Classifications

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  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
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  • A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group
  • A61K31/197—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group the amino and the carboxyl groups being attached to the same acyclic carbon chain, e.g. gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA], beta-alanine, epsilon-aminocaproic acid or pantothenic acid
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  • A61K31/352—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. methantheline 
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  • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
  • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
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  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
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  • C07F9/06—Phosphorus compounds without P—C bonds
  • C07F9/08—Esters of oxyacids of phosphorus
  • C07F9/09—Esters of phosphoric acids
  • C07F9/12—Esters of phosphoric acids with hydroxyaryl compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
  • C07F9/38—Phosphonic acids [RP(=O)(OH)2]; Thiophosphonic acids ; [RP(=X1)(X2H)2(X1, X2 are each independently O, S or Se)]
  • C07F9/3804—Phosphonic acids [RP(=O)(OH)2]; Thiophosphonic acids ; [RP(=X1)(X2H)2(X1, X2 are each independently O, S or Se)] not used, see subgroups
  • C07F9/3834—Aromatic acids (P-C aromatic linkage)
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H5/00—Compounds containing saccharide radicals in which the hetero bonds to oxygen have been replaced by the same number of hetero bonds to halogen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium
  • C07H5/04—Compounds containing saccharide radicals in which the hetero bonds to oxygen have been replaced by the same number of hetero bonds to halogen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium to nitrogen
  • C07H5/06—Aminosugars
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2300/00—Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
  • A61K9/4816—Wall or shell material
  • A61K9/4825—Proteins, e.g. gelatin
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
  • C07C2601/12—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring
  • C07C2601/14—The ring being saturated
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
  • C07C2601/12—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring
  • C07C2601/16—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring the ring being unsaturated

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the field of medicinal chemistry and, in particular, to cannabinoid esters, their salts with synergistic or additive therapeutic counterparts and uses for treating, alleviating, or reducing symptoms of illnesses in human or animal subjects.
• the endocannabinoid system mediates many important physiological functions including neuroplasticity and learning, emotion and motivation, appetite, and GI motility as well as immunomodulation.
• G-protein coupled cannabinoid receptors that have been isolated and fully characterized in mammals: a) CB1: located centrally and peripherally and involved mainly in neurotransmitters homeostasis; and b) CB2: located peripherally and linked with the immune system.
• CB1 located centrally and peripherally and involved mainly in neurotransmitters homeostasis
• CB2 located peripherally and linked with the immune system.
• These receptors represent a promising therapeutic target for various conditions including chronic pain, inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, epilepsy, addiction, insomnia, cancer, obesity, and anorexia. Designing specific cannabinoid ligands to manage these conditions has received increased interest in recent years.
• the cannabinoid receptors can be modulated by a heteromorphic group of compounds, so-called cannabinoids. They can be classified into three main groups: a) endogenous or endocannabinoids (e.g. arachidonoylethanolamide); b) natural or phytocannabinoids, which are the active constituents of Cannabis species (e.g. delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD)); and c) synthetic (e.g. nabilone), which are illustrated in Table 1, below.
• endogenous or endocannabinoids e.g. arachidonoylethanolamide
• b) natural or phytocannabinoids which are the active constituents of Cannabis species (e.g. delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD)
• THC delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol
• CBD cannabidiol
• Sativex ® by GW Pharmaceuticals, is a buccal spray of THC and CBD in a 1:1 mixture and has been approved in many countries as an adjunctive treatment of neuropathic pain and spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis in adults.
• CesametTM by Bausch Health Co., is a synthetic cannabinoid for oral administration as an anti emetic through a CB1 receptor mediated interaction.
• the clinical benefits of smoked herb are short and associated with mucosal damage, serious adverse effects, and exposure to carcinogenic by- products.
• THC can cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and activate central CB1 producing unwanted psychotropic effects.
• BBB blood brain barrier
• a variety of formulations and drug delivery approaches have been developed including co-solvency, complexation, surfactant and carrier-assisted methods, thus far, with limited success.
• synthetic derivatives and pro-drugs have been reported and widely used to modulate CB1 and CB2.
• WO 2017/216362 A1 of Full Spectrum Laboratories Ltd. discloses cannabinoid prodrugs, and their production, formulations and uses. This reference discloses only esters of organic and amino acids, for example, succinic acid and valine.
• WO 2004/043946 A1 of Mallinckrodt Inc. discloses highly crystalline aryl sulfonic
• THC esters can be recrystallized for purification and are stable at room temperature in air, allowing for indefinite storage and recovery of pure THC upon hydrolysis. This reference does not disclose any pharmacological actions or clinical utilities for these esters.
• Watanabe et al (Chem Pharm Bull 27: 3009-3014, 1979) reported the chemical synthesis of delta-8-THC glucuronide and sulfate esters to study their hydrolysis, acute toxicity and metabolic disposition in rats. However, no pharmacological or biological utility is described for any of theses esters.
• W02020021545A1 of BOL Pharma Ltd., Israel; W02020009950A1 of Companion Sciences, LLC, USA; US10398776B1 of Essential Green Goodness LLC, USA disclose a combination therapy comprising individual therapeutic agents including cannabidiol (CBD), chondroitin, glucosamine, and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), for treating inflammatory joint disease or reducing pain.
