WO2022129780A1 - Dispositif de production d'energie par gradient de salinite comprenant des electrodes d'un textile de charbon actif - Google Patents
Dispositif de production d'energie par gradient de salinite comprenant des electrodes d'un textile de charbon actif Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2022129780A1 WO2022129780A1 PCT/FR2021/052330 FR2021052330W WO2022129780A1 WO 2022129780 A1 WO2022129780 A1 WO 2022129780A1 FR 2021052330 W FR2021052330 W FR 2021052330W WO 2022129780 A1 WO2022129780 A1 WO 2022129780A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- membrane
- activated carbon
- concentration
- electrode
- electrodes
- Prior art date
Links
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical class C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 8
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 title 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 137
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 76
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 198
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 claims description 73
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 claims description 31
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 24
- 229940021013 electrolyte solution Drugs 0.000 description 21
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000005087 graphitization Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 4
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 description 3
- -1 chlorine ions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000004178 (C1-C4) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Divinylbenzene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;1-ethenyl-2-ethylbenzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000297 Rayon Polymers 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 2
- 238000010349 cathodic reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003204 osmotic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002964 rayon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009941 weaving Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZPSJGADGUYYRKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2H-pyran-2-one Chemical compound O=C1C=CC=CO1 ZPSJGADGUYYRKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- PGLIUCLTXOYQMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cetirizine hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.Cl.C1CN(CCOCC(=O)O)CCN1C(C=1C=CC(Cl)=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 PGLIUCLTXOYQMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002307 Dextran Polymers 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- UEEJHVSXFDXPFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-dimethylaminoethanol Chemical group CN(C)CCO UEEJHVSXFDXPFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013494 PH determination Methods 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorous acid Chemical group OP(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O ammonium group Chemical group [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003011 anion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007833 carbon precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010000 carbonizing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003636 chemical group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007385 chemical modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- QZHPTGXQGDFGEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=C[CH]OC2=C1 QZHPTGXQGDFGEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000909 electrodialysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003700 epoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003014 ion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LVWZTYCIRDMTEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N metamizole Chemical compound O=C1C(N(CS(O)(=O)=O)C)=C(C)N(C)N1C1=CC=CC=C1 LVWZTYCIRDMTEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;hydrate Chemical compound C.O VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum disulfide Chemical compound S=[Mo]=S CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000000018 nitroso group Chemical group N(=O)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- PTMHPRAIXMAOOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoramidic acid Chemical group NP(O)(O)=O PTMHPRAIXMAOOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004375 physisorption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003918 potentiometric titration Methods 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ILVXOBCQQYKLDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine N-oxide Chemical compound [O-][N+]1=CC=CC=C1 ILVXOBCQQYKLDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O pyridinium Chemical compound C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001273 sulfonato group Chemical group [O-]S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/18—Regenerative fuel cells, e.g. redox flow batteries or secondary fuel cells
- H01M8/184—Regeneration by electrochemical means
- H01M8/188—Regeneration by electrochemical means by recharging of redox couples containing fluids; Redox flow type batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/18—Regenerative fuel cells, e.g. redox flow batteries or secondary fuel cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
- H01M4/8626—Porous electrodes characterised by the form
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/96—Carbon-based electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/08—Fuel cells with aqueous electrolytes
- H01M8/083—Alkaline fuel cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- TITLE DEVICE FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION BY SALINITY GRADIENT COMPRISING ELECTRODES OF AN ACTIVATED CARBON TEXTILE
- the production of electrical energy by salinity gradient is one of the renewable energy sources with the greatest potential on a planetary scale.
- the reverse electrodialysis (RED) method is based on the conversion of the mixing energy into electrical energy.
- This technology is based on the use of membranes with selective permeability to anions (anionic membranes) or to cations (cationic membranes), whose basic property is the selective transport of ions according to the sign of their charge.
- a common type of RED device consists of membranes stacked between a pair of electrodes.
- the stack of membranes comprises an alternation of anionic membranes and cationic membranes between which salt water and fresh water are circulated alternately.
- the intermembrane spaces i.e. the spaces within which the fluids circulate, are maintained by placing spacers between the membranes.
- the circulation of alternating salt water and fresh water between these membranes in other words the establishment of a salinity gradient on either side of each of these membranes, causes selective ion fluxes through each of these membranes.
