WO2022142018A1 - 高密度培育名贵鱼类优质苗种的设备及构建方法 - Google Patents

高密度培育名贵鱼类优质苗种的设备及构建方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022142018A1
WO2022142018A1 PCT/CN2021/090612 CN2021090612W WO2022142018A1 WO 2022142018 A1 WO2022142018 A1 WO 2022142018A1 CN 2021090612 W CN2021090612 W CN 2021090612W WO 2022142018 A1 WO2022142018 A1 WO 2022142018A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
water
pond
lift pump
purification system
bottom water
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PCT/CN2021/090612
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
刘青华
杜佳
郑玉红
孟涵
须藤直美
Original Assignee
苏州鱼之源生物科技有限公司
洪泽鱼之源生物科技有限公司
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Application filed by 苏州鱼之源生物科技有限公司, 洪泽鱼之源生物科技有限公司 filed Critical 苏州鱼之源生物科技有限公司
Priority to US17/517,654 priority Critical patent/US20220201990A1/en
Publication of WO2022142018A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022142018A1/zh

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
    • A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
    • A01K61/13—Prevention or treatment of fish diseases
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K63/00—Receptacles for live fish, e.g. aquaria; Terraria
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K63/00—Receptacles for live fish, e.g. aquaria; Terraria
    • A01K63/04—Arrangements for treating water specially adapted to receptacles for live fish
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F9/00—Multistage treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/20—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from animal husbandry

Definitions

  • the application belongs to the field of aquaculture, and relates to a device and a construction method for cultivating fish seedlings with high density.
  • the existing seedling raising methods are mainly pond seedling raising methods and indoor seedling raising methods in cement ponds.
  • the method of raising seedlings in ponds is subject to changes in natural weather, which are sometimes cold and sometimes hot, sometimes cloudy and sunny, and changeable.
  • the fry of precious fish is slender and delicate.
  • the fry period is the most sensitive and critical period for its growth and metamorphosis, and it is extremely sensitive to changes in the external environment and water quality. ;
  • the uncertainty of the weather causes changes in the nursery environment, and the water quality deteriorates, resulting in pollution of the environment, resulting in the physiological stress response of the fry, weakening or death of the physique.
  • the outdoor nursery depends on the weather.
  • the indoor nursery method in cement ponds is less affected by the weather
  • the nursery facilities do not carry out the professional design of the fish pond structure and ancillary facilities from the analysis of the biological characteristics and habits of the precious fry, but only pay attention to the influence of the weather, especially the temperature on the fry, only to meet the requirements of the fry.
  • the basic needs of dissolved oxygen and bait rather than considering how to reduce the physiological stress response of fry to the nursery environment, cannot regulate the comprehensive effects of biotic and abiotic factors of fry.
  • the existing seedling raising methods cannot provide an excellent and stable growth and development environment due to the lack of professional seedling raising facilities and reliable circulating water quality purification treatment systems and management methods, and the environment changes during the seedling raising period.
  • the basic needs of water quality and environment at the stage cause physiological stress response, resulting in slow growth of fry, high deformity rate, low survival rate, and low seedling efficiency, which limits the development of the aquaculture industry.
  • the present application provides a high-density fish fry cultivation equipment with fast growth, high survival rate and low deformity rate.
  • the application adopts the following technical scheme: a kind of equipment for cultivating fish seed with high density, the equipment for cultivating fish seed with high density comprises a seedling pond, a pond body nano-aeration pipe, a filter screen center outlet A water pipe and a dual-circuit water purification system; the nursery pond is a rounded pond or a polygonal pond without dead ends; the nano-aeration pipe of the pond body is placed around the bottom of the inner wall of the nursery pond; the central water outlet pipe of the filter screen is placed in the nursery the bottom of the pool inside the pool;
  • the double-circuit circulation water purification system includes an upper layer water quality purification system and a bottom water quality purification system; the upper layer water in the seedling pond communicates with the interior of the seedling pond through the upper layer water quality purification system; the seedling pond The bottom water in the middle is communicated with the inside of the nursery pond through the central outlet pipe of the filter screen and the bottom water quality purification system; the upper layer water quality purification system and the bottom water quality purification system are symmetrically arranged on the two sides of the nursery pond. side.
  • the upper layer water quality purification system includes an upper layer water tank wall outlet, an upper layer water filter screen cage, an upper layer water filter screen filter tank, an upper layer water biological filter tank, an upper layer water storage tank, and an upper layer water air lift pump.
  • the water outlet of the upper layer water air lift pump; the upper layer water in the nursery pond passes through the water outlet of the upper layer pool wall, the upper layer water filter screen cage, the upper layer water filter screen filter tank and the upper layer water organism in turn.
  • the filter tank is communicated with the upper layer water storage tank; the upper layer water gas lift pump is placed in the upper layer water storage tank; the upper layer water storage tank is pumped out by the upper layer water gas lift pump and the upper layer water gas lift pump
  • the nozzle is communicated with the seedling pond.
  • the bottom water quality purification system includes a bottom water outlet, a bottom water screen cage, a bottom water screen filter tank, a bottom water biological filter tank, a bottom water storage tank, a bottom water air lift pump, and Bottom water air lift pump water outlet; bottom water in the nursery pool sequentially passes through the central water outlet pipe of the filter screen, the bottom water outlet, the bottom water filter screen cage, and the bottom water screen filter tank and the bottom water biological filter tank communicates with the bottom water storage tank; the bottom water air lift pump is placed in the bottom water storage tank; the bottom water storage tank passes through the bottom water air lift pump and The water outlet of the bottom water lift pump communicates with the bottom of the seedling pond.
  • the upper-layer water biological filter tank comprises an upper-layer water biological filtration nano-aeration tube arranged along the water flow direction and an upper-layer water biological filtration brush connected with the upper-layer water biological filtration nano-aeration tube; and/ or,
  • the bottom water biological filter tank includes a bottom water biological filtration nano-aeration tube arranged along the water flow direction and a bottom water biological filtration brush connected with the bottom water biological filtration nano-aeration tube.
  • the upper water filter mesh cage is a 50-80 mesh screen; and/or,
  • the bottom water filter net box is a 50-80 mesh screen.
  • the bottom water air lift pump is a tubular nano air lift pump placed below the liquid level of the bottom water storage tank; and/or,
  • the upper water lift pump is a tubular nano air lift pump placed under the liquid level of the upper water storage tank.
  • the tubular nano-lifting pump includes a first polyvinyl chloride tube and a nano-aeration tube in the tube placed inside the first polyvinyl chloride tube; one end of the nano-aeration tube in the tube is blocked, The other end is connected to a gas pipe equipped with a valve and connected to the blower.
  • the length of the nano-aeration tube in the tube is in the range of 200-800 mm; and/or,
  • the inner diameter of the first polyvinyl chloride pipe is in the range of 60-100 mm.
  • the central water outlet pipe of the filter screen includes a second polyvinyl chloride pipe and a central screen wrapped around the nozzle of the second polyvinyl chloride pipe, and the central screen is a 40-80 mesh screen network.
  • the equipment for cultivating fish seedlings at high density further comprises a drainage port communicating with the seedling pond.
  • the volume range of the seedling pond is 10-50 m 2
  • the water depth of the water contained in the seedling pond is 0.8-1.5 m.
  • the present application also adopts the second technical scheme: a construction method based on the above-mentioned equipment for cultivating fish fry at high density, and the construction method comprises the following steps:
  • the dual-channel water quality purification system includes an upper water quality purification system and a bottom water quality purification system arranged on both sides of the seedling pond.
  • the described establishment of the nursery pond comprises the following steps:
  • the establishment of a dual-channel water purification system includes the following steps:
  • the setting of the upper layer water quality purification system includes the following steps:
  • the upper water air lift pump is installed in the upper water storage tank; the water filtered by the upper water biological filter tank is stored in the upper water storage tank, and the upper water air lift pump is pumped into the nursery pond , to provide high-quality purified water for fry;
  • the upper water-gas lift pump is a tubular nano-gas lift pump
  • the tubular nano-gas lift pump comprises a first polyvinyl chloride tube with an inner diameter of 60-100 mm and a first polyvinyl chloride
  • the nano-aeration tube in the tube with a length ranging from 200-800mm inside the ethylene tube, one end of the nano-aeration tube in the tube is blocked, and the other end is connected to a gas pipe equipped with a valve and connected to the blower; when the nano-aeration tube in the tube is inflated, it floats upward.
  • the micro-bubble water flow flows out from the nozzle of the first PVC pipe in the upper part and enters the nursery pool;
  • the setting of the bottom water quality purification system includes the following steps:
  • bottom water filter screen filter tank set bottom water filter screen cage at the entrance of bottom water filter screen filter tank to filter bottom water from seedling pond; collected solid waste is at the bottom of bottom water filter screen cage Precipitation, filtered clean water enters the bottom water biological filter tank;
  • bottom water air lift pump is installed in the bottom water storage tank; the water filtered by the bottom water biological filter tank is stored in the bottom water storage tank, and the bottom water gas lift pump is pumped into the nursery pond , to provide high-quality purified water for fry;
  • the bottom water lift pump is a tubular nano-lift pump.
  • the water purification system on both sides of the nursery pond is based on the characteristics of short nursery period, high water quality requirements, and strong stability requirements. method of brushing.
  • This water purification system has the advantages of fast probiotics filming, high purification efficiency, stable performance, easy and thorough cleaning, simple and easy operation, and little interference to fish fry. There is no need for complex equipment and equipment maintenance, which reduces construction costs and operating costs.
  • probiotics Jaanyuan EM bacteria solution, produced by Suzhou Jianyuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
  • water treatment filter material in the early stage of seedling breeding can control ammonia nitrogen and nitrite to a lower content.
  • Ammonia nitrogen ⁇ 0.26; nitrite ⁇ 0.03, as shown in Figure 5 Ammonia nitrogen ⁇ 0.26; nitrite ⁇ 0.03, as shown in Figure 5. It can be seen that the addition of probiotics can promote the rapid growth of beneficial microbial colonies and play an important role in maintaining a good micro-ecological environment.
  • the nursery pond provides a warm and excellent imitation ecological environment for nursery
  • the water purification system ensures high-quality and stable water quality, and provides effective nursery facilities and methods for rare fish nursery.
  • the density of seedlings is 1900/m2, and after 50 days of cultivation, it reaches 30-50mm, and the survival rate is 11.01-15.72%.
  • the density of seedlings is 3000/square meter, and after 40 days of cultivation, the seedlings reach 43-61 mm, and the survival rate of seedlings is 55.6%.
  • the shad fry cultivated in this application not only has high stocking density, fast growth, and high survival rate, but also has a very low deformity rate.
  • Fig. 1 is the top-view structure schematic diagram of the air lift pump double-circuit circulating water biological purification seedling raising system adopted in the present application;
  • Fig. 2 is the double-circuit circulating water flow chart of the air lift pump double-circuit circulating water biological purification seedling raising system adopted in the present application;
  • Fig. 3 is the structural representation of the tubular nano-lift pump adopted in the present application.
  • Fig. 4 is the oxygen-enhancing efficiency curve of the tubular nano-lift pump
  • Fig. 5 is the change curve of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite content during shad nursery
  • Fig. 6 is the process diagram of shad raising and feeding
  • Fig. 7 is the front view structure schematic diagram of the upper water biological filter tank adopted in the present application.
  • Fig. 8 is the top view structure schematic diagram of the bottom water biological filter tank adopted in the present application.
