WO2022163733A1 - リチウムイオン二次電池用非水系電解液およびリチウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池用非水系電解液およびリチウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022163733A1 WO2022163733A1 PCT/JP2022/002976 JP2022002976W WO2022163733A1 WO 2022163733 A1 WO2022163733 A1 WO 2022163733A1 JP 2022002976 W JP2022002976 W JP 2022002976W WO 2022163733 A1 WO2022163733 A1 WO 2022163733A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- ion secondary
- lithium ion
- group
- negative electrode
- mass
- Prior art date
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Images
Classifications
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- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
- H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
- H01M2300/0037—Mixture of solvents
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a nonaqueous electrolyte for lithium ion secondary batteries and a lithium ion secondary battery comprising the nonaqueous electrolyte.
- Lithium-ion secondary batteries are lightweight and have a high energy density. It is widely used as a driving power supply.
- Si-based negative electrode materials As negative electrode active materials, the use of Si-based negative electrode materials as negative electrode active materials has been studied. Si-based materials are known to have a theoretical capacity density five times or more higher than that of graphite, which is frequently used as a negative electrode active material, and are being studied as a negative electrode active material to replace graphite.
- a negative electrode active material containing a Si-based material (hereinafter referred to as a Si-based negative electrode active material) has a high theoretical capacity density, but has the property that its volume changes greatly during charging and discharging. Due to such properties, cracks and fissures may occur in the Si-based negative electrode active material, resulting in isolation from the current collection network and a decrease in battery life. In addition, due to such properties, cracking or peeling of SEI (Solid Electrolyte Interphase) formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material occurs, and lithium ions are taken into the electrolyte for reforming the SEI, resulting in non-aqueous A disadvantage is that it causes deterioration of the electrolyte.
- SEI Solid Electrolyte Interphase
- Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2014-002972 Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2008-071559 Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2007-027110 Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2004-525495 Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2016-532253
- Patent Documents 1 to 4 disclose techniques for adding an additive to a non-aqueous electrolytic solution in order to improve battery life or improve battery safety.
- Patent Document 5 discloses that the life of the battery is improved by adding fluoroethylene carbonate to the electrolyte solution of a lithium ion secondary battery having a carbon-based negative electrode active material and a Si-based negative electrode active material.
- fluoroethylene carbonate has a high oxidation-reduction potential and is easily reductively decomposed, SEI can be preferably formed, and direct contact and reaction between the electrolyte and the active material can be prevented.
- fluoroethylene carbonate has the problem of generating gas during SEI formation.
- Cyclic carbonates such as fluoroethylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate (EC) are likely to cause gas generation during high-temperature storage.
- Such gas generation causes an increase in the internal pressure of the lithium ion secondary battery. Therefore, if gas generation increases due to long-term use or leaving at high temperature, the internal pressure will rise greatly, deformation of the battery case, early activation of pressure-sensitive safety mechanisms such as current interrupting mechanism and safety valve, etc. Battery life may be shortened.
- the generation of gas may hinder sufficient permeation of the electrolytic solution, resulting in deterioration of battery performance. Therefore, in order to improve battery life, there is a demand for a technique for suppressing gas generation due to decomposition of non-aqueous electrolytic solutions such as fluoroethylene carbonate.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a non-aqueous electrolytic solution for lithium ion secondary batteries that can suppress gas generation due to decomposition of the non-aqueous electrolytic solution.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a lithium ion secondary battery using the non-aqueous electrolyte for lithium ion secondary batteries.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium ion secondary battery disclosed herein is a Si-based negative electrode active material or a graphite-based carbon negative electrode in which the negative electrode active material in the negative electrode is composed of Si and is capable of reversibly intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions.
- the cyclic carbonate is at least one of ethylene carbonate (EC) and monofluoroethylene carbonate (FEC).
- EC ethylene carbonate
- FEC monofluoroethylene carbonate
- the non-aqueous electrolytic solution for lithium ion secondary batteries contains ethylene carbonate (EC) in an amount of 5% by mass or more and/or monofluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) in an amount of 0.1% by mass or more. According to such a configuration, it is possible to more preferably suppress gas generation and further improve the capacity retention rate of the lithium-ion secondary battery.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- FEC monofluoroethylene carbonate
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution for lithium ion secondary batteries contains 0 .01 mass % to 10 mass %.
- the capacity retention rate of the lithium ion secondary battery can be favorably improved.
- the high molecular weight organic compound has a polar functional group, and the polar functional group is an amino group, a sulfonic acid group, or a carboxyl group. , a phosphoric acid group, a polyalkylene ether group, an amide group, a hydroxyl group, an epoxy group, and an alkoxysilyl group, and the concentration of the polar functional group in the high-molecular-weight organic compound is 0.5. It is 1 mmol/g or more. According to such a configuration, the stability of the high-molecular-weight organic compound in the non-aqueous electrolytic solution is increased, and the adsorption to the negative electrode active material is facilitated, so that the capacity retention rate can be improved.
- the high-molecular-weight organic compound contains a copolymer compound obtained by copolymerizing a polymerizable unsaturated monomer. According to such a configuration, the stability of the high-molecular-weight organic compound in the non-aqueous electrolytic solution is increased, and the compound is easily adsorbed to the negative electrode active material, so that the capacity retention rate can be further improved.
- the lithium-ion secondary battery disclosed herein comprises an electrode body having a negative electrode, a positive electrode, and a separator, and the non-aqueous electrolytic solution for a lithium-ion secondary battery. According to such a configuration, it is possible to provide a lithium ion secondary battery in which gas generation due to decomposition of the non-aqueous electrolytic solution is suppressed and the capacity retention rate is improved.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the internal structure of a lithium-ion secondary battery using a non-aqueous electrolytic solution according to one embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of a wound electrode body of a lithium-ion secondary battery using a non-aqueous electrolytic solution according to one embodiment.
- the term “secondary battery” generally refers to an electricity storage device that can be repeatedly charged and discharged, and includes so-called storage batteries and electricity storage elements such as electric double layer capacitors.
- the term “lithium ion secondary battery” refers to a secondary battery that utilizes lithium ions as a charge carrier and is charged/discharged by the transfer of charge associated with the lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes.
- the high-molecular-weight organic compound (resin) contains the raw material monomer X, unless otherwise specified, the high-molecular-weight organic compound (resin) is a raw material monomer containing the monomer X. It means that it is a (co)polymer. Moreover, in this specification, a (co)polymer means a polymer or a copolymer. Moreover, in this specification, "(meth)acrylate” means acrylate and/or methacrylate, and “(meth)acrylic acid” means acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid. Moreover, “(meth)acryloyl” means acryloyl and/or methacryloyl. “(Meth)acrylamide” means acrylamide and/or methacrylamide.
