WO2022191101A1 - 熱電発電素子、熱電発電池、及び発電の安定化方法 - Google Patents
熱電発電素子、熱電発電池、及び発電の安定化方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022191101A1 WO2022191101A1 PCT/JP2022/009619 JP2022009619W WO2022191101A1 WO 2022191101 A1 WO2022191101 A1 WO 2022191101A1 JP 2022009619 W JP2022009619 W JP 2022009619W WO 2022191101 A1 WO2022191101 A1 WO 2022191101A1
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- ion
- power generation
- thermoelectric
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- idt
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 32
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- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001423 beryllium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940006460 bromide ion Drugs 0.000 description 1
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052980 cadmium sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001424 calcium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001429 cobalt ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+) Chemical compound [Co+2] XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
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- RFKZUAOAYVHBOY-UHFFFAOYSA-M copper(1+);acetate Chemical compound [Cu+].CC([O-])=O RFKZUAOAYVHBOY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910000336 copper(I) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000366 copper(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002848 electrochemical method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- KTWOOEGAPBSYNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N ferrocene Chemical compound [Fe+2].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 KTWOOEGAPBSYNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 1
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- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydron Chemical compound [H+] GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- NMCUIPGRVMDVDB-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe]Cl NMCUIPGRVMDVDB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- RUTXIHLAWFEWGM-UHFFFAOYSA-H iron(3+) sulfate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[Fe+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O RUTXIHLAWFEWGM-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
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- 229910000359 iron(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
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- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- AHKZTVQIVOEVFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxide(2-) Chemical compound [O-2] AHKZTVQIVOEVFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical class OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229920000553 poly(phenylenevinylene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium atom Chemical compound [Rb] IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001427 strontium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PWYYWQHXAPXYMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium(2+) Chemical compound [Sr+2] PWYYWQHXAPXYMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GKCNVZWZCYIBPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylideneindium Chemical compound [In]=S GKCNVZWZCYIBPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940042055 systemic antimycotics triazole derivative Drugs 0.000 description 1
- OCGWQDWYSQAFTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellanylidenelead Chemical compound [Pb]=[Te] OCGWQDWYSQAFTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003498 tellurium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AFNRRBXCCXDRPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin(ii) sulfide Chemical compound [Sn]=S AFNRRBXCCXDRPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004056 waste incineration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Zn+2] DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N15/00—Thermoelectric devices without a junction of dissimilar materials; Thermomagnetic devices, e.g. using the Nernst-Ettingshausen effect
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/30—Deferred-action cells
- H01M6/36—Deferred-action cells containing electrolyte and made operational by physical means, e.g. thermal cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M14/00—Electrochemical current or voltage generators not provided for in groups H01M6/00 - H01M12/00; Manufacture thereof
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a thermoelectric power generation element and a method for stabilizing power generation.
- thermoelectric power generation using the Seebeck effect is known as thermoelectric power generation using geothermal heat or exhaust heat from factories (Patent Documents 1 and 2, and Non-Patent Document 1), which efficiently uses thermal energy. Therefore, it is expected to be put to practical use.
- Thermoelectric power generation by the Seebeck effect is a power generation principle that utilizes the fact that voltage is generated when a temperature gradient is provided in a metal or semiconductor. Specifically, it is a thermoelectric power generation system that converts thermal energy into electrical energy by applying a temperature gradient to a thermoelectric conversion element that combines a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor.
- thermoelectric conversion elements that utilize temperature gradients have problems such as the high price of the semiconductors that make up the thermoelectric conversion elements, the high operating temperature range, and the low conversion efficiency. Furthermore, there is a problem that the physical durability of the connecting portion is weak and it cannot be installed in a place where vibration or the like is applied. Furthermore, since a temperature gradient is required for power generation, there are restrictions on the installation site, and in some cases, it is necessary to use a cooling device for the temperature gradient. In particular, since one dimension of the thermoelectric conversion module is used for the temperature gradient, the heat source is used two-dimensionally, and all the surrounding heat cannot be used three-dimensionally, resulting in low heat utilization efficiency.
- JP 2010-147236 A Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-219669 International Publication No. 2017/038988 International publication 2020/031992
- thermoelectric power generation element capable of converting thermal energy into electrical energy by combining a semiconductor that generates thermally excited electrons and holes with a specific electrolyte (Patent Document 3).
- Patent Document 3 a specific electrolyte
- the present invention provides [1] A first portion containing a semiconductor that generates thermally excited electrons and holes, a second portion containing an electrolyte in which charge-transporting ion pairs can move, and a third portion containing a substance that serves as an electrode are in contact in this order.
- thermoelectric power generation element that does not require a temperature gradient, in which an oxidation reaction of ions that are easily reduced occurs, and a reduction reaction of ions that are more easily reduced among the two ions occurs at the interface between the third portion and the second portion.
- thermoelectric power generation element 1 to 20 (I) (where L is the “shortest distance between the first and third portions” and IDT is the “ion diffusion thickness” thermoelectric generation element that does not require a temperature gradient, [2] The thermoelectric power generation element according to [1], wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are layered; [3] The thermoelectric power generation element according to [1], wherein the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion are positioned concentrically; [4] A thermoelectric generator comprising the thermoelectric generator according to any one of [1] to [3], [5] A thermoelectric generation battery comprising the thermoelectric generation element according to any one of [1] to [3], [6] A thermoelectric power generation module comprising the thermoelectric power generation element according to any one of [1] to [3]; A second portion containing a movable electrolyte and a third portion containing a substance to be an electrode are in contact with each other in this order, and the valence charge potential of the semiconductor
- thermoelectric power generation element that does not require a temperature gradient and causes a reduction reaction of ions that are more easily reduced among ions
- L/IDT (here, L is the “shortest distance between the first and third portions”)
- IDT is "ion diffusion thickness") is set to 1 to 20, a method for stabilizing power generation, Regarding.
- thermoelectric power generation element of the present invention exhibits excellent discharge capacity, short-circuit current, number of discharges, or discharge time. Furthermore, the range of temperatures in which electricity can be generated can be expanded, and electricity can be generated in a low temperature range or a high temperature range.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing a thermoelectric generating element of the present invention
- FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing a specific embodiment of a thermoelectric power generation element of the present invention
- FIG. 4 is a graph plotting measured values of AC impedance for the thermoelectric power generation element of the present invention.
- 1 is a graph showing an outline (A) of a sheet-type battery of Example 1, an open-circuit voltage (B) at 80° C., and an acquired voltage change (C). It is the outline (A) of the comb-shaped electrode of Example 2, the electric power generation characteristic (B, C), and the temperature change (D) of ion diffusion thickness.
- 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the short-circuit current and L/IDT of batteries of Examples 1 and 2.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing a thermoelectric generating element of the present invention
- FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing a specific embodiment of a thermoelectric power generation element of the present invention
- FIG. 4 is a
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the discharge capacity and L/IDT of batteries of Examples 3 and 4.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between discharge time (A), open-circuit voltage (B), and L/IDT of the battery of Example 5 and discharge time.
- 10 is a graph showing the relationship between the short-circuit current at 80° C. of the battery of Example 6 and L/IDT.
- 10 is a graph showing the relationship between the short-circuit current at 90° C. of the battery of Example 7 and L/IDT.
- 10 is a graph showing the relationship between the electric capacity at 80° C. of the battery of Example 8 and L/IDT.
- 10 is a graph showing battery characteristics at 30° C. and 80° C. of the battery of Example 9.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between discharge time (A), open-circuit voltage (B), and L/IDT of the battery of Example 5 and discharge time.
- 10 is a graph showing the relationship between the short-circuit current at 80° C
- thermoelectric generating element of the present invention comprises a first portion containing a semiconductor that generates thermally excited electrons and holes, a second portion containing an electrolyte in which charge-transporting ion pairs can move, and electrodes.
- the first portion is not particularly limited as long as it includes a semiconductor that generates thermally excited electrons and holes (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a first semiconductor).
- Semiconductors that generate thermally excited electrons and holes are thermoelectric conversion materials.
- the valence band potential of the semiconductor is more positive than the redox potential of the charge transport ion pair. Therefore, at the interface between the first portion and the second portion of the present invention, the more oxidizable ion of the charge-transporting ion pair is oxidized to become the other ion.
- the potential difference between the redox potential of the charge-transporting ion pair and the valence band potential of the semiconductor in the second portion is not limited as long as the effects of the present invention can be obtained, but is preferably 0 to 1.0V. Yes, more preferably 0.05 to 0.5V, still more preferably 0.05 to 0.3V.
- the potential difference between the redox potential of CuZr 2 (PO 4 ) 3 (Cusicon, a copper ion conductor) relative to the valence band potential of ⁇ -FeSi 2 is about 0.05V.
- the first semiconductor is not particularly limited as long as it can generate thermally excited electrons and holes by applying an appropriate temperature.
- Ge compound semiconductors, silicide compound semiconductors, skutterudite compound semiconductors, clathrate compound semiconductors, Heusler compound semiconductors, half-Heusler compound semiconductors, metal oxide semiconductors, organic semiconductors, sulfide semiconductors, and other semiconductors.
- the semiconductor used in the present invention functions as a thermoelectric conversion material.
- metal semiconductors include Si semiconductors and Ge semiconductors.
