WO2022191304A1 - 飲食品の嚥下時における食感の評価方法、及び嚥下時食感改善用製剤の製造方法 - Google Patents
飲食品の嚥下時における食感の評価方法、及び嚥下時食感改善用製剤の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/02—Food
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0058—Kind of property studied
- G01N2203/0092—Visco-elasticity, solidification, curing, cross-linking degree, vulcanisation or strength properties of semi-solid materials
Definitions
- the present invention provides a method for evaluating the texture of foods and beverages during swallowing, which uses the results of physical tests to evaluate the texture of foods and beverages during swallowing, and the production of preparations for improving the texture during swallowing using this method. It relates to a method and a formulation for improving texture during swallowing.
- the requirements for thickening-adjusted foods include good dispersibility, rapid viscosity development, and viscosity stability (time lapse, solvent type, temperature, pH (stable viscosity development with respect to changes in viscosity), but it is also important that the taste, smell, color (transparency) and texture are good.
- bolus formation feeling of coherence
- residual feeling in the oral cavity and pharynx feeling of entanglement in the throat or stringiness
- slippery feeling slimy feeling
- Food polysaccharides such as xanthan gum, guar gum, processed starch, and carrageenan, which are relatively easy to disperse at room temperature (20-25°C), have been used as the main ingredients related to the viscosity development of thickening-adjusted foods. Although these polysaccharides are excellent as thickening agents for people with difficulty in chewing and swallowing in that they develop viscosity in a short period of time, they cause the sliminess and residue peculiar to polysaccharides. Food and drink for people with disabilities tend to remain in the pharynx, and in some cases, they have problems such as insufficient shape retention, poor bolus cohesion, and difficulty in swallowing.
- Viscosity steady-shear viscosity
- Viscosity is defined as 1,500 mPa ⁇ s or more (measurement temperature: 20 ⁇ 2° C.) (Non-Patent Document 1).
- the above-mentioned residue of food and drink in the pharynx is rather a problem that tends to occur when the viscosity becomes too high.
- the prevailing opinion is that it is difficult to objectively express "easiness”.
- the ring method and texture profile analysis (TPA) method of measuring "aggregation” have been used as methods for judging the "coherence” of liquid foods.
- a glass ring placed in the center of concentric circles carved at regular intervals is filled with liquid food.
- Non-Patent Document 2 the measurement method of "cohesiveness” in the TPA method is a method of obtaining the "cohesiveness” of food from the ratio of the compression energy of the first time and the second time when the food is compressed twice in the vertical direction.
- Patent Document 4 A method for evaluating "easiness” (Patent Document 4), in which a laryngeal flexion sensor that converts the flexion rate into electrical resistance is attached to the larynx of a subject, and the laryngeal flexion that occurs when the subject swallows food (during swallowing).
- Patent Document 5 A method for evaluating the swallowing sensation of food and drink by measuring an electrical signal from a sensor and using the waveform of the obtained two-dimensional signal or a parameter obtained from the waveform as an index is known (Patent Document 5).
- Patent Document 6 a method of improving the stickiness of food and drink based on the extensional viscosity (Patent Document 6) and a method of improving the swallowability of food and drink based on the relaxation time measured by a capillary breaking type extensional viscometer (Patent Reference 7) is also known.
- Patent Documents 6 and 7 do not describe any specific measurement results of elongational viscosity.
- Patent Documents 6 and 7 do not consider the effect of elongational strain on elongational viscosity. Furthermore, since the test results are not specified in the specification, the improvement effect is also unclear.
- the present invention provides a method for evaluating the texture during swallowing of food and drink, which can accurately evaluate the texture during swallowing of food and drink by a simple method using an extensional viscometer or the like. With the goal.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a preparation for improving texture during swallowing, which enables efficient selection of preparations using this evaluation method.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a preparation for improving texture during swallowing, which satisfies the selection criteria in this production method and has a high effect of improving texture during swallowing.
- the present inventors determined the index value representing the extensional viscosity from the extensional viscosity and the extensional strain calculated using a capillary rupture type extensional viscometer, and found that the correlation between the index value and the texture during swallowing was confirmed. The present inventors have found that it becomes higher, and have completed the present invention based on this finding.
- the present invention includes the following aspects; Section 1. A step of diluting the food or drink or adding a thickening component to adjust the viscosity to a constant or substantially constant shear viscosity; A step of measuring the filament diameter of the viscosity-adjusted food or drink over time using a capillary breaking elongation viscometer, and calculating the elongation viscosity and elongation strain from changes in the filament diameter; a step of determining an index value representing the elongational viscosity in a region where the elongational strain is within a specific range; a step of evaluating the quality of the food texture when swallowing the food or drink from the determined index value; A method for evaluating texture during swallowing of food and drink containing.
- Item 3 In the step of determining the index value, the maximum elongational viscosity in the region where the elongation strain is 2 to 4 is determined as the index value, and the texture at the time of swallowing is evaluated as "cohesion”. 3. A method for evaluating texture during swallowing of the food or drink according to item 1.
- Section 4 In the step of determining the index value, the elongation viscosity at any elongation strain in the region where the elongation strain is 7 or more is determined as the index value, and the texture at the time of swallowing to be evaluated is Item 1.
- the step of determining the index value determines the maximum elongation viscosity in the region where the elongation strain is 2 to 4 as the index value of "coherence", and in the region where the elongation strain is 7 or more, any elongation Item 1.
- the food and drink according to Item 1, wherein the elongational viscosity under strain is determined as the index value of "stringiness", and the texture at the time of swallowing to be evaluated is "cohesion” and "stringiness”.
- a method for evaluating texture when swallowing food is described in the region where the elongation strain is 2 to 4 as the index value of "coherence", and in the region where the elongation strain is 7 or more, any elongation Item 1.
- any one of items 1 to 5 including a step of evaluating the "slickness" from the friction characteristics in the tribology test of the food and drink based on the correlation between the friction characteristics in the tribology test and the sensory evaluation obtained in advance.
- Item 7 In the tribology test, the friction coefficient is measured at a specific sliding speed when the rotating body is rotated while a pressing force is applied while food and drink in the container are interposed between the rotating body and the receiving part. Item 7. The method for evaluating texture during swallowing of the food or drink according to Item 6.
- Item 8 Using a liquid sample of a candidate formulation as the food or drink, performing the method for evaluating texture during swallowing of the food or drink according to any one of Items 1 to 7; A step of selecting a formulation by determining the texture of the candidate formulation during swallowing based on one or more of the obtained evaluation results of the "cohesiveness", the "stringiness”, or the “slimy feel”.
- a method for producing a preparation for improving texture during swallowing containing.
- the liquid sample of the candidate formulation is a dispersion obtained by dispersing the candidate formulation in ion-exchanged water and adjusting the shear viscosity at a shear rate of 50 s ⁇ 1 at 25 ° C. to 50 to 150 mPa s
- the step of selecting the formulation comprises: the maximum extensional viscosity in the extensional strain range of 2 to 4 is 2,000 mPa s or more, the extensional viscosity at the extensional strain 8 is 2,000mPa s or less, and the sliding speed is 0
- a formulation that satisfies all of the criteria of a coefficient of friction of 0.22 or more at 0.006 m/s is selected as a formulation that is highly effective in improving the "cohesive feeling", the "stringiness", and the "slimy feeling". 8.
- the liquid sample of the candidate formulation is a dispersion obtained by dispersing the candidate formulation in ion-exchanged water and adjusting the shear viscosity at a shear rate of 50 s ⁇ 1 at 25 ° C. to 150 to 300 mPa s,
- the step of selecting the formulation comprises: the maximum extensional viscosity in the extensional strain range of 2 to 4 is 5,000 mPa s or more, the extensional viscosity at the extensional strain 8 is 2,500mPa s or less, and the sliding speed is 0
- a formulation that satisfies all the criteria of a coefficient of friction of 0.20 or more at 0.006 m/s is selected as a formulation that is highly effective in improving the "cohesiveness", the "stringiness", and the "slimyness". 8.
- the liquid sample of the candidate formulation is a dispersion obtained by dispersing the candidate formulation in ion-exchanged water and adjusting the shear viscosity at a shear rate of 50 s ⁇ 1 at 25 ° C. to 300 to 500 mPa s
- the step of selecting the formulation comprises: the maximum extensional viscosity in the extensional strain range of 2 to 4 is 8,000 mPa s or more, the extensional viscosity at the extensional strain 8 is 3,000mPa s or less, and the sliding speed is 0
- a formulation that satisfies all the criteria of a coefficient of friction of 0.18 or more at 0.006 m/s is selected as a formulation that is highly effective in improving the "cohesiveness", the "stringiness", and the "slimyness". 8.
- Item 12 A preparation for improving texture during swallowing, which contains a polysaccharide thickener and satisfies all the selection criteria in the method for producing a preparation for improving texture during swallowing according to any one of Items 9 to 11.
- the elongation viscosity is representative of the elongation viscosity in a region where the elongation strain is in a specific range from the elongation viscosity and elongation strain calculated using a capillary breaking type elongation viscometer.