• CBD cannabidiol
• MSM methylsulfonylmethane
• the cannabinoid compounds are labile esters of cannabinoids and their salts with other synergistic or additive therapeutic counterparts. These new compounds aim to deliver multiple therapeutic benefits via more than one mechanism of action. This is achieved by having a cannabinoid ester and another counter part with a different therapeutic effect.
• the esters are sensitive to enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis within the human or animal body, to release the parent cannabinoids and the synergistic or additive therapeutic counterparts thereby modulating the endocannabinoid system and other cooperative receptors and tissues.
• the cannabinoid compounds are sulfate or hemisulfate esters of a cannabinoid and their salts with other synergistic or additive therapeutic counterparts.
• the cannabinoid compounds are mono-, di- or tri- phosphate esters of a cannabinoid and their salts with other synergistic or additive therapeutic counterparts.
• the cannabinoid compounds are carbonate esters of a cannabinoid with other synergistic or additive therapeutic counterparts.
• the cannabinoid compounds are carbamate esters of a cannabinoid with other synergistic or additive therapeutic counterparts.
• the cannabinoid compounds are nitrate esters of a cannabinoid and other synergistic or additive therapeutic counterparts.
• the cannabinoid compounds are borate esters of a cannabinoid and other synergistic or additive therapeutic counterparts.
• the cannabinoid compounds are sulfonate esters of a cannabinoid and their salts with other synergistic or additive therapeutic counterparts.
• the cannabinoid compounds are phosphonate esters of a cannabinoid and their salts with other synergistic or additive therapeutic counterparts.
• the cannabinoid compounds are bisphosphonate esters of a cannabinoid and their salts with other synergistic or additive therapeutic counterparts.
• the cannabinoid compounds are sulfate esters of THC, represented by the general formula 1 :
• the cannabinoid compounds are sulfate esters of CBD, represented by the general formula 2 and 3:
• the cannabinoid compounds are phosphate esters of THC, represented by the general formula 4:
• the cannabinoid compounds are phosphate esters of CBD, represented by the general formula 5 and 6:
• the cannabinoid compounds are mixed phosphate and sulfate esters of CBD, represented by the general formula 7 :
• the cannabinoid compounds are carbonate esters of THC, represented by the general formula 8:
• the cannabinoid compounds are carbonate esters of CBD, represented by the general formula 9 and 10:
• the cannabinoid compounds are mixed carbonate and sulfate esters of CBD, represented by the general formula 11 :
• the cannabinoid compounds are mixed carbonate and phosphate esters of CBD, represented by the general formula 12:
• the cannabinoid compounds are carbamate esters of THC, represented by the general formula 13:
• the cannabinoid compounds are carbamate esters of CBD, represented by the general formula 14 and 15:
• the cannabinoid compounds are mixed carbamate and sulfate esters of CBD, represented by the general formula 16:
• the cannabinoid compounds are mixed carbamate and phosphate esters of CBD, represented by the general formula 17:
• the cannabinoid compounds are nitrate esters of THC, represented by the general formula 18:
• the cannabinoid compounds are nitrate esters of CBD, represented by the general formula 19 and 20:
• the cannabinoid compounds are mixed nitrate and sulfate esters of CBD, represented by the general formula 21:
• the cannabinoid compounds are mixed nitrate and phosphate esters of CBD, represented by the general formula 22:
• the cannabinoid compounds are borate esters of THC, represented by the general formula 23:
• the cannabinoid compounds are borate esters of CBD, represented by the general formula 24 and 25: Formula 25
• the cannabinoid compounds are mixed borate and sulfate esters of CBD, represented by the general formula 26:
• the cannabinoid compounds are mixed borate and phosphate esters of CBD, represented by the general formula 27:
• the cannabinoid compounds are sulfate ester salts of THC, represented by the general formula 28:
• the cannabinoid compounds are sulfate ester salts of CBD, represented by the general formulas 29 and 30:
• the cannabinoid compounds are phosphate esters salts of
• THC represented by the general formulas 31 and 32:
• the cannabinoid compounds are phosphate esters salts of
• CBD represented by the general formulas 33 - 39:
• the cannabinoid compounds are mixed phosphate and sulfate ester salts of CBD, represented by the general formulas 40 - 43:
• the cannabinoid compounds are mixed carbonate and sulfate ester salts of CBD, represented by the general formula 45:
• the cannabinoid compounds are mixed carbonate and phosphate ester salts of CBD, represented by the general formulas 46 and 47:
• the cannabinoid compounds are mixed carbamate and sulfate ester salts of CBD, represented by the general formula 48:
• the cannabinoid compounds are mixed carbamate and phosphate ester salts of CBD, represented by the general formulas 49 and 50: [0051] In another embodiment, the cannabinoid compounds are mixed nitrate and sulfate ester salts of CBD, represented by the general formula 51 : [0052] In another embodiment, the cannabinoid compounds are mixed nitrate and phosphate ester salts of CBD, represented by the general formulas 52 and 53:
• the cannabinoid compounds are mixed borate and sulfate ester salts of CBD, represented by the general formula 54:
• the cannabinoid compounds are mixed borate and phosphate ester salts of CBD, represented by the general formulas 55 and 56:
