WO2022163099A1 - 活物質粒子、電気化学素子、および電気化学デバイス - Google Patents
活物質粒子、電気化学素子、および電気化学デバイス Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022163099A1 WO2022163099A1 PCT/JP2021/043116 JP2021043116W WO2022163099A1 WO 2022163099 A1 WO2022163099 A1 WO 2022163099A1 JP 2021043116 W JP2021043116 W JP 2021043116W WO 2022163099 A1 WO2022163099 A1 WO 2022163099A1
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- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009616 inductively coupled plasma Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010220 ion permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005001 laminate film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012621 laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001547 lithium hexafluoroantimonate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001540 lithium hexafluoroarsenate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001537 lithium tetrachloroaluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HSFDLPWPRRSVSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;2,2,2-trifluoroacetate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]C(=O)C(F)(F)F HSFDLPWPRRSVSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004949 mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003701 mechanical milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010981 methylcellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010295 mobile communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005543 nano-size silicon particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000843 phenylene group Chemical group C1(=C(C=CC=C1)*)* 0.000 description 1
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- 229920000233 poly(alkylene oxides) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003238 silicate melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052990 silicon hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FDNAPBUWERUEDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Si](Cl)(Cl)Cl FDNAPBUWERUEDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019812 sodium carboxymethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001027 sodium carboxymethylcellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RPACBEVZENYWOL-XFULWGLBSA-M sodium;(2r)-2-[6-(4-chlorophenoxy)hexyl]oxirane-2-carboxylate Chemical compound [Na+].C=1C=C(Cl)C=CC=1OCCCCCC[C@]1(C(=O)[O-])CO1 RPACBEVZENYWOL-XFULWGLBSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000003746 solid phase reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011269 tar Substances 0.000 description 1
- VUWPOFFYSGYZQR-UHFFFAOYSA-L tert-butylcyclopentane;dichlorotitanium Chemical compound Cl[Ti]Cl.CC(C)(C)[C]1[CH][CH][CH][CH]1.CC(C)(C)[C]1[CH][CH][CH][CH]1 VUWPOFFYSGYZQR-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- UQMOLLPKNHFRAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrabutyl silicate Chemical compound CCCCO[Si](OCCCC)(OCCCC)OCCCC UQMOLLPKNHFRAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFQCEHFDDXELDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethyl orthosilicate Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)OC LFQCEHFDDXELDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- VXUYXOFXAQZZMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium(IV) isopropoxide Chemical compound CC(C)O[Ti](OC(C)C)(OC(C)C)OC(C)C VXUYXOFXAQZZMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZDHXKXAHOVTTAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichlorosilane Chemical compound Cl[SiH](Cl)Cl ZDHXKXAHOVTTAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005052 trichlorosilane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
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Definitions
- the present disclosure primarily relates to improvements in active material particles.
- Patent Document 1 proposes coating the surfaces of the positive electrode and the negative electrode with a metal oxide.
- One aspect of the present disclosure comprises composite particles comprising a lithium silicate phase and a silicon phase dispersed within the lithium silicate phase, and a first coating covering at least a portion of a surface of the composite particles, wherein
- the first coating includes an oxide of a first element having oxygen deficiency and a carbon material, and the first element relates to the active material particles, wherein the first element is an element other than a non-metallic element.
- Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to an electrochemical device comprising a current collector and an active material layer supported on the current collector, wherein the active material layer contains the active material particles described above.
- Yet another aspect of the present disclosure includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an electrolyte, wherein one of the first electrode and the second electrode is composed of the electrochemical element described above. , relating to electrochemical devices.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing active material particles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an enlarged main part of the active material particles shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 4 is a TEM image showing a cross-sectional main part of an active material particle according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing details of active material particles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- 1 is a schematic perspective view of a partially cutaway non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
- An active material particle according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a composite particle and a first coating that coats at least part of the surface of the composite particle.
- the composite particles include a lithium silicate phase and a silicon phase dispersed within the lithium silicate phase.
- the composite particles are also referred to as "lithium silicate composite particles".
- the first coating includes an oxide of a first element having oxygen deficiency and a carbon material.
- the first element is an element other than nonmetallic elements.
- the first coating enhances the chemical stability of the lithium silicate composite particles while maintaining electrical conductivity. As a result, the cycle characteristics of the electrochemical device are improved.
- the oxide of the first element contained in the first coating contributes to suppressing corrosion of the lithium silicate composite particles.
- the carbon material contained in the first coating contributes to improving the conductivity of the active material particles.
- the active material particles according to the embodiments of the present disclosure are preferably used as a negative electrode active material for lithium ion secondary batteries.
- Oxygen vacancies refer to a state in which oxygen atoms are absent and vacancies are formed in some of the oxygen sites in the crystal lattice of the oxide of the first element.
- X-ray absorption edge structure (XANES) domain analysis can be used to analyze the oxygen deficiency of the oxide of the first element.
- the amount of oxygen deficiency in the oxide of the first element (for example, x value in formula (1), y value in formula (2), z value in formula (3), and formula (4), which will be described later) u value) can be obtained by the following method.
- the electrochemical device is disassembled, the electrodes are taken out, and a thin piece sample (thickness of about 100 nm) of the active material layer for observation with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) is obtained. Active material particles in the sample are observed by TEM.
- the active material particles are subjected to elemental mapping by TEM-EDS analysis (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) to confirm that the surfaces of the lithium silicate composite particles are covered with the first film.
- TEM-EDS analysis energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- the first element is an element other than non-metallic elements, including metallic elements and so-called metalloid elements.
- the first element is selected from the group consisting of the elements of Group 3, Group 4, Group 5 and Group 6 of the periodic table in that the corrosion inhibition effect of the lithium silicate composite particles is high. It preferably contains at least one element.
- the first element preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of Al, Ti, Si, Zr, Mg, Nb, Ta, Sn, Ni and Cr.
- the first element is more preferably Ti from the viewpoint of being able to form an oxide having a high dielectric constant and easily improving the rate characteristics.
- the oxide of the first element having oxygen deficiency may include an oxide represented by formula (1): MeO 2-x .
- Me is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ti, Si, Zr, and Sn, and satisfies 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.95. 0.1 or more and 1.9 or less may be sufficient as x in Formula (1), and 1.7 or more and 1.9 or less may be sufficient.
- the oxide of the first element having oxygen deficiency may include an oxide represented by formula (2): MeO 1.5-y .
- Me is Al and satisfies 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1.47. 0.1 or more and 1.45 or less may be sufficient as y in Formula (2), and 1.2 or more and 1.45 or less may be sufficient.
- the oxide of the first element having oxygen deficiency may include an oxide represented by formula (3): MeO 1-z .
- Me is at least one selected from the group consisting of Mg and Ni, and satisfies 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.9.
- z in the formula (3) may be 0.1 or more and 0.89 or less, or may be 0.7 or more and 0.89 or less.
- the oxide of the first element having oxygen deficiency may include an oxide represented by formula (4): MeO 3-u .
- Me is Cr and satisfies 0 ⁇ u ⁇ 2.1. 0.1 or more and 2.05 or less may be sufficient as u in Formula (4), and 1.8 or more and 2.05 or less may be sufficient.
- the oxide of the first element may contain two or more kinds of oxides. In this case, each oxide may be mixed, or may be arranged in layers.
- the lithium silicate composite particles included in the active material particles according to this embodiment include a lithium silicate phase and a silicon phase dispersed in the lithium silicate phase.
- Lithium silicate composite particles usually exist as secondary particles in which multiple primary particles are aggregated.
- the first coating coats at least part of the surface of the secondary particles.
- Each primary particle comprises a lithium silicate phase and a silicon phase dispersed within the lithium silicate phase.
- the particle size of the lithium silicate composite particles is not particularly limited.