- tellurium compound semiconductors include Bi—Te compounds (eg, Bi 2 Te 3 , Sb 2 Te 3 , CsBi 4 Te 6 , Bi 2 Se 3 , Bi 0.4 Sb 1.6 Te 3 , Bi 2 (Se, Te ) 3 , (Bi, Sb) 2 (Te, Se) 3 , (Bi, Sb) 2 Te 3 , or Bi 2 Te 2.95 Se 0.05 ), Pb—Te compounds (e.g., PbTe, or Pb 1 -x Sn x Te), SnTe, Ge—Te, AgSbTe 2 , Ag—Sb—Ge—Te compounds (eg, GeTe—AgSbTe 2 (TAGS)), Ga 2 Te 3 , (Ga 1-x In x ) 2 Te 3 , Tl 2 Te—Ag 2 Te, Tl 2 Te—Cu 2 Te, Tl 2 Te—Sb 2 Te 3 , Tl 2 Te—Bi 2 Te 3 , Ti 2 Te
- silicon germanium (Si—Ge) compound semiconductors include Si x Ge 1-x and SiGe—GaP.
- Silicide compound semiconductors include ⁇ -FeSi 2 compounds (eg, ⁇ -FeSi 2 , Fe 1-x Mn x Si 2 , Fe 0.95 Mn 0.05 Si (2-y) Al y , FeSi (2-y ) Al y , Fe 1-y Co y Si 2 ), Mg 2 Si, MnSi 1.75-x , Ba 8 Si 46 , Ba 8 Ga 16 Si 30 or CrSi 2 .
- Skutterudite compound semiconductors have the formula TX 3 , where T is a transition metal selected from the group consisting of Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Rh, and Ir, and X is P, As, and Sb.
- a compound of formula RM 4 X 12 which is a derivative of said compound, wherein R is Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, is a rare earth element selected from the group consisting of Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu; M is selected from the group consisting of Fe, Ru, Os, and Co; Yb y Fe 4-x Co x Sb 12 , (CeFe 3 CoSb 12 ) 1-x (MoO 2 ) x or (CeFe 3 CoSb 12 ) 1-x (WO 2 ) x may be mentioned.
- the clathrate compound semiconductor is represented by the formula M 8 X 46 (M is selected from the group consisting of Ca, Sr, Ba, and Eu, and X is selected from the group consisting of Si, Ge, and Sn).
- M is selected from the group consisting of Ca, Sr, Ba, and Eu
- X is selected from the group consisting of Si, Ge, and Sn.
- a compound of the formula (II) 8 (III) 16 (IV) 30 which is a derivative of said compound, wherein II is a group II element, III is a group III element, and IV is a group IV element ) can be mentioned.
- Examples of the compound of formula (II) 8 (III) 16 (IV) 30 include Ba 8 Ga x Ge 46-x , Ba 8-x (Sr,Eu) x Au 6 Ge 40 , or Ba 8-x Eu x Cu 6 Si 40 ).
- Heusler compound semiconductors include Fe 2 VAl, (Fe 1-x Re x ) 2 VAl, and Fe 2 (V 1-xy Ti x Ta y )Al.
- Half-Heusler compound semiconductors include compounds represented by the formula MSiSn (wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, and Hf), and formula MNiSn (wherein M is Ti or Zr).
- compounds of the formula MCoSb wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, and Hf, or compounds of the formula LnPdX, wherein Ln consists of La, Gd, and Er and X is Bi or Sb).
- Metal oxide semiconductors include In 2 O 3 —SnO 2 , (CaBi)MnO 3 , Ca(Mn, In)O 3 , Na x V 2 O 5 , V 2 O 5 , ZnMnGaO 4 and derivatives thereof, LaRhO 3 , LaNiO3 , SrTiO3 , SrTiO3 : Nb , Bi2Sr2Co2Oy , NaxCoO2 , NaCo2O4 , CaPd3O4 , formula CaaM1bCocM2dAge _ Of (wherein M 1 is selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Li, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Sr, Ba, Al, Bi, Y and rare earths) and M2 is one or two elements selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Mo, W, Nb, Ta and Bi.
- Organic semiconductors can include organic perovskites, polyanilines, polyacetylenes, polythiophenes, polyalkylthiophenes, or polypyrroles.
- Sulfide semiconductors may include Ag 2 S, ZnS, CdS, or ZnS.
- thermoelectric conversion compounds include alloys containing Co and Sb (eg CoSb 3 , CeFe 3 CoSb 12 , CeFe 4 CoSb 12 or YbCo 4 Sb 12 ), alloys containing Zn and Sb (eg ZnSb, Zn 3 Sb 2 or Zn 4 Sb 3 ), alloys containing Bi and Sb (e.g. Bi 88 Sb 12 ), CeInCu 2 , (Cu, Ag) 2 Se, Gd 2 Se 3 , CeRhAs, or CeFe 4 Sb 12 , Li 7.9 B 105 , BaB 6 , SrB 6 , CaB 6 , AlPdRe compounds (e.g.
- the first portion may further have an electron transport material in addition to the first semiconductor.
- An electron-transporting material is located opposite the contact surface with the second portion of the semiconductor.
- Electron transport materials include semiconductors or metals.
- the electron conduction band potential of the electron transport material is the same as or positive to the conduction band potential of the semiconductor (first semiconductor) that generates thermally excited electrons and holes.
- Electron transport materials can include semiconductors or metals. Specific electron transport materials include, for example, N-type metal oxides containing at least one selected from the group consisting of niobium, titanium, zinc, tin, vanadium, indium, tungsten, tantalum, zirconium, molybdenum and manganese, N-type metal sulfides, alkali metal halides, alkali metals, or electron-transporting organics can be mentioned.
- More specific examples include titanium oxide, tungsten oxide, zinc oxide, niobium oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, gallium oxide, tin sulfide, indium sulfide, zinc sulfide , or SrTiO3.
- Examples of electron-transporting organic substances include N-type conductive polymers, N-type low-molecular-weight organic semiconductors, ⁇ -electron conjugated compounds, surfactants, and specific examples include oxadiazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, perylene derivatives, or quinolinol metal complex, cyano group-containing polyphenylene vinylene, boron-containing polymer, bathocuproine, bathophenanthrene, hydroxyquinolinato aluminum, oxadiazole compound, benzimidazole compound, naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid compound, perylene derivative, phosphine oxide compound, phosphine sulfide compound , fluoro group-containing phthalocyanines, fullerenes and derivatives thereof, phenylene vinylene polymers, and perylene tetracarboxylic acid imide derivatives.
- the potential difference between the electron conduction band potential of the electron transport material and the conduction band potential of the first semiconductor is not limited as long as the effects of the present invention can be obtained, but is preferably 0.01 to 1 V, It is more preferably 0.01 to 0.5V, still more preferably 0.01 to 0.3V, and most preferably 0.05 to 0.2V.
- the potential difference between the conduction band potential of n-type silicon, ie, the electronic conduction band potential, relative to the conduction band potential of ⁇ -FeSi 2 is about 0.01V.
- the conduction band potential of the first semiconductor and the electron conduction band potential of the electron-transporting material have been measured, one skilled in the art can select the appropriate electron-transporting material for the first semiconductor in the first portion according to the values of those potentials. It can be selected as appropriate.
- materials with unknown conduction band potentials of semiconductors and electronic conduction band potentials of electron transport materials their potentials can be measured, for example, by electrochemical measurements or reverse photoelectron spectroscopy XPS. Therefore, a person skilled in the art can appropriately select an appropriate electron transport material according to the first semiconductor in the first portion used in the thermoelectric generator.
- the first semiconductor in the first portion can be produced by, for example, a squeegee method, a screen printing method, a discharge plasma sintering method, a compression molding method, a sputtering method, a vacuum deposition method, or a spin coating method.
- the first semiconductor can be fabricated by dispersing ⁇ -FeSi 2 in a polar solvent such as acetone and spin-coating the solution onto the electron-transporting material or the second portion.
- ⁇ -FeSi 2 is prepared by a discharge plasma sintering method, and the obtained ⁇ -FeSi 2 powder and a conductive binder (for example, a high temperature conductive coating) are combined with the electron transport material or the second You can squeegee in parts.
- the electron transport material can also be produced by, for example, a squeegee method, a screen printing method, a sputtering method, a vacuum deposition method, a single crystal growth method, or a spin coating method.
- the electron transport material can be produced by dissolving the oxadiazole derivative in a polar solvent such as acetone and applying the solution to the substrate or the first semiconductor by spin coating.
- n-type silicon which will be described later, can be obtained by a single crystal growth method, and the first semiconductor can be laminated using this n-type silicon as a substrate.
- the first part constituting the thermoelectric power generation element of the present invention contains other components as long as the first semiconductor can generate a sufficient number of thermally excited electrons and holes for power generation by being given an appropriate temperature.
- the components include, but are not limited to, binders (polyvinyl alcohol, methyl cellulose, acrylic resin, agar, etc.), sintering aids (magnesium oxide, yttrium oxide, calcium oxide, etc.) that help mold the first semiconductor. can be mentioned.
- the solvent used in the manufacturing process may remain.
- the first portion used in the present invention substantially functions as a thermoelectric conversion layer.
- the second portion is not particularly limited as long as it contains an electrolyte through which charge-transporting ion pairs can move.
- Electrolytes include, for example, solid electrolytes and electrolyte solutions.
- the electrolyte is not limited as long as it can transport two ions of the charge transport ion pair. That is, the electrolyte contained in the second part has an oxidation-reduction potential at an appropriate position with respect to the valence band potential of the first semiconductor used in the thermoelectric power generation element, and the charge-transporting ion pair can move back and forth in the electrolyte. As long as it is not particularly limited.
- the electrolyte is preferably physically and chemically stable at a temperature at which the first semiconductor generates a sufficient number of thermally excited electrons and holes for power generation.
- the electrolyte may be a solid electrolyte or an electrolyte solution (liquid electrolyte) depending on the mode.