  • the application provides a kind of equipment of high-density cultivation of fish seed
  • the equipment of high-density cultivation of fish seed comprises seedling pond 1, pond body nano-aeration pipe 2, screen center water outlet pipe 3 and a dual-circuit water quality purification system
  • the nursery pond 1 is a round corner pond or a polygonal pond without dead ends
  • the nano-aeration pipe 2 of the pond body is placed around the bottom of the inner wall of the nursery pond 1
  • the filter screen center outlet pipe 3 is placed in the nursery pond 1
  • the double-circuit circulation water purification system includes the upper layer water quality purification system 8 and the bottom water quality purification system 9
  • the upper layer water in the nursery pond 1 communicates with the interior of the nursery pond 1 through the upper layer water quality purification system 8
  • the bottom water in 1 communicates with the inside of the nursery pond 1 through the central outlet pipe 3 of the filter screen and the bottom water quality purification system 9
  • the arrows in FIG. 1 indicate the direction of water flow.
  • the upper layer water in the nursery pond 1 is connected to the interior of the nursery pond 1 through the upper layer water quality purification system 8, which means that the upper layer water in the nursery pond 1 forms a circulation between the nursery pond 1 and the upper layer water quality purification system 8, that is, the nursery pond 1.
  • the polluted upper layer water in the pool 1 flows into the upper layer water quality purification system 8 and flows back into the nursery pool 1 after being purified.
  • the bottom water in the nursery pond 1 is communicated with the interior of the nursery pond 1 through the filter center outlet pipe 3 and the bottom water quality purification system 9, which means that the bottom water in the nursery pond 1 is in the nursery pond 1, the filter center outlet pipe 3, A cycle is formed between bottom water purification systems 9, that is, the polluted bottom water in the seedling pond 1 flows into the bottom water purification system 9 through the central outlet pipe 3 of the filter screen, and flows back into the seedling pond 1 after purification.
  • the upper layer water quality purification system 8 includes the upper layer water tank wall outlet 5, the upper layer water filter screen cage 18a, the upper layer water filter screen filter tank 10, the upper layer water biological filter tank 11, the upper layer water storage tank 13, the upper layer water air lift pump 12 and The upper layer water gas lift pump outlet 7; the upper layer water in the nursery pool 1 passes through the upper layer pool wall water outlet 5, the upper layer water filter screen cage 18a, the upper layer water filter screen filter tank 10 and the upper layer water biological filter tank 11 and the upper layer water in turn.
  • the water storage tank 13 communicates with each other; the upper water gas lift pump 12 is placed in the upper water storage tank 13;
  • the bottom water quality purification system 9 includes the bottom water outlet 4, the bottom water screen cage 18b, the bottom water screen filter tank 14, the bottom water biological filter tank 15, the bottom water storage tank 17, the bottom water air lift pump 16 and the bottom layer
  • the water air lift pump outlet 6; the bottom water in the nursery pond 1 sequentially passes through the filter center outlet pipe 3, the bottom water outlet 4, the bottom water filter screen cage 18b, the bottom water filter screen filter tank 14 and the bottom water biological filter tank 15 communicates with the bottom water storage tank 17;
  • the bottom water gas lift pump 16 is placed in the bottom water storage tank 17;
  • the bottom water storage tank 17 passes through the bottom water gas lift pump 16 and the bottom water gas lift pump outlet 6 and the nursery pond 1
  • the bottom of the pool is connected.
  • the upper water biological filter tank 11 used in the present application includes an upper water biological filtration nano-aeration tube 20a arranged along the water flow direction and an upper water biological filtration tube 20a connected to the upper water biological filtration nano-aeration tube 20a
  • the brush 21a and the bottom water biological filter tank 15 include bottom water biological filtration nano-aeration tubes 20b arranged along the water flow direction and bottom water biological filtration brushes 21b connected to the bottom water biological filtration nano-aeration tube 20b.
  • the upper water biological filtration nano-aeration tube 20a and the bottom water biological filtration nano-aeration tube 20b have the same structure
  • the upper water biological filtration brush 21a and the bottom water biological filtration brush 21b have the same structure.
  • the upper water biological filtration The structure of the tank 11 and the bottom water biological filter tank 15 is the same.
  • the upper water filter mesh box 18a and the bottom water filter mesh box 18b are both 50-80 mesh screens. It is understood that in other embodiments, it is also possible that one of the upper water screen cage 18a and the bottom water screen cage 18b is a 50-80 mesh screen.
  • the bottom water gas lift pump 16 adopted in the embodiment of the present application is a tubular nano gas lift pump placed under the liquid level of the bottom water storage tank 17, and the tubular nano gas lift pump comprises a first polyvinyl chloride pipe 22 (
  • the polyvinyl chloride pipe is also called PVC pipe) and the nano-aeration pipe 23 in the pipe placed inside the first polyvinyl chloride pipe 22;
  • the length range of the nano-aeration pipe 23 in the pipe is 200-800mm;
  • the inner diameter range is 60-100mm; one end of the nano-aeration pipe 23 in the pipe is blocked, and the other end is connected with a valve 24;
  • the first polyvinyl chloride pipe 22 and the nano-aeration pipe 23 in the pipe are placed on the liquid level of the bottom water storage tank 17 under.
  • the upper water lift pump 12 is a tubular nano-lift pump placed below the liquid level of the upper water storage tank 13, and the structure of the upper water lift pump 12 is the same as that of the bottom water pump in this embodiment.
  • the structure of the air lift pump 16 is the same and will not be described here.
  • the nano-aeration tube 2 of the pool body, the upper-layer water biological filtration nano-aeration tube 20a, the bottom water biological filtration nano-aeration tube 20b and the inner nano-aeration tube 23 are all nano-aeration tubes capable of providing aeration function. It can be used to increase the oxygen in the water and remove the CO 2 in the water, so as to purify the water.
  • the central outlet pipe 3 of the filter screen includes a second polyvinyl chloride pipe (not shown in the figure) and a central filter screen (not shown in the figure) wrapped around the nozzle of the second polyvinyl chloride pipe, and the central filter screen is a 40-80 mesh screen .
  • the equipment for cultivating fish fry at high density also includes a drain 19 which communicates with the nursery pond 1 .
  • the volume range of the seedling pond 1 is 10-50 m 2 , and the water depth of the water contained in the seedling pond 1 is 0.8-1.5 m. Because anchovies are not suitable for moving, and are easily frightened. If the nursery pond is too small, the fry will flee or jump wildly when there is a sudden change of sound and light, and the dashing will cause death by colliding with each other or hitting the wall.
  • the main steps of the construction method of the equipment for cultivating fish fry at high density include: 1. Establishing an ecologically imitative nursery pond with a nano-micro-bubble flow vapor curtain suitable for the planktonic growth of fish fry and probiotics. 2. Establish a two-way water purification system, including sieve filtration and biological nitrification water purification pools and tubular micro-bubble air lift pumps for nano-aeration tubes. 3. The seedling pond and the water purification system are circulated together by the air lift pump to form a double-circuit circulating water biological purification and seedling raising system of the air lift pump. Specifically, the method includes:
  • the nursery pond should be a rounded pond or a polygonal pond with four corners cut off (no right angles).
  • the nursery pond cannot have a right angle, this is because the shad has a fast swimming behavior around the clock, and will only move forward in a straight line and will not turn to swim. When encountering a right angle, the shad fry will always swim against the dead angle, which may easily cause head injury or death.
  • the size of the nursery pond is 10-50 square meters and the water depth is 0.8-1.5 meters. Because anchovies are not suitable for moving, and are easily frightened. If the nursery pond is too small, the fry will flee or jump wildly when there is a sudden change in the sound and light, and the fry will collide with each other or hit the wall to death.
  • the bottom center of the nursery pond is the bottom water outlet, and the nozzle is placed vertically and vertically with the central water outlet pipe of the filter screen.
  • the central filter of the nozzle, the central filter is a 40-80 mesh screen, the aquaculture water enters the water outlet after filtering, but the fry are blocked by the screen to prevent the fry from escaping.
  • the nano-aeration tube of the pool body is installed at the bottom around the wall of the nursery pool.
  • a flow curtain of nano-micro-bubble mixed with aerosol and water is formed around the pool wall. While increasing oxygen and forming a slow flow, it provides a barrier protection for the nursery pool to avoid the fry in emergency.
  • the fry In the middle of the nursery stage, by adjusting the strength of the flow curtain, the fry cannot get close to the wall, thus effectively preventing the common roof in the middle stage of intensive seedling breeding.
  • Walling behavior reduce the rate of jaw malformation (jaw malformation) or prevent the top wall behavior in the middle of the nursery, to avoid the resulting jaw deformity.
  • Installation of the upper water air lift pump water pipe and the bottom water air lift pump water pipe install a water pipe at the opposite corner of the nursery pond and above the water level of the nursery pond, as the nursery pond from the upper water air lift pump and the bottom water air lift.
  • the water inlet pipe of the pump continuously provides the nursery pond with high-quality clean water.
  • the water pipe of the upper water lift pump is connected with the upper water gas lift pump, thereby communicating with the upper water quality purification system
  • the bottom water gas lift pump water pipe is connected with the bottom water gas lift pump, so as to be connected with the bottom water quality purification system.
  • the slow flow of the nursery pond is composed of two parts of dynamic mixing, namely the closed-loop vertical slow flow and the horizontal slow flow of the air lift pump.
  • the slow flow direction of the nano-micro-bubble flow vapor curtain around the pool wall is upward from the bottom of the pool wall, from the outside to the inside at the water surface, then down in the central area, and from the inside to the outside to the pool wall, forming a closed-loop vertical slowdown flow; horizontal slow flow is formed by the diagonal air lift pump microbubble water flow.
  • the closed-loop vertical slow flow and the horizontal slow flow of the air lift pump form a complex all-round three-dimensional slow flow, forming a uniform, oxygen-rich and dead-end environment, which is suitable for the floating behavior of newly hatched larvae and probiotics, and is also suitable for the middle and late stage of fry.
  • the habit of flowing constitutes a healthy micro-ecological seedling breeding environment.
  • the basic structure of the dual-channel water purification system two water purification systems with the same structure are located on both sides of the nursery pond, and treat the upper and bottom water of the nursery pond respectively.
  • the upper layer water quality purification system includes the upper layer water filter screen filter tank, the upper layer water biological nitrification water quality purification tank and the upper layer water storage tank equipped with the upper layer water gas lift pump.
  • the bottom water quality purification system includes a bottom water filter screen filter tank, a bottom water biological nitrification water quality purification tank and a bottom water storage tank equipped with a bottom water gas lift pump.
  • Upper layer water filter screen filter tank the upper layer water filter tank equipped with the upper layer water filter screen box (50-80 mesh screen), filters the upper layer water from the nursery pond. The collected solid waste settles at the bottom of the upper water filter cage, and the filtered clean water enters the upper water biological filter tank.
  • Bottom water filter mesh filter tank bottom water filter tank equipped with bottom water filter mesh box (50-80 mesh screen) to filter the bottom water from the nursery pond.
  • the collected solid waste settles at the bottom of the bottom water filter cage, and the filtered clean water enters the bottom water biological filter tank.
  • Upper water biological filtration tank The upper water biological filtration nano-aeration tube is installed at the bottom of the tank wall to provide aeration function for biological water purification, that is, to increase oxygen and remove CO 2 .
  • the upper water biological filter tank is filled with upper and lower water biological filter brushes arranged vertically up and down.
