived Sensory Neural Progenitor Cells The total amount (600 ⁇ l) of the supernatant of neural progenitor cells cultured for 5 weeks or more using the same material and method as in Example 4 was collected, and the test substance in (1) above was collected.
- DMEM was prepared by adjusting the final concentration of the above test substances to the same final concentration of 0.005% lavender oil, directly mixed with fibroblasts, and left to stand for 4 hours to collect RNA.
- type I collagen was measured by quantitative real-time PCR on the recovered RNA.
- Example 5 Effects of Direct Addition of Test Substances at Higher Concentrations Higher concentrations of test substances than those used in Example 5 were used to investigate the effects of direct additions. Specifically, except that the test substance of Example 5 was added to a final concentration of 0.02% lavender oil, it was applied directly to fibroblasts in the same manner as in the control experiment of Example 5, and collagen was measured. gone. The results are shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 7, high concentrations of the test substance stimulated the production of type I collagen in fibroblasts. However, the effect was not observed at low concentrations (Fig. 6B), suggesting that the production of type I collagen in fibroblasts was promoted via neuronal activation by neuroactive substances such as lavender oil. It is suggested.
- Example 6 Neurotransmitter release by Merkel cells in fresh human skin (ex vivo) Preparation of samples Acquire fresh skin excised from the abdomen of a 42-year-old healthy female subject and a 48-year-old healthy subject who underwent cosmetic surgery, obtain informed consent and ethical approval, and experiment within 5 days after excision. used for The skin was exposed to a 25 units/ml dispase-PBS solution for 15 minutes at 37° C. to peel off the epidermis.
- Epidermis detached from fresh human skin was treated with a high potassium extracellular solution (5 mM NaCl, 140 mM KCl, 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), 10 mM D-glucose, 2 mM MgCl) containing FFN206 (Tocris, Catalog No. 5043). 2 , and 2 mM CaCl 2 ) for 30 minutes to allow specific uptake of the fluorescently labeled neurotransmitter FFN206 into Merkel cells.
- a high potassium extracellular solution 5 mM NaCl, 140 mM KCl, 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), 10 mM D-glucose, 2 mM MgCl) containing FFN206 (Tocris, Catalog No. 5043). 2 , and 2 mM CaCl 2 ) for 30 minutes to allow specific uptake of the fluorescently labeled neurotransmitter FFN206 into Merkel cells.
- FFN206 signals were observed for 10 minutes on the epidermis containing Merkel cells in which FFN206 had been taken up under perfusion conditions.
- a BSS (Balanced salt solution) solution (140 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), 10 mM D-glucose, 2 mM MgCl 2 and 2 mM CaCl 2 ) was perfused as a baseline for the first 5 minutes.
- a 500 ⁇ M Sandalore (Givaudan)/BSS solution was refluxed from 5 minutes (300 s) to the end of observation (600 s) (A).
- the BSS solution was refluxed after 5 minutes (after 300 s) until the end of observation (600 s).
- Luminance value data was acquired by Fluoview (Olympus).
- FIG. 8(A) shows changes in luminance values in the mouse epidermis, and it was observed that Sandalore activates Merkel cells via OR2AT4 expressed in Merkel cells and promotes the release of neurotransmitters.