- the electrolyte may be in the form of an electrolyte solution (liquid electrolyte) or in the form of a solid electrolyte, depending on the difference in temperature. That is, the compound contained in the electrolyte solution (liquid electrolyte) overlaps with the compound contained in the solid electrolyte.
- the electrolyte includes a molten salt, an ionic liquid, a deep eutectic solvent, or the like.
- Molten salt means a salt composed of cations and anions and is in a molten state.
- molten salts those having a relatively low melting point (for example, those having a melting point of 100° C. or lower or 150° C. or lower) ) is referred to as an ionic liquid, but in this specification, a molten salt in a solid state is referred to as a solid electrolyte, and a molten salt in a solution state is referred to as an electrolytic solution (liquid electrolyte).
- electrolyte solutions liquid electrolytes
- solid electrolytes solid electrolytes
- molten salts are given below, but these may overlap.
- the electrolyte solution is in solution (liquid) at a temperature at which the semiconductor of the first portion generates a sufficient number of thermally excited electrons and holes to generate electricity.
- electrolyte solutions include, but are not limited to, methoxide ions, hydrogen ions, ammonium ions, pyridinium ions, lithium ions, sodium ions, potassium ions, calcium ions, magnesium ions, aluminum ions, and iron ions. , copper ion, zinc ion, cobalt ion, fluoride ion, cyanide ion, thiocyanate ion, chloride ion, acetate ion, sulfate ion, carbonate ion, phosphate ion, bicarbonate ion, and bromide ion.
- the solid electrolyte employs a solid state within which charge transport ion pairs can migrate at temperatures at which the semiconductor of the first portion generates a sufficient number of thermally excited electrons and holes to generate electricity.
- a high-temperature solid electrolyte it can be used for a thermoelectric power generating element using a thermoelectric power generating element body that generates thermally excited electrons and holes at a high temperature.
- solid electrolytes include, but are not limited to, sodium ion conductors, copper ion conductors, lithium ion conductors, silver ion conductors, hydrogen ion conductors, strontium ion conductors, and aluminum ion conductors.
- Solid electrolytes include, for example, RbAg 4 I 5 , Li 3 N, Na 2 O.11Al 2 O 3 , Sr- ⁇ alumina, Al(WO 4 ) 3 , PbF 2 , PbCl 2 and (ZrO 2 ).
- a molten salt can be used as the solid electrolyte or electrolyte solution.
- thermoelectric generators used at relatively low temperatures
- ionic liquids it is also possible to use ionic liquids. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) can be used as the ionic liquid.
- DES Deep eutectic solvents
- the electrolyte in the present invention functions as a hole transport material.
- charge transport ion pair refers to two stable ions having different valences, one of which is oxidized or reduced to become the other ion, which can carry electrons and holes. means pair. They may be ions of the same element with different valences.
- copper ions monovalent copper ions and divalent copper ions are preferred, and in the case of iron ions, divalent iron ions and trivalent iron ions are preferred.
- monovalent copper ions for example, CuCl, CuBr, copper(I) acetate, copper(I) iodide or copper(I) sulfate can be used.
- CuCl 2 , CuTSFI 2 , copper(II) acetate, copper(II) sulfate or copper(II) acetylacetonate can be used as divalent copper ions.
- Fe(C 5 H 5 ) 2 (ferrocene), K 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ], iron (II) acetylacetonate, iron (II) chloride, iron (II) sulfate or iron acetate ( II) can be used.
- FeCl 3 , K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ], iron(III) acetylacetonate or iron(III) sulfate can be used as trivalent iron ions.
- the ions that are more easily oxidized out of the two ions undergo an oxidation reaction, and at the interface between the third portion and the second portion, the ions that are more easily oxidized A reduction reaction of the easily reducible ions occurs.
- the valence band potential of the first semiconductor in the first portion is more positive than the redox potential of the charge transport ion pair in the second portion. Therefore, at the interface between the first part and the second part (electrolyte) of the present invention, the more oxidizable ion of the charge-transporting ion pair is oxidized to become the other ion.
- the potential difference between the redox potential of the charge-transporting ion pair in the electrolyte and the valence charge potential of the thermoelectric conversion material is not limited as long as the effects of the present invention can be obtained, but is preferably 0 to 1.0V. Yes, more preferably 0.05 to 0.5V, still more preferably 0.05 to 0.3V.
- the potential difference between the redox potential of CuZr 2 (PO 4 ) 3 (Cusicon, a copper ion conductor) relative to the valence band potential of ⁇ -FeSi 2 is about 0.05V.
- thermoelectric conversion material For those for which the redox potential of the charge-transporting ion pair and the valence charge potential of the thermoelectric conversion material have been measured, those skilled in the art will be able to select suitable ions for the thermoelectric conversion material according to their redox potential and valence charge potential values. can be selected as appropriate, and an electrolyte in which the ions can move can be selected. Also, for materials in which the valence band potential of the first semiconductor and the redox potential of the charge-transporting ion pair are unknown, the valence band potential of the first semiconductor and the redox potential of the ions can be measured. Accordingly, a person skilled in the art can appropriately select a suitable charge-transporting ion-pair electrolyte depending on the selected first semiconductor.
- the heat-utilizing battery of the present invention preferably contains alkali metal ions as an additive in the second part (Patent Document 4).
- Alkali metal ions include lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, or francium ions, with lithium, sodium, or potassium ions being preferred.
- the alkali metal ions may be added to the electrolyte in the form of, for example, but not limited to, halides, perchlorates (eg, LiClO 4 ), sulfates, or strong acid salts.
- the alkali metal compound can be used in various forms as long as it does not degrade the solvent.
- Halogens that form halides with alkali metal ions include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine.
- Examples of compounds of alkali metal ions and chlorine include LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, or FrCl.
- the amount of the alkali metal compound to be added is not particularly limited as long as the battery life can be extended. to 10 parts by weight, more preferably 0.03 to 0.1 parts by weight. Within the above range, a particularly excellent effect of extending the battery life can be obtained.
- the second part can contain components other than the solid electrolyte or electrolyte solution.
- the components include, but are not limited to, a polar solvent (water, methanol, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, etc.) that dissolves or disperses the electrolyte when producing the second part, a binder that binds the electrolyte (polyvinyl alcohol , methyl cellulose, acrylic resin, agar, etc.), and sintering aids (magnesium oxide, yttrium oxide, calcium oxide, etc.) that help mold the hole-transmitting material.
- a polar solvent water, methanol, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, etc.
- a binder that binds the electrolyte polyvinyl alcohol , methyl cellulose, acrylic resin, agar, etc.
- sintering aids magnesium oxide, yttrium oxide, calcium oxide, etc.
- the second part can be produced by, for example, a squeegee method, a screen printing method, a sputtering method, a vacuum deposition method, a sol-gel method, or a spin coating method.
- a squeegee method a screen printing method, a sputtering method, a vacuum deposition method, a sol-gel method, or a spin coating method.
- CuZr 2 (PO 4 ) 3 is made by a sol-gel method.
- the resulting sol can be prepared as a second part by the squeegee method.
- the electrolyte is an electrolyte solution (liquid electrolyte)
- the second portion is in the liquid phase.
- the second portion in the thermoelectric power generation element is preferably prepared during fabrication of the thermoelectric power generation device, thermobattery, or thermoelectric power generation module. That is, the second part can be produced by providing a tank for holding an electrolytic solution (liquid electrolyte).
- the third portion is not particularly limited as long as it contains a substance that serves as an electrode.
- the material for the electrode is not limited as long as it can transport electrons, but examples include fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide ( AZO), gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ), tin oxide (SnO 2 ), IZO (In—Zn—O), or IGZO (In—Ga—Zn -O).
- FTO fluorine-doped tin oxide
- ITO tin-doped indium oxide
- ATO antimony-doped tin oxide
- AZO aluminum-doped zinc oxide
- GZO gallium-doped zinc oxide
- ZnO zinc oxide
- In 2 O 3 indium oxide
- metals that do not react with charge transport ion pairs such as titanium, gold, platinum, silver, copper, tin, tungsten, niobium, tantalum, stainless steel, aluminum, graphene, molybdenum, indium, vanadium, rhodium, niobium, chromium, nickel , carbon, alloys thereof or combinations thereof.
- the third portion may be provided as a layer or in the form of a wire. In the case of a layer, it can be manufactured by a vacuum deposition method, a spin coating method, or the like.
- the lower limit of L/IDT is 1 or more, preferably 1.5 or more, and more preferably 2 or more.
- the upper limit of L/IDT is 20 or less, preferably 15 or less, more preferably 10 or less, still more preferably 8 or less, and most preferably 5 or less. The lower limit and the upper limit can be appropriately combined.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows a plurality of specific embodiments of the thermoelectric generating element of the present invention.
- the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion can be layered (FIG. 2A).
- the thickness L of the second portion is "the shortest distance between the first and third portions”. It is also possible to arrange the first part, the second part and the third part on one plane, as shown in FIG. 2B. This arrangement is also included in laminating the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion in layers.
- the thickness L (width) of the second portion sandwiched between the first portion and the third portion is "the shortest distance between the first portion and the third portion".
- the first portion, the second portion, and the third portion may be arranged concentrically (FIGS. 2C and 2D).
- the first portion can be centered, the second portion can be arranged around it, and the third portion can be arranged around it.
- the third portion can be centrally located, with the second portion located therearound, and the first portion located therearound.
- the thickness L of the second portion (the thickness of the thinnest portion) between the first portion and the third portion is "the shortest distance between the first portion and the third portion".
- the thermoelectric generating element of the present invention can have the second portion arranged in a T shape, as shown in FIG. 2E.