- the evaluation method of the present invention is carried out using a liquid sample of the candidate formulation, and the texture of the candidate formulation during swallowing is determined. Because of the selection, it is possible to provide a method for producing a preparation for improving texture during swallowing, which enables efficient selection of a preparation that is highly effective in improving texture during swallowing.
- the preparation for improving the texture during swallowing of the present invention it is possible to provide a preparation for improving the texture during swallowing that is highly effective in improving the texture during swallowing by satisfying all the selection criteria in the production method of the present invention. can.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view schematically showing a tribology measurement device (setup) used in Examples.
- FIG. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional front view schematically showing a tribology measurement apparatus (setup) used in Examples.
- 1 is a graph showing the elongational strain dependence of elongational viscosity in Example 1, (a) is a graph for xanthan gum, and (b) is a graph for locust bean gum.
- 1 is a graph showing the sliding speed dependence of the coefficient of friction in Example 1, (a) showing the graph for xanthan gum, and (b) showing the graph for locust bean gum.
- FIG. 4 is a scatter diagram showing the correlation between the maximum elongation viscosity at elongation strains 2 to 4 and the sensory evaluation value of "cohesiveness” in Example 1.
- FIG. 2 is a scatter diagram showing the correlation between the elongation viscosity at elongation strain 8 and the sensory evaluation value of "stringiness” in Example 1.
- FIG. 2 is a scatter diagram showing the correlation between the coefficient of friction and the sensory evaluation value of "slickness" at point e (that is, sliding speed of 0.006 m/s) in Example 1.
- the present invention relates to a method for evaluating the texture during swallowing of food and drink. "Threadiness”, “Slimy feeling”, “Residual feeling”, “Adhesive feeling”, “Adhesive feeling”, and “Coating feeling”.
- one or more of the evaluation items consisting of "cohesive feeling", “stringiness”, and “slimy feeling” is preferable.
- the evaluation method of the present invention is particularly effective as a method for evaluating texture during swallowing of food and drink containing a thickening component such as polysaccharide thickener. It is also effective as a method for evaluating the texture of liquid samples of candidate formulations during swallowing in order to select effective formulations from candidate formulations for improving texture upon swallowing.
- Food and beverages include beverages and foods, and refer to those that are taken orally regardless of whether or not they are chewed.
- the thickening component is a component that has the effect of increasing viscosity, and refers to thickeners, additives that are added to food and drink to impart viscosity, and viscous components contained in food and drink. .
- nursing care foods include non-food beverages such as water, tea, juice, etc. with thickening ingredients added.
- non-food beverages such as water, tea, juice, etc.
- the formulation for improving texture during swallowing also contains ingredients that affect swallowability, such as thickeners, dispersants, emulsifiers, and stabilizers.
- thickeners and dispersants to be evaluated include, for example, xanthan gum, welan gum, carrageenan, guar gum, guar gum enzymatic decomposition product, locust bean gum, alginic acid, alginate, glucomannan, starch, modified starch, chemical Starch, dextrin, tamarind seed gum, soybean polysaccharides, agar, tara gum, pectin, native gellan gum, deacylated gellan gum, cassia gum, psyllium seed gum, linseed gum, wormwood seed gum, tragacanth gum, karaya gum, gum arabic, ghatti gum, rhamzan gum , macrohomopsis gum, curdlan, pullulan, succinoglycan, chitin, chitosan, mannan, gelatin, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, microfibrous cellulose, fermented cellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, carboxy
- the texture when swallowing may change depending on the manufacturing method, raw materials, and purification method. Moreover, it is also possible to make the thing which mixed these appropriately
- the texture of a newly developed thickener during swallowing can be evaluated, and changes in texture during swallowing resulting from interactions between thickening ingredients and other ingredients can be performed. can also be evaluated.
- emulsifiers and stabilizers examples include glycerin fatty acid esters (e.g., monoglycerin fatty acid esters, diglycerin fatty acid esters, organic acid monoglycerides, polyglycerin fatty acid esters, polyglycerin condensed ricinoleic acid esters), sucrose fatty acid esters, and sorbitan fatty acid esters. , propylene glycol fatty acid ester, calcium stearate, polysorbate, lecithin, saponin and the like.
- the type of food and drink is not particularly limited, but specifically, examples of the food and drink include: Water (including distilled water, ion-exchanged water, pure water, reverse osmosis membrane-treated water, and ultrapure water), milk, milk drinks, lactic acid bacteria drinks, fermented milk drinks, carbonated drinks, fruit drinks (e.g.
- Alcoholic beverages such as various mixed cocktails or fruit wines such as red wine obtained by brewing fruit juice
- Soups such as consomme soup, potage soup, cream soup, Chinese soup
- Liquid foods such as miso soup, clear soup, stew, curry, and gratin
- Liquid seasonings such as separate dressings, non-oil dressings, ketchup, sauces, soy sauce, and sauces
- Special foods and therapeutic foods such as protein/phosphorus/potassium adjusted foods, salt adjusted foods, oil-and-fat adjusted foods, intestinal-regulating foods, calcium/iron/vitamin-enriched foods, low-allergenic foods, concentrated liquid diets, mixer diets, and chopped diets Kind: encompasses
- the food and drink include semi-finished products and intermediate products of these products.
- the concentration of the liquid sample should be adjusted so that the liquid sample has an appropriate shear viscosity under a constant shear rate, from the viewpoint of improving the accuracy of the texture evaluation during swallowing. That is, in the evaluation method of the present invention, the shear viscosity usually changes depending on the concentration of solutes and the like in the liquid sample, and the elongational viscosity can also change accordingly. is used to evaluate the texture during swallowing.
- the method for evaluating the texture during swallowing of the present invention includes a step of adjusting the viscosity of the target food or drink by diluting or adding a thickening component so as to have a constant or substantially constant shear viscosity.
- the predetermined shear viscosity is preferably 50 to 150 mPa s, 150 to 300 mPa s, or 300 to 500 mPa s, more preferably 80 to 120 mPa s at a shear rate of 50 s ⁇ 1 at 25° C.
- the shear viscosity of food and drink can be adjusted by adding a liquid component (such as water) to the food and drink to dilute it, or by adding a thickener to thicken the food and drink.
- a liquid component such as water
- a thickener one containing the above-mentioned “components of the thickener and dispersant to be evaluated" is preferably used.
- a liquid sample is prepared by dispersing or dissolving it using a solvent.
- the powder or granule-like thickening ingredient absorbs water before it is evenly dispersed in the solvent, and only the surface of the powder or granule mass hydrates, making it difficult for water to penetrate into areas that have not yet come into contact with water.
- a state in which uniform dispersion is inhibited is called "lump", and it is preferable that no “lump” is generated during dispersion of solid food (solute).
- the solute even when the solute is completely hydrated (dissolved), it is preferable that the solute dissolves uniformly so as not to cause concentration distribution.
- the solvent it is preferable to use water from the viewpoint of reducing the influence of components other than water, and it is particularly preferable to use ion-exchanged water, distilled water, reverse osmosis membrane-treated water, pure water, ultrapure water, and the like. .
- the method for measuring the shear viscosity is, for example, as described in the Examples, and it can be carried out using a generally used dynamic viscoelasticity measuring device.
- a capillary rupture type extensional viscometer generally has sample holders arranged vertically with a gap therebetween.
- An example is a device that measures the behavior (for example, filament diameter) when the sample is elongated by increasing the distance using an observation means such as a laser beam.
- the sample was loaded between two plates with a diameter of 4 mm placed vertically parallel with an initial gap of 1 mm, and then the upper plate was linearly stretched for 50 ms to reach the final gap. is 4.1 mm.
- the sample is stretched by being pulled by the plates, but then flows by its own surface tension to create hemispherical droplets, and in the process, it contracts on the filament, and the sample between the plates shrinks into a filament. continue.
- elongation viscosity ⁇ E can be calculated using equation (1).
- the elongational viscosity ⁇ E of the sample is calculated from the contraction behavior of the filament after the upper plate reaches the final gap.
- ⁇ is the surface tension of the sample
- D mid (t) is the filament diameter at the midpoint of the height of the final gap at time t
- the surface tension ⁇ of the sample can be measured using various surface tension measurement devices, and the measurement temperature is the same as that of the extensional viscometer, and the average value is taken as the surface tension ⁇ . is preferred.
- Equation (2) In calculating the elongational viscosity ⁇ E of Equation (1), it is possible to use the differential approximation of the filament diameter at the midpoint, and the differential approximation can be calculated from Equation (2), for example.
- t i is the closest measurement point (time) to an arbitrary time t
- t i ⁇ 1 is the measurement point one before t i
- D mid (t i ) and D mid (t i ⁇ 1 ) are filament diameters at respective measurement points. This allows the elongational viscosity ⁇ E at time t to be calculated.
- the elongation strain ⁇ (Hencky strain) can be calculated, for example, from Equation (3).
- the elongational strain ⁇ at time t can be calculated, and the relationship between elongational strain ⁇ and elongational viscosity ⁇ E over time t can be calculated.
- extensional viscosity and extensional strain can be calculated from changes in filament diameter measured over time using an extensional viscometer.