• the cannabinoid compounds are sulfonate esters represented by the general formula 57:
• the cannabinoid compounds are sulfonate esters of THC represented by the general formula 58:
• the cannabinoid compounds are sulfonate esters of CBD represented by the general formula 59:
• the cannabinoid compounds are sulfonate ester salts represented by the general formula 60, where “Cann” refers to a cannabinoid and the ester may be linked to any carbon atom on the cannabinoid:
• the cannabinoid compounds are sulfonate ester salts of THC represented by the general formula 61 :
• the cannabinoid compounds are sulfonate ester salts of CBD represented by the general formula 62:
• the cannabinoid compounds are phosphonate esters represented by the general formula 63, where “Cann” refers to a cannabinoid and the ester may be linked to any carbon atom on the cannabinoid:
• the cannabinoid compounds are phosphonate esters of THC represented by the general formula 64:
• the cannabinoid compounds are phosphonate esters of CBD represented by the general formula 65:
• the cannabinoid compounds are phosphonate ester salts represented by the general formulas 66 and 67, where “Cann” refers to a cannabinoid and the ester may be linked to any carbon atom on the cannabinoid:
• the cannabinoid compounds are phosphonate ester salts of THC represented by the general formulas 68 and 69: Formula 69
• the cannabinoid compounds are phosphonate ester salts of CBD represented by the general formulas 70 and 71:
• the cannabinoid compounds are bisphosphonate esters represented by the general formula 72, where “Cann” refers to a cannabinoid and the ester may be linked to any carbon atom on the cannabinoid:
• the cannabinoid compounds are bisphosphonate ester salts represented by the general formulas 73 - 77, where “Cann” refers to a cannabinoid and the ester may be linked to any carbon atom on the cannabinoid:
• the cannabinoid compounds are bisphosphonate esters of THC represented by the general formula 78:
• the cannabinoid compounds are bisphosphonate esters of CBD represented by the general formulas 79 and 80:
• the cannabinoid compounds are bisphosphonate ester salts of THC represented by the general formula 81:
• the cannabinoid compounds are bisphosphonate esters of
• CBD represented by the general formulas 82 and 83 [0073]
• the second compound, represented by the R group, in formula 1-83 is selected from a group with synergistic or additive effects in combination with the cannabinoid.
• the second compound represented by R group in formula 1- 83, is a second cannabinoid which has a functional group suitable for making a linkage with the first cannabinoid.
• the functional group may include a thiol, hydroxyl, amino, nitrile, cyanate, isocyanate, thiocyanate, isothiocyanate, azide, carboxylic, acid anhydride, alkene, alkyne, aldehyde, ketone, epoxide, or a phenolic functional group.
• the second cannabinoid may be selected from natural, synthetic, semisynthetic, biosynthetic, or endogenous cannabinoids.
• the second cannabinoid may be selected from a group that includes delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), cannabinolic acid (CBNA), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabigerovarin (CBGV), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabicyclol (CBL), canabivarol (CBV), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabichromevarin (CBCV), cannabigerol monoethyl ether (CBGM), cannabigerolic acid monoethyl ether (CBGAM) cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabigerovarinic (CBGV A), cannabichromenic acid (CBCA), can
• the synergistic or additive compound represented by R group in formula 1-83, has a functional group suitable for making a linkage with the first cannabinoid.
• the functional group may include a thiol, hydroxyl, amino, nitrile, cyanate, isocyanate, thiocyanate, isothiocyanate, azide, carboxylic, acid anhydride, alkene, alkyne, aldehyde, ketone, epoxide, or a phenolic functional group.
• the second synergistic or additive therapeutic counterparts are compounds that have a synergistic or additive effect in the treatment of one or more conditions when administered together with the cannabinoid.
• the second synergistic or additive therapeutic counterparts may be selected from natural, synthetic, semisynthetic, biosynthetic, or endogenous compounds.
• the second synergistic or additive therapeutic counterparts may be selected from the group that includes glucosamine, psilocybin, psilocin, pregabalin, gabapentin, topiramate, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, morphine, caffeic acid, levodopa, coumaric acid, quercetin, flavonoids, salicylic acid, thymol, eugenol, entacapone, tolcapone, estrogens, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), androgens and corticosteroids.
• the second synergistic or additive therapeutic counterparts are selected from glucosamine, psilocybin, psilocin, pregabalin, gabapentin, and topiramate.
• the counter ion represented by group B + , in formula 28-83, selected from a group with synergistic or additive effects.
• the counter ion represented by group B + , in formula 28-83, selected from a group that has a functional group suitable for making a salt with the first cannabinoid.
• B + could be selected from a group that includes cyclic amines, acyclic amines, ethanol amine derivatives, aromatic amines, aliphatic amines, amino sugars, amino polymers, amino oligomers, and amino acids.
• B + may be selected from the group that includes glucosamine, psilocybin, psilocin, pregabalin, gabapentin, topiramate, morphine, levodopa, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).
• SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
• cannabinoid salt when the cannabinoid salt has two hydroxy groups, cannabinoid salt can contain two therapeutic agent components. In such embodiments, the two therapeutic agent components can be the same or different.
• certain embodiments of the cannabinoid compounds may demonstrate one or more desirable features, including improved stability, higher solubility, higher potency or improved PK or PD properties.
• water-soluble cannabinoid esters may be used for edible, beverage, and medicinal applications.
• the esters may be hemi esters, full esters, mixed esters or salts.
• water-soluble cannabinoid esters may be used for topical, injection or oral applications.
• the cannabinoid esters are in the form of water-soluble salts with another synergistic or additive base.
• Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of producing a cannabinoid compound by synthetic or semisynthetic methods.
• the method includes the following steps: a. Dissolving a cannabinoid having at least one hydroxyl group in a suitable aprotic organic solvent. b. Reacting the cannabinoid solution with an ester transfer reagent in the presence of an alkali or an organic base. c. Heating the reaction under conventional heating, microwave heating, or sonication to produce a product. d. Purify the product using flash chromatography, extraction, distillation, sublimation or crystallization.
• the aprotic organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of pyridine, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, halogenated hydrocarbons, xylenes, and hexanes.
• Certain preferred embodiments include sulfate esters and sulfate ester salts, while other embodiments include other types of esters and ester salts. Whether the ester is a sulfate ester or another type of ester or ester salt, an ester transfer reagent may be used that is suitable to the particular type of ester.
• the sulfate ester transfer reagent is selected from a group consisting of free chlorosulfonic acid, protected and free sulfonic acid, protected and free sulfuric acid, sulfur trioxide, sulfur trioxide complexes, sulfur trioxide pyridine, alkali metal disulfate, sulfonyl imidazolium salts, /V-hydroxysuccinimide-sulfate and tributylsulfoammonium betaine.
• the carbonate transfer reagents can be selected from phosgene, trichloroacetyl chloride, 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), 1,1'-carbonylbis(2- methylimidazole), /V,/V'-disuccinimidyl carbonate, 4-nitrophenylchloroformate, bis(4- nitrophenyl)carbonate, bis(pentafluorophenyl)carbonate, and then optionally treated with base, water or alcohol.
• CDI 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole
• CDI 1,1'-carbonylbis(2- methylimidazole)
• /V,/V'-disuccinimidyl carbonate 4-nitrophenylchloroformate
• bis(4- nitrophenyl)carbonate bis(pentafluorophenyl)carbonate
• base water or alcohol
• the carbamate transfer reagents can be selected from phosgene, trichloroacetyl chloride, 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), 1,1'-carbonylbis(2- methylimidazole), /V,/V'-disuccinimidyl carbonate, 4-nitrophenylchloroformate, bis(4- nitrophenyl)carbonate, bis(pentafluorophenyl)carbonate, and then optionally treated with ammonia or, any mono or disubstituted amines.
• the phosphate transfer reagents can be selected from Bis(4- nitrophenyl)phosphate, diphenylphosphate, paraoxon-ethyl, 4-nitrophenylphosphate bis(cyclohexylammonium) salt, 4-nitrophenyl)phosphate sodium salt, 4-nitrophenyl)phosphate sodium salt hydrate, 4-nitrophenyl phosphorodichloridate, diphenyl phosphoryl chloride, diethyl chlorophosphate, dimethyl chlorophosphate or diisopropyl chlorophosphate, diphosphoryl chloride, and then optionally treated with water, ammonia, substituted amines or any alcohol.
• the nitrate transfer reagents can be selected from nitronium tetrafluoroborate, nitrosonium hexafluoroantimonate, nitronium hexafluoroantimonate, sodium nitrite, potassium nitrite, ammonium nitrite, silver nitrite, cadmium nitrite, sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, silver, nitrate, cadmium nitrate, nitric acid, 1- nitropyrrolidine-2,5-dione, 1 -nitropyrrolidin-2-one, 2-nitroisoindoline-l,3-dione, 2- nitrobenzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide, or 2,5-dinitrobenzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1- dioxide.
• the bisphosphonate transfer reagents can be selected from medronic acid (methylenediphosphonic acid), medronyl chloride, methylenebis(phosphonic dichloride), etidronate, alendronate, ibandronate, minodronate, residronate, tiludronate, zoledronate, esters, hemiesteres of any of the previous reagents.
• the boronate transfer reagents can be selected from boric acid, sodium tetraborate, bis(pinacolato)diboron, (dimethylphenylsilyl)boronic acid pinacol ester, 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane, 2-methoxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2- dioxaborolane, 2-ethoxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane, 2-isopropyloxy-4, 4,5,5- tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane, triisopropyl borate, triethyl borate, trimethyl borate, boron trichloride, chloroborane, chloroborane methyl ester, B-chlorocatecholborane, B- bromocatecholborane, catecholborane, bromodimethylborane, and then optional
• various salts and forms of THC sulfate ester salts may be produced according to the method illustrated in Formula 84, below.