- the second portion may be arranged so that the portion below the T-shape is sandwiched between the first portion and the third portion.
- the thickness L of the lower second portion sandwiched between the first portion and the third portion is "the shortest distance between the first portion and the third portion”.
- These thicknesses L can be measured with a vernier caliper, a contact needle, an optical microscope, or the like.
- the "ion diffusion thickness” is a unique value that can be calculated from the redox ions, electrolyte, and temperature of the second portion. However, since different models may calculate different values, it is preferable to determine by measurement.
- the "ion diffusion thickness" can be measured as follows. AC impedance measurement is performed on a thermoelectric generator (battery) having a first portion, a second portion, and a third portion. Plotting the measured value of the AC impedance results in a graph of, for example, a shape in which a semicircle and curves are combined, or a shape in which curves are combined, as shown in FIG. From this plotted graph, a fitting equation for the equivalent circuit is created.
- the ion diffusion thickness IDT (corresponding to " ⁇ " in the formula below) is calculated.
- R gas constant
- T temperature
- n number of reaction electrons
- F Faraday constant
- c bulk bulk concentration of electrolyte ions
- j imaginary number
- ⁇ frequency
- D diffusion coefficient
- ⁇ ion diffusion thickness
- the value of "L/IDT" can be calculated from the shortest distance L between the first and third portions and the ion diffusion thickness IDT.
- thermoelectric generator, thermoelectric battery, and thermoelectric module of the present invention contain the thermoelectric element of the present invention, and preferably contain a negative electrode outside the first portion.
- the electron-transporting material of the thermoelectric generator used in the thermoelectric generator, thermoelectric battery, and thermoelectric module of the present invention can serve as a negative electrode, and the third portion serves as a positive electrode as described above. . Note that the second part can also serve as the positive electrode without the third part.
- thermoelectric power generation battery includes the thermoelectric power generation element of the present invention, and the first semiconductor of the thermoelectric power generation element is given a temperature capable of generating thermally excited electrons and holes to generate power. means
- Thermoelectric power generation can be performed using the thermoelectric power generation device, thermoelectric power generation battery, and thermoelectric power generation module of the present invention.
- power can be generated by a step of installing the thermoelectric power generation module or the like at a heat generating place and a step of heating the thermoelectric power generation module with heat to generate electric power.
- the thermoelectric power generation module of the present invention is installed at the place where heat is generated.
- the place where heat is generated is not particularly limited as long as it is a place where heat is generated at a temperature equal to or higher than the temperature at which a sufficient number of excited electrons and holes are generated in the thermoelectric conversion material.
- heat generating locations include geothermal heat generating locations and waste heat generating locations such as factories.
- Geothermal heat is not limited to heat in soil, but includes hot water or steam heated by geothermal heat.
- geothermal heat includes hot water or steam from geothermally heated seas, lakes, or rivers.
- Exhaust heat is not particularly limited, but examples include exhaust heat from steel furnaces, waste incinerators, substations, subways, and automobiles.
- waste heat from iron and steel furnaces and waste incineration plants which have a large amount of energy, is released without utilizing the energy, and is preferably reused by the thermoelectric power generation method of the present invention.
- the thermoelectric power generation element of the present invention can generate power even at low temperatures (for example, room temperature) and can be used in various devices that are used at room temperature.
- thermoelectric power generation module of the present invention In the electric power generation process, electric power is generated by heating the thermoelectric power generation module of the present invention.
- the heat generated from the heat generating site heats the thermoelectric conversion material of the thermoelectric power generation module to a temperature higher than the temperature at which a sufficient number of excited electrons and holes are generated for power generation, thereby generating electric power from the thermoelectric power generation module. be able to.
- the temperature for power generation is a temperature at which the thermal excitation electron density is preferably 10 15 /m 3 , more preferably 10 18 /m 3 or higher, and still more preferably 10 20 /m 3 or higher. and most preferably 10 22 /m 3 or more.
- the temperature for power generation basically varies depending on the first semiconductor, but a person skilled in the art can appropriately determine the temperature for power generation based on the common technical knowledge in the field to which the present invention belongs and the description in this specification.
- the power generation temperature in the present invention is preferably a temperature at which charge transport ion pairs can move back and forth in the electrolyte. Although the specific temperature is not limited, it is, for example, 5° C. or higher, preferably 10° C.
- the temperature at which the thermoelectric power generation element of the present invention actually generates power is the temperature at which a sufficient number of thermally excited electrons and holes are generated for power generation of the first semiconductor in the first portion.
- L/IDT where L is the "shortest distance between the first part and the third part" and IDT is the "ion diffusion thickness
- the shortest distance L and the ion diffusion thickness IDT between the first portion and the third portion can be measured and calculated according to the description in the section "[1] Thermoelectric power generating element and thermoelectric power generating battery".
- R gas constant, T: temperature, n: number of reaction electrons, F: Faraday constant, c bulk : bulk concentration of electrolyte ions, j: imaginary number, ⁇ : frequency, D: diffusion coefficient, ⁇ : ion diffusion thickness
- L/IDT where L is the "shortest distance
- the calculated value differs depending on the model of the thermoelectric power generation element that is the basis of the calculation. Therefore, by measuring the AC impedance of an actually fabricated thermoelectric power generation element and creating a fitting equation for an equivalent circuit, obtaining the ion diffusion thickness IDT from the measured value reflects the actual ion diffusion thickness. Conceivable.
- the short-circuit current is improved and / or Improvements in battery characteristics such as improved discharge capacity are observed.
- the lower limit of L/IDT is 1 or more, in one aspect it is 1.5 or more, and in another aspect it is 2 or more.
- the upper limit of the L/IDT is 20 or less, in one embodiment it is 15 or less, in another embodiment it is 10 or less, in another embodiment it is 8 or less, and in another embodiment it is 5 or less.
- the lower limit and the upper limit can be appropriately combined.
- the shortest distance L between the first portion and the third portion is adjusted so that the L/IDT falls within the range.
- thermoelectric power generation element exhibits excellent battery characteristics by setting L/IDT within an appropriate range.
- a sheet-type battery was fabricated using n-Si/Ge as the first part, PEG and CuCl, CuCl 2 and LiCl as the second part, and FTO as the third part.
- As the first part an n-Si/Ge substrate with a size of 1.5 cm ⁇ 2.5 cm was prepared.
- a 1.5 ⁇ 2.5 cm FTO transparent electrode was prepared as the third part.
- As the electrolyte of the second part polyethylene glycol (PEG) was mixed with CuCl, CuCl 2 and LiCl at 0.5 mmol/PEG (g), 0.5 mmol/PEG (g) and 0.6 mmol/PEG (g), respectively. Mixed.
- the electrolyte of the second part was dropped on the FTO transparent electrode of the third part, and the n-Si/Ge substrate of the first part was further laminated to fabricate the sheet-type battery shown in the schematic diagram of FIG. 4(A).
- the distance between the first portion and the third portion was 85 ⁇ m, 114 ⁇ m, 228 ⁇ m, and 342 ⁇ m, and four sheet-type batteries were produced. Battery characteristics were measured at 80° C. for the obtained four batteries. The results are shown in FIG. 4(B). When the distance between the electrodes was widened, the open-circuit voltage decreased and re-discharge did not occur.
- Example 2 comb cells were fabricated using Ge as the first part, PEG and CuCl, CuCl2, and LiCl as the second part, and Pt as the third part.
- a Ge electrode as a first portion and a Pt electrode as a third portion were sputtered in a comb shape on a quartz substrate.
- PEG was mixed with CuCl, CuCl 2 , and LiCl at 0.5 mmol/PEG (g), 0.5 mmol/PEG (g), and 0.6 mmol/PEG (g), respectively.
- a second portion was added dropwise (Fig. 5A).
- the comb-shaped electrode width was 2 ⁇ m. Battery characteristics were measured at installation temperatures of 80° C. and room temperature.
- FIG. 5D The temperature variation of the ion diffusion thickness is shown in FIG. 5D.
- the ion diffusion thickness becomes smaller as the temperature becomes lower.
- the temperature at 30° C. was slightly larger.
- FIG. 6 shows the relationship between the short-circuit current and L/IDT. Electricity was not generated unless the shortest distance between the first portion and the third portion was 0.5 times or more the ion diffusion thickness of the transport ion pair. In addition, power generation was weaker even at 20 times or more.
- Example 3>> a sheet-type battery was fabricated using n-Si/Ge as the first part, PEG and CuCl, CuCl 2 and LiCl as the second part, and FTO as the third part. The operation of Example 1 was repeated to produce four sheet-type batteries.
- comb cells were fabricated using Ge as the first part, PEG and CuCl, CuCl2, and LiCl as the second part, and Pt as the third part.
- Two comb cells were fabricated by repeating the procedure of Example 2 except that the distance between the electrodes was 2 ⁇ m or 5 ⁇ m.
- Example 5 comb cells were fabricated using Ge as the first part, PEG and CuCl, CuCl2, and LiCl as the second part, and Pt as the third part.
- the operation of Example 4 was repeated to fabricate two comb-shaped cells with an inter-electrode distance of 2 ⁇ m or 5 ⁇ m. Even if the number of times of discharge increased at room temperature, the open-circuit voltage value was maintained (Fig. 8B).
- the electrode width of 5 ⁇ m resulted in a longer discharge time even when the number of discharges increased (FIG. 8A).
- the number of times of each discharge was measured by turning off the circuit switch after the end of the discharge, and turning on the switch again after the voltage became stable for 1 hour.
- the operation of "Measuring L/IDT" was repeated to calculate L/IDT.