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Abstract
Description
また、本発明は、メルケル細胞の神経伝達物質放出活性の評価方法にも関しており、かかる評価方法を利用した神経伝達物質放出促進剤のスクリーニング方法、並びにかかるスクリーニング方法によりスクリーニングされた神経伝達物質放出促進剤にも関する。
[A1-1] 下記の式:
R1及びR2は、一緒に二重結合を形成するか、またはR1及びR2は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R3及びR4は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR3及びR4は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;
R5及びR6は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR5及びR6は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;またはR5およびR6は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R7は、メチルまたはエチルであり;
R8は、水素またはメチルである]
で表される化合物を含む、メルケル細胞の活性化剤。
[A1-2] メルケル細胞の活性化を介した痒み、皮膚掻痒症、アロネシス、及びアロディニアからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1の症状の治療又は予防において使用するための、下記の式:
R1及びR2は、一緒に二重結合を形成するか、またはR1及びR2は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R3及びR4は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR3及びR4は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;
R5及びR6は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR5及びR6は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;またはR5およびR6は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R7は、メチルまたはエチルであり;
R8は、水素またはメチルである]
で表される化合物。
[A1-3] 下記の式:
R1及びR2は、一緒に二重結合を形成するか、またはR1及びR2は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R3及びR4は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR3及びR4は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;
R5及びR6は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR5及びR6は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;またはR5およびR6は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R7は、メチルまたはエチルであり;
R8は、水素またはメチルである]
で表される化合物を投与することを含む、メルケル細胞の活性化を介した美容方法。
[A1-4] メルケル細胞の活性化を必要とする対象に下記の式:
R1及びR2は、一緒に二重結合を形成するか、またはR1及びR2は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R3及びR4は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR3及びR4は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;
R5及びR6は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR5及びR6は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;またはR5およびR6は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R7は、メチルまたはエチルであり;
R8は、水素またはメチルである]
で表される化合物を投与すること含む、メルケル細胞の活性化方法。
[A1-5] メルケル細胞活性化剤の製造のための、下記の式:
R1及びR2は、一緒に二重結合を形成するか、またはR1及びR2は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R3及びR4は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR3及びR4は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;
R5及びR6は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR5及びR6は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;またはR5およびR6は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R7は、メチルまたはエチルであり;