- nanoporous membranes whose internal surface of the pores is covered with boron nitride or more generally with mixtures of the elements boron, carbon and nitrogen. These nanoporous membranes exploit diffusion-osmosis phenomena within the pores and develop membrane powers of the order of kW/m 2 .
- the low energy production capacity of these types of RED devices is also due to the resistances that various elements of the system oppose to ion fluxes. This resistance mainly depends on the membrane resistance, the ionic conductivity of the water and the intermembrane distance. In particular, maintaining a spacing of several hundred micrometers between the membranes is necessary to allow the flow of fluids within the stack of membranes but contributes significantly to the overall resistance of the system.
- the object of the present invention is to overcome the drawbacks of the prior art and to provide an electricity production device allowing significant electricity production.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a method for producing electrical energy using the device of the invention.
- the first subject of the invention is a device for the production of electrical energy comprising: a) a first electrode (40A) having a porosity allowing the flow of an electrolytic solution (20A) of CA concentration in a solute; b) a second electrode (40B) having a porosity allowing the flow of an electrolytic solution (20B) of concentration CB in a solute, CB being greater than CA; c) a membrane (50) having a selective permeability to anions or cations, said membrane being placed between the two electrodes and comprising at least one channel arranged to allow the diffusion of electrolytes from the electrolyte solution of concentration CB towards the electrolyte solution AC concentration through said channel(s); and d) a device (80) making it possible to harvest the electrical energy generated by the potential difference existing between the two electrodes, in which the two electrodes (40A, 40B) are formed of an activated carbon textile.
- the difference in the CA and CB concentrations in the same solute causes the mobility of the electrolytes from the more concentrated solution towards the less concentrated solution through the porosity of the membrane.
- the porosity of the activated carbon fabric of the electrodes allows the flow of fluids. Unlike the RED devices of the prior art, the device of the invention therefore does not require an intermembrane space to allow fluids to circulate.
- This configuration has the particular effect that the ions passing through the membrane from the electrolytic solution of concentration CB to the electrolytic solution of concentration CA and heading towards the electrode no longer have to cross an intermembrane space of several hundred micrometers d thickness of an electrolytic solution of low solute concentration CA, having a low conductivity therefore a high resistance vis-à-vis this movement of ions.
- the membrane is placed between the first electrode and the second electrode so that the space which separates the membrane from each electrode is less than 10 ⁇ m, preferably is less than 5 ⁇ m, more preferably is less than 1 ⁇ m.
- the device does not include spacer(s).
- Both electrodes are made of an activated carbon textile.
- the two electrodes are formed from the same activated carbon textile.
- activated carbon textile means a sheet of a woven or non-woven textile of activated carbon fibers.
- a woven textile is an essentially planar assembly of fibers parallel to each other (called warp fibers) crossed by fibers called weft fibers, said fibers preferably being interwoven by weaving.
- a nonwoven fabric is a substantially planar assembly of fibers, possessing a nominal level of structural integrity imparted by means of physical and/or chemical processes, excluding weaving.
- the nonwoven textile of the invention meets the definition according to the ISO 9092 standard of April 2019 of a nonwoven textile.
- the activated carbon nonwoven fabric of the invention may for example be an activated carbon felt.
- the activated carbon felt is obtained by needling activated carbon fibers.
- the activated carbon textile has a thickness of less than 5000 ⁇ m, preferably a thickness of between 100 and 5000 ⁇ m, more preferably between 100 and 2000 ⁇ m, more preferably between 400 and 700 ⁇ m, and even more preferably between 400 and 600 pm.
- the specific surface of the textile is measured by the B.E.T. according to the ISO 9277 standard of September 2010.
- the activated carbon textile has a specific surface area SBET of at least 500 m 2 /g, preferably of at least 1000 m 2 /g, more preferably of at least 1500 m 2 /g.
- SBET specific surface of the textile of the invention is between 500 and 3000 m 2 /g, preferably between 1000 and 3000 m 2 /g, more preferably between 1500 and 2500 m 2 / g.
- the activated carbon textile of the invention is a porous material. It may have a porosity rate of at least approximately 50% and preferably of at least approximately 60%.
- the volume of the pores is determined indirectly by differential weighing of a sample impregnated and of a fabric not impregnated with a wetting liquid of density known, such as an alcohol.
- the activated carbon textile has a density ranging from 0.05 to 0.20 g/cm 3 .
- the volume VE can be determined as the product of the surface of the sample by its thickness.