- the average particle size of the lithium silicate composite particles may be, for example, 1 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the average particle size of the lithium silicate composite particles means the particle size (volume average particle size) at which the volume integrated value is 50% in the volume particle size distribution measured by the laser diffraction scattering method.
- lithium silicate phase Since the lithium silicate phase (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as the silicate phase) does not have many sites that can react with lithium, it is difficult for new irreversible reactions to occur during charging and discharging. Therefore, excellent charge/discharge efficiency is exhibited at the initial stage of charge/discharge.
- a silicate phase is an oxide phase containing Li, Si, and O.
- the silicate phase may further contain the element M.
- M is for example from Be, Mg, Al, B, Zr, Nb, Ta, La, V, Y, Ti, P, Bi, Zn, Sn, Pb, Sb, Co, Er, F and W It may be at least one selected from the group consisting of Among them, B has a low melting point and is advantageous for improving the fluidity of molten silicate. Also, Al, Zr, Nb, Ta and La can improve the Vickers hardness while maintaining the ionic conductivity of the silicate phase.
- the content of the element M is, for example, 10 mol % or less, and may be 5 mol % or less, relative to the total amount of elements other than O contained in the silicate phase.
- the silicon phase dispersed in the silicate phase has a particulate phase of simple silicon (Si) and is composed of single or multiple crystallites.
- the crystallite size of the silicon phase is not particularly limited.
- the crystallite size of the silicon phase is more preferably 10 nm or more and 30 nm or less, and still more preferably 15 nm or more and 25 nm or less.
- the crystallite size of the silicon phase is 10 nm or more, the surface area of the silicon phase can be kept small, so that the deterioration of the silicon phase accompanied by the generation of irreversible capacitance is less likely to occur.
- the crystallite size of the silicon phase is calculated by Scherrer's formula from the half width of the diffraction peak attributed to the Si (111) plane in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the silicon phase.
- the content of the silicon phase in the lithium silicate composite particles should be, for example, 30% by mass or more and 80% by mass or less.
- the content of the silicon phase By setting the content of the silicon phase to 30% by mass or more, the ratio of the silicate phase is reduced, and the initial charge/discharge efficiency is likely to be improved.
- the content of the silicon phase By setting the content of the silicon phase to 80% by mass or less, it becomes easier to reduce the degree of expansion and contraction of the lithium silicate composite particles during charging and discharging.
- the lithium silicate composite particles may contain a carbon phase together with a silicate phase and a silicon phase.
- the carbon phase for example, covers at least part of the surface of the silicon phase and exists at least part of the interface between adjacent primary particles.
- the content of each element contained in the lithium silicate composite particles can be calculated, for example, by SEM-EDS analysis using a powder sample of lithium silicate composite particles in a discharged state. A powder sample is analyzed and the spectral intensity of each element is measured. Subsequently, standard samples of commercially available elements are used to create a calibration curve, and the content of each element contained in the silicate phase is calculated.
- ICP-AES analysis inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
- AES Auger electron spectroscopy
- LA-ICP-MS laser ablation ICP mass spectroscopy
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- the first coating coats at least part of the surface of the lithium silicate composite particles, which are secondary particles.
- the first coating contains an oxide of the first element having oxygen deficiency and a carbon material.
- the oxide of the first element having oxygen deficiency and the carbon material are mixed in the first coating.
- the above-mentioned “mixed” means, for example, a state in which the oxide of the first element enters the gaps between the carbon materials.
- the average elemental ratio RA of the first element to the carbon material in the first coating is not particularly limited.
- the element ratio RA may be, for example, 0.01 or more and 99 or less.
- the conductivity of the lithium silicate composite particles tends to be low.
- the conductivity of the lithium silicate composite particles can be dramatically increased.
- Examples of carbon materials include amorphous carbon with low crystallinity such as carbon black, coal, coke, charcoal, and activated carbon, and graphite with high crystallinity. Among them, amorphous carbon is preferable because it has a low hardness and a large buffering effect on the silicon phase that changes in volume due to charging and discharging.
- the amorphous carbon may be graphitizable carbon (soft carbon) or non-graphitizable carbon (hard carbon).
- Examples of carbon black include acetylene black and ketjen black.
- Graphite means a material having a graphite-type crystal structure, and includes, for example, natural graphite, artificial graphite, and graphitized mesophase carbon particles.
- the thickness of the first coating is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of corrosion suppression, the thickness of the first coating may be 0.1 nm or more, 0.5 nm or more, or 1 nm or more. From the viewpoint of conductivity and lithium ion diffusibility, the thickness of the first coating may be 50 nm or less, 10 nm or less, or 2 nm or less. The thickness of the first coating may be, for example, 0.1 nm or more and 50 nm or less, or 0.1 nm or more and 10 nm or less.
- the thickness of the first coating can be measured by cross-sectional observation of the active material particles using SEM or TEM.
- an electrochemical device is disassembled to take out an electrochemical element (for example, an electrode), and a cross section of the element is obtained using a cross-section polisher (CP).
- Ten active material particles having a maximum diameter of 5 ⁇ m or more are randomly selected from the cross-sectional image obtained using SEM or TEM.
- the thickness of the first coating is measured at five arbitrary points for each particle. An average value of the thickness at these 50 points is calculated. After calculating this average value, data different from the obtained average value by 20% or more are excluded, and the average value is calculated again. This corrected average value is taken as the thickness T1A of the first coating.
- the starting point of the first coating is the interface between the base particles (see below) formed by the lithium silicate composite particles and the first coating.
- the point where the intensity of the peak attributed to Li obtained by SEM-EDS analysis is 1/10 or less of the peak attributed to the first element can be regarded as the starting point of the first coating.
- the end point of the first coating can be regarded as a point at which the intensity of the peak attributed to the first element obtained by SEM-EDS analysis is 5% or less of its maximum value.
- the endpoint of the first coating is the interface between the first coating and the second coating.
- At least part of the first coating may be covered with a conductive second coating. This further improves the conductivity of the active material particles.
- the second coating does not substantially contain oxides of the first element.
- the fact that the second coating does not substantially contain the oxide of the first element means that the intensity of the peak attributed to the first element obtained by SEM-EDS is below the detection limit.
- the second coating contains a conductive material.
- the conductive material is preferably a conductive carbon material because it is electrochemically stable. Examples of the conductive carbon material include the carbon material contained in the first coating as described above.
- the thickness of the second coating is not particularly limited. It is preferable that the second coating be thin enough not to substantially affect the average particle diameter of the lithium silicate composite particles.
- the thickness of the second coating may be 1 nm or more, and may be 5 nm or more.
- the thickness of the second coating may be 200 nm or less, and may be 100 nm or less.
- the thickness of the second coating can be measured by cross-sectional observation of the lithium silicate composite particles using SEM or TEM, as in the case of the first coating.
- the starting point of the second coating is the interface with the first coating.
- the end point of the second coating is the outermost point of the active material particles that can be confirmed by SEM or TEM images.
- the end point of the second coating is, alternatively, the point at which the intensity of the peak attributed to C obtained by SEM-EDS analysis is 5% or less of its maximum value.
- the thickness T1A of the first coating and the thickness T2A of the second coating preferably satisfy the relationship 0 ⁇ T2A / T1A ⁇ 1500. This facilitates compatibility between corrosion resistance, ion diffusibility improvement, and conductivity improvement.
- T2 A /T1 A is preferably 5 or more, and preferably 10 or more.
- T2 A /T1 A is preferably 500 or less, more preferably 100 or less.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing active material particles according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an enlarged main part of the active material particles shown in FIG.
- the active material particles 20 include lithium silicate composite particles 23 , a first coating 27 covering the surfaces thereof, and a second coating 26 covering the first coating 27 .
- FIG. 3 shows a TEM image of an example of active material particles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The TEM image in FIG. 3 is a part of the cross section of the active material particles, which corresponds to FIG.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing in detail a cross section of an example of active material particles.