R8は、水素またはメチルである]
で表される化合物の使用。
[A2] 前記化合物が、サンダロール又はブラマノールである、項目A1-1~A1-5に記載の活性化剤、化合物、美容方法、活性化方法、又は使用。
[A3] 触覚を増強する、項目A1-1~A1-5又はA2に記載の活性化剤、化合物、美容方法、活性化方法、又は使用。
[A3-2]痒み、皮膚掻痒症、アロネシス、及びアロディニアからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1の症状の治療、予防、又は軽減するための、項目A1-1~A1-5、A2、又はA3のいずれか一項に記載の活性化剤、化合物、美容方法、活性化方法、又は使用。
[A4-1] 下記の式:
R1及びR2は、一緒に二重結合を形成するか、またはR1及びR2は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R3及びR4は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR3及びR4は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;
R5及びR6は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR5及びR6は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;またはR5およびR6は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R7は、メチルまたはエチルであり;
R8は、水素またはメチルである]
で表される化合物を含む、メルケル細胞におけるシナプス小胞の増強剤。
[A4-2] メルケル細胞におけるシナプス小胞の増強を介した、痒み、皮膚掻痒症、アロネシス、及びアロディニアからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1の症状の治療、予防又は軽減において使用するための、下記の式:
R1及びR2は、一緒に二重結合を形成するか、またはR1及びR2は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R3及びR4は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR3及びR4は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;
R5及びR6は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR5及びR6は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;またはR5およびR6は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R7は、メチルまたはエチルであり;
R8は、水素またはメチルである]
で表される化合物。
[A4-3]下記の式:
R1及びR2は、一緒に二重結合を形成するか、またはR1及びR2は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R3及びR4は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR3及びR4は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;
R5及びR6は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR5及びR6は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;またはR5およびR6は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R7は、メチルまたはエチルであり;
R8は、水素またはメチルである]
で表される化合物を投与することを含む、メルケル細胞におけるシナプス小胞の増強を介した美容方法。
[A4-4] メルケル細胞におけるシナプス小胞の増強を必要とする対象に、下記の式:
R1及びR2は、一緒に二重結合を形成するか、またはR1及びR2は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R3及びR4は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR3及びR4は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;
R5及びR6は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR5及びR6は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;またはR5およびR6は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R7は、メチルまたはエチルであり;
R8は、水素またはメチルである]
で表される化合物を投与することを含む、メルケル細胞におけるシナプス小胞の増強方法。
[A4-5] メルケル細胞におけるシナプス小胞の増強剤の製造のための、下記の式:
R1及びR2は、一緒に二重結合を形成するか、またはR1及びR2は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R3及びR4は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR3及びR4は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;