- FIG. 8C shows the relationship between L/IDT and discharge time. When L/IDT was 1 to 20, the discharge time was long.
- Example 6>> a sheet-type battery was fabricated using n-Si/Ge as the first portion, EC and NaI and I 2 as the second portion, and FTO as the third portion. Except that ethylene carbonate (EC), NaI and I 2 , were used as electrolytes in the second part at 0.5 mol/EC (g) and 0.05 mmol/EC (g), respectively.
- the operation of Example 1 was repeated to fabricate three sheet-type batteries having an inter-electrode distance of 114 ⁇ m and different polyiodine ion chain growth times of 0, 7, 14 and 19 days.
- FIG. 9 shows the relationship between the short-circuit current at 80° C. and L/IDT. When L/IDT was between 1 and 20, the short circuit current was high.
- Example 7 a sheet-type battery was fabricated using TiO 2 /Ag 2 S as the first part, DMSO and Cp(arene)Fe and LiClO 4 as the second part, and PtTi/PEN as the third part.
- TiO 2 /Ag 2 S As the first part, using 5 mmole Cp(arene)Fe/DMSO (g) and 0.4 moles LiClO 4 /DMSO (g) as the second part, PtTi/ Except for using PEN, the operation of Example 1 was repeated to fabricate two sheet-type batteries with an electrode-to-electrode distance of 113 ⁇ m, and the IDT was measured before and during discharge.
- FIG. 10 shows the relationship between the short-circuit current at 90° C. and L/IDT. When L/IDT was between 1 and 20, the short circuit current was high.
- Example 8>> a sheet cell was fabricated using n-Si/Ge as the first part, DMSO and NaI and I 2 as the second part, and FTO as the third part. 0.25 mole NaI/DMSO (g) and 0.025 mole I2 /DMSO (g); 0.5 mole NaI/DMSO (g) and 0.05 mole I2 /DMSO (g); or 1.0 mole NaI/DMSO (g) as second portion ) and 0.1 mole I 2 /DMSO (g), the procedure of Example 1 was repeated to fabricate three sheet-type batteries with an electrode-to-electrode distance of 114 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 11 shows the relationship between the capacitance at 80° C. and L/IDT. When L/IDT was 1 to 20, the electric capacity was high.
- Example 9 the influence of the shortest distance between the first portion and the third portion on the dischargeable temperature of the thermoelectric generating element of the present invention was examined.
- a second portion was prepared by mixing 0.05 mol/L (PEGDME) and 0.5 mol/L (PEGDME) of I 2 and NaI in PEGDME, respectively.
- a Ge electrode as a first portion and a Pt electrode as a third portion were dropped on a quartz substrate by sputtering comb-shaped electrodes at intervals of 2 ⁇ m.
- a 1.5 cm x 2.5 cm size n-Si/Ge substrate is used as the first part, a 1.5 x 2.5 cm FTO transparent electrode is used as the third part, and the second part is sandwiched with a thickness of 114 ⁇ m. was measured while maintaining at 30° C. and 80° C. (FIG. 12). (diffusion distance 48.6, distance between electrodes 114 ⁇ m)
- thermoelectric generating element of the present invention and the thermoelectric generating module containing the same can be used for batteries, small portable power generators, geothermal power generation, thermoelectric power generation using exhaust heat from automobiles, and waste disposal such as substations, steel furnaces, or garbage incinerators. It can be used for thermoelectric power generation using heat (exhaust heat).
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Abstract
Description
従って、本発明の目的は、優れた電池特性を有する熱電発電池を提供することである。
本発明は、こうした知見に基づくものである。
従って、本発明は、
[1]熱励起電子及び正孔を生成する半導体を含む第1部分、電荷輸送イオン対が移動できる電解質を含む第2部分、及び電極となる物質を含む第3部分が、この順番で接しており、前記第1部分の半導体の価電子帯電位が前記電荷輸送イオン対の酸化還元電位よりも正であり、前記第1部分及び前記第2部分の界面で前記2つのイオンのうち、より酸化されやすいイオンの酸化反応が生じ、前記第3部分及び前記第2部分の界面で前記2つのイオンのうち、より還元されやすいイオンの還元反応が生じる、温度勾配を必要としない熱電発電素子であって、下記式(I):L/IDT=1~20(I)(式中、Lは、「第1部分及び第3部分の最短距離」であり、そしてIDTは、「イオン拡散厚」である)を満たす、温度勾配を必要としない熱電発電素子、
[2]前記第1部分、第2部分、及び第3部分が層状である、[1]に記載の熱電発電素子、
[3]前記第1部分、第2部分、及び第3部分が、同心円状に位置する、[1]に記載の熱電発電素子、
[4][1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の熱電発電素子を含む熱電発電装置、
[5][1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の熱電発電素子を含む熱電発電池、
[6][1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の熱電発電素子を含む熱電発電モジュール、及び
[7]熱励起電子及び正孔を生成する半導体を含む第1部分、電荷輸送イオン対が移動できる電解質を含む第2部分、及び電極となる物質を含む第3部分が、この順番で接しており、前記第1部分の半導体の価電子帯電位が前記電荷輸送イオン対の酸化還元電位よりも正であり、前記第1部分及び前記第2部分の界面で前記2つのイオンのうち、より酸化されやすいイオンの酸化反応が生じ、前記第3部分及び前記第2部分の界面で前記2つのイオンのうち、より還元されやすいイオンの還元反応が生じる、温度勾配を必要としない熱電発電素子において、L/IDT(ここで、Lは、「第1部分及び第3部分の最短距離」であり、そしてIDTは、「イオン拡散厚」である)の値を1~20とすることを特徴とする、発電の安定化方法、
に関する。
本発明の熱電発電素子は、熱励起電子及び正孔を生成する半導体を含む第1部分、電荷輸送イオン対が移動できる電解質を含む第2部分、及び電極となる物質を含む第3部分が、この順番で接しており、前記第1部分の半導体の価電子帯電位が前記電荷輸送イオン対の酸化還元電位よりも正であり、前記第1部分及び前記第2部分の界面で前記2つのイオンのうち、より酸化されやすいイオンの酸化反応が生じ、前記第3部分及び前記第2部分の界面で前記2つのイオンのうち、より還元されやすいイオンの還元反応が生じる、温度勾配を必要としない熱電発電素子であって、下記式(I):