  • the filter material is easy to clean, and has the functions of quickly cultivating probiotics and intercepting adsorbed particulate matter.
  • the biofilm can be formed quickly and continuously and stably, suitable for seedling breeding. Short-term quick-acting characteristics of production.
  • Bottom water biological filtration tank Bottom water biological filtration nano-aeration tubes are installed at the bottom of the tank wall to provide aeration function for biological water purification, that is, to increase oxygen and remove CO 2 .
  • the bottom water biological filter tank is filled with bottom water biological filter brushes arranged vertically up and down.
  • the filter material is easy to clean and has the functions of quickly cultivating probiotics and intercepting and adsorbing particulate matter. Short-term quick-acting characteristics of production.
  • Upper water storage tank The upper water air lift pump is installed inside. The water filtered by the upper water biological filter tank is stored in the upper water storage tank, and will be pumped into the nursery tank by the upper water air lift pump to provide high-quality purified water for the fry.
  • Bottom water storage tank There is a bottom water air lift pump inside.
  • the water filtered by the bottom water biological filter tank is stored in the bottom water storage tank, and will be pumped into the nursery tank by the bottom water air lift pump to provide high-quality purified water for the fry.
  • the upper water air lift pump and the bottom water air lift pump are both tubular nano air lift pumps.
  • Lifting pump As shown in Figure 3, the tubular nano-lifting pump includes a first polyvinyl chloride tube with an inner diameter of 60-100 mm and a nano-aerator in the tube with a length of 200-800 mm placed inside the first polyvinyl chloride tube. Trachea, the end of the nano-aeration tube in the tube is blocked, and the other end is connected to the trachea with a valve.
  • the floating micro-bubble water flow flows out from the first polyvinyl chloride nozzle in the upper part and enters the seedling pond.
  • the micro-bubble formed by the nano-aeration tube in the tube is very small ( ⁇ 0.2mm, while the air bubbles aerated by the air stone are 1.4-3.6mm), and the water flow formed is a micro-bubble water flow, which is very mild and will not harm the fry.
  • the existing air lift pump adopts air stone aeration, and the air bubbles are larger and the flow rate is larger.
  • the oxygen-enhancing effect of the tubular nano-stripping pump of the present application is very significant. It can be seen from FIG.
  • the average oxygen-enhancing efficiency is over 90% at a temperature of 20-22°C.
  • the oxygen-enhancing efficiency increases with the decrease of the dissolved oxygen content of the water inlet.
  • the oxygen-enhancing efficiency is 180%.
  • Another advantage of the tubular nano air lift pump is that the water flow of the air lift pump can be adjusted by the air pressure of the air valve, which is convenient and easy to operate. Through the tubular nano air lift pump, the seedling pond and the water purification system are circulated together to form a "air lift pump dual-circuit circulating water biological purification seedling system".
  • the purified water of the water purification system is pumped into the nursery pond through the tubular nano air lift pump, thereby promoting the water of the nursery pond to flow into the water purification system through the bottom water outlet and the water outlet of the pool window respectively for purification.
  • the circulating water flow of the airlift pump is adjustable and controllable. In the early stage of nursery, the newly hatched larvae have poor mobility.
  • the microflow water circulation of the airlift pump can be used to help them float in the pool. With the continuous growth of fry, the swimming ability of the colony is improved, and the food intake is increased. By increasing the circulation of micro-flow water and increasing the exchange of water purification, good water quality can be improved and maintained.
  • an air lift pump dual-circuit circulating water biological purification seedling system provides An oxygen-enriched environment (seedling pond) suitable for the growth of fish fry and probiotics, and a sieve filtration and biological nitrification water purification system (including bottom water and upper water treatment system) is provided to purify water, remove solid waste, Hazardous substances such as ammonia nitrogen and sub-salt, integrate the functions of the nursery pond (nano-aerated micro-bubble flow curtain on the fish pond wall) - two-way circulation of oxygen-enriched water quality biological pur
  • This application focuses on risk control measures such as avoiding mechanical damage, disease prevention and control, and reducing the physiological stress response caused by environmental deterioration.
  • risk control measures such as avoiding mechanical damage, disease prevention and control, and reducing the physiological stress response caused by environmental deterioration.
  • the dual-circuit water purification system remove solid waste, ammonia nitrogen and nitrite and other dangerous substances, purify water quality , to avoid the deterioration of water quality and cause the physiological stress response to poison the fry; by adjusting the air pressure of the nano-aeration tube (aerotube TM ) to improve the oxygen-enhancing efficiency, it provides an oxygen-rich nursery environment for the fry, and the surrounding pond walls are generated.
  • the aerosol-water fusion forms an adjustable nano-micro-bubble flow vapor curtain, which prevents or slows down the fry from colliding with the pool wall in an emergency.
  • the aerosol water mixed with micro-bubble water flow is formed by the tubular nano-lift pump, which circulates the seedling pool and the water purification system. It can not only improve the oxygenation efficiency, but also avoid the impact of the water flow of the traditional water pump to damage the fry and reduce the deformity rate; finally, the nursery pool formed by the micro-bubble flow curtain on the pool wall and the micro-bubble water flow of the air lift pump has no dead angle in all directions. It can meet the needs of newly hatched larvae and probiotics for the floating behavior, and the micro-ecological environment of the nursery pond rich in oxygen can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria that like anaerobic environment, prevent diseases, and improve the survival rate.
  • an adjustable "nano-micro-bubble flow curtain” is formed, which forms a three-dimensional slow flow of the water body in the nursery pool without dead ends (eliminates the anaerobic environment favored by pathogenic bacteria) , suitable for the growth of newly hatched larvae plankton and planktonic probiotics, providing a warm and healthy environment for the fry;
  • the adjustable nano-micro-bubble flow vapor curtain can prevent or slow down the fry from colliding with the pool wall in an emergency, and more importantly, In the middle stage of seedling raising, by adjusting the strength of the flow vapor curtain, the fry cannot approach the wall, thus effectively preventing the common top wall behavior in the middle stage of intensive seedling raising and reducing the jaw malformation rate;
  • the tubular nano-lift pump of the present application can not only increase oxygen effectively, but also become the power of circulation, form a slow flow in the nursery pond, and avoid the water pump and the ordinary tubular air lift pump from hurting the fry in the traditional method.
  • the ordinary tubular air lift pump uses air stone aeration, and the air bubbles are large, not only the oxygen-enhancing efficiency is not high, but also the water flow formed contains large air bubbles, and the air bubbles can easily cause damage to the fry, especially for the early fry;
  • the water purification of the nursery system is completed by two sets of water purification systems with different properties on both sides of the nursery pond, and the purification performance is stable and reliable.
  • the sewage in the nursery pond is purified by two-way drainage, that is, the bottom water and the upper layer water, respectively, enter the water purification system on both sides of the nursery pond for purification.
  • the bottom water and the upper layer water in their respective water purification systems pass through the screen box successively, and the filtered clean water enters the oxygen-enriched biological filter tank.
  • the pump flows into the nursery tank.
  • the bottom water is characterized by turbid water and a lot of solid waste.
  • the focus of its water purification system is cleaning, which can be filtered with a denser screen.
  • the aeration of the biological filter tank is small, which is convenient for the filter material to intercept and adsorb particulate matter.
  • the upper layer of water is characterized by relatively clear water, which can be filtered with a coarser screen.
  • the focus of its water purification system is biological purification, which is particularly important in the later stage of seedling breeding. Therefore, the aeration of the biological filter tank should be large to improve the biological purification efficiency.
  • the biological purification filter material is easy to implant quickly with probiotics, the biofilm can be formed within a week, and can intercept the biological filter brush that adsorbs particulate matter (filter brush, biological filter brush is to emphasize its biological water treatment Function, the application uses the Nomoto brand mountain tree brush), which is easy to clean and is very suitable for the short-term and quick-acting characteristics of seedlings.
  • the filter material commonly used in ordinary factory farming is filter beads or filter balls. Although the relative surface of the latter is large, the microbial colony has a long maturation period (generally more than one month), and it is difficult to clean, so it is suitable for adult fish with a long cycle. Breeding, not suitable for nursery production.
  • the two-way circulation water purification system on both sides of the nursery pond can be adjusted according to the water quality requirements of each stage of the nursery, that is to say, the polluted water from the upper and bottom water of the nursery pond is purified and the amount of circulating water is adjusted.
  • the polluted water from the upper and bottom water of the nursery pond is purified and the amount of circulating water is adjusted.
  • more than 80% of the nursery water passes through the bottom water quality purification system, mainly because the organic load of the nursery pond is low at this time, and a large exchange volume is not required.
  • the central pipe filter has a large water outlet area and a small suction force.
  • the water purification system of bottom water is the main, and the water purification system of surface water is supplemented, but 20% of the seedling water is circulated through the latter, and the focus is on cultivating biological flora.
  • the organic load of the nursery pond continues to increase, and the circulation volume of the upper water purification is continuously increased.
  • the circulation in the system ensures the stability of the water quality and reduces the organic load and the harm of water pollution.
  • the dual-circuit water purification of the system not only removes solid waste, ammonia nitrogen and nitrite and other harmful substances, reduces stress response, but also improves the controllability and purification efficiency of various water chemical indicators of the nursery water.
  • the air lift pump dual-circuit circulating water biological purification and seedling raising system is a plane-integrated low Yang Cheng energy-saving system, which does not require complicated and expensive equipment. It has a simple structure, convenient operation, high purification efficiency, and controllability. Strong, stable performance, low cost of construction and operation, no interference to fry and other advantages, it provides a healthy, ecological, sustainable and risk-controlled high-density seedling system for high-density fish breeding, especially precious fish breeding. Years of practice in the breeding of precious fish such as shad has proved that the system can not only effectively improve the growth rate and survival rate, but also produce fry with uniform size, low deformity rate, robust physique and strong stress resistance, and has strong promotion potential.
  • Shad fry are very delicate, have different swimming behaviors and physiological needs in different developmental stages, and are very sensitive to the external environment and water quality.
  • the high-density shad nursery system consists of a nursery pond and a water purification system on both sides, as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2.
  • the nursery pond 1 is a rounded pond or a polygonal pond without dead ends, with a size of 10-50 square meters and a water depth of 0.8-1.5 meters.
  • the current nursery ponds are mostly rectangular or square, with dead ends.
  • the shad has a fast swimming behavior day and night, and only moves forward in a straight line, and does not turn to swim. When encountering a right angle, the shad fry will always swim against the dead angle, which may easily cause head injury or death.
  • a nano-aeration tube of the pool body is installed at the bottom around the wall of the nursery pool.
  • a curtain of aerosol-water mixed micro-bubble is formed around the pool wall, which can increase oxygen and prevent fry from colliding with the pool wall to be injured or killed.
  • the traditional aeration method for seedling raising is to distribute several air stones in the seedling pond for aeration and oxygenation. This method has two defects: First, because the air bubbles aerated by the air stone are large, the momentum near the air stone is large, and a swirling flow will be formed between the air stones.
  • the anaerobic area is an area where pathogenic bacteria are easy to breed.
  • the second peak death period of shad seedlings is the 8th to 12th days after hatching.
  • the reasons for the “seedlings” were poor water quality management in the early stage, weak physique, and uneven aeration methods.
  • Water outlet pipe 3 in the center of the anti-escape filter The bottom center of the nursery pond is the bottom water outlet 4, and the nozzle is placed vertically and vertically wrapped with a 40-80 mesh screen and cut with a porous second PVC pipe to prevent The water outlet pipe 3 in the center of the escaping filter forms a large water outlet surface area, and the aquaculture water enters the bottom water outlet 4 after filtering, but the fry are isolated by the screen to prevent the fry from escaping from the bottom water outlet 4 or the fry sticking to the net.