- the method for evaluating texture during swallowing of the present invention includes a step of determining an index value representing extensional viscosity in a region where the calculated extensional strain falls within a specific range.
- an index value representing the extensional viscosity can be determined in the range of elongation strain of 1 to 5, but the range of elongation strain of 2 to 4 can be determined. It is preferable to determine an index value representing the elongational viscosity in. In addition, one or more elongational viscosities in these regions can be used to determine a representative index value, but it is more preferable to determine the maximum elongational viscosity as the index value.
- the maximum extensional viscosity on the side with the smallest extensional strain is determined as an index value instead of the maximum extensional viscosity.
- an index value representing the extensional viscosity can be determined in the region where the extensional strain is 7 or more, but the extensional strain is 7.5 or more. It is preferable to determine an index value representing extensional viscosity in the region of 10 or less.
- a representative index value can be determined using one or more elongational viscosities in these regions, but the elongational viscosity at any elongation strain (e.g., elongation strain is 8) can be determined as the index value. preferable.
- elongational viscosities When determining a representative index value using two or more elongational viscosities, take the average value of a plurality of elongational viscosities, or weight the more important elongational viscosity (e.g., the elongational viscosity when the elongational strain is 8). You can take the average.
- the texture during multiple swallows from the results of calculating the extensional viscosity and extensional strain.
- the maximum elongational viscosity can be determined as an index value for "cohesion”
- the elongational viscosity at any elongation strain in the range of 7 or more elongation strain can be determined as an index value for "stringiness”.
- the elongation strain value (or its range) for calculating the index value of the food texture evaluation method during swallowing of the present invention is based on the correlation between the previously obtained sensory evaluation of the food texture during swallowing and the index value. preferably determined.
- the evaluation method of the present invention is a method for predicting the results of sensory evaluation, and as long as the sensory evaluation gives a significant difference, the sensory evaluation method itself is not limited at all, and any sensory evaluation method can be used. can cope.
- the sensory evaluation method it is preferable to use a method that can quantify the evaluation results in detail, and it is preferable to adopt the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) method as the evaluation method.
- VAS Visual Analog Scale
- the correlation is obtained by performing the step of calculating the elongational viscosity and elongational strain and the step of determining the index value for a plurality of foods and drinks having different textures at the time of swallowing, and performing sensory evaluation of the same food and drink. It can be obtained from the index value and sensory evaluation results.
- the conditions in each step when determining the correlation are preferably the same as the conditions when implementing the method for evaluating texture during swallowing of the present invention.
- a regression equation can be obtained based on exponential approximation, logarithmic approximation, etc., in addition to linear approximation.
- linear approximation was performed for the correlation between the maximum elongation viscosity at elongation strains 2 to 4 and the sensory evaluation value of "cohesion”.
- Correlation coefficient: r 0.944 (p ⁇ 0.05) is obtained. From this, it is confirmed that the maximum elongation viscosity at elongation strains 2 to 4 is suitable as an index of "coherence".
- the index value elongation viscosity value at a specific elongation strain etc.
- the sensory evaluation It is preferable to adopt a condition where the absolute value of the correlation coefficient with the value is 0.8 or more, more preferably 0.85 or more as the absolute value of the correlation coefficient, and 0.9 or more as the absolute value of the correlation coefficient is more preferred.
- the texture is evaluated by using the index value obtained from the calculation method determined from the correlation with the sensory evaluation value. That is, the food texture evaluation method of the present invention includes a step of evaluating the quality of the food texture when swallowing the food or drink from the determined index value. For example, when the liquid sample of the candidate formulation is a dispersion obtained by dispersing the candidate formulation in ion-exchanged water and adjusting the shear viscosity at a shear rate of 50 s ⁇ 1 at 25 ° C.
- the “cohesiveness” of all the food and drink to be evaluated is 50 or more by the above-described VAS method, that is, the “cohesiveness” is good. is determined.
- the elongation viscosity at the elongation strain 8 is 2,000 mPa s or less
- the "stringiness" of all the food and drink to be evaluated is less than 50 by the above-described VAS method, that is, the "stringiness” is low, and the result It is determined that there is little residual feeling in the throat.
- the method of evaluating the texture during swallowing of the present invention evaluates "slickness" from the frictional properties in the tribological test of food and drink based on the correlation between the frictional properties in the tribological test and the sensory evaluation obtained in advance. It may include steps.
- a tribology test the friction coefficient is measured at a specific sliding speed when the rotating body is rotated while a pressing force is applied while the food in the container is interposed between the rotating body and the receiving part. It is preferable to be Specifically, the tribology test described in the Examples can be mentioned.
- the correlation is determined by performing tribology tests under multiple conditions and selecting conditions that have a high correlation between the coefficient of friction and the sensory evaluation. For example, it is possible to measure the coefficient of friction when the sliding speed is changed, and select and determine conditions that are highly correlated with the sensory evaluation of "slickness".
- the correlation coefficient with the friction coefficient at e that is, 0.006 m / s
- the correlation coefficient with the friction coefficient at e showed a high value, so when evaluating the "slickness" is preferable as a condition of
- a regression equation can be obtained based on exponential approximation, logarithmic approximation, etc., in addition to linear approximation.
- linear approximation was performed for the correlation between the coefficient of friction at a sliding speed of 0.006 m/s and the sensory evaluation value of "slickness".
- Correlation coefficient: r -0.895 (p ⁇ 0.05) is obtained.
- the normal force (load) in the tribology test when it is 0.1 to 1N, it is preferable because the correlation between the obtained friction characteristics and the "slick feeling" is high, and when it is 0.2 to 0.5N. More preferably, 0.3N is the most preferable.
- the absolute value of the correlation coefficient is 0.8 or more, and more preferably 0.85 or more as the absolute value of the correlation coefficient. 0.9 or more is more preferable.
- the texture is evaluated by using the index value obtained from the calculation method determined from the correlation with the sensory evaluation value.
- the liquid sample of the candidate formulation is a dispersion obtained by dispersing the candidate formulation in ion-exchanged water and adjusting the shear viscosity at a shear rate of 50 s ⁇ 1 at 25 ° C. to 50 to 150 mPa s
- the friction coefficient at a sliding speed of 0.006 m / s is 0.22 or more
- the "slimy feeling" of all the food and drink to be evaluated is less than 50 by the above-described VAS method, that is, it is determined that the "slimy feeling" is small. .
- Method for producing preparation for improving texture during swallowing In the method for producing a preparation for improving texture during swallowing of the present invention, a liquid sample of a candidate formulation is used as a food or drink, and the method for evaluating texture during swallowing of the food or drink of the present invention as described above is carried out. By determining the texture of the candidate formulation at the time of swallowing based on the process and one or more of the obtained evaluation results of the "coherence", the "stringiness”, or the “sliminess”, the formulation is prepared. and selecting.
- the liquid sample of the candidate formulation is a dispersion prepared by dispersing the candidate formulation in ion-exchanged water and adjusting the shear viscosity at a shear rate of 50 s ⁇ 1 at 25° C.
- the step of selecting the formulation comprises: the maximum extensional viscosity in the extensional strain range of 2 to 4 is 2,000 mPa s or more, the extensional viscosity at the extensional strain 8 is 2,000mPa s or less, and the sliding speed is 0
- a formulation that satisfies all the criteria of a coefficient of friction of 0.22 or more at .006 m/s is selected as a formulation that is highly effective in improving the "cohesion", the "stringiness", and the "sliminess”
- the liquid sample of the candidate formulation is a dispersion prepared by dispersing the candidate formulation in ion-exchanged water and adjusting the shear viscosity at a shear rate of 50 s ⁇ 1 at 25° C.
- the step of selecting the formulation comprises: the maximum extensional viscosity in the extensional strain range of 2 to 4 is 5,000 mPa s or more, the extensional viscosity at the extensional strain 8 is 2,500mPa s or less, and the sliding speed is 0
- a formulation that satisfies all the criteria of a coefficient of friction of 0.20 or more at .006 m/s is selected as a formulation that is highly effective in improving the "cohesion", the "stringiness", and the "sliminess",
- the liquid sample of the candidate formulation is a dispersion prepared by dispersing the candidate formulation in ion-exchanged water and adjusting the shear viscosity at a shear rate of 50 s ⁇ 1 at 25° C.
- the step of selecting the formulation comprises: the maximum extensional viscosity in the extensional strain range of 2 to 4 is 8,000 mPa s or more, the extensional viscosity at the extensional strain 8 is 3,000mPa s or less, and the sliding speed is 0
- a formulation that satisfies all the criteria of a coefficient of friction of 0.18 or more at 0.006 m/s is selected as a formulation that is highly effective in improving the "cohesive feeling", the "stringiness” and the "slimy feeling".
- the preparation for improving texture during swallowing of the present invention contains a polysaccharide thickener and satisfies all of the selection criteria in the method for producing a preparation for improving texture during swallowing.
- Formulations for improving texture during swallowing may also contain ingredients that affect swallowability, such as thickening agents such as thickening polysaccharides, dispersants, emulsifiers, and stabilizers. Species or more are exemplified.