- the lithium silicate composite particles 23 are secondary particles (mother particles) in which a plurality of primary particles 24 are aggregated.
- Each primary particle 24 comprises a silicate phase 21 and a silicon phase 22 dispersed within the silicate phase 21 .
- the silicon phase 22 is dispersed substantially uniformly within the silicate phase 21 .
- a carbon phase (not shown) is arranged on at least part of the interface S between the adjacent primary particles 24 .
- the carbon phase may cover at least part of the surface of the silicon phase 22 .
- the surfaces of the lithium silicate composite particles (mother particles) 23 are covered with a first film 27 .
- the first coating 27 is covered with the second coating 26 .
- Electrochemical Device An electrochemical device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a current collector and an active material layer supported on the current collector.
- the active material layer contains the active material particles described above. Since such an electrochemical element has excellent conductivity and is suppressed from deterioration, an electrochemical device with high capacity and long life can be provided.
- An example of an electrochemical element is an electrode.
- the electrode is, for example, at least one of a positive electrode and a negative electrode used in a secondary battery.
- the electrode according to the embodiments of the present disclosure is preferably used as a negative electrode for lithium ion secondary batteries.
- Electrochemical Device An electrochemical device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a separator interposed therebetween. One of the first electrode and the second electrode is composed of the electrochemical element described above. Such electrochemical devices have high capacity and long life.
- An electrochemical device is a device that transfers electrons between substances and causes a chemical reaction through the transfer of electrons.
- Examples of electrochemical devices include primary batteries, secondary batteries, capacitors, and electric double layer capacitors.
- the electrochemical device according to the embodiment of the present disclosure is preferably a lithium ion secondary battery using lithium silicate composite particles as a negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode includes, for example, a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer.
- the negative electrode active material layer contains a negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode active material includes at least the above active material particles (hereinafter sometimes referred to as first active material).
- the negative electrode active material layer is formed as a layer containing a negative electrode mixture on the surface of the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode active material layer may be formed on one surface of the negative electrode current collector, or may be formed on both surfaces.
- the negative electrode mixture contains a negative electrode active material as an essential component, and may contain a binder, a conductive agent, a thickener, and the like as optional components.
- the negative electrode active material may further contain another active material (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a second active material).
- a second active material examples include conductive carbon materials that electrochemically occlude and release lithium ions.
- Examples of conductive carbon materials include graphite, graphitizable carbon (soft carbon), and non-graphitizable carbon (hard carbon). Among them, graphite is preferable because it has excellent charging/discharging stability and low irreversible capacity.
- Graphite means a material having a graphite-type crystal structure, and includes, for example, natural graphite, artificial graphite, and graphitized mesophase carbon particles. The conductive carbon materials may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- the particle size of the conductive carbon material is not particularly limited.
- the average particle size of the conductive carbon material may be, for example, 1 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less.
- the ratio of the first active material to the total of the first and second active materials may be, for example, 3% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less. This makes it easier to achieve both high capacity and long life.
- the negative electrode current collector a non-porous conductive substrate (metal foil, etc.) or a porous conductive substrate (mesh body, net body, punching sheet, etc.) is used.
- materials for the negative electrode current collector include stainless steel, nickel, nickel alloys, copper, and copper alloys.
- the thickness of the negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less, from the viewpoint of the balance between strength and weight reduction of the negative electrode.
- binders include at least one selected from the group consisting of polyacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid salts, and derivatives thereof.
- Li salt or Na salt is preferably used as the polyacrylate. Among them, it is preferable to use crosslinked lithium polyacrylate.
- Conductive agents include, for example, carbon blacks such as acetylene black; conductive fibers such as carbon fibers and metal fibers; carbon fluoride; metal powders such as aluminum; and conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate.
- conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; organic conductive materials such as phenylene derivatives; These may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- thickeners examples include carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and modified products thereof (including salts such as Na salts), cellulose derivatives such as methyl cellulose (cellulose ethers, etc.); polymer cellulose having a vinyl acetate unit such as polyvinyl alcohol; compound; polyether (polyalkylene oxide such as polyethylene oxide, etc.), and the like. These may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- modified products thereof including salts such as Na salts
- cellulose derivatives such as methyl cellulose (cellulose ethers, etc.
- polymer cellulose having a vinyl acetate unit such as polyvinyl alcohol
- compound compound
- polyether polyalkylene oxide such as polyethylene oxide, etc.
- the positive electrode includes, for example, a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer formed on the surface of the positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode active material layer may be formed on one surface of the positive electrode current collector, or may be formed on both surfaces.
- the positive electrode active material layer is formed as a layer containing a positive electrode mixture on the surface of the positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode mixture contains a positive electrode active material as an essential component, and may contain a binder, a conductive agent, and the like as optional components.
- Lithium composite metal oxides include, for example, Li a CoO 2 , Li a NiO 2 , Li a MnO 2 , Li a Co b Ni 1-b O 2 , Li a Co b M 1-b O c , Li a Ni 1- bMbOc , LiaMn2O4 , LiaMn2 - bMbO4 , LiMePO4 , Li2MePO4F .
- M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Na, Mg, Sc, Y, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Cr, Pb, Sb and B.
- Me contains at least a transition element (for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni). 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.2, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.9, and 2.0 ⁇ c ⁇ 2.3.
- binder and conductive agent As the binder and conductive agent, the same ones as exemplified for the negative electrode can be used.
- Graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite may be used as the conductive agent.
- the shape and thickness of the positive electrode current collector can be selected from the shape and range according to the negative electrode current collector.
- Examples of materials for the positive electrode current collector include stainless steel, aluminum, aluminum alloys, and titanium.
- Electrochemical devices further include an electrolyte.
- the electrolyte includes, for example, a solvent and a lithium salt dissolved in the solvent.
- the lithium salt concentration in the electrolyte is, for example, 0.5 mol/L or more and 2 mol/L or less.
- the electrolyte may contain known additives.
- Aqueous solvents or non-aqueous solvents are used as solvents.
- the non-aqueous solvent for example, cyclic carbonate, chain carbonate, cyclic carboxylate, and the like are used.
- Cyclic carbonates include propylene carbonate (PC) and ethylene carbonate (EC).
- Chain carbonates include diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and the like.
- Cyclic carboxylic acid esters include ⁇ -butyrolactone (GBL) and ⁇ -valerolactone (GVL).
- the non-aqueous solvent may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- Lithium salts include, for example, lithium salts of chlorine-containing acids (LiClO4, LiAlCl4 , LiB10Cl10 , etc.), lithium salts of fluorine - containing acids ( LiPF6 , LiBF4 , LiSbF6 , LiAsF6 , LiCF3SO3 ).
- LiN( SO2F ) 2 LiN ( CF3SO2 ) 2 , LiN ( CF3SO2 ) ( C4F9SO2 ), LiN ( C2F5SO2 ) 2 , etc.
- lithium halides LiCl, LiBr, LiI, etc.
- Lithium salts may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- a separator may be interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the separator has high ion permeability and moderate mechanical strength and insulation.
- Examples of separators include microporous thin films, woven fabrics, non-woven fabrics, and the like.
- Polyolefin such as polypropylene or polyethylene is used as the material of the separator.
- An example of the structure of a secondary battery is a structure in which an electrode group formed by winding a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator, and an electrolyte are housed in an exterior body.
- a laminated electrode group in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are laminated via a separator is also used instead of the wound electrode group.
- Other forms of electrode groups may also be applied.
- the secondary battery may be of any shape such as cylindrical, square, coin, button, and laminate.
- FIG. 5 is a partially cutaway schematic perspective view of a prismatic secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- the battery includes a bottomed prismatic battery case 4 , an electrode group 1 and an electrolyte (not shown) housed in the battery case 4 , and a sealing plate 5 that seals the opening of the battery case 4 .