R5及びR6は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR5及びR6は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;またはR5およびR6は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R7は、メチルまたはエチルであり;
R8は、水素またはメチルである]
で表される化合物の使用。
[A5] 前記化合物が、サンダロール又はブラマノールである、項目A4-1~A4-5に記載の増強剤、化合物、美容方法、増強方法、又は使用。
[A6] 前記増強剤が、メルケル細胞-神経細胞間の神経伝達効率を向上させる、項目A4-1~A4-5又はA5に記載の増強剤、化合物、美容方法、増強方法、又は使用。
[A7] 触覚を増強する、項目A4-1~A4-5、A5、又はA6のいずれか一項に記載の増強剤、化合物、美容方法、増強方法、又は使用。
[A8] コラーゲン産生を増強する、項目A4-1~A4-5、又はA5~A7のいずれか一項に記載の増強剤、化合物、美容方法、増強方法、又は使用。
[A9]痒み、皮膚掻痒症、アロネシス、及びアロディニアからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1の症状の治療、予防、又は軽減するための、項目A4-1~A4-5、又はA5~A8のいずれか一項に記載の増強剤、化合物、美容方法、増強方法、又は使用。
[B1]
皮膚試料におけるメルケル細胞の神経伝達物質放出活性の評価方法であって、
神経伝達物質の蛍光トレーサーを含む培地中で皮膚試料を培養し;
脱分極刺激を付与し;
蛍光顕微鏡下で、脱分極刺激の前後におけるメルケル細胞の蛍光輝度値の変化を測定する
を含む、前記評価方法。
[B2] 前記神経伝達物質の蛍光トレーサーが、モノアミン神経系伝達物質の蛍光トレーサーである、項目B1に記載の評価方法。
[B3] 前記皮膚試料が、ヒト皮膚試料である、項目B1又はB2に記載の評価方法。
[B4] 皮膚試料におけるメルケル細胞の神経伝達物質放出促進剤のスクリーニング方法であって、
神経伝達物質の蛍光トレーサーを含む培地中で皮膚試料を培養し;
神経伝達物質放出促進剤の候補物質を添加し;
蛍光顕微鏡下で、添加前後のメルケル細胞の蛍光輝度値の変化を測定する
を含む、前記スクリーニング方法。
[B5] 前記神経伝達物質の蛍光トレーサーが、モノアミン神経系伝達物質の蛍光トレーサーである、項目B4に記載のスクリーニング方法。
[B6] 前記皮膚試料が、ヒト皮膚試料である、項目B4又はB5に記載のスクリーニング方法。
[B7-1] 下記の式:
R1及びR2は、一緒に二重結合を形成するか、またはR1及びR2は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R3及びR4は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR3及びR4は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;
R5及びR6は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR5及びR6は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;またはR5およびR6は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R7は、メチルまたはエチルであり;
R8は、水素またはメチルである]
で表される化合物を含む、メルケル細胞における神経伝達物質放出促進剤。
[B7-2] メルケル細胞における神経伝達物質放出促進を介した、痒み、皮膚掻痒症、アロネシス、及びアロディニアからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1の症状の治療又は予防において使用するための、下記の式:
R1及びR2は、一緒に二重結合を形成するか、またはR1及びR2は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R3及びR4は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR3及びR4は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;
R5及びR6は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR5及びR6は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;またはR5およびR6は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R7は、メチルまたはエチルであり;
R8は、水素またはメチルである]
で表される化合物。
[B7-3] 下記の式:
R1及びR2は、一緒に二重結合を形成するか、またはR1及びR2は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R3及びR4は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR3及びR4は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;