- Examples of adjustment methods for satisfying any one or more of the above criteria (a) to (c) include the following methods. (1) When preferentially increasing the maximum elongational viscosity in the region where the elongational strain is 2 to 4, for example, a material with a higher potency than a normal product such as heat-treated xanthan gum or a high acyl gellan gum is added, increasing its content, (2) When preferentially lowering the elongation viscosity at elongation strain 8, a material containing insoluble dietary fiber such as citrus fiber, or polysaccharides having surface activity such as gum arabic, ghatti gum, soybean polysaccharides, and sugar beet pectin are used. adding or increasing its content, (3) To preferentially increase the coefficient of friction at a sliding speed of 0.006 m/s, remove or reduce the content of gum arabic, soybean polysaccharides, etc., which are less viscous than the amount added.
- the "feeling of coherence", “feeling of residue”, and “feeling of sliminess” in the throat which can be important parameters for the "ease of swallowing" of food and drink, especially liquid food and drink, can be easily, quickly and objectively evaluated.
- the present invention also provides a method for evaluating whether a fluid composition is an easy-to-swallow fluid composition suitable for the elderly or people with dysphagia using the above method. can do.
- the present invention provides a method for selecting an easy-to-swallow fluid composition suitable for the elderly or dysphagic from among the test fluid compositions using the above method, and a method selected by the method An easily swallowable fluid composition can be provided.
- Example 1 Evaluation of texture during swallowing of polysaccharide thickener (polysaccharide thickener)
- polysaccharide thickener As food polysaccharides, xanthan gum: Sunsupport® S-15 (San-Eigen FFI Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan), which is XG, and locust bean gum: Sunsupport® S-, which is LBG. 21 San-Ei Gen FFI Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) was used.
- XG solution add 2.0 g of XG, or 0.6 g, 0.8 g, 0.9 g, 1.0 g or 1.1 g of LBG, dissolve with heating and stirring for 10 minutes, and then correct the evaporated water with deionized water. After adjusting the dispersion weight to 200 g, the XG dispersion with a polysaccharide concentration of 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% or 1.0% was obtained by cooling in a water bath at 20°C. (Hereinafter, referred to as XG solution.
- XG solutions of each concentration are referred to as X-1, X-2, X-3, X-4, and X-5 in order) or 0.3%, 0.4% , 0.45%, 0.5% or 0.55% LBG dispersion (hereinafter referred to as LBG solution.
- LBG solutions of each concentration are L-1, L-2, L-3, L- 4, designated as L-5) was prepared. These polysaccharide solutions were stored overnight at 5°C, and used after adjusting the temperature to 25°C in a constant temperature water bath immediately before the following rheological measurements, tribological measurements and sensory evaluations.
- a fluid rheometer ARES-LS1 manufactured by TA Instruments, DE, US was used to measure the steady flow viscosity and dynamic viscoelasticity of the beverage sample at 25°C. Using a resin cone-plate plunger with a diameter of 50 mm, the gap is 0.05 mm, the strain rate is linearly increased from 0 to 50 s -1 over 1 minute, and after reaching 50 s -1 at a constant speed for 1 minute. Steady-flow viscosity was measured when stabilized.
- Extensional rheology of polysaccharide solutions was measured at 25° C. using an extensional viscometer CaBER1 (Thermo Haake GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany). The principle of this method is to use a plastic pipette to load the sample between two plates with a diameter of 4 mm placed vertically in parallel with an initial gap of 1 mm, and then linearly stretch the upper plate for 50 ms. The final gap was set to 4.1 mm. The polysaccharide solution is pulled by the plates and elongated, but then flows upward and downward to create hemispherical droplets by its own surface tension, and in the process, it contracts on the filament, and the solution between the plates becomes filamentary.
- the extensional viscosity ⁇ E of the polysaccharide solution can be calculated from the contractile behavior of the filament after the upper plate reaches the final gap using equation (1) derived by McKinley and Tripathi.
- ⁇ is the surface tension of the polysaccharide solution
- D mid (t) is the filament diameter at time t
- t i is the closest measurement point (time) to an arbitrary time t
- t i ⁇ 1 is the measurement point one before t i
- D mid (t i ) and D mid (t i ⁇ 1 ) are filament diameters at respective measurement points.
- the surface tension of each polysaccharide solution was measured at 25°C using a high-performance surface tension measuring device DY-500 (Kyowa Interface Science Co. Ltd, Saitama, Japan). The measurement was repeated three times, and the average value was taken as the surface tension ⁇ of each polysaccharide solution.
- a 1 ml polysaccharide solution is set in this conical container 1, and a plunger 4 equipped with a spherical frosted glass 3 with a diameter of 12.7 mm is vertically pressed against a PDMS pin 2 from above, and a vertical load (F N ) was applied by 0.3 N, and then the plunger 4 was rotated around the handle of the plunger 4 as the rotation axis. Temperature: 25° C., the coefficient of friction was measured three times when rotated at a sliding speed of 10 ⁇ 7 to 1 m/s, and the third measured value was adopted.
- VAS visual analog scale
- the bolus that flows as a lump when it passes through the throat was evaluated as having a high sense of cohesion, a bolus with a feeling of residue in the oral cavity and throat with a high degree of stringiness, and a bolus with a slippery sensation in the oral cavity and throat. Defined as highly slippery.
- the number of trial times of sensory evaluation for one sample for each subject was set to one. As for the texture at the time of swallowing, it is preferable that the "coherent feeling" is large, the "stringiness” is small, and the "slimy feeling” is small.
- Table 1 shows the shear viscosity of each polysaccharide solution at a shear rate of 50 s ⁇ 1 , the maximum extensional viscosity at extensional strains of 2 to 4, and the extensional viscosity at an extensional viscosity of 8.
- the shear viscosity increased as the concentration increased for both XG and LBG.
- five sets of X-1 and L-1, X-2 and L-2, X-3 and L-3, X-4 and L-4, and X-5 and L-5 were comparable.
- Fig. 2 shows the elongational strain (Hencky strain) dependence of elongational viscosity.
- (a) is the result of XG solution with xanthan gum and
- (b) is the result of LBG solution with locust bean gum.
- a positive peak was observed between extensional strains 2 to 4, followed by a decrease in viscosity, and a bottom of viscosity decrease was observed between extensional strains 4 to 6. After that, the elongational viscosity increased with increasing elongational strain until the filament was broken.
- the maximum elongational viscosities at elongational strains 2 to 4 increased in a concentration-dependent manner in the XG and LBG solutions, but when comparing solutions with similar shear viscosities, the XG solution tended to have a higher elongational viscosity. .
- the elongational viscosity at elongational strain 8 also increased in a concentration-dependent manner, but when solutions with similar shear viscosities were compared, the LBG solution tended to have a higher elongational viscosity.
- FIG. 3 shows the sliding velocity dependence of the friction coefficients of the XG and LBG solutions.
- (a) is the result of XG solution with xanthan gum and
- (b) is the result of LBG solution with locust bean gum.
- This graph called the Stribeck curve, shows the interaction of PDMS as flooring, ground glass ball as plunger and polysaccharide solution.
- the coefficient of friction of the LBG solution increases more slowly than that of the XG solution from a sliding speed of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 to about 6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 m/s (a ⁇ b region), and then increases to about 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 m / s.
- b-c region There is a region of little increase or decrease up to 4 m/s (b-c region), then rising to about 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 m/s (cd region) and further up to 6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 m/s (d -e region)
- a region where there was little increase or decrease was observed there was a tendency to abruptly decrease up to 1 m/s (ef region).
- Table 3 shows the sensory evaluation values for each of the textures of "cohesion”, “stringiness”, and “smoothness” when 12 subjects swallowed the polysaccharide solution.
- the "feeling of unity" of the XG solution was generally higher than that of LBG.
- the "feeling of unity” of the XG solution tended to increase as the concentration increased.
- the LBG solution “set feeling” was generally lower than that of XG, and no definite tendency was observed.
- the "stringiness” of the XG and LBG solutions tended to increase in a concentration-dependent manner, but the LBG solution showed higher values than the XG solution at all concentrations.
- the “slimy feel” of the XG and LBG solutions also tended to increase in a concentration-dependent manner, but the rate of increase decreased as the concentration increased.
- FIG. 4 shows a scatter diagram showing the correlation between the maximum extensional viscosity and the sensory evaluation value of “cohesiveness” at extensional strains 2 to 4 for each polysaccharide solution in the extensional viscosity measurement using CaBER1.
- the elongational viscosity measurement using CaBER1 there is a region where the filament shrinkage speed decreases after forced displacement by the plunger, and this is observed as an increase in elongational viscosity at elongational strains 2-4.
- the tongue forces the solution into the pharynx, which forces the solution to displace. It is expected that the decrease in fluidity at this time, that is, the increase in elongational viscosity, is perceived by the subjects as the "feeling of consistency" of the solution.
- FIG. 5 shows a scatter diagram showing the correlation between the elongation viscosity at elongation strain 8 and the sensory evaluation value of "stringiness".
- Table 5 shows the correlation between the coefficient of friction and the "slick feeling" at points b to e in FIG.