- the non-aqueous electrolytic solution for a lithium ion secondary battery according to the present embodiment contains a non-aqueous solvent containing a cyclic carbonate solvent and an electrolyte dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent, and has the following high molecular weight with a weight average molecular weight of 1,000 or more. and a molecular weight organic compound.
- the weight average molecular weight of the high molecular weight organic compound that can be used in the present invention is usually 1,000 or more, preferably 1,000 to 100,000, more preferably 2,000 to 50,000. and more preferably in the range of 3,000 to 30,000 from the viewpoint of the battery capacity retention rate.
- the number average molecular weight and weight average molecular weight are the retention times (retention volumes) measured using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and the retention times of standard polystyrene with known molecular weights measured under the same conditions. It is a value obtained by converting to the molecular weight of polystyrene using (holding capacity).
- HLC8120GPC (trade name, manufactured by Tosoh Corporation) is used as the gel permeation chromatograph, and "TSKgel G-4000HXL”, “TSKgel G-3000HXL”, and “TSKgel G-2500HXL” are used as the columns.
- TSKgel G-2000HXL (trade name, both manufactured by Tosoh Corporation), mobile phase tetrahydrofuran, measurement temperature 40 ° C., flow rate 1 mL / min and detector RI. .
- the type of the high molecular weight organic compound is not particularly limited, but specific examples include acrylic resins, polyester resins, epoxy resins, polyether resins, alkyd resins, urethane resins, silicone resins, polycarbonate resins, silicate resins, Chlorine-based resins, fluorine-based resins, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetal, polyvinylpyrrolidone, composite resins thereof, and the like can be mentioned, and one type can be used alone or two or more types can be used in combination.
- the high molecular weight organic compound preferably has a polar functional group, and the polar functional group is at least one polar functional group selected from the group consisting of an amino group, a sulfonic acid group, a carboxyl group, a phosphoric acid group, a polyalkylene ether group, an amide group, a hydroxyl group, an epoxy group, and an alkoxysilyl group. preferable.
- the polar functional group concentration in the high molecular weight organic compound is usually 0.1 mmol/g or more, preferably 1 to 30 mmol/g, more preferably 2 to 25 mmol/g, further preferably 5 to 22 mmol/g. is preferable from the viewpoint of the battery capacity retention rate.
- the ionic polar functional group concentration is usually 0.1 mmol/g or more, preferably 0.2 to 25 mmol/g, more preferably 0.3 to 10 mmol/g, from the viewpoint of maintaining battery capacity. preferred.
- the polar functional group concentration is calculated assuming that there is one polar functional group. For example, when one polymerizable unsaturated monomer has two polar functional groups, is calculated as two.
- the high-molecular-weight organic compound is preferably a hydrophilic (highly polar) compound due to its polar functional group, and preferably dissolves in water.
- the term "dissolve in water” includes dissolution or semi-dissolution rather than emulsification when mixed with water to form a 5% aqueous solution.
- water solubility indicates a preferable property of the high-molecular-weight organic compound, and it is not intended that the electrolyte solution of the lithium-ion secondary battery in the present embodiment should preferably contain water. do not have.
- the high molecular weight organic compound is a copolymer obtained by copolymerizing a polymerizable unsaturated monomer. Coalesced compounds are preferred.
- any monomer having a polymerizable unsaturated group that can be radically polymerized can be used without particular limitation.
- examples thereof include (meth)acryloyl group, (meth)acrylamide group, vinyl group, allyl group, (meth)acryloyloxy group, and vinyl ether group.
- the copolymer compound contains a copolymer composed of a polymerizable unsaturated monomer having a polar functional group.
- the polymerizable unsaturated monomer having a polar functional group is selected from the group consisting of an amino group, a sulfonic acid group, a carboxyl group, a phosphoric acid group, a polyalkylene ether group, an amide group, a hydroxyl group, an epoxy group, and an alkoxysilyl group.
- at least one polar functional group such as 2-hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate, etc.
- R 1 represents a hydrogen atom or CH 3
- R 2 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms
- m is an integer of 4 to 60, especially 4 to 55
- n is 2 is an integer from ⁇ 3, wherein m oxyalkylene units (C n H 2n O) may be the same or different from each other.
- the polymerizable unsaturated monomers may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- a polymerizable unsaturated monomer having an ionic functional group and/or a polyalkylene ether group is preferred, and a polymerizable unsaturated monomer having an ionic functional group is more preferred.
- polymerizable unsaturated monomers other than the polymerizable unsaturated monomer having a polar functional group examples include methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, n-propyl (meth) acrylate, isopropyl (meth) acrylate, and the like.
- alkyl (meth)acrylate C3 or less alkyl (meth)acrylate, n-butyl (meth)acrylate, i-butyl (meth)acrylate, t-butyl (meth)acrylate, n-hexyl (meth)acrylate, octyl (meth)acrylate, 2 - ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, nonyl (meth)acrylate, tridecyl (meth)acrylate, lauryl (meth)acrylate, stearyl (meth)acrylate, isostearyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, methylcyclohexyl (meth)acrylate , t-butylcyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, cyclododecyl (meth)acrylate, tricyclodecanyl (meth)acrylate, and other alkyl or cycloalkyl
- a conventionally known method can be used for the polymerization method of the copolymer compound.
- it can be produced by solution polymerization of a polymerizable unsaturated monomer in an organic solvent, but the present invention is not limited to this, and bulk polymerization, emulsion polymerization, suspension polymerization, or the like may be used.
- the solution polymerization When the solution polymerization is carried out, it may be continuous polymerization or batch polymerization. good.
- radical polymerization initiator used for polymerization.
- cyclohexanone peroxide 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanone peroxide, methylcyclohexanone peroxide, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, 1,1-bis( tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, n-butyl-4,4-bis(tert-butylperoxy)valerate, cumene hydroperoxide, 2,5-dimethylhexane-2,5-dihydroperoxide, 1,3 -Bis(tert-butylperoxy-m-isopropyl)benzene, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane, diisopropylbenzene peroxide, tert-butylcumyl peroxide, decanoyl
- the solvent used for the above polymerization or dilution is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include water, organic solvents, and mixtures thereof.