R5及びR6は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR5及びR6は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;またはR5およびR6は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R7は、メチルまたはエチルであり;
R8は、水素またはメチルである]
で表される化合物を投与することを含む、メルケル細胞における神経伝達物質放出促進を介した美容方法。
[B7-4] メルケル細胞における神経伝達物質放出を必要とする対象に、下記の式:
R1及びR2は、一緒に二重結合を形成するか、またはR1及びR2は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R3及びR4は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR3及びR4は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;
R5及びR6は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR5及びR6は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;またはR5およびR6は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R7は、メチルまたはエチルであり;
R8は、水素またはメチルである]
で表される化合物を投与することを含む、メルケル細胞における神経伝達物質放出促進方法。
[B7-5] メルケル細胞における神経伝達物質放出促進剤の製造のための、下記の式:
R1及びR2は、一緒に二重結合を形成するか、またはR1及びR2は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R3及びR4は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR3及びR4は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;
R5及びR6は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR5及びR6は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;またはR5およびR6は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R7は、メチルまたはエチルであり;
R8は、水素またはメチルである]
で表される化合物の使用。
[B8] 前記化合物が、サンダロール又はブラマノールである、項目B7-1~B7-5に記載の神経伝達物質放出促進剤、化合物、美容方法、促進方法、又は使用。
[B9] 触覚を増強する、項目B7-1~B7-5又はB8に記載の神経伝達物質放出促進剤、化合物、美容方法、促進方法、又は使用。
[B10] コラーゲン産生を増強する、項目B7-1~B7-5、B8又はB9のいずれか一項に記載の神経伝達物質放出促進剤、化合物、美容方法、促進方法、又は使用。
[B11]痒み、皮膚掻痒症、アロネシス、及びアロディニアからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1の症状の治療、予防、又は軽減するための、項目B7-1~B7-5、B8、B9又はB10のいずれか一項に記載の神経伝達物質放出促進剤、化合物、美容方法、増強方法、又は使用。
R1及びR2は、一緒に二重結合を形成するか、またはR1及びR2は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R3及びR4は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR3及びR4は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;
R5及びR6は、同一であるかまたは異なり、独立して水素、メチルから選択されるか、またはR5及びR6は、一緒に二重結合を形成し;またはR5およびR6は、一緒にシクロプロピル基を形成し;
R7は、メチルまたはエチルであり;
R8は、水素またはメチルである]
で表される化合物に関する。これらの化合物には光学異性体が含まれてもよい。これらの化合物は、サンダロールと同様に、OR2AT4のアゴニストとして作用しうる。さらに、これらの化合物は、サンダロールと同様に、メルケル細胞を活性化し、またメルケル細胞からの神経伝達物質の放出を促進する。
神経伝達物質の蛍光トレーサーを含む培地中で皮膚試料を培養し;
脱分極刺激を付与し;
蛍光顕微鏡下で、脱分極刺激の前後におけるメルケル細胞の蛍光輝度値の変化を測定する
を含む。蛍光トレーサーを含む培地中で皮膚試料を培養する工程の後に、洗浄工程、又は培地の置換工程が行われてもよい。かかる方法は、灌流条件下で行われうる。かかる方法により、メルケル細胞の神経伝達物質放出活性を直接及び即時的に評価することが可能となる。
神経伝達物質の蛍光トレーサーを含む培地中で皮膚試料を培養し;
神経伝達物質放出促進剤の候補物質を添加し;
蛍光顕微鏡下で、添加前後のメルケル細胞の蛍光輝度値の変化を測定する
を含む。かかるスクリーニング方法により、メルケル細胞において神経伝達物質放出を促進する神経伝達物質放出促進剤をスクリーニングすることができる。蛍光トレーサーを含む培地中で皮膚試料を培養する工程の後に、洗浄工程、又は培地の置換工程が行われてもよい。かかる方法は、灌流条件下で行われうる。蛍光輝度値が有意に減少した場合に、候補物質を、メルケル細胞の神経伝達物質放出促進剤として選択することができる。
皮膚試料