• the pyridine counter ion may be replaced by another selected synergistic or additive bases in quantitative yield (95-99%) and analytical purity (95-98%) as amorphous powder when stirred with 1.2 equiv of the selected base in aqueous solutions and as a crystalline compound in non aqueous solutions.
• the presence of at least some aqueous solvent in the reaction solution is important to facilitate the replacement of pyridine with the target counter ion. For certain target counter ions with high solubility, the reaction may take place entirely in water.
• a mixture of aqueous and non-aqueous solvents may be used to facilitate the reaction.
• water and ethanol are used in a 1 : 1 ratio, but other non-aqueous solvents may also be used.
• various salts and forms of CBD sulfate ester salts may be produced according to the method illustrated in Formula 85, below.
• the pyridine counter ion may be replaced by another selected synergistic or additive bases in quantitative yield (95-99%) and analytical purity (95-98%) as amorphous powder when stirred with 1.2 equiv of the selected base in aqueous solutions and as a crystalline compound in non aqueous solutions.
• glucosamine salt of THC sulfate ester salt may be produced according to a one pot, two step reaction sequence illustrated in Formula 86, below, to obtain the target sulfate in quantitative yield (90-99%) and analytical purity (95-98%).
• the temperature is between 65-90 °C
• the pressure is between 5-20 bar
• the reaction time is between 4-8 hrs in pyridine.
• the first step of the method of Formula 86 is to convert THC into a THC sulfate ester salt by mixing the THC with pyridine sulfur trioxide in pyridine at 65-90 °C and between 5-20 bar pressure for 2-4 hours.
• the reaction is highly efficient, utilizing safe and easy to handle reagents, providing the target sulfate ester salt in a quantitative yield and analytical purity not less than 95%.
• the second step is the counter ion replacement, as described in Formulas 84 and 85, with glucosamine as the counter ion. No purification step is required between the first and second steps and they can be carried out immediately in sequence in the same reaction vessel.
• the reaction may be carried out in a parallel reaction, whereby the first step is carried out in a large-scale reaction and the crude product is split into a plurality of separate reactions to carry out the second step with different counter ions.
• glucosamine salt of CBD sulfate ester may be produced according to the method illustrated in Formula 87, below, to obtain the target sulfate in quantitative yield (90-99%) and analytical purity (95-98%).
• the temperature is between 65-90 °C
• the pressure is between 5-20 bar
• the reaction time is between 4-8 hrs in pyridine.
• psilocin salt of THC sulfate ester salt may be produced according to the method illustrated in Formula 88, below, to obtain the target sulfate in quantitative yield (90-99%) and analytical purity (95-98%).
• the temperature is between 65-90 °C
• the pressure is between 5-20 bar
• the reaction time is between 4-8 hrs in pyridine.
• psilocin salt of CBD sulfate ester may be produced according to the method illustrated in Formula 89, below, to obtain the target sulfate in quantitative yield (90-99%) and analytical purity (95-98%).
• glucosamine salt of THC phosphate ester salt may be produced according to the method illustrated in Formula 90, below, to obtain the target phosphate in quantitative yield (90-99%) and analytical purity (95-98%).
• the temperature is about 50°C
• the pressure is between 5-20 bar
• the reaction time is between 4-8 hrs in tetrahydrofuran
• glucosamine salt of CBD phosphate ester may be produced according to the method illustrated in Formula 91, below, to obtain the target phosphate in quantitative yield (90-99%) and analytical purity (95-98%).
• the temperature is about 50 °C
• the pressure is between 5-20 bar
• the reaction time is between 4-8 hrs in tetrahydrofuran (THF).
• psilocin salt of THC phosphate ester salt may be produced according to the method illustrated in Formula 92, below, to obtain the target phosphate in quantitative yield (90-99%) and analytical purity (95-98%).
• the temperature is about 50°C
• the pressure is between 5-20 bar
• the reaction time is between 4-8 hrs in tetrahydrofuran (THF).
• psilocin salt of CBD phosphate ester may be produced according to the method illustrated in Formula 93, below, to obtain the target phosphate in quantitative yield (90-99%) and analytical purity (95-98%).
• the temperature is about 50 °C
• the pressure is between 5-20 bar
• the reaction time is between 4-8 hrs in tetrahydrofuran (THF).
• the cannabinoid esters may act on either or both peripheral and central tissues.
• the cannabinoid esters are peripherally restricted, such that they lack the central psychoactive properties of THC.
• the cannabinoid esters may be used to manage several conditions including pain and inflammation, mental health disorders, cancer, glaucoma, neurodegenerative disorders, multiple sclerosis, renal fibrosis, fibrotic disorder, addiction, motor function disorders and gastrointestinal and metabolic disorders and other conditions that respond to cannabinoid receptor modulation or are otherwise known to be treatable by administration of one or more cannabinoids.
• the cannabinoid esters may be used for both human and animal applications.
• the cannabinoid esters are particularly useful for oral delivery systems.
• they may be formulated for topical, intranasal, ophthalmic or parenteral delivery systems.
• the cannabinoid esters include all possible isomers (stereo or structural) either as individual hemi esters, full esters, salts or mixtures thereof.