- the electrode group 1 has a long strip-shaped negative electrode, a long strip-shaped positive electrode, and a separator interposed therebetween.
- the negative electrode, the positive electrode, and the separator are wound around a flat core, and the electrode group 1 is formed by removing the core.
- the sealing plate 5 has a liquid inlet closed with a sealing plug 8 and a negative electrode terminal 6 insulated from the sealing plate 5 with a gasket 7 .
- One end of the negative electrode lead 3 is attached to the negative electrode current collector of the negative electrode by welding or the like.
- One end of the positive electrode lead 2 is attached to the positive electrode current collector of the positive electrode by welding or the like.
- the other end of the negative lead 3 is electrically connected to the negative terminal 6 .
- the other end of positive electrode lead 2 is electrically connected to sealing plate 5 .
- a frame made of resin is disposed above the electrode group 1 to separate the electrode group 1 from the sealing plate 5 and to separate the negative electrode lead 3 from the battery case 4 .
- a method for producing an active material particle according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a silicate phase, a silicon phase dispersed in the silicate phase, and a carbon film containing a carbon material.
- the first coating is formed by introducing the oxide of the first element into the inside of the carbon coating that coats the lithium silicate composite particles.
- FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing a method for manufacturing active material particles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- silicon particles are prepared. Silicon particles can be obtained by a chemical vapor deposition method (CVD method), a thermal plasma method, a physical pulverization method, or the like. Silicon nanoparticles having an average particle size of 10 nm or more and 200 nm or less can be synthesized by the following method.
- the average particle size of silicon particles means the particle size (volume average particle size) at which the volume integrated value is 50% in the volume particle size distribution measured by the laser diffraction scattering method.
- reaction temperature may be set to, for example, 400° C. or higher and 1300° C. or lower.
- silane compound silicon hydrides such as silane and disilane, halogenated silanes, alkoxysilanes, and the like can be used.
- Halogenated silanes include dichlorosilane, trichlorosilane, tetrachlorosilane, and the like.
- alkoxysilane tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrabutoxysilane and the like can be used.
- silicon hydride when silicon hydride is brought into contact with an oxidizing gas in the gas phase, a composite of silicon particles and silicon oxide particles is obtained. That is, the atmosphere of the vapor phase may be an oxidizing gas atmosphere. Silicon oxide is removed by washing the composite with, for example, hydrofluoric acid, yielding silicon particles.
- the molten metal finely divided by the atomization method may be brought into contact with the silane compound.
- the molten metal Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Al, etc. can be used.
- An inert gas, halogenated silane, hydrogen gas, or the like may be used as the atomizing gas. That is, the gas phase atmosphere may be an atmosphere of an inert gas or a reducing gas.
- Thermal Plasma method is a method in which silicon raw materials are introduced into the generated thermal plasma to generate silicon particles in the high-temperature plasma.
- Thermal plasma may be generated by arc discharge, high frequency discharge, microwave discharge, laser light irradiation, or the like.
- radio frequency (RF) discharge is non-polar discharge, and is desirable in that it is difficult for impurities to mix into the silicon particles.
- silicon oxide can be used as the raw material.
- silicon and oxygen in the state of atoms or ions are instantly generated, and during cooling, the silicon bonds and solidifies to generate silicon particles.
- a physical pulverization method (mechanical milling method) is a method of pulverizing coarse silicon particles with a pulverizer such as a ball mill or a bead mill.
- the interior of the grinder may be, for example, an inert gas atmosphere.
- Methods for coating silicon particles with a carbon phase include chemical vapor deposition (CVD), sputtering, atomic layer deposition (ALD), wet mixing, and dry mixing. Among them, CVD method, wet mixing method and the like are preferable.
- silicon particles are introduced into a hydrocarbon-based gas atmosphere and heated to deposit a carbon material generated by thermal decomposition of the hydrocarbon-based gas on the surface of the particles to form a carbon phase. is formed.
- the temperature of the hydrocarbon-based gas atmosphere may be, for example, 500° C. or higher and 1000° C. or lower.
- Chain hydrocarbon gases such as acetylene and methane, and aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene and xylene can be used as hydrocarbon gases.
- a carbon precursor such as coal pitch, petroleum pitch, or tar is dissolved in a solvent, and the obtained solution and silicon particles are mixed and dried. After that, the silicon particles coated with the carbon precursor are heated in an inert gas atmosphere at, for example, 600° C. or less and 1000° C. or less to carbonize the carbon precursor and form a carbon phase.
- a raw material mixture containing a Si raw material and a Li raw material in a predetermined ratio may be used as the raw material for the silicate phase.
- a silicate can be obtained by melting the raw material mixture and passing the melt through a metal roll to form flakes.
- the raw material mixture may be baked at a temperature below the melting point without melting to synthesize silicate by a solid phase reaction.
- Silicon oxide (eg, SiO 2 ) can be used as the Si raw material.
- Li source or element M source lithium or element M carbonate, oxide, hydroxide, hydride, nitrate, sulfate, or the like can be used, respectively. Among them, carbonates, oxides, hydroxides and the like are preferable.
- silicon particles whose surfaces are at least partly coated with a carbon phase are added to the silicate, and the two are mixed.
- carbon-coated silicon particles silicon particles whose surfaces are at least partly coated with a carbon phase
- lithium silicate composite particles are produced through the following steps.
- carbon-coated silicon particles and silicate powder are mixed at a mass ratio of, for example, 20:80 to 95:5.
- a device such as a ball mill is used to stir the mixture of carbon-coated silicon particles and silicate.
- an organic solvent may be charged into the pulverization vessel at once in the initial stage of pulverization, or may be intermittently introduced into the pulverization vessel in a plurality of times during the pulverization process.
- the organic solvent plays a role in preventing the material to be ground from adhering to the inner wall of the grinding vessel.
- organic solvents alcohols, ethers, fatty acids, alkanes, cycloalkanes, silicate esters, metal alkoxides and the like can be used.
- the mixture is heated and sintered at 450°C or higher and 1000°C or lower while being pressurized, for example, in an inert gas atmosphere (eg, an atmosphere of argon, nitrogen, etc.).
- an inert gas atmosphere eg, an atmosphere of argon, nitrogen, etc.
- a sintering apparatus capable of applying pressure in an inert atmosphere, such as hot press or discharge plasma sintering, can be used.
- the silicate melts and flows to fill the gaps between the silicon particles.
- the sintered body obtained is pulverized to obtain lithium silicate composite particles.
- lithium silicate composite particles having a predetermined average particle size can be obtained.
- Methods for forming a carbon film on the surface of lithium silicate composite particles include a chemical vapor deposition method using chain hydrocarbon gases such as acetylene and methane as raw materials, and a method using coal pitch, petroleum pitch, phenol resin, etc. to form lithium silicate composite particles. and a method of heating and carbonizing can be exemplified. Carbon black may be adhered to the surface of the lithium silicate composite particles.
- the carbon coating be thin enough not to substantially affect the average particle size of the lithium silicate composite particles.
- the thickness of the carbon coating be equal to or greater than the desired thickness of the first coating.
- the carbon coating may be 0.1 nm or more, and may be 1 nm or more.
- the carbon film is preferably 300 nm or less, more preferably 200 nm or less.
- the thickness of the carbon coating can be measured by cross-sectional observation of the lithium silicate composite particles using SEM or TEM, similarly to the first coating.
- a step of washing the lithium silicate composite particles having a carbon coating with an acid may be performed.
- an acidic aqueous solution it is possible to dissolve and remove trace amounts of alkaline components that may exist on the surfaces of the lithium silicate composite particles.
- an aqueous solution of inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and carbonic acid
- an aqueous solution of organic acids such as citric acid and acetic acid
- Step of forming first coating (S12)
- the carbon-coated lithium silicate composite particles are exposed to a gas phase containing the first element.