側頭部及び後頭部のヒト頭皮又は腹部皮膚を通常の美容整形又は形成外科を行った健常被験者(20~60歳:合計13名)から取得し、インフォームドコンセント及び倫理承認(Muenster大学)を得た後に用いた。ヒト頭皮は、3名の男性、3名の女性から取得し、腹部皮膚は6名の女性、1名の男性から取得した。
頭皮試料及び腹部皮膚試料を4mmの小片に切り分け、OCTに包埋し、液体窒素中で凍結させた。OCT包埋試料をLeica cryostatで切片にした。一次抗体染色として、組織凍結切片を4%パラホルムアルデヒドで固定し、10%ヤギ血清(OR2AT4用)又は5%ヤギ血清+0.3%TritonX-100でプレインキュベートを行い、そして対応する一次抗体の溶液中で4℃で一晩インキュベートを行った。二次抗体の溶液中で室温で45分間インキュベートを行った。DAPI(1μg/ml)を用いて核を染色した。
一次抗体として、抗OR2AT4抗体(販売元:Eurogentech、製品番号:custom made, 1910432)、抗CK8抗体(販売元:Progen、製品番号:GP-CK8)及び抗CK18抗体(販売元:Progen、製品番号:GP-CK18)を用い、次いで二次抗体としてGoat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody(販売元:Invitrogen、製品番号:A-11008)、Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody(販売元:Invitrogen、製品番号:A-11030)、及びFluorescein (FITC) - conjugated AffiniPure Goat Anti Guinea Pig IgG (H+L)(販売元:Jackson ImmunoResearch、製品番号:106-095-003)を、それぞれ使用した一次抗体に合わせて用いた。核染色にはDAPI (販売元:Sigma-Aldrich、製品番号:10236276001)を用いた。
頭皮及び腹部皮膚の表皮において、CK20陽性の成熟メルケル細胞のうち約70~85%の細胞が、OR2AT4を発現した。
染色強度を、明確に定義された参照領域においてNIH ImageJソフトウェア(NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA)を用いて、定量的(免疫)組織形態計測31、32により評価した。
皮膚試料
側頭部及び後頭部のヒト頭皮を通常の美容整形を行った健常女性被験者(47~60歳)から取得し、インフォームドコンセント及び倫理承認(Muenster大学)を得た後に用いた。
蛍光免疫組織化学染色
60歳女性(ドナー1)、55歳男性(ドナー2)、47歳男性(ドナー3)、40歳女性(ドナー4)、及び40歳女性(ドナー5)の女性被験者の後頭部(ドナー1、2、3、4)又は側頭部(ドナー5)から、毛包を含む頭皮試料を6mmパンチにより取得した。取得された試料を、25ng/mlNGF添加DMEM/F12培地中に配置し、37℃5%CO2加湿雰囲気下で培養した(0日目)。1日目に、培地をサンダロール(500μM)含有培地に置換した。対照として0.1%DMSO含有培地を用いた。3日目に試料を回収し、OCTに包埋し、液体窒素中で凍結させた。OCT包埋試料をLeica cryostatで切片にした。一次抗体染色として、組織凍結切片を4%パラホルムアルデヒドで固定し、5%ヤギ血清+0.3%TritonX-100でプレインキュベートを行い、そして対応する一次抗体の溶液中で4℃で一晩インキュベートを行った。二次抗体の溶液中で室温で45分間インキュベートを行った。DAPI(1μg/ml)を用いて核を染色した。
一次抗体として、抗CK20抗体(販売元:Progen、製品番号:61054)及び抗ピッコロ抗体(販売元:Novus Biologicals (Tocris)、製品番号:NBP1-90250)を用い、次いで二次抗体としてGoat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody(販売元:Invitrogen、製品番号:A-11008)、Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody(販売元:Invitrogen、製品番号:A-11030)を、それぞれ使用した一次抗体に合わせて用いた。核染色にはDAPI (販売元:Sigma-Aldrich、製品番号:10236276001)を用いた。蛍光顕微鏡で撮影された写真を示す(図4A:Vehicle (対照)、図4B:サンダロール)。蛍光顕微鏡下で撮影された写真において所定の領域中のピッコロを発現するCK20陽性の細胞数を計数し、グラフ化して示した(図4C)。サンダロールは、ピッコロを発現するメルケル細胞数を増加させた。
(1)感覚神経細胞の培養
ヒトiPS細胞由来感覚神経前駆細胞(i-SNs, ax0055, Axol Bioscience, Cambridge, United Kingdom)を製造元の説明書に沿って培養した(図5A)。具体的には、これらの細胞をSure-Bond XF(ax0053)でコーティングした24 wellプレートにプレーティングし、25ng/mL GDNF、25ng/mL BDNF、10ng/mL NGF、及び10ng/mL NT-3を添加したSensory Neuron Maintenance Medium(SNMM, ax0060)にて培養した。培地の半量を3~4日毎に交換しつつ5週間培養し、感覚神経細胞に分化させた。5週間の培養後、培養液を収集し上清を得た。
(2)感覚神経細胞による刺激を与えた線維芽細胞におけるI型コラーゲン産生
(2-1)感覚神経細胞による刺激