- FIG. 6 shows a scatter diagram showing the correlation between the coefficient of friction at e (that is, 0.006 m/s) and the sensory evaluation value of "slickness".
- Example 2 Evaluation of texture during swallowing of commercially available thickening-adjusted food solution
- preparation of thickening-adjusted food solution Five major types of thickening foods currently on the market (a to e, all of which contain xanthan gum as the main ingredient for the purpose of thickening and are granular products mainly intended for people with difficulty swallowing) , Add to 100 g of ion-exchanged water while manually stirring at a speed of 4 rotations per second so as to obtain a thickened food with the weight shown in Table 6, and then stir at the same stirring speed for 30 seconds to remove lumps. A thickened food solution was prepared without formation.
- the shear viscosities at 50 s -1 of the thickening-adjusted food solutions a-1 to e-1 were all about 100 mPa ⁇ s. Based on the sensory evaluation VAS value of 50, the higher the "cohesion” (ie, 50 or more), the better, and the lower the “stringiness” and “smoothness” (ie, less than 50), the better the texture. For example, a-1 was evaluated as having good “slimy feeling” but not being good in “cohesion feeling” and "threadability". In Table 7, the sensory evaluation values of the foods with good texture are indicated in bold.
- the shear viscosity at a sliding speed of 50 s -1 of the thickened food solution the maximum elongational viscosity at elongation strains 2 to 4, the elongational viscosity at an elongation strain of 8, the friction coefficient at a sliding speed of 0.006 m / s, and the texture of each solution are described in Table 8.
- the dispersion liquid (a-1 to e-1) in which the shear viscosity of the thickening - adjusted food solution at a shear rate of 50 s-1 is adjusted to 50 to 150 mPa s at 25 ° C. has an elongation strain of 2 to 4.
- the maximum elongational viscosity at 2,000 mPa s or more, the elongational viscosity at elongation strain 8 is 2,000 mPa s or less, and the friction coefficient at a sliding speed of 0.006 m / s is 0.22 or more
- the maximum elongational viscosity of the dispersions (a-2 to e-2) in which the shear viscosity is adjusted to 150 to 300 mPa s in the region where the elongation strain is 2 to 4 is 5,000 mPa s or more
- the elongational viscosity at the elongation strain 8 is 2,500 mPa s or less, and the friction coefficient at the sliding speed of 0.006 m / s is 0.20 or more
- the dispersions (a-3 to e-3) in which the shear viscosity is adjusted to 300 to 500 mPa s have a maximum extensional viscosity of 8,000 m
- Example 3 (Preparation of formulation for improving texture during swallowing) Add thermally modified xanthan gum in the amount shown in Table 9 to the same thickened food a or e as in Example 2, and add to 100 g of ion-exchanged water at a speed of 4 revolutions per second while manually stirring, Thereafter, by stirring at the same stirring speed for 30 seconds, thickening-adjusted food solutions A-1 to A-3 were prepared without forming lumps. The shear viscosity of this thickening-adjusted food solution A-1 at a sliding speed of 50 s ⁇ 1 was 100.5 mPa ⁇ s (target value of 94 to 106 mPa ⁇ s). Methods for preparing heat-treated xanthan gum and heat-modified xanthan gum (addition of metaphosphoric acid) are shown below.
- Xanthan gum (Sunsupport® P-180, San-Ei Gen FFI Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) was fed into the hopper of the twin-screw extruder at a raw material feed of 10 g/min. Further, extruder treatment was performed while adding 20 g/min of ion-exchanged water (20° C.).
- the number of barrels of the extruder used was 8 (including the discharge port), the screw diameter was 11 mm, and the discharge nozzle shape was circular with a hole diameter of 2.0 mm.
- the temperature of each barrel was set to 70°C for the barrel near the hopper and 90°C for the barrel on the discharge nozzle side including the kneading section.
- the rotation speed of the screw was adjusted to 150 rpm, and the kneading time was 60 seconds.
- the hot melt-kneaded material obtained from the discharge nozzle was collected and dried at 60° C. for 20 hours.
- Xanthan gum (Sunsupport® P-180, San-Ei Gen FFI Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) was fed into the hopper of the twin-screw extruder at a raw material feed of 10 g/min. Furthermore, extruder treatment was performed while adding 20 g/min of water (20° C.) containing 5% by mass of sodium hexametaphosphate.
- the extruder device used (barrel, screw diameter, discharge nozzle shape), temperature setting of each barrel, screw rotation speed, kneading time, drying, sieving and recovery processes were the same as for the thermally modified xanthan gum. Using.