L/IDT=1~20 (I)
(式中、Lは、「第1部分及び第3部分の最短の距離」であり、そしてIDTは、「イオン拡散厚」である)
を満たす。
前記第1部分は、熱励起電子及び正孔を生成する半導体(以下、第1半導体と称することがある)を含む限りにおいて、特に限定されるものではない。熱励起電子及び正孔を生成する半導体は、熱電変換材料である。前記半導体の価電子帯電位は前記電荷輸送イオン対の酸化還元電位よりも正である。従って、本発明の第1部分と第2部分との界面では、電荷輸送イオン対のうちより酸化されやすいイオンが酸化され、他方のイオンとなる。第2部分内の電荷輸送イオン対の酸化還元電位と半導体の価電子帯電位との電位差は、本発明の効果が得られる限りにおいて限定されるものではないが、好ましくは0~1.0Vであり、より好ましくは0.05~0.5Vであり、更に好ましくは0.05~0.3Vである。例えば、β-FeSi2の価電子帯電位に対するCuZr2(PO4)3(Cusicon、銅イオン伝導体)の酸化還元電位の電位差は約0.05Vである。
電荷輸送イオン対の酸化還元電位及び半導体の価電子帯電位が測定されているものについては、当業者はそれらの酸化還元電位及び価電子帯電位の値に従って、半導体に対する適当なイオンを適宜選択し、当該イオンが移動可能な電解質を選択することができる。また、半導体の価電子帯電位及び電荷輸送イオン対の酸化還元電位が不明な材料については、半導体の価電子帯電位及びイオンの酸化還元電位を測定することが可能である。従って、当業者であれば選択された半導体に応じて、適切な電荷輸送イオン対電解質を適宜選択することができる。
前記第1半導体は、適当な温度を付与されることにより熱励起電子及び正孔を生成できる限りにおいて、特に限定されるものではないが、例えば、金属半導体、テルル化合物半導体、シリコンゲルマニウム(Si-Ge)化合物半導体、シリサイド化合物半導体、スクッテルダイト化合物半導体、クラスレート化合物半導体、ホイスラー化合物半導体、ハーフホイスラー化合物半導体、金属酸化物半導体、有機半導体、硫化物半導体、及びその他の半導体を挙げることができる。本発明に用いる半導体は熱電変換材料として機能するものである。
金属半導体としては、Si半導体、Ge半導体を挙げることができる。
テルル化合物半導体としては、Bi-Te化合物(例えば、Bi2Te3、Sb2Te3、CsBi4Te6、Bi2Se3、Bi0.4Sb1.6Te3、Bi2(Se,Te)3、(Bi,Sb)2(Te,Se)3、(Bi,Sb)2Te3、又はBi2Te2.95Se0.05)、Pb-Te化合物(例えば、PbTe、又はPb1-xSnxTe)、SnTe、Ge-Te、AgSbTe2、Ag-Sb-Ge-Te化合物(例えば、GeTe-AgSbTe2(TAGS))、Ga2Te3、(Ga1-xInx)2Te3、Tl2Te-Ag2Te、Tl2Te-Cu2Te、Tl2Te-Sb2Te3、Tl2Te-Bi2Te3、Ti2Te-GeTe、Ag8Tl2Te5、Ag9TlTe5、Tl9BiTe6、Tl9SbTe6、Tl9CuTe5、Tl4SnTe3、Tl4PbTe3、又はTl0.02Pb0.98Teを挙げることができる。
シリコンゲルマニウム(Si-Ge)化合物半導体としては、SixGe1-x、又はSiGe-GaPを挙げることができる。
シリサイド化合物半導体としては、β-FeSi2化合物(例えば、β-FeSi2、Fe1-xMnxSi2、Fe0.95Mn0.05Si(2-y)Aly、FeSi(2-y)Aly、Fe1-yCoySi2)、Mg2Si、MnSi1.75-x、Ba8Si46、Ba8Ga16Si30、又はCrSi2を挙げることができる。
スクッテルダイト化合物半導体としては、式TX3(式中、TはCo、Fe、Ru、Os、Rh、及びIrからなる群から選択される遷移金属であり、XはP、As、及びSbからなる群から選択されるプニクトゲンである)で表される化合物、前記化合物の派生物である式RM4X12(式中、RはSc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Pm、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、及びLuからなる群から選択される希土類であり、MはFe、Ru、Os、及びCoからなる群から選択され、XはP、As、及びSbからなる群から選択される)で表される化合物、YbyFe4-xCoxSb12、(CeFe3CoSb12)1-x(MoO2)x又は(CeFe3CoSb12)1-x(WO2)xを挙げることができる。
クラスレート化合物半導体としては、式M8X46(Mは、Ca、Sr、Ba、及びEuからなる群から選択され、XはSi、Ge、及びSnからなる群から選択される)で表される化合物、前記化合物の派生物である式(II)8(III)16(IV)30(式中、IIはII族元素であり、IIIはIII族元素であり、IVはIV属元素である)で表される化合物を挙げることができる。前記式(II)8(III)16(IV)30の化合物としては、例えば、Ba8GaxGe46-x、Ba8-x(Sr,Eu)xAu6Ge40、又はBa8-xEuxCu6Si40)を挙げることができる。
ホイスラー化合物半導体としては、Fe2VAl、(Fe1-xRex)2VAl、又はFe2(V1-x-yTixTay)Alを挙げることができる。
ハーフホイスラー化合物半導体としては、式MSiSn(式中、MはTi、Zr、及びHfからなる群から選択される)で表される化合物、式MNiSn(式中、MはTi又はZrである)で表される化合物、式MCoSb(式中、MはTi、Zr、及びHfからなる群から選択される)で表される化合物、又は式LnPdX(式中、LnはLa、Gd、及びErからなる群から選択され、XはBi又はSbである)で表される化合物を挙げることができる。
金属酸化物半導体としては、In2O3-SnO2、(CaBi)MnO3、Ca(Mn、In)O3、NaxV2O5、V2O5、ZnMnGaO4及びその派生物、LaRhO3、LaNiO3、SrTiO3、SrTiO3:Nb、Bi2Sr2Co2Oy、NaxCoO2、NaCo2O4、CaPd3O4、式CaaM1 bCocM2 dAgeOf(式中、M1はNa、K、Li、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Sr、Ba、Al、Bi、Y及び希土類から成る群から選択される一種又は二種以上の元素であり、M2は、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Mo、W、Nb、Ta及びBiから成る群から選択される一種又は二種の元素であり、2.2≦a≦3.6、0≦b≦0.8、2≦c≦4.5、0≦d≦2、0≦e≦0.8、8≦f≦10である)で表される化合物、ZnO、Na(Co,Cu)2O4、ZnAlO、Zn1-xAlxO、又はLa1.98Sr0.02CuO4を挙げることができる。
有機半導体としては、有機ペロブスカイト、ポリアニリン、ポリアセチレン、ポリチオフェン、ポリアルキルチオフェン、又はポリピロールを挙げることができる。
硫化物半導体としては、Ag2S、ZnS、CdS、又はZnSを挙げることができる。
その他の熱電変換化合物としては、Co及びSbを含む合金(例えば、CoSb3、CeFe3CoSb12、CeFe4CoSb12、又はYbCo4Sb12)、Zn及びSbを含む合金(例えば、ZnSb、Zn3Sb2、又はZn4Sb3)、Bi及びSbを含む合金(例えば、Bi88Sb12)、CeInCu2、(Cu,Ag)2Se、Gd2Se3、CeRhAs、又はCeFe4Sb12、Li7.9B105、BaB6、SrB6、CaB6、AlPdRe化合物(例えば、Al71Pd20(Re1-xFex)9)、AlCuFe準結晶、Al82.6-xRe17.4Six1/1-立法近似結晶、YbAl3、YbMnxAl3、β-CuAgSe、B4C/Ba3C、(Ce1-xLax)Ni2、又は(Ce1-xLax)In3を挙げることができる。
第1半導体の伝導帯電位及び電子輸送材料の電子伝導帯電位が測定されているものについて、当業者は、それらの電位の値に従って、第1部分内の第1半導体に対する適切な電子輸送材料を適宜選択することができる。また、半導体の伝導帯電位及び電子輸送材料の電子伝導帯電位が不明な材料については、それらの電位を、例えば、電気化学測定や逆光電子分光法XPSによって、測定することが可能である。従って、当業者であれば熱電発電素子に用いる第1部分内の第1半導体に応じて、適切な電子輸送材料を適宜選択することができる。
また、前記電子輸送材料も、例えば、スキージ法、スクリーン印刷法、スパッタリング法、真空蒸着法、単結晶成長法、又はスピンコート法によって作製することができる。スピンコート法を用いる場合、オキサジアゾール誘導体をアセトンなどの極性溶媒に溶解し、その溶液を、基板又は前記第1半導体などにスピンコートすることにより、電子輸送材料を作製することができる。例えば、後述のn型シリコンは単結晶成長法によって得ることができ、このn型シリコンを基板として、第1半導体を積層することができる。
前記第2部分は、電荷輸送イオン対が移動できる電解質を含む限りにおいて、特に限定されるものではない。電解質としては、例えば、固体電解質又は電解質溶液が挙げられる。電解質は、電荷輸送イオン対の2つのイオンを輸送できる限りにおいて限定されるものではない。
すなわち、第2部分に含まれる電解質は、熱電発電素子に使用される第1半導体の価電子帯電位に対して、酸化還元電位が適当な位置にあり、電荷輸送イオン対が電解質内を行き来できる限りにおいて、特に限定されるものではない。なお、電解質は、第1半導体が発電に十分な数の熱励起電子及び正孔を生成する温度において、物理的及び化学的に安定であるものが好ましい。
電解質溶液は、第1部分の半導体が発電に十分な数の熱励起電子及び正孔を生成する温度において、溶液(液体)の状態のものを使用する。具体的には、電解質溶液として、限定されるものではないが、メトキシドイオン、水素イオン、アンモニウムイオン、ピリジニウムイオン、リチウムイオン、ナトリウムイオン、カリウムイオン、カルシウムイオン、マグネシウムイオン、アルミニウムイオン、鉄イオン、銅イオン、亜鉛イオン、コバルトイオン、フッ素イオン、シアン化物イオン、チオシアン酸イオン、塩化物イオン、酢酸イオン、硫酸イオン、炭酸イオン、リン酸イオン、炭酸水素イオン、臭素イオンを挙げることができる。
また、固体電解質又は電解質溶液として、溶融塩を用いることができる。比較的低温で用いる熱電発電素子の場合、イオン液体を用いることも可能である。イオン液体として、深共晶溶媒(Deep Eutectic Solvents:DES)を用いることができる。