  • the water outlet 5 of the upper water pool wall is located on the wall of the nursery pool adjacent to the upper water filter screen filter tank 10 of the upper water quality purification system 8.
  • bottom water air lift pump water outlet 6 and upper water air lift pump water outlet 7 at the opposite corner of the nursery pond, above the water level of the nursery pond, each install a water pipe, respectively, as the nursery pond from the upper water layer air lift.
  • the water inlet pipe of the pump and the water inlet pipe of the bottom water layer air lift pump continuously provide high-quality clean water for the nursery pond.
  • the two-way water purification system is located on both sides of the nursery pond and has the same structure as two water purification systems, namely the upper water quality purification system 8 and the bottom water quality purification system 9.
  • the upper layer water quality purification system 8 includes the upper layer water filter screen filter tank 10, the upper layer water biological filter tank 11 and the upper layer water storage tank 13 equipped with the upper layer water gas lift pump 12;
  • the bottom layer water quality purification system 9 includes the bottom layer water filter screen filter tank 14 , bottom water biological filter tank 15 and bottom water storage tank 17 equipped with bottom water air lift pump 16 .
  • the upper water filter screen filter tank 10 and the bottom water filter screen filter tank 14 the upper water layer filter screen box 18a and the upper water layer filter screen box 18b of the 50-80 mesh screen are installed respectively
  • the filter tank filters the upper water and bottom water from the nursery tank respectively.
  • the collected solid waste settles at the bottom of the cage, and the filtered clean water enters the upper water biological filter tank 11 and the bottom water biological filter tank 15 .
  • the upper water biological filter tank 11 and the bottom water biological filter tank 15 are respectively installed at the bottom around the pond wall to provide aeration for biological water quality purification. Gas functions, namely oxygenation and CO 2 removal.
  • the upper water layer biological filter tank is filled with upper water layer biological filter brushes 21a that are easy to clean
  • the bottom water layer biological filter tank is filled with bottom water layer biological filter brushes 21b that are easy to clean
  • the upper water layer biological filter brush 21a The bottom water layer biological filter brush 21b has the function of quickly cultivating probiotics, and intercepts and adsorbs particulate matter, and the biofilm is rapidly formed and stable and sustainable, which is suitable for short-term and quick-acting seedling production.
  • the water filtered by the upper water layer biological filter tank is stored in the upper water layer storage tank, and will be pumped into the nursery tank 1 by the upper layer water lift pump 12 to provide high-quality clean water for the fry.
  • the water filtered by the bottom water layer biological filter tank is stored in the bottom water layer storage tank, and will be pumped into the nursery tank 1 by the bottom water gas lift pump 16 to provide high-quality clean water for the fry.
  • the water storage tank 13 and the bottom water filter screen filter tank 14 are respectively equipped with an upper water lift pump 12 and a bottom water lift pump 16, and are connected with the upper water lift pump outlet 7 and the bottom water lift pump water outlet 6.
  • the seedling pond has two water outlets (the bottom water outlet 4 and the upper water pool wall outlet 5) which are respectively connected to the bottom water quality purification system 9 and the upper layer water quality purification system 8.
  • the bottom water outlet 4 at the bottom of the nursery pond is connected with the bottom water quality purification system 9
  • the upper water pool wall outlet 5 is connected with the upper water quality purification system 8 .
  • Seedling results adopt the application to cultivate shad fry, under the situation of stocking density of 3000 tails/m , after 40 days of cultivation, the average weight of shad fry is 481 ⁇ 26mg, and the body length is 52 ⁇ 14mm, and the survival rate is 55.6%, and the deformity rate was 0.27%.
  • Yan Yinlong reported (2020) that using the traditional method of raising seedlings in indoor rectangular ponds, under the condition of a stocking density of 1900 tails/ m3 , after 50 days of cultivation, the average body length of shad seedlings was 45 ⁇ 21mm, and the survival rate was 45 ⁇ 21mm. 11.01-15.72%, the deformity rate was greater than 23.6%.

Abstract

一种高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备及构建方法，属于水产养殖领域。其中，高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备包括育苗池（1）、池体纳米曝气管（2）、滤网中心出水管（3）和双路循环水质净化系统；育苗池（1）是圆角池或无死角的多边池；池体纳米曝气管（2）置于育苗池（1）内壁底部四周；滤网中心出水管（3）置于育苗池（1）内部的池底部；双路循环水质净化系统包括上层水水质净化系统（8）以及底层水水质净化系统（9）；育苗池（1）中的上层水通过上层水水质净化系统（8）与育苗池（1）内部相贯通；育苗池（1）中底层水通过滤网中心出水管（3）和底层水水质净化系统（9）与育苗池（1）内部相贯通；上层水水质净化系统（8）和底层水水质净化系统（9）对称设置在育苗池（1）两侧。本设备具有使得鱼类生长快、成活率高、畸形率低的优点。