- organic solvents include hydrocarbon solvents such as n-butane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and cyclobutane; aromatic solvents such as toluene and xylene; ketone solvents; ether solvents such as n-butyl ether, dioxane, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol; ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, Ester solvents such as butyl carbitol acetate; Ketone solvents such as methyl ethyl ketone
- solvents conventionally known solvents.
- it since it is used as an electrolytic solution, it preferably does not contain water, and it preferably contains at least one carbonate-based solvent selected from diethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate. These can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.
- a polymerization initiator, a polymerizable unsaturated monomer component and an organic solvent are mixed and heated while stirring. After charging, while stirring at a temperature of 60° C. to 200° C., while blowing an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon as necessary, the polymerizable unsaturated monomer component and the polymerization initiator are mixed dropwise or separated dropwise over a predetermined time. method is used. Polymerization can generally be carried out for about 1 to 10 hours. After each stage of polymerization, an additional catalyst step may be provided in which the reactor is heated while the polymerization initiator is added dropwise, if necessary.
- a copolymer compound having a graft structure or a block structure divided into two segments, an adsorption portion and a steric repulsion portion is used. is preferred, and a graft structure (comb structure) is particularly preferred.
- the graft structure (comb-shaped structure) has an ionic functional group in the main chain adsorption part and a hydrophilic functional group in the side chain steric repulsion part from the viewpoint of compatibility with the electrolytic solution. preferred from
- an ionic functional group, a nonionic functional group, or the like can be suitably used, and among others, it is preferable that at least one nonionic functional group is included.
- the weight average molecular weight of the steric repulsion portion of the side chain is preferably 200 to 30,000, more preferably 300 to 10,000, even more preferably 400 to 10,000.
- the mass ratio of the main chain to the side chain is preferably 1/99 to 99/1, more preferably 5/95 to 95/5, and further preferably 5/95 to 50/50. preferable.
- a method for introducing the side chain of the steric repulsion portion into the copolymer compound a method known per se can be suitably used. Examples include a method of copolymerizing a saturated group-containing macromonomer and another polymerizable unsaturated group-containing monomer, a method of copolymerizing a polymerizable unsaturated group-containing monomer and then adding a side chain compound, and the like, all of which are suitable. can be used for
- the polymerizable unsaturated group-containing macromonomer can be produced by a method known per se.
- Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 43-11224 discloses that a chain transfer agent such as mercaptopropionic acid is used in the process of producing a macromonomer to introduce a carboxylic acid group at the end of a polymer chain, followed by glycidyl methacrylate.
- a method for introducing ethylenically unsaturated groups to obtain macromonomers is described.
- a method by catalytic chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) using a cobalt complex is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 6-23209 and Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 7-35411. ing.
- 2,4-diphenyl-4-methyl-1-pentene is used as an addition-fragmentation type chain transfer agent to radically polymerize methacrylic acid to produce a macromonomer. It describes how to get it.
- the amount of the high-molecular-weight organic compound added to the non-aqueous electrolyte for lithium-ion secondary batteries according to the present embodiment is not particularly limited as long as the effects of the present invention are exhibited. However, if the amount added is too small, it is difficult to obtain the effects of the present invention. , preferably 0.1% by mass to 5% by mass, more preferably 0.6% by mass to 1.5% by mass. By adding the high-molecular-weight organic compound in such a range, it is possible to more effectively improve the capacity retention rate of the lithium-ion secondary battery in charge-discharge cycles.
- the non-aqueous electrolytic solution for lithium ion secondary batteries according to the present embodiment can dissolve or disperse a supporting salt (lithium salt) as an electrolyte in a non-aqueous solvent.
- the type of non-aqueous solvent is not particularly limited as long as it can dissolve the above-mentioned high molecular weight organic compound. , lactones and the like can be used.
- carbonates are preferred. Examples of carbonates include cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC), and chain carbonates such as diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC). These can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- non-aqueous electrolytic solution means an electrolytic solution that does not substantially contain water, and preferably contains as little water as possible. Moisture may be mixed in, and in that case, it can be usually contained in the range of 1% by mass or less, preferably 0.5% by mass or less, and more preferably 0.1% by mass or less.
- ethylene carbonate is preferably used for the non-aqueous electrolytic solution for lithium secondary batteries according to the present embodiment.
- Ethylene carbonate not only has a high dielectric constant, but also participates in SEI formation and can improve the stability and/or durability of the negative electrode. If the content of ethylene carbonate in the non-aqueous electrolytic solution is too low, the above effects are difficult to achieve. , and more preferably at a rate of 25% by mass or more.
- lithium salt various types used in general lithium ion secondary batteries can be appropriately selected and employed.
- LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , Li(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N, LiCF 3 SO 3 and the like can be used, and these can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the concentration of such lithium salt is preferably used within the range of 0.7 mol/L or more and 1.3 mol/L or less.
- the non-aqueous electrolytic solution for lithium ion secondary batteries according to the present embodiment may contain various additives and the like as long as the characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery are not impaired.
- additives include film-forming agents, overcharge additives, etc., and include one or more of the following: improvement of battery input/output characteristics, improvement of cycle characteristics, improvement of initial charge/discharge efficiency, improvement of safety, etc. can be used for the purpose.
- additives include film-forming agents such as lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), vinylene carbonate (VC), vinylethylene carbonate (VEC), monofluoroethylene carbonate (FEC); biphenyl (BP ), aromatic compounds such as cyclohexylbenzene (CHB), overcharge additives made of compounds that can generate gas during overcharge; surfactants; dispersants; thickeners; .
- film-forming agents such as lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), vinylene carbonate (VC), vinylethylene carbonate (VEC), monofluoroethylene carbonate (FEC); biphenyl (BP ), aromatic compounds such as cyclohexylbenzene (CHB), overcharge additives made of compounds that can generate gas during overcharge; surfactants; dispersants; thickeners; .
- the film-forming agent is usually about 0.1 mol / L or less (typically 0.005 mol / L to 0.05 mol / L /L), and the overcharge additive is usually about 6% by mass or less (typically 0.5% to 4% by mass).
- monofluoroethylene carbonate is preferably used in the non-aqueous electrolytic solution for lithium-ion secondary batteries according to the present embodiment.
- Monofluoroethylene carbonate which is a cyclic carbonate, promotes SEI formation and can suitably protect the negative electrode (for example, suppress gas generation due to decomposition of the electrolyte).
- the amount of monofluoroethylene carbonate added to the non-aqueous electrolytic solution is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.5% by mass or more, and still more preferably 1% by mass or more.
- the upper limit of the amount to be added is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 4% by mass or less, and still more preferably 3% by mass or less.