- activated carbon fibers refers to fibers obtained by carbonization and/or graphitization of a carbonaceous precursor then activation of the carbonized and/or graphitized fibers.
- the carbonaceous precursor is of the polymer type, preferably a carbonaceous precursor chosen from phenol-aldehyde, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), rayon, pitch, lignin, or one of their mixtures.
- PAN polyacrylonitrile
- Phenolaldehyde, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and rayon and mixtures thereof are preferred.
- Carbonization and/or graphitization techniques are well known to those skilled in the art.
- carbonization refers to a treatment aimed at calcining fibers of a carbonaceous precursor, for example at a temperature between 450° C. and 1500° C. approximately, preferably in the presence of an inert gas such as nitrogen, argon or helium.
- the fibers thus treated are referred to herein as carbonized fibers.
- This carbonization treatment leads to the elimination of most of the atoms other than those of carbon in the precursor (in particular the atoms of hydrogen and nitrogen).
- graphitization refers to a treatment aimed at calcining a carbonaceous precursor, for example at a temperature between approximately 1500° C. and 3000° C., said precursor having optionally been subjected to a treatment of carbonization.
- the fibers thus treated do not necessarily have the crystalline structure of graphite, they are referred to herein as graphitized fibers.
- the activated carbon fibers are prepared by carbonization followed by graphitization.
- the carbonaceous precursor fibers may have been subjected to an oxidation treatment prior to their carbonization and/or graphitization.
- oxidation refers to a treatment aimed at oxidizing a carbon precursor, for example at a temperature between 100° C. and 400° C. Steps for activating an activated carbon textile are also known to those skilled in the art.
- activation refers to a treatment of carbonized and/or graphitized fibers aimed at modulating its properties, in particular its porosity and/or its adsorption properties.
- the activation treatment can be physical and/or chemical.
- the physical activation can for example consist of a calcination at a temperature between 400 and 1500° C. approximately in the presence of gas reacting with the carbon of the carbonized and/or graphitized fibers, such as carbon dioxide, water or 'oxygen.
- the physical activation can for example be carried out in a stream of air and water vapour.
- Chemical activation can consist of bringing the fibers into contact with an activating agent, such as an acid such as phosphoric acid or a base such as potassium hydroxide, preferably at temperatures between 300°C and 800°C.
- an activating agent such as an acid such as phosphoric acid or a base such as potassium hydroxide, preferably at temperatures between 300°C and 800°C.
- the activating agent can be rinsed out and recycled.
- the preparation of activated carbon fibers includes:
- step i) an optional step of oxidizing the fibers with a carbonaceous precursor, typically by subjecting the fibers to a temperature of between 200 and 300°C in air for 1 to 2 hours; i) a step of carbonizing the fibers obtained at the end of step i), typically by subjecting the fibers to a temperature of between 700 and 1500° C. for example for 2 to 10 minutes, optionally under an atmosphere of a gas inert such as nitrogen;
- the activated carbon fibers are essentially made up of carbon, that is to say they are preferably made up of at least 80% by mole of carbon, preferably at least 90% by mole of carbon. , more preferably at least 95 mol% carbon, the balance being elements such as oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen.
- the activated carbon fibers comprise from 80 to 100% by weight of carbon, from 0 to 10% by weight of nitrogen, from 0 to 10% of oxygen and from 0 to 5% by weight of hydrogen.
- the fibers of the activated carbon textile advantageously have a diameter of between 1 and 20 ⁇ m, preferably between 1 and 15 ⁇ m, preferably between 5 and 12 ⁇ m.
- the sheets of activated carbon textiles play the role of electrodes converting the potential difference produced by the membrane, otherwise the d.d.p. membrane, in electric current due to their ability to adsorb ions and conduct electricity.
- the activated carbon textile has a selective reactivity towards anions or cations, for example chlorine or sodium.
- the electrodes formed of activated carbon textile not only play the role of capacitive electrodes, but are also capable of producing a d.d.p. of electrodes, independent and distinct from the d.d.p. of membrane.
- the inventors have shown that when the electrodes are formed from an activated carbon textile exhibiting selective reactivity to anions or cations, for example chlorine or sodium, they are capable of producing a d.d.p. of electrodes.
- This selective reactivity of the activated carbon textile with respect to anions or cations preferably corresponds to a selective adsorption of the ions according to the sign of their charge.