Description

高密度培育名贵鱼类优质苗种的设备及构建方法 技术领域
本申请属于水产养殖领域，涉及一种高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备及构建方法。
背景技术
鱼类苗种培育一直是困扰国内外水产养殖产业发展的瓶颈(Moorhead，2014；Slateretal.，2019)，尤其是名贵鱼，包括美洲鲥鱼(American shad，Alosa sapidissima)和美国银斑鱼(crappie，Pomoxis spp.)育苗难度尤为显著困难。
现有的育苗主要是池塘育苗方法和水泥池室内育苗方法。池塘育苗方法受制于自然天气的变化，时冷时热，忽阴忽晴，变化无常。名贵鱼鱼苗纤细、娇嫩，鱼苗期间正值其生长和变态发育最为敏感和关键的时期，对外界环境的变化和水质极为敏感，例如，鱼苗或因温度过低冷死，或因爆晒热死；天气的不确定性造成育苗环境的变化，而且水质恶化，造成污染环境，致使鱼苗产生生理性应激反应，体质减弱或死亡，总之，室外育苗是靠天吃饭。
水泥池室内育苗方法尽管受天气影响较小，但育苗设施没有从名贵鱼苗的生物学特征和习性分析进行鱼池结构和附属设施的专业设计，只是关注天气尤其是温度对鱼苗的影响，只是满足鱼苗对溶氧和饵料的基本需求，而不是考虑如何降低鱼苗对育苗环境的生理性应激反应，无法对鱼苗的生物因子和非生物因子的综合作用进行调节。由于鱼池结构、水流和曝气不合理，又缺乏水质净化处理设施，只能采用大量换水排污，无形中对育苗微生态环境进行了干预，难以保证稳定的育苗益生菌群环境和可持续的优良水质，名贵鱼育苗难以成功。以美洲鲥鱼为例，美洲鲥鱼是洄游性鱼类，本申请人自2003年从美国引进，成功推广了该品种的养殖技术(刘青华等2006)，并在世界上首次实现美洲鲥鱼养殖亲本的人工繁殖(Liu等2020)。美洲鲥鱼商品鱼受到市场的追捧，已成为中国最名贵的养殖品种之一。然而，由于现有育苗技术的局限性，育苗环境难以控制，例如，水质得不到净化，氨氮和亚硝酸盐持续升高，构成对鱼苗的毒害，尤其是亚硝酸盐对鱼苗的危害更大，研究表明，在鲥鱼鱼苗发育早期，即使亚硝酸盐含量较低(<0.08)，也构成对鱼苗的毒害，畸形率显著提高。水质持续恶化会引发生理性应激反应，危害健康，成活率下降，生长缓慢，鲥鱼育苗技术难以推广。严银龙等(2020)报道，采用传统室内水泥池育苗遭遇两个危险期，死亡率较高，并且出现大量的畸形苗，鲥鱼育苗的成活率低，连续三年的育苗平均成活率为11.01-15.72％，而且生长缓慢(达到50mm需要 50天育苗期)，苗种个体差异较大，体质纤弱，畸形率较高，为后期养殖管理带来了较多隐患。如何创造鱼苗适宜的微生态环境，预防鱼苗受伤的风险，降低应激反应将成为名贵鱼育苗成功的关键。
显然，现有的育苗方法由于缺乏专业的育苗设施和可靠的循环水水质净化处理系统和管理方法，加上育苗期间环境变化多样，无法提供优异和稳定的生长发育环境，无法满足其早期生长发育阶段对水质和环境的基本需求，引发生理性应激反应，导致鱼苗生长缓慢，畸形率高，成活率较低，育苗效率低，限制了养殖产业的发展。
发明内容
为了解决背景技术中存在的上述技术问题，本申请提供了一种生长快、成活率高以及畸形率低的高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备。
为了实现上述目的，本申请采用如下技术方案：一种高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备，所述高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备包括育苗池、池体纳米曝气管、滤网中心出水管以及双路循环水质净化系统；所述育苗池是圆角池或无死角的多边池；所述池体纳米曝气管置于育苗池内壁底部四周；所述滤网中心出水管置于育苗池内部的池底部；
所述双路循环水质净化系统包括上层水水质净化系统以及底层水水质净化系统；所述育苗池中的上层水通过所述上层水水质净化系统与所述育苗池内部相贯通；所述育苗池中的底层水通过所述滤网中心出水管以及所述底层水水质净化系统与所述育苗池内部相贯通；所述上层水水质净化系统以及所述底层水水质净化系统对称设置在育苗池两侧。
作为一种实施方式，所述上层水水质净化系统包括上层水池壁出水口、上层水滤网网箱、上层水滤网过滤池、上层水生物过滤池、上层水储水池、上层水气提泵以及上层水气提泵出水口；所述育苗池中的上层水依次通过所述上层水池壁出水口、所述上层水滤网网箱、所述上层水滤网过滤池以及所述上层水生物过滤池与所述上层水储水池相贯通；所述上层水气提泵置于所述上层水储水池中；所述上层水储水池通过所述上层水气提泵以及上层水气提泵出水口与所述育苗池相贯通。
作为一种实施方式，所述底层水水质净化系统包括底层水出水口、底层水滤网网箱、底层水滤网过滤池、底层水生物过滤池、底层水储水池、底层水气提泵以及底层水气提泵出水口；所述育苗池中的底层水依次通过所述滤网中心出水管、所述底层水出水口、所述底层水滤网网箱、所述底层水滤网过滤池以及所述底层水生物过滤池与所述底层水储水池相贯通；所述底层水气提泵置于所述底层水储水池中；所述底层水储水池通过所 述底层水气提泵以及所述底层水气提泵出水口与所述育苗池池底部相贯通。
作为一种实施方式，所述上层水生物过滤池包括沿水流方向设置的上层水生物过滤纳米曝气管以及与所述上层水生物过滤纳米曝气管相连的上层水生物过滤毛刷；且/或，
所述底层水生物过滤池包括沿水流方向设置的底层水生物过滤纳米曝气管以及与所述底层水生物过滤纳米曝气管相连的底层水生物过滤毛刷。
作为一种实施方式，所述上层水滤网网箱是50-80目的筛网；且/或，
所述底层水滤网网箱是50-80目的筛网。
作为一种实施方式，所述底层水气提泵是置于所述底层水储水池液面之下的管状纳米气提泵；且/或，
所述上层水气提泵是置于所述上层水储水池液面之下的管状纳米气提泵。
作为一种实施方式，所述管状纳米气提泵包括第一聚氯乙烯管以及置于所述第一聚氯乙烯管内部的管内纳米曝气管；所述管内纳米曝气管的一端堵塞、另一端连接于装有阀门且与鼓风机连接的气管。
作为一种实施方式，所述管内纳米曝气管的长度范围是200-800mm；且/或，
所述第一聚氯乙烯管的内径范围是60-100mm。
作为一种实施方式，所述滤网中心出水管包括第二聚氯乙烯管和包裹于所述第二聚氯乙烯管之管口的中心滤网，所述中心滤网是40-80目的筛网。
作为一种实施方式，所述高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备还包括与所述育苗池相贯通的排水口。
作为一种实施方式，所述育苗池的体积范围是10-50m 2，并且所述育苗池内容纳水的水深范围是0.8-1.5m。
为了实现上述目的，本申请还采用第二种技术方案：一种基于上述的高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备的构建方法，所述构建方法包括以下步骤：
1)建立具有纳米微气泡流动汽帘的适于鱼苗和益生菌浮游生长的仿生态育苗池；
2)建立双路水质净化系统，所述双路水质净化系统包括设于育苗池两侧的上层水水质净化系统以及底层水水质净化系统。
作为一种实施方式，所述建立所述育苗池包括以下步骤：
1.1)选择圆角池或无直角的多角池作为育苗池，所述育苗池的体积范围是10-50m 2，并且所述育苗池内容纳水的水深范围是0.8-1.5m；
1.2)在育苗池底部中心开设底层水出水口，在底层水出水口处设置包括40-80目的 筛网的滤网中心出水管；
1.3)在育苗池壁四周的底部安装池体纳米曝气管；
1.4)在育苗池的对角，育苗池水位上方，各安装一根水管，其中一根水管与上层水水质净化系统的出水口连接，另一根水管与底层水水质净化系统的出水口连接，以使双路水质净化系统能够持续不断地为育苗池提供优质的清洁水。
作为一种实施方式，所述建立双路水质净化系统包括以下步骤：
2.1)设置上层水水质净化系统；
2.2)设置底层水水质净化系统。
作为一种实施方式，所述设置上层水水质净化系统包括如下步骤：
2.1.1)上层水滤网过滤池的设置：在上层水滤网过滤池的入口设置上层水滤网网箱，过滤来自育苗池的上层水；收集的固态废物在上层水滤网网箱底部沉淀，过滤后的清水进入上层水生物过滤池；
2.1.2)上层水生物过滤池的设置：在上层水生物过滤池的池壁四周底部安装上层水生物纳米曝气管，在上层水生物过滤池内装满上下垂直排列的上层水生物过滤毛刷；
2.1.3)上层水储水池的设置：在上层水储水池内装有上层水气提泵；经上层水生物过滤池过滤的水在上层水储水池储备，将由上层水气提泵泵入育苗池，为鱼苗提供优质的净化水；
2.1.4)上层水气提泵的设置：上层水气提泵为管状纳米气提泵，管状纳米气提泵包括内径范围是60-100mm的第一聚氯乙烯管和置于第一聚氯乙烯管内部的长度范围为200-800mm的管内纳米曝气管，管内纳米曝气管的一端堵塞、另一端连接装有阀门且与鼓风机连接的气管；当管内纳米曝气管充气时，形成上浮的微气泡水流从上部的第一聚氯乙烯管管口流出，进入育苗池；
所述设置底层水水质净化系统包括如下步骤：
2.2.1)底层水滤网过滤池的设置：在底层水滤网过滤池的入口设置底层水滤网网箱，过滤来自育苗池的底层水；收集的固态废物在底层水滤网网箱底部沉淀，过滤后的清水进入底层水生物过滤池；
2.2.2)底层水生物过滤池的设置：在底层水生物过滤池的池壁四周底部安装底层水生物纳米曝气管，在底层水生物过滤池内装满上下垂直排列的底层水生物过滤毛刷；
2.2.3)底层水储水池的设置：在底层水储水池内装有底层水气提泵；经底层水生物过滤池过滤的水在底层水储水池储备，将由底层水气提泵泵入育苗池，为鱼苗提供优质 的净化水；
2.2.4)底层水气提泵的设置：底层水气提泵为管状纳米气提泵。
与传统室内育苗相比，本申请的优势主要表现在，
1)育苗池的专业设计更适宜鱼苗生长发育，尤其是通过池体纳米曝气管形成的纳米微气泡流动汽帘，为育苗池提供了一个屏障保护，避免鱼苗受惊吓撞墙受伤或死亡；Cobcroft and Battaglene(2019)报道集约化育苗中由顶墙行为(walling behavior)造成的颌骨畸形通常为18-64％，微气泡幕帘可阻止顶墙行为(walling behavior)，从而有效地降低由此引发的颌骨畸形(低于0.23％)；闭环式垂直缓流和气提泵水平缓流为鱼苗提供了温馨和富氧的微生态环境，溶氧含量可保持在7mg/l以上，促进了益生菌的生长；圆角设计或无死角设计避免了厌氧环境，消除了益于致病菌滋生的厌氧环境，成为防病治病的重要措施。
2)育苗池两侧的水质净化系统是鉴于育苗的周期短、对水质的要求高、稳定性要求强的特点，采用简便、快速、可靠的水质净化的方法，即筛绢过滤、生物过滤毛刷的方法。本水质净化系统具有益生菌挂膜快、净化效率高、性能稳定、很容易彻底清洗、简便易行、对鱼苗干扰小等优势。无需复杂设备，无需设备检修，降低了建造成本和运行成本。
3)本申请生物净化系统的生物菌群成熟与育苗池的水质净化需求具有较好的同步协调性。如图5所示，采用本申请的高密度培育鲥鱼育苗，在育苗早期，水质污染较低，氨氮和亚硝酸盐的含量较低(氨氮<0.08；亚硝酸盐<0.02)，此时育苗池与净化系统的循环主要是维持育苗系统的稳定性。在育苗中期(第20天起)，尤其是投喂开口饲料后，氨氮和亚硝酸盐含量开始逐步升高，生物净化系统的菌群逐渐成熟。此时，通过加快水体循环，提高水体交换量，并且开始清洗筛网过滤网箱和生物过滤毛刷中集聚的固态废物，补充10-30％的井水，将氨氮和亚硝酸盐控制在较低的含量(氨氮<0.45；亚硝酸盐<0.08)，鲥鱼苗生长良好，成活率和生长率均令人满意。结果表明，该水质净化系统运转良好，可有效净化水质。值得注意的是，在育苗初期在水处理滤料中添加益生菌(健源EM菌液，苏州健源生物科技有限公司生产)的育苗池，可将氨氮和亚硝酸盐控制在更低的含量(氨氮<0.26；亚硝酸盐<0.03，如图5所示)。可见，添加益生菌可促使有益微生物菌落快速生长，对维持良好的微生态环境有着重要的作用。