- the non-aqueous electrolytic solution for lithium ion secondary batteries according to the present embodiment can be used in lithium ion secondary batteries according to known methods.
- the high molecular weight organic compound contained in the nonaqueous electrolyte for lithium ion secondary batteries can suppress gas generation due to decomposition of the nonaqueous electrolyte. A decrease in the capacity retention rate can be suppressed.
- the lithium ion secondary battery 100 shown in FIG. 1 is a sealed battery constructed by housing a flat wound electrode body 20 and an electrolytic solution 80 in a flat rectangular battery case (that is, an exterior container) 30. is.
- the battery case 30 is provided with a positive terminal 42 and a negative terminal 44 for external connection, and a thin safety valve 36 set to release the internal pressure when the internal pressure of the battery case 30 rises above a predetermined level. there is Further, the battery case 30 is provided with an injection port (not shown) for injecting the electrolytic solution 80 .
- the positive terminal 42 is electrically connected to the positive collector plate 42a.
- the negative terminal 44 is electrically connected to the negative collector plate 44a.
- a metal material such as aluminum that is lightweight and has good thermal conductivity is used.
- the wound electrode body 20 is a sheet-like positive electrode 50 in which a positive electrode active material layer 54 is formed on one or both sides of a long positive electrode current collector 52 along the longitudinal direction. and a sheet-like negative electrode 60 in which a negative electrode active material layer 64 is formed on one or both sides of a long negative electrode current collector 62 along the longitudinal direction, and two long and sheet-like separators 70. It has a form in which it is superimposed via and wound in the longitudinal direction.
- the positive electrode active material layer non-forming portions 52a i.e., positive electrode active a portion where the positive electrode current collector 52 is exposed without the material layer 54 being formed
- a negative electrode active material layer non-formation portion 62a that is, a portion where the negative electrode current collector 62 is exposed without the negative electrode active material layer 64 being formed.
- a positive collector plate 42a and a negative collector plate 44a are respectively joined to the .
- Examples of the positive electrode current collector 52 that constitutes the positive electrode 50 include aluminum foil.
- Examples of the positive electrode active material contained in the positive electrode active material layer 54 include lithium transition metal oxides (eg, LiNi1 / 3Co1 / 3Mn1 / 3O2 , LiNiO2 , LiCoO2, LiFeO2 , LiMn2O 4 , LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 , etc.), lithium transition metal phosphate compounds ( eg, LiFePO4 , etc.), and the like.
- the positive electrode active material layer 54 may contain components other than the active material, such as a conductive material and a binder.
- a conductive material such as a conductive material and a binder.
- Carbon black such as acetylene black (AB) and other carbon materials (eg, graphite) can be suitably used as the conductive material.
- AB acetylene black
- other carbon materials eg, graphite
- the binder for example, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) or the like can be used.
- Examples of the negative electrode current collector 62 that constitutes the negative electrode 60 include copper foil.
- a graphite-based carbon material; lithium titanate (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 : LTO); Sn; a Si-based material or the like can be used.
- at least one of Si-based material and graphite-based carbon material is included.
- a Si-based negative electrode active material containing Si as a constituent element and capable of reversibly intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions may be selected as the negative electrode active material in the negative electrode.
- the Si-based negative electrode active material for example, SiO, Si, or the like can be used.
- graphite-based carbon material refers to a carbon material composed only of graphite, and a material containing 50% by mass or more (typically 80% by mass or more, for example 90% by mass or more) of the entire material. It is a general term for the carbon material that occupies.
- one type of component of the negative electrode active material can be used alone, or two or more types can be used in combination.
- a negative electrode active material containing a Si-based material and a graphite-based carbon material can be used.
- As a proportion of the negative electrode active material for example, when the negative electrode active material layer is 100% by mass, the Si-based material is 0.01% by mass to 20% by mass and the graphite-based carbon material is 50% by mass or more. can be used.
- the negative electrode active material layer 64 may contain components other than the active material, such as binders and thickeners.
- binders for example, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) or the like can be used.
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- a thickening agent for example, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or the like can be used.
- the separator 70 examples include porous sheets (films) made of resin such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyester, cellulose, and polyamide. Such a porous sheet may have a single-layer structure or a laminated structure of two or more layers (for example, a three-layer structure in which PP layers are laminated on both sides of a PE layer).
- a heat-resistant layer (HRL) may be provided on the surface of the separator 70 .
- electrolyte solution 80 the above-described non-aqueous electrolyte solution for lithium ion secondary batteries disclosed here is used. Note that FIG. 1 does not strictly show the amount of electrolyte solution 80 injected into battery case 30 .
- the lithium ion secondary battery 100 configured as described above can be used for various purposes. Suitable applications include drive power supplies mounted in vehicles such as electric vehicles (BEV), hybrid vehicles (HEV), and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV).
- BEV electric vehicles
- HEV hybrid vehicles
- PHEV plug-in hybrid vehicles
- the lithium-ion secondary battery 100 can also be typically used in the form of an assembled battery in which a plurality of batteries are connected in series and/or in parallel.
- the prismatic lithium ion secondary battery 100 including the flattened wound electrode assembly 20 has been described.
- the lithium ion secondary battery can also be configured as a lithium ion secondary battery with a laminated electrode body.
- the lithium ion secondary battery can be configured as a cylindrical lithium ion secondary battery, a laminated lithium ion secondary battery, or the like.
- the present invention is further illustrated by the following examples.
- a method for synthesizing various compounds, a method for manufacturing a secondary battery, an evaluation test method, and the like are conventionally known methods in the technical field.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and various modifications and variations are possible within the technical idea of the present invention and the equivalent scope of the claims.
- parts in each example indicate parts by mass, and "%” indicates mass%.
- Macromonomer 1 16 parts of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether and 9.15 parts of 2,4-diphenyl-4-methyl-1-pentene are charged into a reaction vessel equipped with a thermometer, a cooling tube, a nitrogen gas inlet tube, a stirrer and a dropping device, The mixture was stirred at 160° C. while blowing nitrogen. Then, a mixed liquid consisting of 100 parts of methacrylamide and 7 parts of ditert-aryl peroxide was added dropwise to the mixture over 3 hours, and the mixture was stirred for 2 hours. Then, the solution was cooled to 30° C.
- macromonomer 1 hydrophilic polymerizable unsaturated group-containing macromonomer (macromonomer 1) solution having a solid content of 60%.
- the obtained macromonomer 1 had a weight average molecular weight of 2,000 and a polar functional group concentration of 11.8 mmol/g.