- the first element is introduced into the carbon coating, and a first coating containing the oxide of the first element and the carbon material is formed on at least part of the surface of the lithium silicate composite particles.
- vapor phase methods examples include CVD, ALD, and physical vapor deposition (PVD).
- ALD method is preferable because the first coating can be formed at a relatively low temperature.
- the first coating can be formed in an atmosphere of 200° C. or less.
- an organometallic compound (precursor) containing the first element is used as the raw material for the first coating.
- a raw material gas containing a vaporized precursor and an oxidant are alternately supplied to a reaction chamber in which an object is placed. As a result, a layer containing the oxide of the first element is formed on the surface of the object.
- At least part of the surface of the target lithium silicate composite particles is covered with a carbon coating.
- the first element contained in the source gas can pass through the carbon coating and reach the surface of the lithium silicate composite particles. Then, the first element is deposited as it is on the surface of the lithium silicate composite particles. Therefore, more of the first element is arranged near the surface of the lithium silicate composite particles.
- the formed first coating contains the carbon material derived from the carbon coating together with the oxide of the first element.
- the first element contained in the source gas is deposited on the surface of the lithium silicate composite particles, which is the object, on the portions not covered with the carbon film.
- the self-limiting action works, so the first element is deposited on the surface of the object in units of atomic layers.
- the thickness of the first film is determined by the number of cycles in which one cycle is supply of raw material gas (pulse) ⁇ exhaust of raw material gas (purge) ⁇ supply of oxidant (pulse) ⁇ exhaust of oxidant (purge). controlled.
- oxidant supply (pulse) ⁇ oxidant exhaust (purge) ⁇ source gas supply (pulse) ⁇ source gas exhaust (purge) may be one cycle. If the thickness of the first coating is controlled to be approximately the same as that of the carbon coating, the oxide of the first element can be arranged over the entire carbon coating although there is a concentration gradient.
- the first coating containing the oxide of the first element and the carbon material is formed on the surface side of the lithium silicate composite particles, and the lithium silicate composite particles are formed.
- a second coating from the remainder of the carbon coating is formed at a position further away from the surface than the first coating.
- a precursor is an organometallic compound containing the first element.
- Various organometallic compounds conventionally used in the ALD method can be used as precursors.
- Precursors containing Ti include, for example, bis(t-butylcyclopentadienyl)titanium (IV) dichloride (C 18 H 26 Cl 2 Ti), tetrakis(dimethylamino)titanium (IV) ([(CH 3 ) 2 N ]4Ti, TDMAT), tetrakis(diethylamino)titanium( IV ) ([( C2H5 )2N]4Ti), tetrakis(ethylmethylamino)titanium( IV ) ( Ti[N ( C2H5 )(CH 3 )] 4 ), titanium (IV) diisopropoxide-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate) (Ti[OCC(CH 3 ) 3 CHCOC( CH3 ) 3 ] 2 ( OC3H7 ) 2 ), titanium tetrachloride ( TiCl4 ), titanium
- the source gas may contain multiple types of precursors. Different types of precursors may be supplied to the reaction chamber simultaneously or sequentially. Alternatively, the type of precursor contained in the source gas may be changed for each cycle.
- the oxidizing agent As the oxidizing agent, the oxidizing agent conventionally used in the ALD method can be used.
- oxidizing agents include water, oxygen, and ozone.
- the oxidant may be supplied to the reaction chamber as an oxidant-based plasma.
- the conditions for the ALD method are not particularly limited. Oxygen deficiency in the oxide of the first element can be controlled, for example, by adjusting the temperature in the reaction chamber (the temperature of the atmosphere containing the precursor or oxidizing agent), the pulse time of the oxidizing agent, and the like.
- the temperature of the atmosphere containing the precursor or oxidizing agent in the reaction chamber may be, for example, 25° C. or higher and 200° C. or lower, or 50° C. or higher and 150° C. or lower.
- the pressure in the reaction chamber during treatment may be, for example, 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa or more and 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 Pa or less, and 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa or more and 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa or less.
- the pulse time of the raw material gas may be 0.01 seconds or more and 5 seconds or less, or may be 0.05 seconds or more and 3 seconds or less.
- the oxidant pulse time may be 0.005 seconds, 3 seconds or less.
- An embodiment electrochemical device of the present disclosure includes the first active material described above. This electrochemical device is obtained by supporting a first active material having a first coating on the surface of a current collector. This electrochemical device can also be obtained by supporting lithium silicate composite particles coated with a carbon film on the surface of a current collector and then forming a first film by a vapor phase method.
- FIG. 7 is a flow chart showing a method for manufacturing an electrochemical device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.
- the manufacturing method shown in FIG. 7 prepares lithium silicate composite particles containing a silicate phase and a silicon phase dispersed in the silicate phase, and having at least a portion of the surface coated with a carbon film containing a carbon material.
- Lithium silicate composite particle preparation step (S21) Lithium silicate composite particles coated with a carbon film are prepared in the same manner as the steps (ii) to (i-iv) of the lithium silicate composite particle preparation step in the method for producing active material particles.
- Step of supporting lithium silicate composite particles (S22) A slurry obtained by dispersing the prepared negative electrode mixture containing the lithium silicate composite particles in a dispersion medium is applied to the surface of the current collector, and the slurry is dried. Thereby, the precursor of the active material layer is formed on the surface of the current collector.
- the dispersion medium is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include water, alcohols such as ethanol, ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, amides such as dimethylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), and mixed solvents thereof. .
- Step of forming first coating A current collector comprising a precursor of an active material layer is exposed to a gas phase containing a first element. As a result, the first element is introduced into the carbon coating, and at least part of the surface of the lithium silicate composite particles contained in the precursor is covered with the first coating containing the oxide of the first element and the carbon material. Thereby, an active material layer is formed.
- the ALD method is preferably used as described above.
- the precursor and oxidant shown in the first coating forming step (ii) in the method for producing active material particles can be used.
- the conditions for the ALD method are not particularly limited.
- the temperature of the atmosphere containing the precursor or oxidant, the pressure of the reaction chamber during treatment, and the pulse time of the raw material gas are the precursor or oxidant shown in the first coating forming step (ii) in the method for producing active material particles. , the pressure of the reaction chamber during processing, and the pulse time of the raw material gas.
- the active material layer may be rolled.
- the rolling conditions are not particularly limited, and may be appropriately set so that the active material layer has a predetermined thickness or density. This increases the density of the active material layer and increases the capacity of the electrochemical device.
- a carbon material was deposited on the surface of the silicon particles by chemical vapor deposition. Specifically, silicon particles were introduced into an acetylene gas atmosphere and heated at 700° C. to thermally decompose the acetylene gas and deposit it on the surface of the silicon particles to form a carbon phase. The amount of carbon material was 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of silicon particles.
- Lithium silicate (Li 2 Si 2 O 5 ) having an average particle size of 10 ⁇ m and carbon-coated silicon were mixed at a mass ratio of 70:30.
- the mixture is filled into a pot (made of SUS, volume 500 mL) of a planetary ball mill (manufactured by Fritsch, P-5), 24 SUS balls (20 mm in diameter) are placed in the pot, the lid is closed, and in an inert atmosphere, The mixture was stirred at 200 rpm for 50 hours.
- the powdery mixture was taken out in an inert atmosphere and fired at 800°C for 4 hours in an inert atmosphere while applying pressure from a hot press to obtain a sintered body of the mixture. After that, the sintered body was pulverized to obtain lithium silicate composite particles.
- the crystallite size of the silicon phase calculated by Scherrer's formula from the diffraction peak attributed to the Si (111) plane by XRD analysis was 15 nm.
- the Si/Li ratio was 1.0
- the content of Li 2 Si 2 O 5 measured by Si-NMR was 70% by mass (the content of the silicon phase was 30% by mass).