• pharmaceutical formulations of cannabinoid esters include other synergistic or additive ingredients including other cannabinoids, phytochemicals, analgesics and anti-inflammatories.
• the present invention discloses cannabinoid compounds with improved PK and PD profiles, including better stability, solubility and taste, efficient absorption and distribution, and potency, which may provide effective disease control and therapeutic effects.
• This disclosure relates to cannabinoid compounds, in particular, cannabinoid esters that can act as cannabinoid drugs or prodrugs, to methods of producing cannabinoid esters, and their salts with synergistic or additive therapeutic counterparts, to edible, beverage, and pharmaceutical formulations of these compounds, to methods of modulating the endocannabinoid system by administering cannabinoid esters to a patient, and to methods of treating pain, neuropathic pain, inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord and brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, epilepsy and other motor disfunctions, paediatric seizure disorders, addiction, insomnia, nausea and vomiting, cancer, renal fibrosis, obesity and other metabolic disorders, schizophrenia, depression, obsessive compulsive disorders, anxiety, psychiatric disorders, sleep disorders, fibromyalgia, Tourette syndrome, glaucoma, Crohn’s disease, inflammatory bowel disorders, cluster headache, anorexia and other conditions
• the cannabinoid esters, according to the present invention, or their active metabolites may act as ligands for either or both CB1 or CB2 or exert their actions through a non-receptor mediated mechanism(s). Due to the unique pharmacokinetics of certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention, some embodiments may be used as biased modulators (agonists, antagonists, partial agonists, inverse agonists, etc.) to selectively bind to a first cannabinoid receptor over a second cannabinoid receptor, such as CB1, CB2, or any other endocannabinoid receptors in a subject.
• biased modulators agonists, antagonists, partial agonists, inverse agonists, etc.
• COX enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V (TrpV), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, putative abnormal-cannabidiol receptor, ion channels, ligand gated ion channels and other G-protein coupled receptors.
• FAAH fatty acid amide hydrolase
• TrpV transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V
• peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors putative abnormal-cannabidiol receptor
• ion channels ligand gated ion channels and other G-protein coupled receptors.
• Compounds according to certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention have shown 2,000-5,000 fold increased water solubility, compared to the base cannabinoid compound. Certain exemplary compounds have also shown good stability under various pH conditions. While these exemplary compounds are hydrolyzed quickly under pH 1.2 (fasting simulated gastric fluid), they show good stability under pH 5.1, 6.8, and 7.4 (fasting simulated intestinal fluid). Furthermore, certain exemplary compounds has shown that both aryl sulfatase and b-glucoronidase are able to break down about 50% of the initial amount of the compound within 6 hours.
• certain exemplary compounds have shown a 10- fold increase in absorption and relative bioavailability with oral dosage, permitting the use of 1/10 th the regular dose of the cannabinoid, and are suitable for once-daily dosing regimes.
• esters includes all possible hemiesters, full esters, salts and isomers, including, stereoisomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, tautomers, and mixtures, by any ratio(s), thereof.
• the esters are hemiesters or salts.
• they are salts of pure compounds.
• cannabinoid relates to a cannabinoid with at least one hydroxyl group. It includes endogenous, synthetic, semisynthetic, or natural cannabinoids, including: delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), cannabinolic acid (CBNA), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabigerovarin (CBGV), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabicyclol (CBL), canabivarol (CBV), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabichromevarin (CBCV), cannabigerol monoethyl ether (CBGM), cannabigerolic acid monoethyl ether (C
• THCA-A delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid B
• THCA-B delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-C4
• delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid delta-8-THCA
• delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol delta-8-THC
• delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-C4 THC-C4
• delta-9- tetrahydrocannabiorcolic acid THCA-C1
• delta-9-tetrahydrocannabiorcol-Cl THC-C1
• THCVA tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid
• CBDVA cannabicycolic acid
• CBDA cannbicyclol
• CBLV cannabicyclovarin
• cannabielsoic acid A CBEA-A
• cannabielsoic acid B CBEA-B
• cannabielsoin C
• hydroxyl relates to alcoholic or phenolic OH or their isosteres (e.g., SH or NH 2 ).
• salts refers to salts with synergistic or additive therapeutic counterparts.
• salts also refers to salts of organic bases with pKa more than 3, including: cyclic or acyclic amines (e.g. erbumine), ethanol amine derivatives (tri ethanol amine), basic amino acids (e.g. arginine, lysine), amino sugar (e.g. glucosamine), amino polymers and oligomers (deacetylated chondroitin, deacetylated hyaluronic acid), aromatic or aliphatic amines (e.g. aniline, 4-aminopyrimidine) or other cyclic nitrogen compounds (e.g.
• cyclic or acyclic amines e.g. erbumine
• ethanol amine derivatives tri ethanol amine
• basic amino acids e.g. arginine, lysine
• amino sugar e.g. glucosamine
• pro-drug is intended to include esters of the target compounds that may require activation within the human body.
• the esters or their salts may be active (equipotent or more potent) or inactive compounds. Preferably, they are active.
• pharmaceutical formulation refers to a mixture of one or more of the compounds described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or other synergistic or additive therapeutic counterparts along with other physiologically acceptable carriers and excipients.