- High molecular weight organic compounds No. 5 to 15 The above high molecular weight organic compound No. 1 was used except that the monomer composition and the polymerization initiator were as shown in Table 1 below.
- High molecular weight organic compound No. 4 was prepared in the same manner as in No. 4. 5-15 solutions were prepared. The weight average molecular weight, polar functional group concentration mmol/g, and ionic polar functional group concentration mmol/g of each resin are shown in Table 1 below.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- Examples 15-16, 19-20 High molecular weight organic compound no. 1, high-molecular-weight organic compound No. 1 was added at the ratio shown in Table 2 below. 2 to No.
- monofluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) was added so as to be 1% by mass, and the electrolytic solution (Examples 15 to 16, 19 to 20). manufactured.
- Example 25 High molecular weight organic compound no.
- An electrolyte solution (Example 25) was prepared by the process except dissolving 1.
- Examples 23-24 After producing an electrolytic solution in the same process as in Example 25, monofluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) was added in the proportions shown in Table 2 below to produce electrolytic solutions (Examples 23 and 24). Moreover, the results of the evaluation test are described in Table 2, which will be described later. In the present disclosure, if there is even one evaluation result of “ ⁇ (failed)” or “E (failed)” in the evaluation, the electrolyte was rejected.
- FEC monofluoroethylene carbonate
- Positive electrode active material LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2
- Conductive agent acetylene black
- Binder N-methyl-2 at a ratio (mass ratio) of 87:10:3 - Pyrrolidone was mixed as a dispersion solvent to prepare a paste, which was applied to an aluminum foil and dried to prepare a positive electrode plate.
- SBR styrene-butadiene copolymer
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- an electrode body is formed by facing each other with a polypropylene/polyethylene/polypropylene three-layer structure porous membrane having an air permeability of 300 seconds obtained by the Gurley test method, and sealed with a laminate together with the electrolytic solution. By doing so, a battery for evaluation was produced.
- the charge setpoint was 4.10V and the discharge setpoint was 3.00V.
- a 10-minute rest time was provided after the end of charging and discharging.
- Capacity retention rate (%) (battery capacity after 500 cycles/initial capacity) x 100
- the evaluation is as follows. A: The capacity retention rate is 99% or more and 100% or less. B: The capacity retention rate is 97% or more and less than 99%. C: The capacity retention rate is 94% or more and less than 97%. D: The capacity retention rate is 91% or more and less than 94%. E: The capacity retention rate is less than 91%.
- ⁇ Capacity retention rate (60°C)> The capacity retention rate was measured in a constant temperature bath at 60°C. In addition, everything was carried out in the same manner except that the temperature of the constant temperature bath was changed from 25°C to 60°C.
- ⁇ Gas generation amount> Volume measurements were made using the Archimedes method. The laminate battery was immersed in water at 25° C., and the volume of the laminate battery was measured from the change in mass. Volume measurement was performed before and after the start of the 500 cycle test, and the amount of gas generated was calculated by the following formula (2). Gas generation amount (%) [ ⁇ (volume after 500 cycles)-(initial volume)) ⁇ /(initial volume)] ⁇ 100 Equation (2) The evaluation is as follows. Good: The amount of gas generated is less than 60%. ⁇ : The amount of gas generated is 60% or more and less than 105%. x: Gas generation amount is 105% or more.