- This adsorption results from surface phenomena between the activated carbon textile and the ions, and can be a physical adsorption (physisorption), involves weak bonds and does not involve any chemical modification of the activated carbon textile or of the adsorbed ions, and/or chemical adsorption (chemisorption), i.e. the result of a reversible redox-type chemical reaction between the ions and the textile of activated carbon involving for example the formation of a chemical bond between the latter, for example an ionic bond.
- chemisorption chemical adsorption
- the activated carbon textile exhibits selective anion or cation adsorption.
- the inventors consider that the selective reactivity of the activated carbon textile used to form the electrodes allows them to selectively capture ions according to the sign of their charge, in particular according to the surface charge. of these textiles or of the redox reactivity of their surface groups, and thus to produce a potential difference between the electrodes, distinct and independent of the d.d.p. of membrane.
- the electrodes thus formed based on activated carbon textile having a selective reactivity towards ions are electrodes which are not purely capacitive: they can be qualified as pseudo-capacitive electrodes.
- this selective reactivity of activated carbon textiles is due to their surface chemistry, which results from their method of preparation, and in particular from the type of precursor and the method of activation used.
- an activated carbon having selective reactivity to anions is an activated carbon characterized as basic.
- the basic character of activated carbon can be associated with a delocalization of q electrons located in the basal planes.
- Basicity can also be associated with the presence of basic groups at the surface of the activated carbon such as pyrone, chromene, ketone, pyrrole, pyridine, pyridinium, pyridone, pyridine-N-oxide, nitro, nitroso and cyano groups.
- an electrode formed of an activated carbon having a selective reactivity to anions is also the site of an oxidation-reduction reaction with said anions.
- An activated carbon having a selective reactivity to cations is an activated carbon characterized by acid, i.e. carrying acid groups on the surface.
- the acid groups present at the surface of the acid activated carbon can be the following groups: carboxylic acid, phenol, carbonyl, anhydride, ether, quinone, lactol or else lactone.
- an electrode formed of an activated carbon having a selective reactivity to cations is also the site of an oxidation-reduction reaction with said cations.
- An activated carbon can of course carry both acid groups and basic groups. Depending on the relative concentration of acid groups and basic groups, the activated carbon can be characterized as acid (when the acid character outweighs basic character) or conversely basic (when basic character outweighs acid character).
- the term “d.d.p. of electrodes” the d.d.p. produced by electrodes when formed from an activated carbon textile exhibiting selective reactivity to anions or cations.
- the inventors have also shown that the meaning of the d.d.p. of electrodes depends on the reactivity selectivity of the activated carbon textile, and that depending on the permeability selectivity of the membrane, the d.d.p. of membrane and d.d.p. of electrodes can be added to or subtracted from each other.
- the d.d.p. of electrodes and the d.d.p. of membrane are in the same direction and accumulate when the reactivity of the activated carbon textile and the permeability of the membrane are of opposite selectivity, that is to say when the activated carbon textile has a selective reactivity to anions while the membrane exhibits cation-selective permeability, or conversely that the activated carbon textile has cation-selective reactivity while the membrane exhibits anion-selective permeability.
- the electrodes are formed of an activated carbon textile having a selective reactivity to cations
- the electrodes are formed of an activated carbon textile having a selective reactivity to anions.
- the selective reactivity towards anions or cations of an activated carbon textile can be determined by evaluating the acidic or basic character of the activated carbon textile.
- any method making it possible to assay the acid and/or basic groups at the surface of the activated carbon textile can be used. Examples include the following techniques: acid-base assays, the method of Boehm, zero-charge pH determination, Fourier transform infrared (I RTF), X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS) and determination of pKa distribution.
- the selective reactivity towards anions or cations of an activated carbon textile can also be determined in the following way: i) preparing a device comprising: ia) a first electrode in the form of 'an activated carbon textile having a porosity allowing the flow of an electrolyte solution of concentration CA in a solute, ib) a second electrode in the form of an activated carbon textile having a porosity allowing the flow of a electrolytic solution of concentration CB in a solute, CB being greater than CA, ic) a membrane permeable to ions whatever the sign of their charge, said membrane being placed between the two electrodes, said membrane comprising at least one channel arranged to allow the diffusion of ions from the electrolytic solution of concentration CB towards the electrolytic solution of concentration CA through the said channel or channels, and id) a voltmeter whose negative terminal is connected on the second electrode and the positive terminal is connected to the first electrode; ii) circulating an electrolytic solution of concentration CA in a so
- said textile when a positive potential difference is measured, said textile is selectively reactive with respect to anions
- said textile is selectively reactive with cations.