- Negative Electrode Precursor Lithium silicate composite particles having a carbon coating and a second active material (graphite) were mixed at a mass ratio of 5:95 and used as a negative electrode active material.
- Water was added to a negative electrode mixture containing a negative electrode active material, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), and lithium polyacrylate at a mass ratio of 96.5:1:1.5:1. was added, and then stirred using a mixer (TK Hibismix, manufactured by Primix) to prepare a negative electrode slurry.
- the negative electrode slurry was applied to the surface of the copper foil so that the mass of the negative electrode mixture per 1 m 2 was 190 g.
- a negative electrode precursor on which a negative electrode active material layer was formed was produced.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer in the negative electrode precursor was 202 ⁇ m.
- a negative electrode precursor was placed in a predetermined reaction chamber, and a first coating was formed on the surface of the negative electrode precursor according to the following procedure by ALD.
- a vaporized oxidant (H 2 O) was supplied to the reaction chamber containing the negative electrode precursor.
- the pulse time was 0.005 seconds.
- the temperature of the atmosphere containing the oxidizing agent in the reaction chamber was controlled at 150° C., and the pressure was controlled at 260 Pa. After 30 seconds, excess oxidant was purged with nitrogen gas.
- a vaporized precursor (TDMAT) serving as a supply source of the first element (Ti) was supplied to the reaction chamber containing the negative electrode precursor.
- the pulse time was 0.1 seconds.
- the temperature of the atmosphere containing the precursor in the reaction chamber was controlled to 150°C, and the pressure was controlled to 260Pa. After 30 seconds, excess precursor was purged with nitrogen gas, assuming that the surface of the negative electrode precursor was covered with a monomolecular layer of precursor.
- a series of operations consisting of supply of oxidant, purge, supply of precursor, and purge were repeated 22 times to form a first film containing titanium.
- the first coating and the second coating covering the first coating were simultaneously formed by adjusting the thickness of the first coating to be thinner than the carbon coating.
- the first and second coatings were analyzed by SEM, EDS, ICP, etc.
- the first coating contained Ti and C.
- the second coating contained C.
- the thickness T1A of the first coating was 5 nm.
- the thickness T2A of the second coating was 45 nm.
- XANES analysis confirmed that the Ti-containing oxide contained in the first coating had a crystal structure with oxygen deficiency.
- the x value of TiO 2-x was about 0.1.
- the negative electrode active material layer was rolled to obtain a negative electrode.
- An electrolytic solution was prepared by dissolving LiPF 6 at a concentration of 1.0 mol/L in a mixed solvent containing ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) at a volume ratio of 3:7.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- a tab was attached to each electrode, and an electrode group was produced by spirally winding the positive electrode and the negative electrode with the separator interposed therebetween such that the tab was positioned at the outermost periphery. After inserting the electrode group into an outer package made of an aluminum laminate film and vacuum-drying at 105° C. for 2 hours, an electrolytic solution was injected and the opening of the outer package was sealed to obtain a secondary battery A1.
- the first coating contained Ti and C.
- the thickness T1 A of the first coating was 10 nm, and the thickness T2 A of the second coating was 40 nm.
- XANES analysis confirmed that the Ti-containing oxide contained in the first coating had a crystal structure with oxygen defects.
- the x value of TiO 2-x was about 0.1.
- the first coating contained Al and C.
- the thickness T1 A of the first coating was 5 nm, and the thickness T2 A of the second coating was 45 nm.
- XANES analysis confirmed that the Al-containing oxide contained in the first coating had a crystal structure with oxygen deficiency.
- the y value of AlO 1.5-y was about 0.1.
- the temperature of the atmosphere containing the oxidizing agent in the reaction chamber was set to 120°C.
- the temperature of the atmosphere containing the precursor in the reaction chamber was 120°C.
- a series of operations consisting of supply of oxidant, purge, supply of precursor and purge were repeated 44 times. Except for the above, a first active material was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 to produce a secondary battery A4.
- the first coating contained Al and C.
- the thickness T1 A of the first coating was 10 nm, and the thickness T2 A of the second coating was 40 nm.