- high-molecular-weight organic compound No. 1 having a weight-average molecular weight of 1,000 or more Examples 1 to 21, in which any one of 1 to 15 was added had an improved capacity retention rate compared to Example 25.
- high molecular weight organic compound No. in Example 22 in which 16 was added the capacity retention rate at 25°C was improved, but the capacity retention rate at 60°C was not improved.
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Abstract
Description
近年、リチウムイオン二次電池はさらなる高容量化のために、負極活物質にSi系負極材料を利用することが検討されている。負極活物質として多用されている黒鉛よりもSi系材料は理論容量密度が5倍以上大きいことが知られており、黒鉛に代わる負極活物質として適用検討が進められている。
かかる構成によれば、負極活物質表面のSEI形成が行われ、ガス発生が抑制することができる。これにより、容量維持率をより向上させることができる。
かかる構成によれば、ガス発生をより好適に抑制し、リチウムイオン二次電池の容量維持率をより一層向上させることができる。
かかる割合で上記高分子有機化合物を非水系電解液に含有させることにより、リチウムイオン二次電池の容量維持率を好適に向上させることができる。
かかる構成によれば、上記高分子量有機化合物の非水系電解液中における安定性が増し、負極活物質への吸着しやすくなるため、容量維持率を向上させ得る。
かかる構成によれば、上記高分子量有機化合物の非水系電解液中における安定性が増し、さらに負極活物質へ吸着しやすくなるため、容量維持率をより一層向上させることができる。
かかる構成によれば、非水系電解液の分解によるガス発生を抑制し、容量維持率が向上したリチウムイオン二次電池を提供することができる。
なお、本明細書において数値範囲をA~B(ここでA,Bは任意の数値)と記載している場合は、一般的な解釈と同様であり、A以上B以下を意味するものである。
また、本明細書において、「(メタ)アクリレート」は、アクリレート及び/又はメタクリレートを意味し、「(メタ)アクリル酸」は、アクリル酸及び/又はメタクリル酸を意味する。また、「(メタ)アクリロイル」は、アクリロイル及び/又はメタクリロイルを意味する。また、「(メタ)アクリルアミド」は、アクリルアミド及び/又はメタクリルアミドを意味する。
本発明で用いることができる高分子量有機化合物の重量平均分子量としては、通常1,000以上であり、好ましくは1,000~100,000であり、より好ましくは2,000~50,000であり、さらに好ましくは3,000~30,000の範囲内であることが電池容量維持率の観点から好適である。
なお、本明細書において、数平均分子量および重量平均分子量は、ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフ(GPC)を用いて測定した保持時間(保持容量)を、同一条件で測定した分子量既知の標準ポリスチレンの保持時間(保持容量)によりポリスチレンの分子量に換算して求めた値である。具体的には、ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフとして、「HLC8120GPC」(商品名、東ソー社製)を使用し、カラムとして、「TSKgel G-4000HXL」、「TSKgel G-3000HXL」、「TSKgel G-2500HXL」および「TSKgel G-2000HXL」(商品名、いずれも東ソー社製)の4本を使用し、移動相テトラヒドロフラン、測定温度40℃、流速1mL/minおよび検出器RIの条件下で測定することができる。
なかでも、電池容量維持(非水系電解液中での安定性や負極活物質への吸着性を含む)の観点から、高分子量有機化合物が、極性官能基を有することが好ましく、該極性官能基が、アミノ基、スルホン酸基、カルボキシル基、リン酸基、ポリアルキレンエーテル基、アミド基、水酸基、エポキシ基、アルコキシシリル基からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の極性官能基であることがより好ましい。
特にイオン性の極性官能基濃度としては、通常0.1mmol/g以上、好ましくは0.2~25mmol/g、より好ましくは0.3~10mmol/gであることが、電池容量維持の観点から好適である。
上記共重合体化合物の原料として用いられる重合性不飽和モノマーとしては、ラジカル重合しうる重合性不飽和基を有するモノマーであれば特に制限なく用いることができ、該重合性不飽和基としては、例えば、(メタ)アクリロイル基、(メタ)アクリルアミド基、ビニル基、アリル基、(メタ)アクリロイルオキシ基、ビニルエーテル基などが挙げられる。
なかでも、共重合体化合物が、極性官能基を有する重合性不飽和モノマーを構成成分とする共重合体を含有することが好ましい。
上記極性官能基を有する重合性不飽和モノマーとしては、アミノ基、スルホン酸基、カルボキシル基、リン酸基、ポリアルキレンエーテル基、アミド基、水酸基、エポキシ基、アルコキシシリル基からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の極性官能基であって、例えば、2-ヒドロキシエチル(メタ)アクリレート、2-ヒドロキシプロピル(メタ)アクリレート、3-ヒドロキシプロピル(メタ)アクリレート、4-ヒドロキシブチル(メタ)アクリレートなどの(メタ)アクリル酸と炭素数2~8の2価アルコールとのモノエステル化物、該(メタ)アクリル酸と炭素数2~8の2価アルコールとのモノエステル化物のε-カプロラクトン変性体、N-ヒドロキシメチル(メタ)アクリルアミド、アリルアルコ-ル、分子末端が水酸基であるポリオキシアルキレン鎖を有する(メタ)アクリレート等の水酸基含有重合性不飽和モノマー;(メタ)アクリル酸、マレイン酸、クロトン酸、β-カルボキシエチルアクリレート等のカルボキシル基含有重合性不飽和モノマー;(メタ)アクリルアミド、N,N-ジメチルアミノエチル(メタ)アクリレート、N,N-ジエチルアミノエチル(メタ)アクリレート、N,N-ジメチルアミノプロピル(メタ)アクリルアミド、グリシジル(メタ)アクリレートとアミン類との付加物等のアミノ基及び/又はアミド基を有する重合性不飽和モノマー;イソシアネート基含有重合性不飽和モノマーと水酸基含有化合物との反応生成物又は水酸基含有重合性不飽和モノマーとイソシアネート基含有化合物との反応生成物等のウレタン結合を有する重合性不飽和モノマー;グリシジル(メタ)アクリレート、β-メチルグリシジル(メタ)アクリレート、3,4-エポキシシクロヘキシルメチル(メタ)アクリレート、3,4-エポキシシクロヘキシルエチル(メタ)アクリレート、3,4-エポキシシクロヘキシルプロピル(メタ)アクリレート、アリルグリシジルエーテル等のエポキシ基含有重合性不飽和モノマー;分子末端がアルコキシ基であるポリオキシエチレン鎖を有する(メタ)アクリレート;2-アクリルアミド-2-メチルプロパンスルホン酸、2-スルホエチル(メタ)アクリレート、アリルスルホン酸、4-スチレンスルホン酸等、これらスルホン酸のナトリウム塩およびアンモニウム塩等のスルホン酸基を有する重合性不飽和モノマー;2-アクリロイルオキシエチルアシッドホスフェート、2-メタクリロイルオキシエチルアシッドホスフェート、2-アクリロイルオキシプロピルアシッドホスフェート、2-メタクリロイルオキシプロピルアシッドホスフェート等のリン酸基を有する重合性不飽和モノマー;ビニルトリメトキシシラン、ビニルトリエトキシシラン、ビニルトリス(2-メトキシエトキシ)シラン、γ-(メタ)アクリロイルオキシプロピルトリメトキシシラン、γ-(メタ)アクリロイルオキシプロピルトリエトキシシランなどのアルコキシシリル基を有する重合性不飽和モノマー;ポリエチレングリコール(メタ)アクリレート、ポリプロピレングリコール(メタ)アクリレート、メトキシポリエチレングリコール(メタ)アクリレート、エトキシポリエチレングリコール(メタ)アクリレートなどの下記式(1)で示されるポリアルキレンエーテル基を有する重合性不飽和モノマー等が挙げられる。
CH2=C(R1)COO(CnH2nO)m-R2 ・・・式(1)