溶融塩としては、イミダゾリウムカチオン、ピリジニウムカチオン、ピペリジニウムカチオン、ピロリジニウムカチオン、ホスホニウムカチオン、モルフォリニウムカチオン、スルホニウムカチオン及びアンモニウムカチオンからなる群から選択される少なくとも1つのカチオン、及びカルボン酸アニオン、スルホン酸アニオン、ハロゲンアニオン、テトラフルオロボレート、ヘキサフルオロホスフェート、ビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)イミド、及びビス(フルオロスルホニル)イミドからなる群から選択される少なくとも1つのアニオンを含むものを挙げることができる。本発明における電解質は、正孔伝達性材料として機能するものである。
例えば、銅イオンの場合、一価銅イオン及び二価銅イオンが好ましく、鉄イオンの場合、二価鉄イオン及び三価鉄イオンが好ましい。一価銅イオンとして、例えば、CuCl、CuBr、酢酸銅(I)、ヨウ化銅(I)又は硫酸銅(I)を用いることができる。二価銅イオンとして、CuCl2、CuTSFI2、酢酸銅(II)、硫酸銅(II)又は銅(II)アセチルアセトナートを用いることができる。二価鉄イオンとして、Fe(C5H5)2(フェロセン)、K4[Fe(CN)6]、鉄(II)アセチルアセトナート、塩化鉄(II)硫酸鉄(II)又は酢酸鉄(II)を用いることができる。三価鉄イオンとして、FeCl3、K3[Fe(CN)6]、鉄(III)アセチルアセトナート又は硫酸鉄(III)を用いることができる。
本発明においては、第1部分内の第1半導体の価電子帯電位が第2部分内の電荷輸送イオン対の酸化還元電位よりも正である。従って、本発明の第1部分及び第2部分(電解質)の界面では、電荷輸送イオン対のうちより酸化されやすいイオンが酸化され、他方のイオンとなる。電解質内の電荷輸送イオン対の酸化還元電位と熱電変換材料の価電子帯電位との電位差は、本発明の効果が得られる限りにおいて限定されるものではないが、好ましくは0~1.0Vであり、より好ましくは0.05~0.5Vであり、更に好ましくは0.05~0.3Vである。例えば、β-FeSi2の価電子帯電位に対するCuZr2(PO4)3(Cusicon、銅イオン伝導体)の酸化還元電位の電位差は約0.05Vである。
電荷輸送イオン対の酸化還元電位及び熱電変換材料の価電子帯電位が測定されているものについては、当業者はそれらの酸化還元電位及び価電子帯電位の値に従って、熱電変換材料に対する適当なイオンを適宜選択し、当該イオンが移動可能な電解質を選択することができる。また、第1半導体の価電子帯電位及び電荷輸送イオン対の酸化還元電位が不明な材料については、第1半導体の価電子帯電位及びイオンの酸化還元電位を測定することが可能である。従って、当業者であれば選択された第1半導体に応じて、適切な電荷輸送イオン対電解質を適宜選択することができる。
アルカリ金属イオンとハロゲン化物を形成するハロゲンとしては、フッ素、塩素、臭素、ヨウ素、アスタチンが挙げられる。例えば、アルカリ金属イオンと塩素との化合物としてLiCl、NaCl、KCl、RbCl、CsCl、又はFrClが挙げられる。
第3部分は、電極となる物質を含む限りにおいて、特に限定されるものではない。電極となる物質は、電子を輸送できる限りにおいて限定されるものではないが、例えば、フッ素ドープ酸化スズ(FTO)、スズドープ酸化インジウム(ITO)、アンチモンドープ酸化スズ(ATO)、アルミニウムドープ酸化亜鉛(AZO)、ガリウムドープ酸化亜鉛(GZO)、酸化亜鉛(ZnO)、酸化インジウム(In2O3)、酸化スズ(SnO2)、IZO(In-Zn-O)、又はIGZO(In-Ga-Zn-O)が挙げられる。また、電荷輸送イオン対と反応しない金属、例えば、チタン、金、白金、銀、銅、錫、タングステン、ニオブ、タンタル、ステンレス、アルミニウム、グラフェン、モリブデン、インジウム、バナジウム、ロジウム、ニオビウム、クロム、ニッケル、カーボン、それらの合金又はそれらの組合せを挙げることができる。第3部分は、層として設けてもよく、導線の態様で設けてもよい。層の場合、真空蒸着法又はスピンコート法などによって、製造することができる。
L/IDT=1~20 (I)
(式中、Lは、「第1部分及び第3部分の最短距離」であり、そしてIDTは、「イオン拡散厚」である)
を満たす。
前記L/IDTの下限は1以上であり、好ましくは1.5以上であり、より好ましくは2以上である。前記L/IDTの上限は20以下であり、好ましくは15以下であり、より好ましくは10以下であり、更に好ましくは8以下であり、最も好ましくは5以下である。前記下限と上限とは、適宜組み合わせることができる。
図2に、本発明の熱電発電素子の具体的な複数の実施態様を模式的に示す。例えば、本発明の熱電発電素子は、前記第1部分、第2部分、及び第3部分が層状に積層することができる(図2A)。この場合、第2部分の厚さLが「第1部分及び第3部分の最短距離」である。
図2Bに示すように、1つの平面上に前記第1部分、第2部分、及び第3部分を配置することもできる。この配置も前記第1部分、第2部分、及び第3部分が層状に積層するに含まれる。この場合、第1部分と第3部分とに挟まれた第2部分の厚さL(幅)が「第1部分及び第3部分の最短距離」である。
本発明の熱電発電素子は、前記第1部分、第2部分、及び第3部分が、同心円状に位置してもよい(図2C及びD)。例えば、図2Cに示すように、第1部分を中心に配置し、その周囲に第2部分を配置し、その周囲に第3部分を配置することができる。また、図2Dに示すように、第3部分を中心に配置し、その周囲に第2部分を配置し、その周囲に第1部分を配置することができる。いずれの場合も第1部分と第3部分との間の第2部分の厚さL(最も薄い部分の厚さ)が「第1部分及び第3部分の最短距離」である。
本発明の熱電発電素子は、図2Eに示すように、第2部分をT字型に配置することができる。すなわち、第1部分と第3部分との間に、第2部分のT字の下方の部分が挟まれるように配置すればよい。この場合、第1部分と第3部分との間に挟まれた下方の第2部分の厚さLが、「第1部分及び第3部分の最短距離」である。
これらの厚さLは、ノギス、接触針、又は光学顕微鏡等で測定することができる。
第1部分、第2部分、及び第3部分を有する熱電発電素子(電池)について、交流インピーダンス測定を実施する。交流インピーダンスの測定値をプロットすると、例えば、図3に示すような半円と曲線とが組み合わされた形状、又は曲線と曲線とが組み合わされた形状などのグラフとなる。このプロットしたグラフから、等価回路のフィッティング式を作成する。
得られたフィッティング式及び下記式(II)を用いて、イオン拡散厚IDT(下記の式中の「δ」に相当する)を計算する。
本明細書において「熱電発電池」とは、本発明の熱電発電素子を含み、熱電発電素子の第1半導体に、熱励起電子及び正孔を生成できる温度が付与されることにより、発電する電池を意味する。
熱電発電モジュール等設置工程においては、本発明の熱電発電モジュールを熱発生場所に設置する。熱発生場所は、熱電変換材料において、発電に十分な数の励起電子及び正孔を生成する温度以上の熱を発生する場所であれば、特に限定されない。熱発生場所としては、例えば、地熱発生場所、又は工場などの排熱発生場所を挙げることができる。地熱は、土壌中の熱に限るものではなく、地熱によって温められた熱水又は蒸気を含む。更に、地熱には、地熱によって温められた海、湖、又は河川などの熱水又は蒸気を含む。排熱は、特に限定されるものではないが、例えば、鉄鋼炉、ごみ焼却場、変電所、地下鉄、又は自動車などの排熱を挙げることができる。特に、大きなエネルギーを有する鉄鋼炉、またごみ焼却場の排熱は、そのエネルギーを利用することなく放出されており、本発明の熱電発電方法により再利用することが好ましい。
更に、本発明の熱電発電素子は、低温(例えば、室温)でも発電可能であり、室温で使用する様々なデバイスに用いることができる。
具体的な温度としては、限定されるものではないが、例えば、5℃以上であり、好ましくは10℃以上であり、より好ましくは20℃以上であり、更に好ましくは30℃以上である。温度の上限も電荷輸送イオン対が電解質内を行き来できる温度である限りにおいて、特に限定されるものではないが、例えば、1500℃以下であり、好ましくは1000℃以下である。
なお、本発明の熱電発電素子が実際に発電する温度は、第1部分内の第1半導体の発電に十分な数の熱励起電子及び正孔を生じる温度であることのほか、材料固有の電子移動のし易さや、第2部分との組み合わせによる第1部分との界面で電子移動のし易さによって決まるが、これらの条件はL/IDT=1~20である範囲が好ましい。
本発明の発電の安定化方法においては、熱励起電子及び正孔を生成する半導体を含む第1部分、電荷輸送イオン対が移動できる電解質を含む第2部分、及び電極となる物質を含む第3部分が、この順番で接しており、前記第1部分の半導体の価電子帯電位が前記電荷輸送イオン対の酸化還元電位よりも正であり、前記第1部分及び前記第2部分の界面で前記2つのイオンのうち、より酸化されやすいイオンの酸化反応が生じ、前記第3部分及び前記第2部分の界面で前記2つのイオンのうち、より還元されやすいイオンの還元反応が生じる、温度勾配を必要としない熱電発電素子において、
L/IDT
(ここで、Lは、「第1部分及び前記第3部分の最短距離」であり、そしてIDTは、「イオン拡散厚」である)
の値を1~20とする。
具体的には、
(1)第1部分及び第3部分の最短距離Lを測定する工程、
(2)前記熱電発電素子の交流インピーダンスを測定する工程、
(3)得られた交流インピーダンス値から等価回路のフィッティング式を作成する工程、
(4)得られたフィッティング式及び下記式(II)から、イオン拡散厚IDT(下記の式中の「δ」に相当する)を計算する工程、及び
(5)前記第1部分及び第3部分の最短距離L及びイオン拡散厚IDTを用いて、
L/IDT
(ここで、Lは、「第1部分及び第3部分の最短距離」であり、そしてIDTは、「イオン拡散厚」である)
を計算する工程、によって測定及び計算することができる。
なお、イオン拡散厚は、第2部分の「酸化還元イオン」、「電解質」、及び「温度」などによって、計算で決定される数値である。しかしながら、計算の根拠となる熱電発電素子のモデルによって、計算値が異なる。従って、実際に作製された熱電発電素子の交流インピーダンスを測定し、等価回路のフィッティング式を作成することによって、測定値からイオン拡散厚IDTを求めることが実際のイオン拡散厚を反映していると考えられる。
本発明の熱電発電素子において、優れた電池特性を示す理由は、詳細に解析されたわけではないが、以下のように推定することができる。しかしながら、本発明は以下の推定によって限定されるものではない。