- XANES analysis confirmed that the Al-containing oxide contained in the first coating had a crystal structure with oxygen defects.
- the y value of AlO 1.5-y was about 0.1.
- the thickness T1 A of the first coating was 5 nm, and the thickness T2 A of the second coating was 45 nm.
- XANES analysis it was confirmed that the Ti-containing oxide contained in the first coating had a crystal structure with no oxygen vacancies.
- the x value of TiO 2-x was zero.
- the thickness T1 A of the first coating was 10 nm, and the thickness T2 A of the second coating was 40 nm.
- XANES analysis it was confirmed that the Ti-containing oxide contained in the first coating had a crystal structure with no oxygen vacancies.
- the x value of TiO 2-x was zero.
- the rest period between charging and discharging was 10 minutes.
- the ratio of the discharge capacity at the 100th cycle to the discharge capacity at the 1st cycle was determined as the capacity retention rate.
- Table 1 shows the evaluation results.
- the lithium silicate composite particles were coated with the first coating containing the oxide of the first element having oxygen deficiency and the carbon material, the capacity retention ratio and (1C capacity/0.1C capacity) were high. , and excellent cycle and rate characteristics were obtained.
- an electrochemical device with high capacity and long life can be provided.
- the electrochemical device according to the present disclosure is useful as a main power source for mobile communication equipment, portable electronic equipment, and the like.
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Abstract
Description
本開示の実施形態に係る活物質粒子は、複合粒子と、複合粒子の表面の少なくとも一部を被覆する第1被膜と、を備える。複合粒子は、リチウムシリケート相と、リチウムシリケート相内に分散するシリコン相とを含む。以下、複合粒子を、「リチウムシリケート複合粒子」とも称する。第1被膜は、酸素欠損を有する第1元素の酸化物と、炭素材料とを含む。第1元素は、非金属元素以外の元素である。
本実施形態に係る活物質粒子が備えるリチウムシリケート複合粒子は、リチウムシリケート相と、リチウムシリケート相内に分散しているシリコン相とを含む。
リチウムシリケート相(以下、単にシリケート相と称す場合がある。)は、リチウムと反応し得るサイトを多くは有さないため、充放電時に新たな不可逆反応を起こしにくい。よって、充放電の初期に、優れた充放電効率を示す。
シリケート相内に分散しているシリコン相は、ケイ素(Si)単体の粒子状の相を有し、単独または複数の結晶子で構成される。シリコン相の結晶子サイズは、特に限定されない。シリコン相の結晶子サイズは、より好ましくは10nm以上、30nm以下であり、さらに好ましくは15nm以上、25nm以下である。シリコン相の結晶子サイズが10nm以上である場合、シリコン相の表面積を小さく抑えることができるため、不可逆容量の生成を伴うシリコン相の劣化を生じ難い。シリコン相の結晶子サイズは、シリコン相のX線回折(XRD)パターンのSi(111)面に帰属される回析ピークの半値幅からシェラーの式により算出される。
リチウムシリケート複合粒子は、シリケート相およびシリコン相とともに、炭素相を含んでいてもよい。炭素相は、例えば、シリコン相の表面の少なくとも一部を覆っており、隣り合う一次粒子の界面の少なくとも一部に存在する。
第1被膜は、二次粒子であるリチウムシリケート複合粒子の表面の少なくとも一部を被覆する。
まず、電気化学デバイスを解体して電気化学素子(例えば、電極)を取り出し、クロスセクションポリッシャ(CP)を用いて当該素子の断面を得る。SEMまたはTEMを用いて得られた当該断面の画像から、最大径が5μm以上の活物質粒子を無作為に10個選び出す。それぞれの粒子について任意の5点における第1被膜の厚みを測定する。これら計50点における厚みの平均値を求める。この平均値を算出した後、得られた平均値と20%以上異なるデータを除き、再び平均値を算出する。この修正された平均値を、第1被膜の厚みT1Aとする。
第1被膜の少なくとも一部は、導電性の第2被膜により被覆されていてもよい。これにより、活物質粒子の導電性はさらに向上する。
本開示の実施形態に係る電気化学素子は、集電体と、集電体に担持された活物質層と、を備える。活物質層は、上記の活物質粒子を含む。このような電気化学素子は、導電性に優れるとともに劣化が抑制されるため、高容量かつ長寿命な電気化学デバイスを提供することができる。
本開示の実施形態に係る電気化学デバイスは、第1の電極、第2の電極およびこれらの間に介在するセパレータを備える。第1の電極および第2の電極の一方は、上記の電気化学素子により構成される。このような電気化学デバイスは、高容量かつ長寿命である。
負極は、例えば、負極集電体と負極活物質層とを含む。
負極活物質層は、負極活物質を含む。負極活物質は、少なくとも上記の活物質粒子(以下、第1の活物質と称す場合がある。)を含む。負極活物質層は、負極集電体の表面に負極合材を含む層として形成される。負極活物質層は、負極集電体の一方の表面に形成されてもよく、両方の表面に形成されてもよい。負極合剤は、必須成分として負極活物質を含み、任意成分として結着剤、導電剤、増粘剤などを含み得る。
正極は、例えば、正極集電体と、正極集電体の表面に形成された正極活物質層とを具備する。正極活物質層は、正極集電体の一方の表面に形成されてもよく、両方の表面に形成されてもよい。
本開示の実施形態に係る電気化学デバイスは、さらに電解質を含む。電解質は、例えば、溶媒と、溶媒に溶解したリチウム塩を含む。電解質におけるリチウム塩の濃度は、例えば、0.5mol/L以上、2mol/L以下である。電解質は、公知の添加剤を含有してもよい。
セパレータは、正極と負極との間に介在してもよい。セパレータは、イオン透過度が高くて適度な機械的強度および絶縁性を備えている。セパレータとしては、微多孔薄膜、織布、不織布などが挙げられる。セパレータの材質には、例えばポリプロピレン、ポリエチレンなどのポリオレフィンが用いられる。
本開示の実施形態に係る活物質粒子の製造方法は、シリケート相、および、シリケート相内に分散するシリコン相を含むとともに、炭素材料を含む炭素被膜により表面の少なくとも一部が被覆されたリチウムシリケート複合粒子を準備する準備工程と、非金属元素以外の第1元素を含む気相にリチウムシリケート複合粒子を曝して炭素被膜に第1元素を導入し、リチウムシリケート複合粒子の表面の少なくとも一部に、第1元素の酸化物および炭素材料を含む第1被膜を形成する被膜形成工程と、を備える。当該製造方法によれば、リチウムシリケート複合粒子を被覆する炭素被膜の内部に第1元素の酸化物が導入されて、第1被膜が形成される。
(i-i)シリコン粒子の調製
まず、シリコン粒子を調製する。
シリコン粒子は、化学気相成長法(CVD法)、熱プラズマ法、物理的粉砕法などにより得ることができる。以下の方法では、例えば平均粒径が10nm以上、200nm以下のシリコンナノ粒子を合成し得る。シリコン粒子の平均粒径は、レーザー回折散乱法で測定される体積粒度分布において、体積積算値が50%となる粒径(体積平均粒径)を意味する。
CVD法では、例えば気相中でシラン化合物を酸化または還元してシリコン粒子を生成させる方法である。反応温度は、例えば、400℃以上、1300℃以下に設定すればよい。
熱プラズマ法は、発生させた熱プラズマ中にシリコンの原料を導入して、高温のプラズマ中でシリコン粒子を生成させる方法である。熱プラズマは、アーク放電、高周波放電、マイクロ波放電、レーザー光照射などにより発生させればよい。なかでも高周波(RF)による放電は無極放電であり、シリコン粒子に不純物が混入しにくい点で望ましい。
物理的粉砕法(メカニカルミリング法)は、シリコンの粗粒子をボールミル、ビーズミルなどの粉砕機で粉砕する方法である。粉砕機の内部は、例えば不活性ガス雰囲気とすればよい。
シリコン粒子の表面の少なくとも一部を炭素相により被覆してもよい。
CVD法は、炭化水素系ガス雰囲気中にシリコン粒子を導入し、加熱して、炭化水素系ガスの熱分解により生じる炭素材料を粒子表面に堆積させて、炭素相が形成される。炭化水素系ガス雰囲気の温度は、例えば、500℃以上、1000℃以下であればよい。炭化水素系ガスとしては、アセチレン、メタンなどの鎖状炭化水素ガス、ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレンなどの芳香族炭化水素を用い得る。
湿式混合法では、例えば、石炭ピッチ、石油ピッチ、タールなどの炭素前駆体を溶媒に溶解し、得られた溶液とシリコン粒子とを混合し、乾燥させる。その後、炭素前駆体で被覆されたシリコン粒子を、不活性ガス雰囲気中で、例えば、600℃以下、1000℃以下で加熱し、炭素前駆体を炭化させて、炭素相が形成される。
シリケート相の原料を準備する。
次に、リチウムシリケート複合粒子の表面の少なくとも一部を炭素被膜で被覆する。第1被膜に含まれる炭素材料は、この炭素被膜に由来する。