〔式中、R1は水素原子またはCH3を表し、R2は水素原子又は炭素数1~4のアルキル基を表し、mは4~60、特に4~55の整数であり、nは2~3の整数であり、ここで、m個のオキシアルキレン単位(CnH2nO)は同じであっても又は互いに異なっていてもよい。〕
上記重合性不飽和モノマーは1種を単独で又は2種以上を併用して用いることができる。電池容量維持率の観点から、イオン性官能基及び/又はポリアルキレンエーテル基を有する重合性不飽和モノマーが好ましく、イオン性官能基を有する重合性不飽和モノマーがより好ましい。
上記極性官能基を有する重合性不飽和モノマー以外の重合性不飽和モノマーとしては、例えば、メチル(メタ)アクリレート、エチル(メタ)アクリレート、n-プロピル(メタ)アクリレート、イソプロピル(メタ)アクリレート等の炭素数3以下のアルキル(メタ)アクリレート、n-ブチル(メタ)アクリレート、i-ブチル(メタ)アクリレート、t-ブチル(メタ)アクリレート、n-ヘキシル(メタ)アクリレート、オクチル(メタ)アクリレート、2-エチルヘキシル(メタ)アクリレート、ノニル(メタ)アクリレート、トリデシル(メタ)アクリレート、ラウリル(メタ)アクリレート、ステアリル(メタ)アクリレート、イソステアリル(メタ)アクリレート、シクロヘキシル(メタ)アクリレート、メチルシクロヘキシル(メタ)アクリレート、t-ブチルシクロヘキシル(メタ)アクリレート、シクロドデシル(メタ)アクリレート、トリシクロデカニル(メタ)アクリレート等のアルキルまたはシクロアルキル(メタ)アクリレート;イソボルニル(メタ)アクリレートなどのイソボルニル基を有する重合性不飽和化合物;アダマンチル(メタ)アクリレートなどのアダマンチル基を有する重合性不飽和化合物;ベンジル(メタ)アクリレート、スチレン、α-メチルスチレン、ビニルトルエン等の芳香環含有重合性不飽和モノマー;アリル(メタ)アクリレート、エチレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、トリエチレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、テトラエチレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、1,3-ブチレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、トリメチロールプロパントリ(メタ)アクリレート、1,4-ブタンジオールジ(メタ)アクリレート、ネオペンチルグリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、1,6-ヘキサンジオールジ(メタ)アクリレート、ペンタエリスリトールジ(メタ)アクリレート、ペンタエリスリトールテトラ(メタ)アクリレート、グリセロールジ(メタ)アクリレート、1,1,1-トリスヒドロキシメチルエタンジ(メタ)アクリレート、1,1,1-トリスヒドロキシメチルエタントリ(メタ)アクリレート、1,1,1-トリスヒドロキシメチルプロパントリ(メタ)アクリレート、トリアリルイソシアヌレート、ジアリルテレフタレート、ジビニルベンゼン等の重合性不飽和基を1分子中に2個以上有する重合性不飽和モノマー等が挙げられる。これらは1種を単独で、または2種以上を併用して用いることができる。
共重合体化合物の重合方法は、従来公知の方法を用いることができる。例えば、重合性不飽和モノマーを有機溶媒中で溶液重合することにより製造することができるが、これに限られるものではなく、例えば、バルク重合や乳化重合や懸濁重合等でもよい。溶液重合を行う場合には、連続重合でもよいしバッチ重合でもよく、重合性不飽和モノマーは一括して仕込んでもよいし、分割して仕込んでもよく、あるいは連続的または断続的に添加してもよい。
なかでも、電解液に使用することから、水を含まないことが好ましく、ジエチルカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネートおよびエチレンカーボネートから選ばれる少なくとも1種のカーボネート系溶媒を含むことが好ましい。これらは1種を単独で、または2種以上を併用して用いることができる。
重合は、一般に1~10時間程度行うことができる。各段階の重合の後に必要に応じて重合開始剤を滴下しながら反応槽を加熱する追加触媒工程を設けてもよい。
上記グラフト構造(くし型構造)は、主鎖である吸着部にイオン性官能基を有し、側鎖である立体反発部には親水性官能基を有することが電解液との相溶性の観点から好ましい。
側鎖の立体反発部の重量平均分子量は、200~30,000であることが好ましく、300~10,000であることがより好ましく、400~10,000であることがさらに好ましい。
主鎖と側鎖の質量比としては、1/99~99/1であることが好ましく、5/95~95/5であることがより好ましく、5/95~50/50であることがさらに好ましい。
非水系溶媒の種類は、上記高分子量有機化合物を溶解可能な限り特に制限はなく、従来リチウムイオン二次電池の電解液に用いられている、カーボネート類、エーテル類、エステル類、ニトリル類、スルホン類、ラクトン類等を用いることができる。なかでも、カーボネート類が好ましい。カーボネート類の例としては、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)等の環状カーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)等の鎖状カーボネートが挙げられる。これらは単独で、または2種以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。
また、本発明において、「非水系電解液」とは実質的に水を含まない電解液の事であり、できるだけ水を含有しないことが好ましいが、原材料または空気中(製造過程)から極少量の水分が混入されることがあり、その場合、通常、1質量%以下、好ましくは0.5質量%以下、より好ましくは0.1質量%以下の範囲で含有することができる。
各種化合物の合成方法、二次電池の製造方法、評価試験方法などは当該技術分野で従来公知の方法を用いている。しかし、本発明はこれに限定されるものではなく、本発明の技術思想と特許請求の範囲の均等範囲内で多様な修正および変形が可能である。
また、各例中の「部」は質量部、「%」は質量%を示す。
(マクロモノマー1)
温度計、冷却管、窒素ガス導入管、撹拌機および滴下装置を備えた反応容器に、エチレングリコールモノブチルエーテル16部および2,4-ジフェニル-4-メチル-1-ペンテン9.15部を仕込み、160℃で窒素を吹き込みながら撹拌した。次いで、この中に、メタクリルアミド100部およびジターシャリアミルパーオキシド7部からなる混合液を3時間かけて滴下し、そのまま、2時間撹拌した。次いで、30℃まで冷却し、ジエチルカーボネートで希釈して固形分60%の親水性の重合性不飽和基含有マクロモノマー(マクロモノマー1)溶液を得た。得られたマクロモノマー1の重量平均分子量は2,000、極性官能基濃度は11.8mmol/gであった。
(高分子量有機化合物No.4)
温度計、冷却管、窒素ガス導入管、撹拌機および滴下装置を備えた反応容器に、ジエチルカーボネート40部を仕込み、窒素置換後、120℃に保った。この中に、以下に示すモノマー混合物を4時間かけて滴下した。
(モノマー混合物)
メチルメタクリレート 25部
n-ブチルアクリレート 25部
2-ヒドロキシエチルアクリレート 50部
t-ブチルパーオキシ-2-エチルヘキサノエート(重合開始剤) 9部
滴下終了後から1時間経過後、この中に、t-ブチルパーオキシ-2-エチルヘキサノエート0.5部をジエチルカーボネート10部に溶かした溶液を1時間かけて滴下した。滴下終了後、これをさらに1時間120℃に保持した。次いで固形分50%となるようにジエチルカーボネートを加え、固形分50%の高分子量有機化合物No.4溶液を得た。高分子量有機化合物No.4は、重量平均分子量4,000、極性官能基濃度4.3mmol/gであった。
モノマー組成および重合開始剤を下記表1のとおりとする以外は、上記高分子量有機化合物No.4と同様にして高分子量有機化合物No.5~15溶液を製造した。
なお、下記表1に各樹脂の重量平均分子量、極性官能基濃度mmol/g、イオン性極性官能基濃度mmol/gを記載する。
(例1)
非水系溶媒としてエチレンカーボネート(EC)とエチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)をEC:EMC=30:70の体積比になるよう混合した溶媒に、電解質であるLiPF6を1.0mol/Lの割合で溶解させた。さらに高分子量有機化合物No.1「ポリエチレングリコール(分子量2,000、官能基濃度22.7mmol/g、固形分100%)」を固形分で1質量%となるように溶解させ、電解液(例1)を製造した。