本申请中，育苗池为育苗提供了温馨的、优异的仿生态环境，水质净化系统保证了优质、稳定的水质，为名贵鱼育苗提供了有效的育苗设施和方法，以鲥鱼为例，传统室 内育苗方法，放苗密度为1900尾/平方米，经50天培育达到30-50mm，成活率为11.01-15.72％。采用本申请技术，放苗密度为3000尾/平方米，经40天培育达到43-61mm，育苗成活率为55.6％。本申请培育的鲥鱼苗不仅放养密度大、生长快、成活率高，而且畸形率非常低，充分展现了育苗效率的优势，可用于其他鱼苗的培育，有极大的推广价值。
附图说明
图1是本申请所采用的气提泵双路循环水生物净化育苗系统的俯视结构示意图；
图2是本申请所采用的气提泵双路循环水生物净化育苗系统的双路循环水流程图；
图3是本申请所采用的管状纳米气提泵的结构示意图；
图4是管状纳米气提泵的增氧效率曲线；
图5是鲥鱼育苗期间氨氮和亚硝酸盐含量的变化曲线；
图6是鲥鱼育苗投喂的进程图；
图7是本申请所采用的上层水生物过滤池的正视结构示意图；
图8是本申请所采用的底层水生物过滤池的俯视结构示意图；
其中：
1-育苗池；2-池体纳米曝气管；3-滤网中心出水管；4-底层水出水口；5-上层水池壁出水口；6-底层水气提泵出水口；7-上层水气提泵出水口；8-上层水水质净化系统；9-底层水水质净化系统；10-上层水滤网过滤池；11-上层水生物过滤池；12-上层水气提泵；13-上层水储水池；14-底层水滤网过滤池；15-底层水生物过滤池；16-底层水气提泵；17-底层水储水池；18a-上层水滤网网箱；18b-底层水滤网网箱；19-排水口；20a-上层水生物过滤纳米曝气管；20b-底层水生物过滤纳米曝气管；21a-上层水生物过滤毛刷；21b-底层水生物过滤毛刷；22-第一聚氯乙烯管；23-管内纳米曝气管；24-阀门。
具体实施方式
参见图1以及图2，本申请提供了一种高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备，高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备包括育苗池1、池体纳米曝气管2、滤网中心出水管3以及双路循环水质净化系统；育苗池1是圆角池或无死角的多边池；池体纳米曝气管2置于育苗池1内壁底部四周；滤网中心出水管3置于育苗池1内部的池底部；双路循环水质净化系统包括上层水水质净化系统8以及底层水水质净化系统9；育苗池1中的上层水通过上层水水质净化系统8与育苗池1内部相贯通；育苗池1中的底层水通过滤网中心出水管3以及底层水水质净化系统9与育苗池1内部相贯通；上层水水质净化系统8以及底层水水质 净化系统9对称设置在育苗池1两侧。其中，图1中的箭头表示水流方向。育苗池1中的上层水通过上层水水质净化系统8与育苗池1内部相贯通，是指育苗池1中的上层水在育苗池1、上层水水质净化系统8之间形成循环，也就是育苗池1中已污染的上层水流入上层水水质净化系统8经过净化后重新流回育苗池1内部。育苗池1中的底层水通过滤网中心出水管3以及底层水水质净化系统9与育苗池1内部相贯通，是指育苗池1中的底层水在育苗池1、滤网中心出水管3、底层水水质净化系统9之间形成循环，也就是育苗池1中已污染的底层水经过滤网中心出水管3流入底层水水质净化系统9内，经过净化后重新流回育苗池1内部。
上层水水质净化系统8包括上层水池壁出水口5、上层水滤网网箱18a、上层水滤网过滤池10、上层水生物过滤池11、上层水储水池13、上层水气提泵12以及上层水气提泵出水口7；育苗池1中的上层水依次通过上层水池壁出水口5、上层水滤网网箱18a、上层水滤网过滤池10以及上层水生物过滤池11与上层水储水池13相贯通；上层水气提泵12置于上层水储水池13中；上层水储水池13通过上层水气提泵12以及上层水气提泵出水口7与育苗池1相贯通。底层水水质净化系统9包括底层水出水口4、底层水滤网网箱18b、底层水滤网过滤池14、底层水生物过滤池15、底层水储水池17、底层水气提泵16以及底层水气提泵出水口6；育苗池1中底层水依次通过滤网中心出水管3、底层水出水口4、底层水滤网网箱18b、底层水滤网过滤池14以及底层水生物过滤池15与底层水储水池17相贯通；底层水气提泵16置于底层水储水池17中；底层水储水池17通过底层水气提泵16以及底层水气提泵出水口6与育苗池1池底部相贯通。
参见图7以及图8，本申请所采用的上层水生物过滤池11包括沿水流方向设置的上层水生物过滤纳米曝气管20a以及与上层水生物过滤纳米曝气管20a相连的上层水生物过滤毛刷21a，底层水生物过滤池15均包括沿水流方向设置的底层水生物过滤纳米曝气管20b以及与底层水生物过滤纳米曝气管20b相连的底层水生物过滤毛刷21b。其中，上层水生物过滤纳米曝气管20a和底层水生物过滤纳米曝气管20b结构相同，上层水生物过滤毛刷21a和底层水生物过滤毛刷21b结构相同，实际应用中，上层水生物过滤池11和底层水生物过滤池15的结构相同。另外，上层水滤网网箱18a和底层水滤网网箱18b均是50-80目的筛网。可以理解，在其他实施例中，上层水滤网网箱18a和底层水滤网网箱18b中的一者是50-80目的筛网也是可以的。
参见图3，本申请实施例所采用的底层水气提泵16是置于底层水储水池17液面之 下的管状纳米气提泵，管状纳米气提泵包括第一聚氯乙烯管22(聚氯乙烯管又称PVC管)以及置于第一聚氯乙烯管22内部的管内纳米曝气管23；管内纳米曝气管23的长度范围是200-800mm；第一聚氯乙烯管22的内径范围是60-100mm；管内纳米曝气管23的一端堵塞、另一端接装有阀门24；第一聚氯乙烯管22以及管内纳米曝气管23均置于底层水储水池17的液面之下。可以理解，在其他实施例中，上层水气提泵12是置于上层水储水池13液面之下的管状纳米气提泵，上层水气提泵12的结构与本实施例中的底层水气提泵16的结构相同，在此不再描述。
需要说明的是，池体纳米曝气管2、上层水生物过滤纳米曝气管20a、底层水生物过滤纳米曝气管20b和管内纳米曝气管23均是能够提供曝气功能的纳米曝气管，可用于增加水中的氧气和去除水中的CO 2，从而起到净化水质的作用。
滤网中心出水管3包括第二聚氯乙烯管(图未示)和包裹于第二聚氯乙烯管之管口的中心滤网(图未示)，中心滤网为40-80目的筛网。高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备还包括与育苗池1相贯通的排水口19。
作为一种实施方式，育苗池1的体积范围是10-50m 2，并且育苗池1内容纳水的水深范围是0.8-1.5m。由于鲥鱼不宜搬动，而且容易受到惊吓。如果育苗池过小，在突然的声响和光照变化时，鲥鱼苗会疯狂的逃窜或跳跃，狂奔会造成相互冲撞或撞墙壁致死。
本申请所提供的高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备的建造方法主要步骤包括：1、建立具有纳米微气泡流动汽帘的、适于鱼苗和益生菌浮游生长的仿生态育苗池。2、建立双路水质净化系统，包括筛绢过滤和生物硝化水质净化池和制作纳米曝气管的管状微气泡气提泵。3、通过气提泵将育苗池和水质净化系统循环为一体，形成气提泵双路循环水生物净化育苗系统。具体而言，该方法包括：
1、建立适于鱼苗和益生菌浮游生长的仿生态育苗池。
1.1)育苗池的形状：育苗池应该是圆角池或为切去四角的多角池(无直角)。育苗池不能有直角，这是因为鲥鱼有着昼夜不停的快速游动的行为，只会直线前行，不会转向游动。当遇到直角时，鲥鱼苗会一直顶着死角游动，容易造成头部损伤或死亡。
1.2)育苗池大小以10-50平方米，水深为0.8-1.5米为宜。由于鲥鱼不宜搬动，而且容易受到惊吓。如果育苗池过小，在突然的声响和光照变化时，鲥鱼苗会疯狂的逃窜或跳跃，狂奔会造成相互冲撞或撞墙壁致死。
1.3)育苗池底部中心为底层水出水口，管口垂直竖向放着滤网中心出水管，滤网中 心出水管包括切割有多孔的第二聚氯乙烯管和包裹于第二聚氯乙烯管之管口的中心滤网，中心滤网是40-80目的筛网，养殖水经过滤进入出水口，但鱼苗被筛网阻止，避免鱼苗逃离。
1.4)池体纳米曝气管的安装：育苗池壁四周的底部安装池体纳米曝气管。当池体纳米曝气管充气时，在池壁四周形成气雾水混合的纳米微气泡流动汽帘，在增氧、形成缓流的同时，为育苗池提供了一个屏障保护，避免鱼苗在应急时冲撞池壁受伤或死亡；更重要的是，可调节的纳米微气泡流动汽帘，在育苗中期通过调节流动汽帘的强度，使得鱼苗无法接近墙壁，从而有效阻止集约化育苗中期常见的顶壁行为(walling behavior)，降低颌骨畸形率(jaw malformation)或阻止育苗中期的顶墙行为，避免由此引发的颌骨畸形。
1.5)上层水气提泵水管和底层水气提泵水管的安装：在育苗池的对角，育苗池水位上方，各安装一根水管，作为育苗池来自上层水气提泵和底层水气提泵的进水管，持续不断地为育苗池提供优质的清洁水。具体地，上层水气提泵水管与上层水气提泵连通，从而与上层水水质净化系统连通，底层水气提泵水管与底层水气提泵连通，从而与底层水水质净化系统连通。
1.6)全方位动力学缓流的形成：育苗池缓流有两部分动力混合而成，即闭环式垂直缓流和气提泵水平缓流。首先，池壁四周的池体纳米微气泡流动汽帘的缓流方向是自池壁底部向上，在水面自外向内，然后在中心区向下，到池壁由内向外，形成闭环式垂直缓流；水平缓流是由对角的气提泵微气泡水流形成。闭环式垂直缓流和气提泵水平缓流形成复杂的全方位立体缓流，形成均匀的、富氧和无死角环境，适宜于初孵仔鱼和益生菌的浮游行为，也适合中后期鱼苗逆水顶流的习性，构成健康的微生态育苗环境。
2、建立双路水质净化系统，包括筛网过滤和生物硝化水质净化池。
2.1)双路水质净化系统的基本结构：是位于育苗池两侧的、结构相同的两个水质净化系统，分别处理育苗池上层水和底层水。上层水水质净化系统包括上层水滤网过滤池、上层水生物硝化水质净化池和装有上层水气提泵的上层水储水池。底层水水质净化系统包括底层水滤网过滤池、底层水生物硝化水质净化池和装有底层水气提泵的底层水储水池。
2.2)上层水滤网过滤池：装有上层水过滤网箱(50-80目筛网)的上层水过滤池，过滤来自育苗池的上层水。收集的固态废物在上层水过滤网箱底部沉淀，过滤后的清水进入上层水生物过滤池。
底层水滤网过滤池：装有底层水过滤网箱(50-80目筛网)的底层水过滤池，过滤来自育苗池的底层水。收集的固态废物在底层水过滤网箱底部沉淀，过滤后的清水进入底层水生物过滤池。
2.3)上层水生物过滤池：池壁四周底部安装上层水生物过滤纳米曝气管，为生物水质净化提供曝气功能，即增氧和去除CO 2。在上层水生物过滤池内装满上下垂直排列的上层水生物过滤毛刷，该滤材便于清洗，有着快速培养益生菌和拦截吸附颗粒物的功能，生物膜可以快速形成，并且持续稳定，适于育苗生产的短期速效的特点。
底层水生物过滤池：池壁四周底部安装底层水生物过滤纳米曝气管，为生物水质净化提供曝气功能，即增氧和去除CO 2。在底层水生物过滤池内装满上下垂直排列的底层水生物过滤毛刷，该滤材便于清洗，有着快速培养益生菌和拦截吸附颗粒物的功能，生物膜可以快速形成，并且持续稳定，适于育苗生产的短期速效的特点。
2.4)上层水储水池：内装有上层水气提泵。经上层水生物过滤池过滤的水在上层水储水池储备，将由上层水气提泵泵入育苗池，为鱼苗提供优质的净化水。
底层水储水池：内装有底层水气提泵。经底层水生物过滤池过滤的水在底层水储水池储备，将由底层水气提泵泵入育苗池，为鱼苗提供优质的净化水。