炭素被膜を有するリチウムシリケート複合粒子を、第1元素を含む気相に曝す。これにより、炭素被膜に第1元素が導入されて、リチウムシリケート複合粒子の表面の少なくとも一部に、第1元素の酸化物および炭素材料を含む第1被膜が形成される。
本開示の実施形態電気化学素子は、上記の第1の活物質を備える。この電気化学素子は、第1被膜を備える第1の活物質を、集電体の表面に担持させることにより得られる。この電気化学素子は、炭素被膜で被覆されたリチウムシリケート複合粒子を集電体の表面に担持させた後、気相法により第1被膜を形成することによっても得られる。
活物質粒子の製造方法におけるリチウムシリケート複合粒子の準備工程の(i-i)から(i-iv)として示された工程と同様にして、炭素被膜で被覆されたリチウムシリケート複合粒子を準備する。
集電体の表面に、準備されたリチウムシリケート複合粒子を含む負極合剤を分散媒に分散させたスラリーを塗布し、当該スラリーを乾燥させる。これにより、集電体の表面に活物質層の前駆体が形成される。
活物質層の前駆体を備える集電体を、第1元素を含む気相に曝す。これにより、炭素被膜に第1元素が導入されて、前駆体に含まれるリチウムシリケート複合粒子の表面の少なくとも一部は、第1元素の酸化物および炭素材料を含む第1被膜により覆われる。これにより、活物質層が形成される。気相法としては、上記の通り、ALD法が好ましく挙げられる。
第1被膜を形成した後、活物質層を圧延してもよい。圧延の条件は特に限定されず、活物質層が所定の厚みあるいは密度になるように適宜設定すればよい。これにより、活物質層の密度が高まって、電気化学デバイスの容量を高めることができる。
[負極の作製]
(1)シリコン粒子の調製
シリコンの粗粒子(3N、平均粒径10μm)を遊星ボールミル(フリッチュ社製、P-5)のポット(SUS製、容積500mL)に充填し、ポットにSUS製ボール(直径20mm)を24個入れて蓋を閉め、不活性雰囲気中で、200rpmで平均粒径が150nmになるまで粉砕し、シリコン粒子を調製した。
シリコン粒子の表面に、化学気相成長法により炭素材料を堆積させた。具体的には、アセチレンガス雰囲気中にシリコン粒子を導入し、700℃で加熱して、アセチレンガスを熱分解させてシリコン粒子の表面に堆積させ、炭素相を形成した。シリコン粒子100質量部に対する炭素材料量は10質量部とした。
二酸化ケイ素と炭酸リチウムとを原子比(=Si/Li)が1.05となるように混合し、混合物を950℃空気中で10時間焼成することにより、Li2Si2O5(z=0.5)で表わされるリチウムシリケートを得た。得られたリチウムシリケートは平均粒径10μmになるように粉砕した。
得られたリチウムシリケート複合粒子を40μmのメッシュに通した後、石炭ピッチ(JFEケミカル株式会社製、MCP250)と混合し、リチウムシリケート複合粒子とピッチとの混合物を不活性雰囲気中で、800℃で5時間焼成し、リチウムシリケート複合粒子の表面に炭素被膜を形成した。炭素被膜による被覆量は、リチウムシリケート複合粒子と炭素被膜との総質量に対して5質量%とした。その後、篩を用いて、リチウムシリケート複合粒子とその表面に形成された炭素被膜とを備える平均粒径10μmの粒子を分別した。炭素被膜の厚みは、50nmであった。
炭素被膜を備えるリチウムシリケート複合粒子と第2の活物質(黒鉛)とを5:95の質量比で混合し、負極活物質として用いた。負極活物質と、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム(CMC-Na)と、スチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR)、ポリアクリル酸リチウム塩とを96.5:1:1.5:1の質量比で含む負極合剤に水を添加した後、混合機(プライミクス社製、T.K.ハイビスミックス)を用いて攪拌し、負極スラリーを調製した。次に、銅箔の表面に1m2当りの負極合剤の質量が190gとなるように負極スラリーを塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させることにより、銅箔の両面に密度1.5g/cm3の負極活物質層が形成された負極前駆体を作製した。負極前駆体における負極活物質層の厚みは、202μmであった。
負極前駆体を所定の反応室に収容し、ALD法により、下記手順に従って第1被膜を負極前駆体の表面に形成した。
コバルト酸リチウムと、アセチレンブラックと、ポリフッ化ビニリデンとを95:2.5:2.5の質量比で含む正極合剤にN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)を添加した後、混合機(プライミクス社製、T.K.ハイビスミックス)を用いて攪拌し、正極スラリーを調製した。次に、アルミニウム箔の表面に正極スラリーを塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた後、圧延して、アルミニウム箔の両面に、密度3.6g/cm3の正極活物質層が形成された正極を作製した。正極活物質層の厚みは、138μmであった。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)とジエチルカーボネート(DEC)とを3:7の体積比で含む混合溶媒にLiPF6を1.0mol/L濃度で溶解して電解液を調製した。
各電極にタブをそれぞれ取り付け、タブが最外周部に位置するように、セパレータを介して正極および負極を渦巻き状に巻回することにより電極群を作製した。電極群をアルミニウムラミネートフィルム製の外装体内に挿入し、105℃で2時間真空乾燥した後、電解液を注入し、外装体の開口部を封止して、二次電池A1を得た。
第1および第2の被膜の形成(6)において、酸化剤の供給、パージ、プリカーサの供給、パージからなる一連の操作を44回繰り返したこと以外、実施例1と同様に第1の活物質を製造し、二次電池A2を作製した。
第1および第2の被膜の形成(6)において、第1元素(Al)の供給源となるプリカーサにトリメチルアルミニウムを用いたこと以外、実施例1と同様に第1の活物質を製造し、二次電池A3を作製した。
第1および第2の被膜の形成(6)において、第1元素(Al)の供給源となるプリカーサにトリメチルアルミニウムを用いた。反応室における酸化剤を含む雰囲気の温度は120℃とした。反応室におけるプリカーサを含む雰囲気の温度は120℃とした。酸化剤の供給、パージ、プリカーサの供給、パージからなる一連の操作を44回繰り返した。
上記以外、実施例1と同様に第1の活物質を製造し、二次電池A4を作製した。
第1被膜および第2被膜の形成(6)を行わなかったこと以外、実施例1と同様に活物質を製造し、二次電池B1を作製した。活物質は、厚み50nmの炭素被膜で被覆されていた。
第1および第2の被膜の形成(6)において、酸化剤(H2O)を気化させて供給する際のパルス時間は、0.015秒とした。反応室における酸化剤を含む雰囲気の温度は200℃とした。反応室におけるプリカーサを含む雰囲気の温度は200℃とした。
上記以外、実施例1と同様に第1の活物質を製造し、二次電池B2を作製した。
第1および第2の被膜の形成(6)において、酸化剤(H2O)を気化させて供給する際のパルス時間は、0.015秒とした。反応室における酸化剤を含む雰囲気の温度は200℃とした。反応室におけるプリカーサを含む雰囲気の温度は200℃とした。酸化剤の供給、パージ、プリカーサの供給、パージからなる一連の操作を44回繰り返した。
上記以外、実施例1と同様に第1の活物質を製造し、二次電池B3を作製した。
25℃で、1Cの電流で電圧が4.2Vになるまで定電流充電を行い、その後、4.2Vの電圧で電流が1/20Cになるまで定電圧充電を行った。10分休止後、25℃で、1Cの電流で電圧が2.5Vになるまで定電流放電を行い、このときの放電容量を1C容量として求めた。
下記条件で充放電を繰り返し行った。
<充電>
25℃で、1Cの電流で電圧が4.2Vになるまで定電流充電を行い、その後、4.2Vの電圧で電流が1/20Cになるまで定電圧充電を行った。
25℃で、1Cの電流で電圧が2.5Vになるまで定電流放電を行った。
2 正極リード
3 負極リード
4 電池ケース
5 封口板
6 負極端子
7 ガスケット
8 封栓
20 活物質粒子
21 シリケート相
22 シリコン相
23 リチウムシリケート複合粒子
24 一次粒子
26 第2被膜
27 第1被膜
Claims (11)
- リチウムシリケート相、および、前記リチウムシリケート相内に分散するシリコン相を含む複合粒子と、
前記複合粒子の表面の少なくとも一部を被覆する第1被膜と、を備え、
前記第1被膜は、酸素欠損を有する第1元素の酸化物と、炭素材料とを含み、
前記第1元素は、非金属元素以外の元素である、活物質粒子。 - 前記第1元素は、Al、Ti、Si、Zr、Mg、Nb、Ta、Sn、NiおよびCrからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を含む、請求項1に記載の活物質粒子。
- 前記第1元素の酸化物は、MeO2-xで表される酸化物を含み、Meは、Ti、Si、Zr、およびSnからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であり、0<x≦1.95を満たす、請求項1に記載の活物質粒子。
- 前記第1元素の酸化物は、MeO1.5-yで表される酸化物を含み、MeはAlであり、0<y≦1.47を満たす、請求項1に記載の活物質粒子。
- 前記第1元素の酸化物は、MeO1-zで表される酸化物を含み、Meは、MgおよびNiからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であり、0<z≦0.9を満たす、請求項1に記載の活物質粒子。
- 前記第1元素の酸化物は、MeO3-uで表される酸化物を含み、MeはCrであり、0<u≦2.1を満たす、請求項1に記載の活物質粒子。
- 前記第1被膜の厚みT1Aは、0.1nm以上、50nm以下である、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の活物質粒子。
- 前記活物質粒子は、さらに、前記第1被膜の少なくとも一部を被覆する、前記第1被膜とは異なる導電性の第2被膜を備え、
前記第2被膜は、前記第1元素の酸化物を実質的に含まない、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の活物質粒子。 - 前記第2被膜は、炭素材料を含む、請求項8に記載の活物質粒子。
- 集電体と、前記集電体に担持された活物質層と、を備え、
前記活物質層は、請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の活物質粒子を含む、電気化学素子。 - 第1の電極と、第2の電極と、電解質と、を備え、
前記第1の電極および第2の電極の一方は、請求項10に記載の電気化学素子により構成される、電気化学デバイス。
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