- the thickening-adjusted food solutions A-1 to E-3 were left in a constant temperature bath at 25 ° C., and after 30 minutes, the shear viscosity, extensional viscosity and friction coefficient were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 10. Summarized. As in Table 8, the dispersions (A-1, E-1) with a shear viscosity adjusted to 50 to 150 mPa s had a maximum elongational viscosity of 2,000 mPa in the elongation strain range of 2 to 4.
- the dispersions (A-2, E-2) with the shear viscosity adjusted to 150 to 300 mPa s have a maximum elongational viscosity of 5,000 mPa s or more in the elongation strain range of 2 to 4, and the elongation
- the elongational viscosity at strain 8 is 2,500 mPa s or less, and the friction coefficient at the sliding speed of 0.006 m / s is 0.20 or more
- the dispersions (A-3, E-3) with the shear viscosity adjusted to 300 to 500 mPa s have a maximum elongational viscosity of 8,000 mPa s or more in the elongation strain range of 2 to 4, and the elongation When the extension
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Abstract
Description
項1.
飲食品を希釈もしくは増粘成分の添加によって一定もしくは略一定のせん断粘度になるよう粘度調整する工程と、
キャピラリー破断式の伸長粘度計を用いて、前記粘度調整された飲食品のフィラメント径を経時的に測定し、そのフィラメント径の変化から伸長粘度および伸長歪を算出する工程と、
前記伸長歪が特定範囲となる領域において前記伸長粘度を代表する指標値を決定する工程と、
決定された前記指標値から、前記飲食品の嚥下時の食感の良否を評価する工程と、
を含む飲食品の嚥下時における食感の評価方法。
前記指標値を決定するための前記伸長歪の特定範囲が、予め求められた嚥下時における食感の官能評価と前記伸長歪における前記伸長粘度の相関によって決定される項1に記載の嚥下時における食感の評価方法。
前記指標値を決定する工程が、前記伸長歪が2~4の領域において最大の伸長粘度を前記指標値として決定するものであり、評価される前記嚥下時における食感が「まとまり感」である、項1に記載の飲食品の嚥下時における食感の評価方法。
前記指標値を決定する工程が、前記伸長歪が7以上の領域において何れかの伸長歪における伸長粘度を前記指標値として決定するものであり、評価される前記嚥下時における食感が「曳糸性」である、項1に記載の飲食品の嚥下時における食感の評価方法。
前記指標値を決定する工程が、前記伸長歪が2~4の領域において最大の伸長粘度を「まとまり感」の前記指標値として決定すると共に、前記伸長歪が7以上の領域において何れかの伸長歪における伸長粘度を「曳糸性」の前記指標値として決定するものであり、評価される前記嚥下時における食感が「まとまり感」及び「曳糸性」である、項1に記載の飲食品の嚥下時における食感の評価方法。
更に、予め求めたトライボロジー試験での摩擦特性と官能評価との相関性に基づいて、飲食品のトライボロジー試験での摩擦特性から「ぬめり感」を評価する工程を含む、項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の飲食品の嚥下時における食感の評価方法。
前記トライボロジー試験が、容器内の飲食品を回転体と受け部との間に介在させつつ押圧力を付与した状態で、前記回転体を回転させたときの特定のすべり速度における摩擦係数を測定するものである、項6に記載の飲食品の嚥下時における食感の評価方法。
前記飲食品として候補製剤の液体試料を用いて、項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の飲食品の嚥下時における食感の評価方法を実施する工程と、
得られた前記「まとまり感」、前記「曳糸性」又は前記「ぬめり感」の評価結果の1以上に基づいて前記候補製剤の嚥下時における食感を判定することで、製剤を選抜する工程と、
を含む嚥下時食感改善用製剤の製造方法。
前記候補製剤の液体試料が、イオン交換水に前記候補製剤を分散させて、25℃でのせん断速度50s-1におけるせん断粘度が50~150mPa・sに調整された分散液であり、
前記製剤を選抜する工程が、前記伸長歪が2~4の領域における最大の伸長粘度が2,000mPa・s以上、前記伸長歪8における伸長粘度が2,000mPa・s以下、および前記すべり速度0.006m/sにおける摩擦係数が0.22以上の基準を全て満たすものを、前記「まとまり感」、前記「曳糸性」および前記「ぬめり感」の改善効果が高い製剤として選抜するものである、項8に記載の嚥下時食感改善用製剤の製造方法。
前記候補製剤の液体試料が、イオン交換水に前記候補製剤を分散させて、25℃でのせん断速度50s-1におけるせん断粘度が150~300mPa・sに調整された分散液であり、
前記製剤を選抜する工程が、前記伸長歪が2~4の領域における最大の伸長粘度が5,000mPa・s以上、前記伸長歪8における伸長粘度が2,500mPa・s以下、および前記すべり速度0.006m/sにおける摩擦係数が0.20以上の基準を全て満たすものを、前記「まとまり感」、前記「曳糸性」および前記「ぬめり感」の改善効果が高い製剤として選抜するものである、項8に記載の嚥下時食感改善用製剤の製造方法。
前記候補製剤の液体試料が、イオン交換水に前記候補製剤を分散させて、25℃でのせん断速度50s-1におけるせん断粘度が300~500mPa・sに調整された分散液であり、
前記製剤を選抜する工程が、前記伸長歪が2~4の領域における最大の伸長粘度が8,000mPa・s以上、前記伸長歪8における伸長粘度が3,000mPa・s以下、および前記すべり速度0.006m/sにおける摩擦係数が0.18以上の基準を全て満たすものを、前記「まとまり感」、前記「曳糸性」および前記「ぬめり感」の改善効果が高い製剤として選抜するものである、項8に記載の嚥下時食感改善用製剤の製造方法。
増粘多糖類を含み、項9~11のいずれか1項に記載の嚥下時食感改善用製剤の製造方法における前記選抜の基準を全て満たす嚥下時食感改善用製剤。
本発明は、飲食品の嚥下時における食感の評価方法に関するものであり、評価し得る嚥下時における食感としては、飲食品の嚥下時における主要な食感である「まとまり感」、「曳糸性」、「ぬめり感」、「残留感」、「付着感」、「粘着感」、「コーティング感」が挙げられる。特に、「まとまり感」、「曳糸性」、又は「ぬめり感」、からなる評価項目の1つ以上であることが好ましい。
飲食品の種類は特に制限されないが、具体的には、当該飲食品の例は、
水(蒸留水、イオン交換水、純水、逆浸透膜処理水、超純水を含む)、牛乳、乳飲料、乳酸菌飲料、発酵乳飲料、炭酸飲料、果実飲料(例:果汁飲料、果汁入り清涼飲料、果汁入り炭酸飲料、果肉飲料)、野菜飲料、野菜及び果実飲料、コーヒー飲料、ココア飲料、粉末飲料、スポーツ飲料、機能性飲料、イオン飲料、ビタミン補給飲料、栄養補給バランス飲料、サプリメント飲料等の飲料類;
紅茶飲料、緑茶、ブレンド茶等の茶飲料類(なお、飲料類と茶飲料類は、「飲料」に包含される。);
日本酒、ビール、発泡酒、ビールテイスト風アルコール飲料、焼酎、ウィスキー、ブランデー、ワイン、スピリッツ類( ラム、ウォッカ、ジン、テキーラ等) 、リキュール類、エタノール等それぞれ単独の飲料、および前記飲用アルコール類を配合した各種カクテル類、あるいは果汁を醸造して得た赤ワイン等の果実酒等のアルコール飲料類;
コンソメスープ、ポタージュスープ、クリームスープ、中華スープ等のスープ類;
味噌汁、清汁、シチュウ、カレー、グラタン等の液状食品類;
セパレートドレッシング、ノンオイルドレッシング、ケチャップ、たれ、醤油、ソース等の液体調味料類;
蛋白質・リン・カリウム調整食品、塩分調整食品、油脂調整食品、整腸作用食品、カルシウム・鉄・ビタミン強化食品、低アレルギー食品、濃厚流動食、ミキサー食、及びキザミ食等の特殊食品や治療食類:
を包含する。
当該飲食品の例は、これらの製品の半製品、及び中間製品等も包含する。
液体試料の濃度は、嚥下時における食感の評価の精度を高める観点から、液体試料が一定のせん断速度の下で適当なせん断粘度となるように調整する必要がある。つまり、本発明の評価法では、液体試料の溶質等の濃度によって、通常、せん断粘度が変化し、これに応じて伸長粘度も変化し得るため、一定又は略一定のせん断粘度に調整した液体試料を用いて、嚥下時における食感を評価する。
ここで所定のせん断粘度とは、25℃のとき、せん断速度50s-1において50~150mPa・s、150~300mPa・sもしくは300~500mPa・sであることが好ましく、より好ましくは、80~120mPa・s、160~240mPa・sもしくは320~480mPa・s、さらに好ましくは、94~106mPa・s、192~208mPa・sもしくは385~415mPa・sである。
本発明の嚥下時における食感の評価方法は、キャピラリー破断式の伸長粘度計を用いて、粘度調整された飲食品のフィラメント径を経時的に測定し、そのフィラメント径の変化から伸長粘度および伸長歪を算出する工程を含む。キャピラリー破断式の伸長粘度計を用いることで、比較的簡易に再現性よく、飲食品の伸長粘度および伸長歪を算出することができる。
本発明の嚥下時における食感の評価方法は、算出された伸長歪が特定範囲となる領域において伸長粘度を代表する指標値を決定する工程を含む。伸長歪が特定範囲となる領域において伸長粘度を代表する指標値を決定することで、飲食品の嚥下時における食感と当該指標値との相関性を高めることができる。つまり、嚥下時における食感は、キャピラリー破断式の伸長粘度計で測定する際の伸長挙動のうちの一部の挙動と関係しており、当該一部の挙動と関係する伸長歪を特定範囲に限定して、その領域における伸長粘度を代表する指標値を決定することが重要となる。