• the purpose of a pharmaceutical formulation is to facilitate administration of a compound to a subject animal or human.
• administering includes all means of introducing the compounds and compositions described herein to the patient, including, but are not limited to, oral, intravenous, intramuscular, transdermal, inhalation, buccal, ocular, vaginal, rectal, and the like.
• the compounds and compositions described herein may be administered in unit dosage forms and / or formulations containing conventional nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants, and vehicles.
• the cannabinoid esters of the present invention are represented by the examples in Formula 28, 29, 32, 34, 61, 62, 69 and 71.
• the cannabinoid esters are in the form of salts with synergistic or additive therapeutic counterparts.
• the cannabinoid esters of the present invention are represented by the examples in Formula 28, 29, 32, 34, 61, 62, 69 and 71.
• the cannabinoid esters are in the form of salts with synergistic or additive therapeutic counterparts.
• salts of opiate receptor antagonists such as loperamide and diphenoxylate; opiate receptor agonists such as tapentadol, or those with mixed agonist-antagonist and/or partial agonist effect of opiate receptor(s) such as nalbuphine, buprenorphine and pentazocine.
• Table 2 Exemplary cannabinoid ester salts.
• the side groups R in formulas 1 to 83 may be another cannabinoid, other active ingredients, or inactive groups.
• R is another compound with synergistic or additive activity.
• the other cannabinoid is preferably THC or CBD, but may be any other cannabinoid with a hydroxyl, amino, or phenolic functional group.
• cannabinoids examples include, cannabinol (CBN), cannabinolic acid (CBNA), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabigerovarin (CBGV), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabicyclol (CBL), canabivarol (CBV), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabichromevarin (CBCV), cannabigerol monoethyl ether (CBGM), cannabigerolic acid monoethyl ether (CBGAM) cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabigerovarinic (CBGV A), cannabichromenic acid (CBCA), cannabichromenic acid (CBCA), cannabidiol monomethylether (CBDM), cannabidiol-C4 (CBD- C4), cannabidivarinic (CBDV
• the other active ingredient is preferably acetaminophen or ibuprofen, but may include opioids or other medications with at least one hydroxyl, amino, or phenolic functional group.
• the inactive group is preferably H, but may be methyl, ethyl, or another acyclic saturated hydrocarbon group (i.e. C n H 2n+1 ), aryl or another cyclic saturated hydrocarbon group (i.e. C n H 2n-1 ), or their isosteres and analogues.
• the counter ion also referred to herein as the base, represented by B + in Formulas 28 to 83, may be a cyclic amine, acyclic amine, ethanol amine derivative, aromatic amine, aliphatic amine, amino sugar, amino polymer, amino oligomer, or amino acid.
• it is triethanol amine, erbumine, arginine, or lysine, but may be, ammonia, triethyl amine, trimethyl amine, tripropyl amine, tributyl amine, and other related amines and derivatives including primary, secondary, and tertiary.
• the aromatic amine is preferably aniline or 4-aminopyrimidine, but may be naphthylamine, sulfanilic acid, 4-amino benzoic acid, and other related amines, analogues, and derivatives.
• the side group may also preferably be piperazine or morpholine, but may be aziridine, azetidine, diazetidine, imidazoline, pyrazolidine, 3-pyrroline, triazole, imidazole, pyrrolidine, piperidine, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, thiomorpholine dioxide, thiazine, pyrrolizidine, azaindole, azaindazole, purine, pyrazolo pyrimidine, quinoline, decahydroquinoline, azocane, or their derivatives, analogues, and isosteres.
• the therapeutic ion represented by B + group in formula 28-83, is preferably selected from a group with synergistic or additive effects.
• it is glucosamine, psilocybin, psilocin, pregabalin, gabapentin, topiramate, morphine, levodopa, or a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) (e.g. citalopram).
• SSRI serotonin reuptake inhibitor
• the cannabinoid esters can be prepared by synthetic, semisynthetic, microbial, enzymatic and synthetic biology methods, as well as by genetic manipulation of Cannabis sp. Preferably, they can be prepared according to the reactions described in Formulas 84-93, from any cannabinoid with at least one hydroxyl group.
• the cannabinoid is THC or CBD, and the hydroxyl group is a phenolic OH. Modification of the reaction condition(s) can produce other derivatives and analogues.
• compositions may be prepared including the cannabinoid esters or any pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.
• the formulation is a solid or liquid dosage form for oral and oromucosal applications.
• the pharmacokinetic profile of certain exemplary embodiments of the cannabinoid esters is more favourable than the corresponding parent cannabinoids.
• the C max (maximum plasma concentration) of certain exemplary glucosamine cannabinoid sulfate salts was 10-fold higher than the parent cannabinoids.
• pharmaceutical formulations may contain lower effective doses of these cannabinoid sulfate ester salts, as compared to the parent cannabinoids.
• exemplary cannabinoid sulfate ester salts have less variable absorption than the parent cannabinoids.
• the PK profile of certain exemplary cannabinoid sulfate esters including the half-life (T1/2), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), and time to reach Cmax (Tmax), is shown compared to CBD in the table below.