熱電発電素子においては、一般的に半導体を含む第1部分と電極となる物質を含む第3部分との距離が近い方が、熱電発電素子(電池)の性能が向上すると考えられる。しかしながら、実際には熱電発電素子(電池)の発電性能が向上する第1部分と第2部分との適正な距離が存在する。この第1部分と第2部分との適正な距離が、L/IDT=1~20である論理的な説明は、容易ではない。しかしながら、後述の実施例において、実際に「酸化還元イオン」、「電解質」、及び「温度」などが異なる条件で測定した場合において、いずれもL/IDT=1~20の範囲において、優れた電池性能が得られることから、L/IDTを適正な範囲とすることによって、熱電発電素子が優れた電池特性を示すものと推定される。
本実施例では、第1部分としてn-Si/Ge、第2部分としてPEG、及びCuCl、CuCl2、及びLiCl、第3部分としてFTOを用いて、シート型電池を作製した。
第1部分として、1.5cm×2.5cmサイズのn-Si/Ge基板を準備した。第3部分として、1.5×2.5cmのFTO透明電極を準備した。第2部分の電解質として、ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)に、CuCl、CuCl2、LiClを、それぞれ0.5mmol/PEG(g)、0.5mmmol/PEG(g)、0.6mmol/PEG(g)を混合した。第3部分のFTO透明電極に第2部分の電解質を滴下し、更に第1部分のn-Si/Ge基板を積層し、図4(A)の概略図に示すシート型電池を作製した。第1部分と第3部分との距離は、85μm、114μm、228μm、及び342μmとして、4つのシート型電池を作製した。
得られた4つの電池について、80℃で、電池特性を測定した。結果を図4(B)に示す。電極間が広がると開放電圧が下がり、再放電が生じなくなった。
本実施例では、第1部分としてGe、第2部分としてPEG、及びCuCl、CuCl2、及びLiCl、第3部分としてPtを用いて、くし形電池を作製した。
石英基板上に第1部分としてGe電極を、第3部分としてPt電極をくし形にスパッタした。これらの電極上に、PEGにCuCl、CuCl2、及びLiClを、それぞれ0.5mmol/PEG(g)、0.5mmmol/PEG(g)、及び0.6mmol/PEG(g)で混合したものを第2部分として滴下した(図5A)。くし形の電極幅は2μmであった。設置温度を80℃及び室温として、電池特性を測定した。80℃では発電しなかったが、設置温度を下げて室温では発電が確認された(図5B、C)。
イオン拡散厚の温度変化を図5Dに示した。イオン拡散厚は温度が低くなるほど小さくなる。40℃と30℃では、やや30℃の方が大きくなったが、本測定では2μm以下のイオン拡散厚が測定限界のためと考えられた。
前記実施例1のシート型の4つの電池(80℃)、及び実施例2のくし形の電池(30℃、40℃、50℃、及び60℃)について、第1部分及び第3部分の最短距離Lとイオン拡散厚IDTとからL/IDTを計算した。
それぞれの電池及び温度ついて、交流インピーダンスを振幅10mV、周波数7MHz-50mHzで測定した。Zplot(東陽テクニカ)を使用して、測定値をプロットし、等価回路のフィッティング式を作成した。得られたフィッティング式及び下記式(II)を用いて、イオン拡散厚IDT(下記の式中の「δ」に相当する)を計算した。
得られたイオン拡散厚IDT及び最短距離Lから、L/IDTを計算した。短絡電流とL/IDTの関係を図6に示す。第1部分と前記第3部分との最短の距離が、前記輸送イオン対のイオン拡散厚の0.5倍以上ないと発電しなかった。また、20倍以上でも発電が弱くなった。
本実施例では、第1部分としてn-Si/Ge、第2部分としてPEG、及びCuCl、CuCl2、及びLiCl、第3部分としてFTOを用いて、シート型電池を作製した。
実施例1の操作を繰り返して、4つのシート型電池を作製した。
本実施例では、第1部分としてGe、第2部分としてPEG、及びCuCl、CuCl2、及びLiCl、第3部分としてPtを用いて、くし形電池を作製した。
電極間距離を2μm又は5μmとした以外は、実施例2の操作を繰り返して、2つのくし形電池を作製した。
実施例3の4つのシート型電池と実施例4の2つのくし型電池について、前記「L/IDTの測定」の操作を繰り返して、L/IDTを計算した。
また、施例3の4つのシート型電池と実施例4の2つのくし型電池について、長期放電容量を測定した。それぞれの電池を80℃で保持しながら、100nA放電した。室温2時間放置することによって、回復させた。更に80℃で保持しながら、100nA放電を繰り返し、3回目の放電容量を得た。各電池の3回目の放電容量とL/IDTとの関係を図7に示す。
L/IDTが1~20の場合、優れた放電容量を示した。
本実施例では、第1部分としてGe、第2部分としてPEG、及びCuCl、CuCl2、及びLiCl、第3部分としてPtを用いて、くし形電池を作製した。
実施例4の操作を繰り返して、電極間距離が2μm又は5μmの2つのくし形電池を作製した。
室温において放電回数が増加しても開放電圧値を維持した(図8B)。また、電極幅5μmの方が、放電回数が増加しても放電時間は長くなった(図8A)。なお、各放電回数の測定は、放電終了後、回路のスイッチを切り、電圧が1時間安定になった後に再度スイッチを入れて、実施した。
前記「L/IDTの測定」の操作を繰り返して、L/IDTを計算した。L/IDTと放電時間の関係を図8Cに示す。L/IDTが1~20の場合、放電時間が長かった。
本実施例では、第1部分としてn-Si/Ge、第2部分としてEC、及びNaI及びI2、第3部分としてFTOを用いて、シート型電池を作製した。
第2部分の電解質として、エチレンカーボネート(EC)に、NaI及びI2、を、それぞれ0.5mol/EC(g)、及び0.05mmol/EC(g)を用いたことを除いては、実施例1の操作を繰り返して電極間距離が、114μm、ポリヨウ素イオン鎖成長時間が0、7、14、19日と異なる3つのシート型電池を作製した。
80℃での短絡電流と、L/IDTと関係を図9に示す。L/IDTが1~20の場合、短絡電流が高かった。
本実施例では、第1部分としてTiO2/Ag2S、第2部分としてDMSO、及びCp(arene)Fe及びLiClO4、第3部分としてPtTi/PENを用いて、シート型電池を作製した。
第1部分としてTiO2/Ag2Sを用いたこと、第2部分として5mmoleCp(arene)Fe/DMSO(g)及び0.4moleLiClO4/DMSO(g)を用いたこと、第3部分としてPtTi/PENを用いたことを除いては、実施例1の操作を繰り返して電極間距離が、113μmの2つのシート型電池を作製し、放電前、及び放電中のIDTを測定した。
90℃での短絡電流と、L/IDTと関係を図10に示す。L/IDTが1~20の場合、短絡電流が高かった。
本実施例では、第1部分としてn-Si/Ge、第2部分としてDMSO、及びNaI及びI2、第3部分としてFTOを用いて、シート型電池を作製した。
第2部分として0.25moleNaI/DMSO(g)及び0.025moleI2/DMSO(g);0.5moleNaI/DMSO(g)及び0.05moleI2/DMSO(g);又は1.0moleNaI/DMSO(g)及び0.1moleI2/DMSO(g)を用いたことを除いては、実施例1の操作を繰り返して電極間距離が、114μmの3つのシート型電池を作製した。
80℃での電気容量と、L/IDTと関係を図11に示す。L/IDTが1~20の場合、電気容量が高かった。
本実施例では、第1部分と第3部分との最短距離が本発明の熱電発電素子の放電可能温度に与える影響を検討した。
PEGDMEにI2、及びNaIをそれぞれ0.05mol/L(PEGDME)、0.5mol/L(PEGDME)を混ぜたものを第2部分として調製した。石英基板上に第1部分としてGe電極を、第3部分としてPt電極を2μm間隔でくし形にスパッタした電極上に滴下したものを製造した。1.5cm×2.5cmサイズのn-Si/Ge基板を第1部分に、1.5×2.5cmのFTO透明電極を第3部分として使用し、114μm厚で第2部分を挟んだものを、30℃及び80℃で保持しながら電池特性を測定した(図12)。(拡散距離48.6、電極間距離114μm)
2・・・第2部分;
3・・・第3部分;
Claims (7)
- 熱励起電子及び正孔を生成する半導体を含む第1部分、電荷輸送イオン対が移動できる電解質を含む第2部分、及び電極となる物質を含む第3部分が、この順番で接しており、前記第1部分の半導体の価電子帯電位が前記電荷輸送イオン対の酸化還元電位よりも正であり、前記第1部分及び前記第2部分の界面で前記2つのイオンのうち、より酸化されやすいイオンの酸化反応が生じ、前記第3部分及び前記第2部分の界面で前記2つのイオンのうち、より還元されやすいイオンの還元反応が生じる、温度勾配を必要としない熱電発電素子であって、下記式(I):
L/IDT=1~20 (I)
(式中、Lは、「第1部分及び第3部分の最短距離」であり、そしてIDTは、「イオン拡散厚」である)
を満たす、温度勾配を必要としない熱電発電素子。 - 前記第1部分、第2部分、及び第3部分が層状である、請求項1に記載の熱電発電素子。
- 前記第1部分、第2部分、及び第3部分が、同心円状に位置する、請求項1に記載の熱電発電素子。
- 請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の熱電発電素子を含む熱電発電装置。
- 請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の熱電発電素子を含む熱電発電池。
- 請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の熱電発電素子を含む熱電発電モジュール。
- 熱励起電子及び正孔を生成する半導体を含む第1部分、電荷輸送イオン対が移動できる電解質を含む第2部分、及び電極となる物質を含む第3部分が、この順番で接しており、前記第1部分の半導体の価電子帯電位が前記電荷輸送イオン対の酸化還元電位よりも正であり、前記第1部分及び前記第2部分の界面で前記2つのイオンのうち、より酸化されやすいイオンの酸化反応が生じ、前記第3部分及び前記第2部分の界面で前記2つのイオンのうち、より還元されやすいイオンの還元反応が生じる、温度勾配を必要としない熱電発電素子において、
L/IDT
(ここで、Lは、「第1部分及び第3部分の最短距離」であり、そしてIDTは、「イオン拡散厚」である)
の値を1~20とすることを特徴とする、発電の安定化方法。
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