相関係数:r=0.944(p<0.05)
が得られている。
このことから、伸長歪2~4における最大伸長粘度が「まとまり感」の指標として好適であることが確認される。
相関係数:r=0.860(p<0.05)
が得られている。
このことから、伸長歪8における伸長粘度が「曳糸性」の指標として好適であることが確認される。
上述のように、官能評価値との相関から決定された算出方法から求められた指標値を用いることにより、食感が評価される。即ち、本発明の食感の評価方法は、決定された前記指標値から、前記飲食品の嚥下時の食感の良否を評価する工程を含むものである。
例えば、前記候補製剤の液体試料が、イオン交換水に前記候補製剤を分散させて、25℃でのせん断速度50s-1におけるせん断粘度が50~150mPa・sに調整された分散液の場合、伸長歪が2~4の領域における最大の伸長粘度が2,000mPa・s以上である場合、全ての評価対象飲食品の「まとまり感」が上述のVAS法によって50以上、すなわち「まとまり感」が良いと判定される。また、前記伸長歪8における伸長粘度が2,000mPa・s以下の場合、全ての評価対象飲食品の「曳糸性」が上述のVAS法によって50未満、すなわち「曳糸性」が低く、結果として喉への残留感が少ないと判定される。
本発明の嚥下時における食感の評価方法は、予め求めたトライボロジー試験での摩擦特性と官能評価との相関性に基づいて、飲食品のトライボロジー試験での摩擦特性から「ぬめり感」を評価する工程を含むものであってもよい。トライボロジー試験としては、容器内の飲食品を回転体と受け部との間に介在させつつ押圧力を付与した状態で、前記回転体を回転させたときの特定のすべり速度における摩擦係数を測定するものであることが好ましい。具体的には、実施例に記載したトライボロジー試験が挙げられる。
相関係数:r=-0.895(p<0.05)
が得られている。
例えば、前記候補製剤の液体試料が、イオン交換水に前記候補製剤を分散させて、25℃でのせん断速度50s-1におけるせん断粘度が50~150mPa・sに調整された分散液の場合、前記すべり速度0.006m/sにおける摩擦係数が0.22以上である場合、全ての評価対象飲食品の「ぬめり感」が上述のVAS法によって50未満、すなわち「ぬめり感」が少ないと判定される。
本発明の嚥下時食感改善用製剤の製造方法は、飲食品として候補製剤の液体試料を用いて、以上で説明したような本発明の飲食品の嚥下時における食感の評価方法を実施する工程と、得られた前記「まとまり感」、前記「曳糸性」又は前記「ぬめり感」の評価結果の1以上に基づいて前記候補製剤の嚥下時における食感を判定することで、製剤を選抜する工程と、を含む。
(a)前記候補製剤の液体試料が、イオン交換水に前記候補製剤を分散させて、25℃でのせん断速度50s-1におけるせん断粘度が94~106mPa・sに調整された分散液であり、前記製剤を選抜する工程が、前記伸長歪が2~4の領域における最大の伸長粘度が2,000mPa・s以上、前記伸長歪8における伸長粘度が2,000mPa・s以下、および前記すべり速度0.006m/sにおける摩擦係数が0.22以上の基準を全て満たすものを、前記「まとまり感」、前記「曳糸性」および前記「ぬめり感」の改善効果が高い製剤として選抜するか、
(b)前記候補製剤の液体試料が、イオン交換水に前記候補製剤を分散させて、25℃でのせん断速度50s-1におけるせん断粘度が192~208mPa・sに調整された分散液であり、前記製剤を選抜する工程が、前記伸長歪が2~4の領域における最大の伸長粘度が5,000mPa・s以上、前記伸長歪8における伸長粘度が2,500mPa・s以下、および前記すべり速度0.006m/sにおける摩擦係数が0.20以上の基準を全て満たすものを、前記「まとまり感」、前記「曳糸性」および前記「ぬめり感」の改善効果が高い製剤として選抜するか、
(c)前記候補製剤の液体試料が、イオン交換水に前記候補製剤を分散させて、25℃でのせん断速度50s-1におけるせん断粘度が385~415mPa・sに調整された分散液であり、前記製剤を選抜する工程が、前記伸長歪が2~4の領域における最大の伸長粘度が8,000mPa・s以上、前記伸長歪8における伸長粘度が3,000mPa・s以下、および前記すべり速度0.006m/sにおける摩擦係数が0.18以上の基準を全て満たすものを、前記「まとまり感」、前記「曳糸性」および前記「ぬめり感」の改善効果が高い製剤として選抜する。
本発明の嚥下時食感改善用製剤は、増粘多糖類を含み、上記の嚥下時食感改善用製剤の製造方法における前記選抜の基準を全て満たすものである。
(a)イオン交換水に候補製剤を分散させて、25℃でのせん断速度50s-1におけるせん断粘度が50~150mPa・sに調整された分散液について、前記伸長歪が2~4の領域における最大の伸長粘度が2,000mPa・s以上、前記伸長歪8における伸長粘度が2,000mPa・s以下、および前記すべり速度0.006m/sにおける摩擦係数が0.22以上の基準を全て満たすものであるか、
(b)イオン交換水に候補製剤を分散させて、25℃でのせん断速度50s-1におけるせん断粘度が150~300mPa・sに調整された分散液について、前記伸長歪が2~4の領域における最大の伸長粘度が5,000mPa・s以上、前記伸長歪8における伸長粘度が2,500mPa・s以下、および前記すべり速度0.006m/sにおける摩擦係数が0.20以上の基準を全て満たすものであるか、
(c)イオン交換水に候補製剤を分散させて、25℃でのせん断速度50s-1におけるせん断粘度が400~500mPa・sに調整された分散液について、前記伸長歪が2~4の領域における最大の伸長粘度が8,000mPa・s以上、前記伸長歪8における伸長粘度が3,000mPa・s以下、および前記すべり速度0.006m/sにおける摩擦係数が0.18以上の基準を全て満たすものである。
(1)伸長歪が2~4の領域における最大の伸長粘度を優先的に上昇させる場合、例えば、熱処理されたキサンタンガムなどの通常品より高力価の素材や高アシルジェランガムなどを添加したり、その含有量を増加させる、
(2)伸長歪8における伸長粘度を優先的に低下させる場合、シトラスファイバーなど不溶性の食物繊維を含む素材やアラビアガム、ガティガム、大豆多糖類、シュガービートペクチンなどの界面活性能を有する多糖類を添加したり、その含有量を増加させる、
(3)すべり速度0.006m/sにおける摩擦係数を優先的に上昇させる場合、添加量に比して粘性の出にくいアラビアガム、大豆多糖類などを除去したり、その含有量を低減させる。
(増粘多糖類)
食品多糖類としてキサンタンガム:XGであるサンサポート(登録商標)S-15(三栄源エフ・エフ・アイ(株)、大阪、日本)およびローカストビーンガム:LBGであるサンサポート(登録商標)S-21三栄源エフ・エフ・アイ(株)、大阪、日本)を用いた。
多糖類溶液として濃度0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%もしくは1.0%のXG分散液と、濃度0.3%、0.4%、0.45%、0.5%もしくは0.55%のLBG溶液の計10種類を用いた。ガラスビーカーに200gのイオン交換水を入れて80℃に加熱し、直径60mmの4枚羽根のプロペラを用いて1,000rpmで攪拌しながら0.4g、0.8g、1.2g、1.6gもしくは2.0gのXG、あるいは0.6g、0.8g、0.9g、1.0gもしくは1.1gのLBGを添加し、10分間加熱攪拌溶解後、イオン交換水で蒸発水を補正して分散液重量を200gに調整した後、20℃の水槽で冷却することにより多糖類濃度0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%もしくは1.0%のXG分散液(以後、XG溶液と記載する。また各濃度のXG溶液を順にX-1、X-2、X-3、X-4、X-5と記載する)あるいは0.3%、0.4%、0.45%、0.5%もしくは0.55%のLBG分散液(以後、LBG溶液と記載する。また各濃度のLBG溶液を順にL-1、L-2、L-3、L-4、L-5と記載する)を調製した。これらの多糖類溶液を5℃で一晩保存し、以下に示すレオロジー測定、トライボロジー測定および官能評価の直前に、恒温水槽中で25℃に調温して使用した。
フルイドレオメーターARES-LS1(TAインスツルメント社製、DE、US)を用いて飲料試料の25℃における定常流粘度および動的粘弾性を測定した。直径50mmの樹脂製コーン-プレート型のプランジャーを用い、ギャップ0.05mmとし、歪速度を0~50s-1まで1分間かけてリニアに上昇させ、50s-1に到達後1分間等速で安定させた時点の定常流粘度を測定した。
多糖類溶液の伸長レオロジーは、伸長粘度計CaBER1(Thermo Haake GmbH、Karlsruhe、ドイツ)を用いて、25℃で測定した。この方法の原理は、プラスチック製のピペットを用いて初期ギャップ1mmで上下平行に配置された直径4mmの2枚のプレート間に試料を装填し、その後上のプレートを50msで直線的に延伸することにより最終ギャップを4.1mmとした。多糖類溶液は、プレートに引かれて伸長されるが、その後自らの表面張力によって上下に半球状の液滴をつくるように流動し、その過程においてフィラメント上に収縮しプレート間の溶液はフィラメント状に収縮していく。上下2枚のプレートの最終ギャップの高さの中点におけるフィラメントの直径(Dmid)をレーザー光を用いて測定し、時刻t0(天板が移動を開始した時)の初期直径D0(=4mm)から、フィラメントが破断するまでの時間tb(フィラメントが破断した時)まで連続的に測定した。測定は各多糖類溶液について5回繰り返した。
摩擦係数測定には、トライボロジー測定用装置(セットアップ)を装着したModular compact rheometer MCR302(Anton Paar GmbH, Graz, Austria)を用いた。この装置は、図1A~図1Bに示すように、直径20mmの頂角90°の逆円錐形の容器1に直径6mmの円柱状のポリジメチルシロキサン(PDMS)製のピン2を3つ配置した床面を有する(図1Bにはピン2が2つしか見えていないが実際には奥にもう一つピン2が存在する)。この円錐形の容器1に1mlの多糖類溶液をセットし、直径12.7mmの球状のすりガラス3を装着したプランジャー4を、垂直に上からPDMS製のピン2に押し当て、垂直荷重(FN)を0.3Nを掛けたうえで、プランジャー4の柄部を回転軸として回転させた。温度:25℃で、すべり速度10-7~1m/sで回転させたときの摩擦係数を3回測定し、3回目の測定値を採用した。