線維芽細胞は、インフォームドコンセント後に得た新生児包皮線維芽細胞を分離させ、10%ウシ胎児血清を含有するダルベッコの改変イーグル培地(Life Technologies Japan Ltd.、東京、日本)にて37℃、95%大気および5%CO2の加湿雰囲気中で2日間増殖させた。上記(1)の方法で得た培養液の上清(300μl)を繊維芽細胞の培養液に1:1の割合で混合し、4時間培養し、下記(2-2)の方法によりコラーゲン産生を測定した。対照として、培養液の上清の代わりに上記に示したiPS細胞由来感覚神経前駆細胞用の培地を繊維芽細胞の培養液に1:1の割合で混合したものを用いた。
(2-2)定量的リアルタイムPCRによるI型コラーゲン産生の測定
血清飢餓後、神経細胞の培地上清の存在下または非存在下で4時間培養した線維芽細胞からRNeasy Mini Kit(250)(QIAGEN #74106)を用いて全RNAを単離した。定量的リアルタイムPCRにより、I型コラーゲンのmRNA発現量を測定した。具体的には、TaqMan RNA-to-C 1Step Kit(Applied Biosystems #4392938)、TaqManプローブおよびI型コラーゲンα1のプライマー(Hs00164004, Taqman, Applied Biosystems)を用いて実施した。内部対照としてβアクチン(Hs01060665)を用い、発現量はβアクチンに対し正規化して求めた。
次に神経活性化を介して線維芽細胞のI型コラーゲンの産生を促進することを確認するために、神経を活性化させることが確認されたラベンダーオイルで刺激された神経細胞の培養上清を用い、I型コラーゲン産生を測定した。
フランス バイヤン社から購入したラベンダーオイル(Lavandula vera DC.の花を水蒸気蒸留して得られた酢酸リナリルを30%以上含む精油)を使用した。また、試験物質として、TRPV1公知リガンドであるカプサイシン(Cap)(シグマアルドリッチ)、シンナムアルデヒド(CNM 125μM)(シグマアルドリッチ)も用いた。
(2)ヒトiPS細胞由来感覚神経前駆細胞の培養
実施例4と同じ材料および方法で5週間以上培養した神経前駆細胞の上清の全量(600μl)を回収し、上記(1)の試験物質を線維芽細胞を含む培地における最終濃度が0.005%ラベンダーオイルとなるように添加して調製した培地500μlを再び神経前駆細胞に加え、15分間インキュベーター内で静置した。同様に試験物質として、0.25μMカプサイシン(Cap 0.25μM)、シンナムアルデヒド(CNM 125μM)を用いて同じ試験を行った。その後、試験物質を含む上清を回収し、DMEMを加え、上清:DMEM=1:3の割合で混合した。実施例4と同様の方法にて12ウェルプレートで培養した線維芽細胞に、上記混合物を1mlずつ適用し、4時間静置後RNAを回収した。対照として、上記試験物質を最終濃度が同じく0.005%ラベンダーオイルとなるように調製したDMEMを作製し線維芽細胞に直接混合し、4時間静置後RNAを回収した。回収RNAについて実施例4と同様に定量的リアルタイムPCRによるI型コラーゲンの測定を行った。
実施例5の対象よりも高濃度の試験物質を用い直接添加による影響を調べた。具体的には、実施例5の試験物質を最終濃度が0.02%ラベンダーオイルとなるように添加した以外は実施例5の対照実験と同じ方法により直接線維芽細胞に適用しコラーゲンの測定を行った。
結果を図7に示す。図7に示すように、高濃度の試験物質では線維芽細胞のI型コラーゲン産生促進が見られた。しかしながら、その効果は低濃度では見られなかった(図6B)ことに鑑みると、線維芽細胞のI型コラーゲン産生がラベンダーオイルなどの神経活性化物質による神経活性化を介して促進されたことが示唆される。
試料の調製
美容整形を行った42歳の女性健常被験者及び48歳性健常被験者の腹部から切除された新鮮皮膚を取得し、インフォームドコンセント及び倫理承認を得た後、切除後5日以内に実験に用いた。25units/mlディスパーゼ-PBS溶液に15分37℃で皮膚を晒し、表皮を剥離した。
Claims (18)
- 前記化合物が、サンダロール又はブラマノールである、請求項1に記載の活性化剤。
- 触覚を増強する、請求項1又は2に記載の活性化剤。
- 前記化合物が、サンダロール又はブラマノールである、請求項4に記載の増強剤。
- 前記増強剤が、メルケル細胞-神経細胞間の神経伝達効率を向上させる、請求項4又は5に記載の増強剤。
- 触覚を増強する、請求項4~6のいずれか一項に記載の増強剤。
- コラーゲン産生を増強する、請求項4~7のいずれか一項に記載の増強剤。
- 皮膚試料におけるメルケル細胞の神経伝達物質放出活性の評価方法であって、
神経伝達物質の蛍光トレーサーを含む培地中で皮膚試料を培養し;
脱分極刺激を付与し;
蛍光顕微鏡下で、脱分極刺激の前後におけるメルケル細胞の蛍光輝度値の変化を測定する
を含む、前記評価方法。 - 前記神経伝達物質の蛍光トレーサーが、モノアミン神経系伝達物質の蛍光トレーサーである、請求項9に記載の評価方法。
- 前記皮膚試料が、ヒト皮膚試料である、請求項9又は10に記載の評価方法。
- 皮膚試料におけるメルケル細胞の神経伝達物質放出促進剤のスクリーニング方法であって、
神経伝達物質の蛍光トレーサーを含む培地中で皮膚試料を培養し;
神経伝達物質放出促進剤の候補物質を添加し;
蛍光顕微鏡下で、添加前後のメルケル細胞の蛍光輝度値の変化を測定する
を含む、前記スクリーニング方法。 - 前記神経伝達物質の蛍光トレーサーが、モノアミン神経系伝達物質の蛍光トレーサーである、請求項12に記載のスクリーニング方法。
- 前記皮膚試料が、ヒト皮膚試料である、請求項12又は13に記載のスクリーニング方法。
- 前記化合物が、サンダロール又はブラマノールである、請求項15に記載の神経伝達物質放出促進剤。
- 触覚を増強する、請求項15又は16に記載の神経伝達物質放出促進剤。
- コラーゲン産生を増強する、請求項15~17のいずれか一項に記載の神経伝達物質放出促進剤。
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