例1の高分子量有機化合物No.1の代わりに、下記表2に示す割合で高分子量有機化合物No.2~No.16を非水系溶媒へ溶解させる工程以外は例1と同様にして、電解液(例2~14、17~18、21~22)を製造した。
例1の高分子量有機化合物No.1の代わりに、下記表2に示す割合で高分子量有機化合物No.2~No.16を非水系溶媒へ溶解させる工程以外は例1と同様に行った後、モノフルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)を1質量%となるように添加し、電解液(例15~16、19~20)を製造した。
例1の高分子量有機化合物No.1を溶解させることを除いた工程により電解液(例25)を製造した。
例25と同様の工程で電解液を製造した後、下記表2に示す割合でモノフルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)を添加し、電解液(例23~24)を製造した。
また後述する表2に評価試験の結果を記載する。本開示においては、評価において1つでも「×(不合格)」または「E(不合格)」の評価結果があれば、その電解液は不合格とした。
<正極の作製>
正極活物質(LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2):導電助剤(アセチレンブラック):バインダ(PVdF)=87:10:3の割合(質量比)でN-メチル-2-ピロリドンを分散溶媒として混合してペーストを作製し、アルミ箔に塗布・乾燥して正極板を作製した。
負極活物質として黒鉛(平均粒子径20μm)およびSiO(平均粒子径15μm)を黒鉛:SiO=95:5の割合(質量比)で混合した混合粉体と、バインダとしてスチレン―ブタジエン共重合体(SBR)と増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)を、混合粉体:SBR:CMC=98:1:1の割合(質量比)で水を分散溶媒として混合してペーストを作製した。次いで、上記ペーストを銅箔上に塗布・乾燥し負極電極とした。
上記正極および負極を用い、ガーレー試験法によって得られる透気度が300秒のポリプロピレン/ポリエチレン/ポリプロピレン三層構造多孔膜を介して対向させて電極体を形成し、上記電解液と共にラミネートで封止することで評価用電池を作製した。
<活性化>
25℃恒温槽中にて、初回充電は定電流方式とし、0.3Cの電流値で4.10Vまで充電を行い、その後定電流方式により、0.3Cの電流値で3.00Vまで放電した。これを3回繰り返した。
定電流―定電圧方式にて、0.2Cの電流値で4.10Vまで充電を行い、定電圧充電時の電流値が1/50Cになる点まで定電圧充電を行い、満充電状態とした。その後、定電流方式により、0.2Cの電流値で3.00Vまで放電した時の容量を初期容量とした。
25℃の恒温槽中において、0.5Cの電流値で500サイクル充放電を繰り返した。充電設定値を4.10Vとし、放電設定値を3.00Vとした。また、充電・放電の終了後にそれぞれ10分間の休止時間を設けた。次いで、同様にサイクル試験後の容量を測定し、下記式により容量維持率を求めた。
容量維持率(%)=(500サイクル後の電池容量/初期容量)×100
評価としては下記の通りである。
A:容量維持率が、99%以上、かつ100%以下である。
B:容量維持率が、97%以上、かつ99%未満である。
C:容量維持率が、94%以上、かつ97%未満である。
D:容量維持率が、91%以上、かつ94%未満である。
E:容量維持率が、91%未満である。
60℃の恒温槽中において容量維持率を測定した。なお、恒温槽の温度を25℃から60℃に変更した以外は全て同様に行った。
アルキメデス法を用いて体積の測定を行った。25℃の水にラミネート電池を浸漬させ、質量変化よりラミネート電池の体積量を測定した。体積測定は500サイクル試験開始前、開始後に実施し、下記式(2)によりガス発生量を計算した。
ガス発生量(%)=〔{(500サイクル後の体積)-(初期体積))}/(初期体積)〕×100 ・・・式(2)
評価としては下記の通りである。
〇:ガス発生量が、60%未満である。
△:ガス発生量が、60%以上、かつ105%未満である。
×:ガス発生量が、105%以上である。
Claims (7)
- 負極中の負極活物質がSiを構成要素としてリチウムイオンを可逆的に吸蔵および放出可能なSi系負極活物質または黒鉛系炭素負極活物質の少なくともどちらか一つを含むリチウムイオン二次電池に用いられる非水系電解液であって、
非水系溶媒および該非水系溶媒に溶解される電解質を含み、かつ、
環状カーボネートと重量平均分子量1,000以上の高分子量有機化合物を含有する、リチウムイオン二次電池用非水系電解液。 - 前記環状カーボネートがエチレンカーボネート(EC)またはモノフルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)の少なくともどちらか一つであることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用非水系電解液。
- 前記非水系電解液を100質量%としたとき、エチレンカーボネート(EC)を5質量%以上及び/又はモノフルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)を0.1質量%以上含有することを特徴とする、請求項1または2に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用非水系電解液。
- 前記非水系電解液を100質量%としたとき、前記高分子量有機化合物を0.01質量%~10質量%含有することを特徴とする、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用非水系電解液。
- 前記高分子量有機化合物が極性官能基を有し、該極性官能基が、アミノ基、スルホン酸基、カルボキシル基、リン酸基、ポリアルキレンエーテル基、アミド基、水酸基、エポキシ基、アルコキシシリル基からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の極性官能基であり、該極性官能基濃度が0.1mmol/g以上であることを特徴とする、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用非水系電解液。
- 前記高分子量有機化合物が、重合性不飽和モノマーを共重合した共重合体化合物を含有することを特徴とする、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用非水系電解液。
- 負極と、正極と、セパレータとを有する電極体および請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解液を備える非水系電解液リチウムイオン二次電池。
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JP2008016424A (ja) * | 2006-06-05 | 2008-01-24 | Sony Corp | 電解質およびこれを用いた電池、並びに電解質の製造方法 |
JP2009110799A (ja) * | 2007-10-30 | 2009-05-21 | Sony Corp | 電池 |
JP2019522875A (ja) * | 2016-12-08 | 2019-08-15 | エルジー・ケム・リミテッド | リチウム二次電池用電解質およびそれを含むリチウム二次電池 |
JP2020530187A (ja) * | 2017-11-30 | 2020-10-15 | エルジー・ケム・リミテッド | ゲルポリマー電解質用組成物、これから製造されるゲルポリマー電解質及びこれを含むリチウム二次電池 |
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JP2008016424A (ja) * | 2006-06-05 | 2008-01-24 | Sony Corp | 電解質およびこれを用いた電池、並びに電解質の製造方法 |
JP2009110799A (ja) * | 2007-10-30 | 2009-05-21 | Sony Corp | 電池 |
JP2019522875A (ja) * | 2016-12-08 | 2019-08-15 | エルジー・ケム・リミテッド | リチウム二次電池用電解質およびそれを含むリチウム二次電池 |
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