健常有歯顎者12名(男性8名、女性4名、平均年齢32.3±5.4歳)を被験者とした。先ず、10mlの多糖類溶液を20ml容のシリンジ(Terumo Corporation, 東京、日本)を用いてランダム化された順番で各被験者の口腔底に注ぎ、咀嚼することなく1回で全量嚥下させ、XGおよびLBG溶液について粘度が高い順番に答えさせ、全ての被験者が正解の回答を示すことを確認した。この試行により、全ての被験者の口腔内感覚が一定の精度を有していることと、全ての試料が粘度においては弁別可能な物性差があることを確認した。
各多糖類溶液のせん断速度50s-1におけるせん断粘度、伸長歪2~4における最大伸長粘度値および伸長粘度8における伸長粘度を表1に記載した。
XGおよびLBG溶液の摩擦係数のすべり速度依存性を図3に示した。(a)はキサンタンガムを用いたXG溶液の結果であり、(b)はローカストビーンガムを用いたLBG溶液の結果である。このグラフはストライベックカーブ(Stribeck curve)と呼ばれ、床材としてのPDMS、プランジャーとしてのすりガラス製ボールおよび多糖類溶液のインタラクションを示している。
12名の被験者に多糖類溶液を嚥下させた際の「まとまり感」、「曳糸性」、「ぬめり感」の各食感の官能評価値を表3に示した。
図4に、CaBER1を用いた伸長粘度測定において、各多糖類溶液の伸長歪2~4における、最大伸長粘度と「まとまり感」の官能評価値との相関性を示す散布図を示した。両者の相関関係を求めた結果、相関係数はr=0.944(p<0.05)と非常に高かった。CaBER1を用いた伸長粘度測定では、プランジャーによる強制変位後においてフィラメントの収縮速度が低下する領域があり、これが伸長歪2~4における伸長粘度の上昇として観測される。ヒトの嚥下時において舌で咽頭部に溶液を送り込むが、これは溶液に強制的に変位をかけることになる。この際の流動性の低下すなわち伸長粘度の上昇が、被験者に溶液の「まとまり感」として知覚されていると予想される。
表5は、図3中のb~eのポイントにおける摩擦係数と「ぬめり感」との相関を示している。
(とろみ調整食品溶液の調製)
現在市販されている主要な5種類のとろみ調整食品(a~e、いずれもキサンタンガムを増粘目的の主成分とし、嚥下困難者に供することを主な目的とした顆粒状の製品)を用いて、イオン交換水100gに1秒間4回転の速度で手攪拌しながら、表6に記載の重量のとろみ調整食品になるように添加し、その後、同じ攪拌速度で30秒間攪拌することにより、ダマの形成なしにとろみ調整食品溶液を調製した。
上記の各とろみ調整食品溶液を25℃の恒温槽に静置し、30分後に実施例1と同じ方法で、せん断粘度、伸長粘度および摩擦係数を測定した。また、各とろみ調整食品溶液の官能評価を実施例1と同じ方法で実施し、結果(VAS値)をせん断粘度とともに表7に記載した。
また、前記せん断粘度が150~300mPa・sに調整された分散液(a-2~e-2)の、前記伸長歪が2~4の領域における最大の伸長粘度が5,000mPa・s以上、前記伸長歪8における伸長粘度が2,500mPa・s以下、および前記すべり速度0.006m/sにおける摩擦係数が0.20以上、
さらに、前記せん断粘度が300~500mPa・sに調整された分散液(a-3~e-3)の、前記伸長歪が2~4の領域における最大の伸長粘度が8,000mPa・s以上、前記伸長歪8における伸長粘度が3,000mPa・s以下、および前記すべり速度0.006m/sにおける摩擦係数が0.18以上であった場合、表8中のそれぞれの測定値を太字で記載した。また、官能評価(表7)において、「まとまり感」が良好であると判定された場合、「伸長歪2~4の最大伸長粘度」の測定値の右に、「曳糸性」が良好であると判定された場合、「伸長歪8の伸長粘度」の測定値の右に、「ぬめり感」が良好であると判定された場合、「すべり速度0.006m/sの摩擦係数」の測定値の右に、それぞれ〇を付記した。本表の太字部と丸が付記された項目は完全に一致しており、各せん断粘度範囲に調整された飲食品について定められた伸長粘度もしくは摩擦のパラメータによって、飲食品の食感の良否を明瞭に推定しうることが確認された。
実施例2と同じとろみ調整食品aもしくはeに熱改質キサンタンガムを表9に示す分量で添加し、これを用いて、イオン交換水100gに1秒間4回転の速度で手攪拌しながら添加し、その後、同じ攪拌速度で30秒間攪拌することにより、ダマの形成なしにとろみ調整食品溶液A-1~3を調製した。このとろみ調整食品溶液A-1のすべり速度50s-1におけるせん断粘度は100.5mPa・s(目標値94~106mPa・s)であった。なお熱処理されたキサンタンガムおよび熱改質キサンタンガム(メタリン酸添加)の調製方法を以下に示す。
キサンタンガム(サンサポート[登録商標] P-180、三栄源エフ・エフ・アイ株式会社、大阪、日本)を、2軸エクストルーダーのホッパーに原料フィード10g/分にて供給した。さらに、イオン交換水(20℃)を20g/分加水しながら、エクストルーダー処理を行った。
キサンタンガム(サンサポート[登録商標] P-180、三栄源エフ・エフ・アイ株式会社、大阪、日本)を、2軸エクストルーダーのホッパーに原料フィード10g/分にて供給した。さらに、ヘキサメタリン酸ナトリウムを5質量%含む水(20℃)を20g/分加水しながら、エクストルーダー処理を行った。
前記せん断粘度が150~300mPa・sに調整された分散液(A-2、E-2)の、前記伸長歪が2~4の領域における最大の伸長粘度が5,000mPa・s以上、前記伸長歪8における伸長粘度が2,500mPa・s以下、および前記すべり速度0.006m/sにおける摩擦係数が0.20以上、
前記せん断粘度が300~500mPa・sに調整された分散液(A-3、E-3)の、前記伸長歪が2~4の領域における最大の伸長粘度が8,000mPa・s以上、前記伸長歪8における伸長粘度が3,000mPa・s以下、および前記すべり速度0.006m/sにおける摩擦係数が0.18以上であった場合、表10中のそれぞれの測定値を太字で記載した。
Claims (12)
- 飲食品を希釈もしくは増粘成分の添加によって一定もしくは略一定のせん断粘度になるよう粘度調整する工程と、
キャピラリー破断式の伸長粘度計を用いて、前記粘度調整された飲食品のフィラメント径を経時的に測定し、そのフィラメント径の変化から伸長粘度および伸長歪を算出する工程と、
前記伸長歪が特定範囲となる領域において前記伸長粘度を代表する指標値を決定する工程と、
決定された前記指標値から、前記飲食品の嚥下時の食感の良否を評価する工程と、
を含む飲食品の嚥下時における食感の評価方法。 - 前記指標値を決定するための前記伸長歪の特定範囲が、予め求められた嚥下時における食感の官能評価と前記伸長歪における前記伸長粘度の相関によって決定される請求項1に記載の嚥下時における食感の評価方法。
- 前記指標値を決定する工程が、前記伸長歪が2~4の領域において最大の伸長粘度を前記指標値として決定するものであり、評価される前記嚥下時における食感が「まとまり感」である、請求項1に記載の飲食品の嚥下時における食感の評価方法。
- 前記指標値を決定する工程が、前記伸長歪が7以上の領域において何れかの伸長歪における伸長粘度を前記指標値として決定するものであり、評価される前記嚥下時における食感が「曳糸性」である、請求項1に記載の飲食品の嚥下時における食感の評価方法。
- 前記指標値を決定する工程が、前記伸長歪が2~4の領域において最大の伸長粘度を「まとまり感」の前記指標値として決定すると共に、前記伸長歪が7以上の領域において何れかの伸長歪における伸長粘度を「曳糸性」の前記指標値として決定するものであり、評価される前記嚥下時における食感が「まとまり感」及び「曳糸性」である、請求項1に記載の飲食品の嚥下時における食感の評価方法。
- 更に、予め求めたトライボロジー試験での摩擦特性と官能評価との相関性に基づいて、飲食品のトライボロジー試験での摩擦特性から「ぬめり感」を評価する工程を含む、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の飲食品の嚥下時における食感の評価方法。
- 前記トライボロジー試験が、容器内の飲食品を回転体と受け部との間に介在させつつ押圧力を付与した状態で、前記回転体を回転させたときの特定のすべり速度における摩擦係数を測定するものである、請求項6に記載の飲食品の嚥下時における食感の評価方法。
- 前記飲食品として候補製剤の液体試料を用いて、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の飲食品の嚥下時における食感の評価方法を実施する工程と、
得られた前記「まとまり感」、前記「曳糸性」又は前記「ぬめり感」の評価結果の1以上に基づいて前記候補製剤の嚥下時における食感を判定することで、製剤を選抜する工程と、
を含む嚥下時食感改善用製剤の製造方法。 - 前記候補製剤の液体試料が、イオン交換水に前記候補製剤を分散させて、25℃でのせん断速度50s-1におけるせん断粘度が50~150mPa・sに調整された分散液であり、
前記製剤を選抜する工程が、前記伸長歪が2~4の領域における最大の伸長粘度が2,000mPa・s以上、前記伸長歪8における伸長粘度が2,000mPa・s以下、および前記すべり速度0.006m/sにおける摩擦係数が0.22以上の基準を全て満たすものを、前記「まとまり感」、前記「曳糸性」および前記「ぬめり感」の改善効果が高い製剤として選抜するものである、請求項8に記載の嚥下時食感改善用製剤の製造方法。 - 前記候補製剤の液体試料が、イオン交換水に前記候補製剤を分散させて、25℃でのせん断速度50s-1におけるせん断粘度が150~300mPa・sに調整された分散液であり、
前記製剤を選抜する工程が、前記伸長歪が2~4の領域における最大の伸長粘度が5,000mPa・s以上、前記伸長歪8における伸長粘度が2,500mPa・s以下、および前記すべり速度0.006m/sにおける摩擦係数が0.20以上の基準を全て満たすものを、前記「まとまり感」、前記「曳糸性」および前記「ぬめり感」の改善効果が高い製剤として選抜するものである、請求項8に記載の嚥下時食感改善用製剤の製造方法。 - 前記候補製剤の液体試料が、イオン交換水に前記候補製剤を分散させて、25℃でのせん断速度50s-1におけるせん断粘度が300~500mPa・sに調整された分散液であり、
前記製剤を選抜する工程が、前記伸長歪が2~4の領域における最大の伸長粘度が8,000mPa・s以上、前記伸長歪8における伸長粘度が3,000mPa・s以下、および前記すべり速度0.006m/sにおける摩擦係数が0.18以上の基準を全て満たすものを、前記「まとまり感」、前記「曳糸性」および前記「ぬめり感」の改善効果が高い製剤として選抜するものである、請求項8に記載の嚥下時食感改善用製剤の製造方法。 - 増粘多糖類を含み、請求項9~11のいずれか1項に記載の嚥下時食感改善用製剤の製造方法における前記選抜の基準を全て満たす嚥下時食感改善用製剤。
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