• the enzymatic and chemical stability of certain exemplary embodiments of the ester salts under simulated stomach and intestinal media is more favourable than the corresponding parent cannabinoids.
• CBD can be released within a short time under simulated stomach and intestinal media (5% to 20% released within 10 to 30 minutes).
• Exemplary cannabinoid sulfate ester salts also show favourable toxicity profdes compared to the corresponding parent cannabinoids.
• certain exemplary cannabinoid sulfate ester salts show an aqueous solubility of 5,000 to 30,000-fold higher than the parent cannabinoids.
• the formulation may also contain synergistic or additive ingredients, in addition to active ingredients, which may include: delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), delta-8- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), cannabinolic acid (CBNA), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabigerovarin (CBGV), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabicyclol (CBL), canabivarol (CBV), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabichromevarin (CBCV), cannabigerol monoethyl ether (CBGM), cannabigerolic acid monoethyl ether (CBGAM) cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabigerovarinic (CBGV A), can
• the designed compounds can be delivered by oromucosal, nasal, oral, ophthalmic, transdermal and parenteral routes. Preferably, they are delivered by oral routes or transdermal.
• the cannabinoid esters may be used in various applications, including edibles, beverages and medical applications. Preferably, they may be used for the treatment of inflammation and pain, mental health disorders, and other related conditions that respond to modulation of cannabinoid receptors. Compared to some other related analogues, preferred embodiments of the salts of these esters are more stable and water soluble with improved absorption, as well as optimized pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. They may be useful in the treatment of inflammation, pain, mental health disorders and related conditions to quickly alleviate the symptoms and provide long-lasting relief to the patient.
• Example 1 Preparation of pyridine salt of CBD sulfate ester
• CBD cannabidiol
• a reaction tube with a rubber cap, Teflon septum and stir bar is charged with cannabidiol (CBD) (1.58 g, 5 mmol, 1 equiv), Py.S03 (97%) (0.96 g, 6 mmol, 1.2 equiv) and 3 mL dry pyridine.
• CBD cannabidiol
• Py.S03 97% (0.96 g, 6 mmol, 1.2 equiv)
• 3 mL dry pyridine The reaction tube is flushed with argon gas and heated at 70 °C for 4 hr, under a pressure of 5-20 barr in a Monowave 50 ® by Anton Paar.
• pyridine is evaporated at reduced pressure (100 mbar) and 50 °C to give the desired product as a viscous oil (2.36 g, quantitative yield).
• the product may be used directly in the method of example 2, below, without purification.
• other solvents such as dichloromethane or tetrahydrofuran
• room temperature, or atmospheric pressure were utilized, lower yields were obtained ( ⁇ 50%).
• higher temperatures > 100 °C were used, decompositions were observed.
• the pyridine counter ion of the product of the method of example 1, above may be replaced by other selected bases in quantitative yield (95-99%) and analytical purity (95- 98%) as amorphous powder when stirred with 1.2 equiv of the selected base (e.g. glucosamine or psilocin) in aqueous solution, according to the following method.
• the aqueous solution may be 1:1 mixture of ethanol: water, methanol: water, pyridine: water, and/or isopropanol: water.
• water may be mixed with other organic solvents such as acetone, THF, or chloroform.
• non aqueous solutions e.g., absolute ethanol or methanol, or dry pyridine
• the target sulfates were obtained in crystalline form.
• a reaction vial with polyethylene plug and stir bar is charged with pyridinium CBD sulfate, which is preferably produced according to the method of example 1 (0.47 g, 1 mmol, 1 equiv), a selected base (1.2 mmol, 1.2 equiv) and 5 mL of H20 or ethanol or H20: ethanol solution (1:1).
• the reaction is stirred at rt for 2-4 hr to produce a milky emulsion which is cooled down to - 80 °C, and the solvents are freeze-dried, preferably using FreeZone ® 2.5 Liter Benchtop Freeze, to give the desired product as amorphous powder in quantitative yields without the need for further purification.
• the following exemplary CBD sulfate ester salts may be produced according to the method of example 2, by selecting the appropriate base to mix with the pyridinium CBD sulfate in solution.
• compositions for treating patients suffering from conditions or diseases that are known to respond to treatment by cannabinoids comprise a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable diluents or excipients, or both.
• Example 3 Each hard gelatin capsule contains:
• Example 4 Each hard gelatin capsule contains:
• Example 5 Each hard gelatin capsule contains:
• Example 6 Each hard gelatin capsule contains:
• Example 7 Each tablet contains:
• Example 8 Each 100 g cream contains the following formula
• pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” refers to a pharmaceutically-acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting any subject composition or component thereof.
• a pharmaceutically-acceptable material such as a liquid or solid filler, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting any subject composition or component thereof.
• Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the subject composition and its components and not injurious to the patient.
• materials which may serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include : (1) sugars, such as lactose and maltose; (2) starches, such as com starch and gelatinized starch; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such as carboxymethyl cellulose salt, and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; (4) thickening agents such as gelatin and tragacanth; (5) disintegrants such as copovidone; (6 ) other excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes and pyrogen - free water for sterile products; and (7) other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations.

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