2.5)上层水气提泵和底层水气提泵：上层水气提泵和底层水气提泵均为管状纳米气提泵，制作管状纳米气提泵(也就是纳米曝气管的微气泡气提泵)：如图3所示，管状纳米气提泵包括内径范围是60-100mm的第一聚氯乙烯管和置于第一聚氯乙烯管内部的长度范围为200-800mm的管内纳米曝气管，管内纳米曝气管末端堵塞、另一端接装有阀门的气管。当管内纳米曝气管充气时，形成上浮的微气泡水流从上部的第一聚氯乙烯管口流出，进入育苗池。由管内纳米曝气管形成的微气泡非常细小(<0.2mm，而气石曝气的气泡为1.4-3.6mm)，形成的水流是微气泡水流，非常温和，不会对鱼苗构成伤害。现有的气提泵采用气石曝气，气泡较大，流速较大，气泡撞击鱼苗后，往往撞翻鱼体，甚至造成卵黄囊脱离，最后致死。本申请的管状纳米气提泵的增氧效果非常显著，从图4可以看出，在温度20-22℃的情况下，平均增氧效率为90％以上。增氧效率随进水口的溶氧含量下降而提高，当进水口溶氧含量为2mg/l时，增氧效率为180％。管状纳米气提泵另外一个优点在于气提泵水流大小可以通过气阀的气压大小进行调节，操作方便，易于操作。通过管状纳米气提泵将育苗池和水质净化系统循环为一体，形成“气提泵双路循环水生物净化育苗系统”。通过管状纳米气提泵将水质净化系统的净化水泵入育苗池，从而推动了育苗池水分别通过底层出水口和池窗出水口流入水质净化系统进 行净化。气提泵循环水流可调可控，在育苗早期，初孵仔鱼运动能力差，可采用气提泵微流水循环，助力其浮游在池中。随着鱼苗不断成长，集群游动能力提高，摄食量提高，可以通过加大微流水循环量，提高水质净化交换量，改善和维持良好的水质。
本申请鉴于名贵鱼初孵仔鱼纤细和娇嫩，而且正值其生长和变态发育最为敏感和关键的时期，根据其对外界环境的变化和水质极为敏感的特点，以及其特有的生物学习性，从避免机械损伤、病害防控、降低环境恶化引发的生理性应激反应等风险控制措施出发，通过现代工程技术和微生态技术的整合，设计建造气提泵双路循环水生物净化育苗系统，提供一种适于鱼苗和益生菌生长的仿生态育苗富氧环境(育苗池)，并且提供筛绢过滤和生物硝化水质净化系统(包括底层水和上层水水处理系统)净化水质，去除固态废物、氨氮和亚盐等危害物质，将育苗池(鱼池壁纳米曝气微气泡流动汽帘)-双路循环的富氧水质生物净化-微气泡气提泵循环(增氧)等功能整合为一体，建立全方位富氧的仿生态双路循环水育苗系统。
本申请围绕着如何避免机械损伤、病害防控、降低环境恶化引发的生理性应激反应等风险控制措施出发，通过整合以下多项措施，建立适宜鱼苗和益生菌生长的、稳定的微生态环境，降低水流冲击对鱼苗的伤害，阻止顶壁行为，提高生长率和成活率，降低畸形率：首先，通过双路循环水质净化系统，去除固态废物、氨氮和亚硝酸盐等危险物质，净化水质，避免水质恶化引发生理性应激反应毒害鱼苗；通过调节纳米曝气管(aerotube TM)气压大小，提高增氧效率，为鱼苗提供了富氧的育苗环境，并且在四周的池壁上生成的气雾水融合体形成可调节的纳米微气泡流动汽帘，制止或减缓鱼苗在应急时冲撞池壁受伤，更重要的是，在育苗中期通过调节流动汽帘的强度，使得鱼苗无法接近墙壁，从而有效阻止集约化育苗中期常见的顶壁行为(walling behavior)，降低颌骨畸形率(jaw malformation)；由管状纳米气提泵形成气雾水混合微气泡水流，将育苗池和水质净化系统循环起来，不仅可提高增氧效率，而且可避免传统水泵的水流冲击伤害鱼苗，降低畸形率；最终，池壁微气泡流动汽帘与气提泵微气泡水流形成的育苗池全方位无死角的缓流，满足初孵仔鱼和益生菌的浮游行为需求，以及富氧的育苗池微生态环境，抑制喜欢厌氧环境的致病菌的生长，预防病害，提高成活率。
本申请具有六个设计特点和措施，如下所述：
1、沿着育苗池内壁安装池体纳米曝气管(aerotube TM)进行微气泡曝气，提高增氧效率；
2、通过池体纳米曝气管的曝气大小控制形成可调节的“纳米微气泡流动汽帘”，在 育苗池内形成水体立体缓流，无死角(消除了致病菌喜爱的厌氧环境)，适于初孵仔鱼浮游和浮游益生菌生长，为鱼苗提供了温馨、健康的环境；可调节的纳米微气泡流动汽帘可制止或减缓鱼苗在应急时冲撞池壁受伤，更重要的是，在育苗中期通过调节流动汽帘的强度，使得鱼苗无法接近墙壁，从而有效阻止集约化育苗中期常见的顶壁行为，降低颌骨畸形率(jaw malformation)；
3、本申请的管状纳米气提泵不仅可有效增氧，并成为循环的动力，在育苗池形成缓流，避免传统方法中水泵和普通管状气提泵冲伤鱼苗。普通管状气提泵采用气石曝气，气泡较大，不仅增氧效率不高，而且形成的水流含较大气泡，气泡撞击鱼苗容易造成伤害，尤其是对早期鱼苗尤为严重；
4、育苗系统的水质净化是由育苗池两侧的、性质不同的两套水质净化系统分别完成的，净化性能稳定可靠。育苗池的污水是通过双路排水，即底层水和上层水，分别进入育苗池两侧的水质净化系统进行净化的。如图2所示，底层水和上层水在各自的水质净化系统中，先后通过筛绢过滤网箱，过滤后的清水进入富氧生物过滤池，水质净化后，进入储水池，然后由气提泵流入育苗池。底层水的特点是水较为浑浊，固态废物较多，其水质净化系统重点为清污，可采用较密的筛绢网过滤，生物过滤池曝气量较小，便于滤料拦截吸附颗粒物。上层水的特点是水较清，可采用较粗的筛绢网过滤，其水质净化系统重点为生物净化，在育苗后期尤为重要，所以生物过滤池的曝气量要大，提高生物净化效率。
5、生物净化滤料采用易于益生菌快速着床，生物膜可以在一星期内形成，而且可以拦截吸附颗粒物的生物过滤毛刷(过滤毛刷，生物过滤毛刷是为了强调其生物水处理的功能，本申请选用野本牌山树毛刷)，便于清洗，非常适用于育苗的短期速效的特点。普通工厂化养殖常用的滤料为滤珠或滤球，尽管后者的相对表面大，但微生物菌落成熟期长(一般需要一个月以上)，而且清洗难度大，适于周期较长的成鱼养殖，不适于育苗生产。
6、育苗池两侧的双路循环水质净化系统可以根据育苗各阶段的水质要求进行调节，也就是说，对来自育苗池上层水和底层水的污染水分别进行水质净化和循环水量的调节。在育苗的初期，80％以上的育苗水是经过底层水的水质净化系统，主要是因为此时育苗池有机负荷较低，不需要较大的交换量，另外鱼苗体质较弱，底层出水口的中心管滤网出水面积较大，吸力小，不宜将鱼苗吸入筛绢，造成鱼苗贴网伤害。所以，在育苗初期，以底层水的水质净化系统为主，表层水的水质净化系统为辅，但20％的育苗水经 过后者循环，重在培养生物菌群。随着鱼苗的生长，育苗池的有机负荷不断增加，不断加大上层水水质净化的循环量，系统内循环保证水质的稳定，降低有机负荷和水质污染的危害。
总之，该系统的双路循环水质净化，不仅去除了固态废物，氨氮和亚硝酸盐等有害物质，降低应激反应，也提高了对育苗水体各项水化学指标的可控性和净化效率。从以上分析可以看出，气提泵双路循环水生物净化育苗系统为平面一体化的低杨程节能系统，无需复杂、高昂的设备，具有结构简单，操作方便，净化效率高，可控性强，性能稳定，建造和运行成本低，对鱼苗无干扰等优势，为鱼类高密度育苗，尤其是名贵鱼育苗提供健康的、仿生态、可持续、风险可控的高密度育苗系统。多年的鲥鱼等名贵鱼育苗实践证明，该系统不仅可以有效地提高生长率和成活率，而且生产的鱼苗大小均匀，畸形率低，体质健壮，抗逆性强，具有较强的推广潜力。
下面结合附图，对本申请所提供的技术方案进行详细说明：
实施例1鲥鱼高密度育苗
鲥鱼苗非常娇嫩，在不同的发育期有着不同的游动行为和生理需求，而且，对外界环境和水质非常敏感。育苗期间不仅要温馨的育苗环境，还要根据不同的游动行为，调整曝气量的管理方法，制止自残撞墙行为，降低畸形率。鲥鱼高密度育苗系统由育苗池和其两侧的水质净化系统组成，如图1以及图2所示。
1、育苗池的准备：
1.1)育苗池1为圆角池或无死角多边池，规格以10-50平方米，水深为0.8-1.5米为宜。目前的育苗池多为长方形或正方形，有死角。鲥鱼有着昼夜不停的快速游动的行为，只会直线前行，不会转向游动。当遇到直角时，鲥鱼苗会一直顶着死角游动，容易造成头部损伤或死亡。
1.2)育苗池壁四周的底部安装池体纳米曝气管。当池体纳米曝气管充气时，在池壁四周形成气雾水混合微气泡幕帘，起到增氧、防止鱼苗冲撞池壁受伤或致死。目前传统的育苗曝气方法为在育苗池中分布若干气石曝气增氧。该方法有两个缺陷：一是因为气石曝气的气泡大，气石附近冲力较大，气石间会形成旋流。曝气不均匀对鱼苗的直接危害表现在，初孵仔鱼为浮游阶段，极为娇嫩，身体细小，卵黄囊较大，曝气冲力大极易造成卵黄囊破裂，鱼苗死亡。正如严银龙等2020年报道，鲥鱼育苗第一个死亡高峰期为孵出后1-4日，正值鱼苗浮游期，采用气石曝气的气泡大，较大的冲力和旋流，很容易冲击卵黄囊，造成卵黄囊破裂或与鱼体脱离后死亡。二是因为气石曝气不均匀，不可避 免地造成育苗池的四周底部或角落成为厌氧区，容易积累粪便和其他固态废物，尤其是育苗早期，鱼苗游动能力较差，无法吸污，又无法大量换水，该厌氧区则是致病菌容易滋生的区域，正如严银龙等2020年报道，鲥鱼育苗第二个死亡高峰期为孵出后第8-12日，此时“掉苗”的原因与早期水质管理不佳，体质较弱，与不均匀的曝气方式有较大的关系。
1.3)防逃滤网中心出水管3：育苗池底部中心为底层水出水口4，管口垂直竖向放着包裹着40-80目筛网的、切割有多孔的第二聚氯乙烯管防逃滤网中心出水管3，形成较大的出水表面积，养殖水经过滤进入底层出水口4，但鱼苗被筛网隔离，避免鱼苗从底层出水口4逃离或鱼苗贴网。
1.4)上层水池壁出水口5位于与上层水水质净化系统8的上层水滤网过滤池10相邻的育苗池池壁。
1.5)底层水气提泵出水口6和上层水气提泵出水口7的安装：在育苗池的对角，育苗池水位上方，各安装一根水管，分别作为育苗池来自上水层气提泵的进水管和底水层气提泵的进水管，持续不断地为育苗池提供优质的清洁水。
2、建立双路水质净化系统，包括筛网过滤和生物硝化水质净化池。
2.1)双路水质净化系统是位于育苗池两侧的、结构相同的两个水质净化系统，分别为上层水水质净化系统8和底层水水质净化系统9。上层水水质净化系统8包括上层水滤网过滤池10、上层水生物过滤池11和装有上层水气提泵12的上层水储水池13；底层水水质净化系统9包括底层水滤网过滤池14、底层水生物过滤池15和装有底层水气提泵16的底层水储水池17。
2.2)上层水滤网过滤池10和底层水滤网过滤池14：分别装有50-80目筛网的上水层过滤网箱18a和50-80目筛网的上水层过滤网箱18b的过滤池，分别过滤来自育苗池上层水和底层水。收集的固态废物在网箱底部沉淀，过滤后的清水进入上层水生物过滤池11和底层水生物过滤池15。
2.3)上层水生物过滤池11和底层水生物过滤池15：池壁四周底部分别安装上水层生物过滤纳米曝气管20a和底水层生物过滤纳米曝气管20b，为生物水质净化提供曝气功能，即增氧和去除CO 2。在上水层生物过滤池内装满便于清洗的上水层生物过滤毛刷21a，在底水层生物过滤池内装满便于清洗的底水层生物过滤毛刷21b，上水层生物过滤毛刷21a和底水层生物过滤毛刷21b有着快速培养益生菌的功能，并且拦截吸附颗粒物，生物膜快速形成并稳定可持续，适于育苗生产的短期速效的特点。
2.4)上层水储水池13和底层水储水池17：分别内装有上层水气提泵12和底层水气提 泵16。经上水层生物过滤池过滤的水在上水层储水池储备，将由上层水气提泵12泵入育苗池1，为鱼苗提供优质的清洁水。经底水层生物过滤池过滤的水在底水层储水池储备，将由底层水气提泵16泵入育苗池1，为鱼苗提供优质的清洁水。
3、管状上层水气提泵12和管状底层水气提泵16安装，启动育苗池1与两侧上层水水质净化系统8和底层水水质净化系统9的循环：在育苗池对角的上层水储水池13和底层水滤网过滤池14分别安装上层水气提泵12和底层水气提泵16，并与上层水气提泵出水口7和底层水气提泵出水口6相连。育苗池有两个出水口(底层水出水口4和上层水池壁出水口5)分别与底层水水质净化系统9和上层水水质净化系统8相连。育苗池底的底层水出水口4与底层水水质净化系统9相连，而上层水池壁出水口5与上层水水质净化系统8相连。当打开气阀供气时，上层水气提泵12和底层水气提泵16生成的微气泡涌出底层水气提泵出水口6和上层水气提泵出水口7，分别进入育苗池1，形成水平方向的缓流，与闭环式垂直缓流交融构成复杂的全方位立体的缓流，形成均匀的、富氧和无死角环境，适宜于初孵仔鱼和益生菌的浮游行为，也适合中期鱼苗逆水顶流的习性，构成健康的微生态育苗环境。
4、育苗管理：
4.1)投放鱼苗：在投放鱼苗之前，将育苗池水加满，并开启上层水气提泵12和底层水气提泵16循环水，以及开启池体纳米曝气管2育苗池曝气1-2天，水温控制在18-22℃。在投放鱼苗前，将自培的新鲜益生菌植入生物过滤池，益生菌容易在毛刷滤料着床，被充分的曝气激活后，进入育苗池。同时，将上层水气提泵12和底层水气提泵16和池体纳米曝气管2的气量减小，形成缓慢的微流足以使得初孵仔鱼浮游为宜。在将初孵仔鱼按照1000-5000尾/m 3的密度放入育苗池。
4.2)初孵仔鱼的管理：如图6所示，在孵出的第一天开始加入卵囊藻，水色保持为淡绿色，持续10天。水温控制在18-22℃情况下，孵出后第2-3天，初孵仔鱼开始摄食，可投喂规格在60-100um规格的轮虫或桡足类幼体，每天投喂4次，保持饵料密度在10-20个饵料/ml。孵出后第7天开始，稍微加大上层水气提泵12和16的流量，投喂规格在60-100um规格的轮虫或桡足类幼体，每天投喂4次，保持饵料密度在10-15个饵料/ml。每天不排污，加水1-5％，弥补因水分蒸发的流失。
4.3)育苗中期的管理：孵出后第15天，鱼苗开始逆流顶水游动，加大上层水气提泵12和底层水气提泵16水流，以不冲走鱼苗为宜。每天清晨，鱼苗开始顶墙游动，如果不及时制止，会造成大量鱼苗的颌骨畸形。为此，加大池体纳米曝气管2的曝气量，在池 壁四周形成较大的微气泡幕帘，以冲开鱼苗，不再顶墙的气量为宜。同时开始投喂150-200um的桡足类和枝角类，每天投喂4次，保持饵料密度在5-10个饵料/ml。孵出后第20天，开始投喂开口饲料(S2微囊饲料，山东升索饲料有限公司)，每天投喂4-6次，少量多次。每天排污5-10％，主要清洗上层水滤网过滤池，清除过滤池中的固态废物。
4.4)育苗后期的管理：孵出后第25天，鱼苗开始集群逆流顶水游动，加大上层水气提泵12和底层水气提泵16水流，以不冲走鱼苗为宜。开始投喂200-300um的桡足类和枝角类，每天投喂4次，保持饵料密度在2-6个饵料/ml。孵出后第30天，逐渐减少饵料的投喂，并开始投喂S3微囊饲料(山东升索饲料有限公司)，每天投喂4-6次，少量多次，每次以鱼苗抢食不积极为止。每天排污10-30％，主要清洗上层水滤网过滤池和上层水生物过滤池，尤其是清除上层水滤网网箱和上层水生物过滤毛刷中集聚的固态废物，降低育苗系统中的有机负荷。
4.5)育苗结果：采用本申请培育鲥鱼苗，在放养密度3000尾/m 3情况下，经过40天的培育，鲥鱼苗种的平均重量为481±26mg，体长为52±14mm，成活率为55.6％，畸形率为0.27％。严银龙报道(2020年)报道，采用室内长方池传统育苗的方法，在放养密度1900尾/m 3情况下，经过50天的培育，鲥鱼苗种的平均体长为45±21mm，成活率为11.01-15.72％，畸形率大于23.6％。由此可见，采用本申请的各项育苗指标都有显著优势，鲥鱼苗不仅放养密度大、生长快、成活率高，而且畸形率非常低，充分展现了本系统设计组合的整合性和育苗效率的优势，有很好的推广价值。

Claims (15)

  1. 一种高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备，其特征在于：所述高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备包括育苗池(1)、池体纳米曝气管(2)、滤网中心出水管(3)以及双路循环水质净化系统；所述育苗池(1)是圆角池或无死角的多边池；所述池体纳米曝气管(2)置于育苗池(1)内壁底部四周；所述滤网中心出水管(3)置于育苗池(1)内部的池底部；
    所述双路循环水质净化系统包括上层水水质净化系统(8)以及底层水水质净化系统(9)；所述育苗池(1)中的上层水通过所述上层水水质净化系统(8)与所述育苗池(1)内部相贯通；所述育苗池(1)中的底层水通过所述滤网中心出水管(3)以及所述底层水水质净化系统(9)与所述育苗池(1)内部相贯通；所述上层水水质净化系统(8)以及所述底层水水质净化系统(9)对称设置在育苗池(1)两侧。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备，其特征在于：所述上层水水质净化系统(8)包括上层水池壁出水口(5)、上层水滤网网箱(18a)、上层水滤网过滤池(10)、上层水生物过滤池(11)、上层水储水池(13)、上层水气提泵(12)以及上层水气提泵出水口(7)；所述育苗池(1)中的上层水依次通过所述上层水池壁出水口(5)、所述上层水滤网网箱(18a)、所述上层水滤网过滤池(10)以及所述上层水生物过滤池(11)与所述上层水储水池(13)相贯通；所述上层水气提泵(12)置于所述上层水储水池(13)中；所述上层水储水池(13)通过所述上层水气提泵(12)以及上层水气提泵出水口(7)与所述育苗池(1)相贯通。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备，其特征在于：所述底层水水质净化系统(9)包括底层水出水口(4)、底层水滤网网箱(18b)、底层水滤网过滤池(14)、底层水生物过滤池(15)、底层水储水池(17)、底层水气提泵(16)以及底层水气提泵出水口(6)；所述育苗池(1)中的底层水依次通过所述滤网中心出水管(3)、所述底层水出水口(4)、所述底层水滤网网箱(18b)、所述底层水滤网过滤池(14)以及所述底层水生物过滤池(15)与所述底层水储水池(17)相贯通；所述底层水气提泵(16)置于所述底层水储水池(17)中；所述底层水储水池(17)通过所述底层水气提泵(16)以及所述底层水气提泵出水口(6)与所述育苗池(1)池底部相贯通。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备，其特征在于：所述上层水生物过滤池(11)包括沿水流方向设置的上层水生物过滤纳米曝气管(20a)以及与所述上层水生物过滤纳米曝气管(20a)相连的上层水生物过滤毛刷(21a)；且/或，
    所述底层水生物过滤池(15)包括沿水流方向设置的底层水生物过滤纳米曝气管(20b)以及与所述底层水生物过滤纳米曝气管(20b)相连的底层水生物过滤毛刷(21b)。
  5. 根据权利要求3所述的高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备，其特征在于：所述上层水滤网网箱(18a)是50-80目的筛网；且/或，
    所述底层水滤网网箱(18b)是50-80目的筛网。
  6. 根据权利要求3所述的高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备，其特征在于：所述底层水气提泵(16)是置于所述底层水储水池(17)液面之下的管状纳米气提泵；且/或，
    所述上层水气提泵(12)是置于所述上层水储水池(13)液面之下的管状纳米气提泵。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备，其特征在于：所述管状纳米气提泵包括第一聚氯乙烯管(22)以及置于所述第一聚氯乙烯管(22)内部的管内纳米曝气管(23)；所述管内纳米曝气管(23)的一端堵塞、另一端连接于装有阀门(24)且与鼓风机连接的气管。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备，其特征在于：所述管内纳米曝气管(23)的长度范围是200-800mm；且/或，
    所述第一聚氯乙烯管(22)的内径范围是60-100mm。
  9. 根据权利要求1-8任一项所述的高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备，其特征在于：所述滤网中心出水管(3)包括第二聚氯乙烯管和包裹于所述第二聚氯乙烯管之管口的中心滤网，所述中心滤网是40-80目的筛网。
  10. 根据权利要求1-8任一项所述的高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备，其特征在于：所述高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备还包括与所述育苗池(1)相贯通的排水口(19)。
  11. 根据权利要求1-8任一项所述的高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备，其特征在于：所述育苗池(1)的体积范围是10-50m 2，并且所述育苗池(1)内容纳水的水深范围是0.8-1.5m。
  12. 一种基于如权利要求1至11任一项所述的高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备的构建方法，其特征在于：所述构建方法包括以下步骤：
    1)建立具有纳米微气泡流动汽帘的适于鱼苗和益生菌浮游生长的仿生态育苗池；
    2)建立双路水质净化系统，所述双路水质净化系统包括设于育苗池两侧的上层水水质净化系统以及底层水水质净化系统。
  13. 根据权利要求12所述的高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备的构建方法，其特征在于：
    所述建立所述育苗池包括以下步骤：
    1.1)选择圆角池或无直角的多角池作为育苗池，所述育苗池的体积范围是10-50m 2，并且所述育苗池内容纳水的水深范围是0.8-1.5m；
    1.2)在育苗池底部中心开设底层水出水口，在底层水出水口处设置包括40-80目的筛网的滤网中心出水管；
    1.3)在育苗池壁四周的底部安装池体纳米曝气管；
    1.4)在育苗池的对角，育苗池水位上方，各安装一根水管，其中一根水管与上层水水质净化系统的出水口连接，另一根水管与底层水水质净化系统的出水口连接，以使双路水质净化系统能够持续不断地为育苗池提供优质的清洁水。
  14. 根据权利要求12或13所述的高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备的构建方法，其特征在于：
    所述建立双路水质净化系统包括以下步骤：
    2.1)设置上层水水质净化系统；
    2.2)设置底层水水质净化系统。
  15. 根据权利要求14所述的高密度培育鱼类苗种的设备的构建方法，其特征在于：
    所述设置上层水水质净化系统包括如下步骤：
    2.1.1)上层水滤网过滤池的设置：在上层水滤网过滤池的入口设置上层水滤网网箱，过滤来自育苗池的上层水；收集的固态废物在上层水滤网网箱底部沉淀，过滤后的清水进入上层水生物过滤池；
    2.1.2)上层水生物过滤池的设置：在上层水生物过滤池的池壁四周底部安装上层水生物纳米曝气管，在上层水生物过滤池内装满上下垂直排列的上层水生物过滤毛刷；
    2.1.3)上层水储水池的设置：在上层水储水池内装有上层水气提泵；经上层水生物过滤池过滤的水在上层水储水池储备，将由上层水气提泵泵入育苗池，为鱼苗提供优质的净化水；
    2.1.4)上层水气提泵的设置：上层水气提泵为管状纳米气提泵，管状纳米气提泵包括内径范围是60-100mm的第一聚氯乙烯管和置于第一聚氯乙烯管内部的长度范围为200-800mm的管内纳米曝气管，管内纳米曝气管的一端堵塞、另一端连接装有阀门且与鼓风机连接的气管；当管内纳米曝气管充气时，形成上浮的微气泡水流从上部的第一聚氯乙烯管管口流出，进入育苗池；
    所述设置底层水水质净化系统包括如下步骤：
    2.2.1)底层水滤网过滤池的设置：在底层水滤网过滤池的入口设置底层水滤网网箱，过滤来自育苗池的底层水；收集的固态废物在底层水滤网网箱底部沉淀，过滤后的清水进入底层水生物过滤池；
    2.2.2)底层水生物过滤池的设置：在底层水生物过滤池的池壁四周底部安装底层水生物纳米曝气管，在底层水生物过滤池内装满上下垂直排列的底层水生物过滤毛刷；
    2.2.3)底层水储水池的设置：在底层水储水池内装有底层水气提泵；经底层水生物过滤池过滤的水在底层水储水池储备，将由底层水气提泵泵入育苗池，为鱼苗提供优质的净化水；
    2.2.4)底层水气提泵的设置：底层水气提泵为管状纳米气提泵。
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