- the term “membrane” means a material in the form of a sheet permeable to at least some of the ions of the electrolytic solution.
- the expression “selective permeability to anions or to cations” means that the membrane allows the anions or cations to pass mainly through it, and strongly inhibits or delays the passage of ions of opposite charge.
- the membrane is also permeable to the solvent of the electrolytic solution, preferably to water.
- membrane potential difference abbreviated “d.d.p. membrane”.
- the membrane selectively permeable to anions or cations can be in the form of a homogeneous layer of a material or else of a stack of several layers formed of different materials.
- the membrane selectively permeable to anions or cations of the invention is an ion exchange membrane, that is to say a membrane formed from at least one mineral or organic material carrying ionogenic groups, also called groups ion exchangers, which give the membrane its property of selective permeability to ions.
- an ionogenic group is a chemical group which, placed in a liquid, has the ability to release an ion, called a counter-ion, and to fix an ion of the same charge contained in this liquid.
- the membrane comprises an organic polymer bearing ionogenic groups, commonly referred to as an "ion exchange resin".
- the membrane of the invention can thus be formed from a matrix of an insoluble polymer in which an ion exchange resin has been included, or else from a matrix of an insoluble polymer onto which ionogenic groups have been grafted. .
- the insoluble polymer is typically a hydrocarbon matrix advantageously chosen from a polysaccharide matrix such as a cellulose or dextran matrix, a polystyrene matrix, a polytetrafluoroethylene matrix, or a copolymer matrix such as a copolymer of styrene and divinylbenzene.
- a polysaccharide matrix such as a cellulose or dextran matrix
- a polystyrene matrix such as a polystyrene matrix
- a polytetrafluoroethylene matrix such as a copolymer of styrene and divinylbenzene.
- cation exchange groups advantageously chosen from the epoxy group, the hydroxyl group, the carbonyl group, the carboxyl group, the sulfonate group -SOs', the carboxyalkoxide group R-CC >2' with R a C1-C4 and preferably C1 alkyl, the aminodia
- the membrane selectively permeable to anions comprises cation exchange groups advantageously chosen from the quaternary ammonium group -N(R)s + with R a C1-C4 alkyl, the tertiary ammonium group -N(H) R)2 + with R a C1-C4 alkyl, preferably a C1 alkyl, the dimethylhydroxyethylammonium group -N(C2H4OH)CH3)2 + , and mixtures thereof.
- the thickness of the membrane is between 2 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m, preferably between 2 ⁇ m and 75 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the membrane is advantageously at least 2.5 ⁇ m, and is preferably between 2.5 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m, preferably is between 2.5 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m.
- the total thickness of the first electrode (40A), of the membrane (50) and of the second electrode (40B) is greater than 150 ⁇ m, preferably is greater than 200 ⁇ m.
- This total thickness is for example between 200 and 10,000 ⁇ m, preferably is between 1,000 and 10,000 ⁇ m, preferably is between 2,000 and 10,000 ⁇ m.
- the membrane advantageously comprises channels which connect the two faces of the membrane.
- the channels can cross the membrane right through or form a network of channels to ensure the circulation of ions and/or solvent between the two sides of the membrane.
- the channels of the membrane of the invention advantageously have an average diameter of between 1 and 500 nm, preferably between 1 and 100 nm, more preferably between 2 and 100 nm, more preferably between 10 and 100 nm.
- the membrane has a density of channels per unit area of membrane greater than 10 5 channels per cm 2 of membrane, preferably greater than 10 8 channels per cm 2 of membrane.
- the channels of the membrane of the invention may have any type of morphology, for example a tubular, asymmetrical conical type, or necked morphology.
- the internal surface of the channels of the membrane is covered with boron nitride, a compound based on carbon, boron and nitrogen, or a titanium oxide , preferably titanium dioxide.
- boron nitride a compound based on carbon, boron and nitrogen
- titanium oxide preferably titanium dioxide.
- the membranes advantageously have channels having an average diameter of between 2 and 100 nm.
- the membrane of the invention is self-supporting.
- self-supporting membrane means a membrane which does not need to be supported by one or more rigid supports (for example sheets of a porous solid material) or deformable (for example sheets of a material polymer) to ensure its mechanical integrity.
- the present invention excludes the following embodiment:
- the elements (a) and (b) consist of activated carbon
- the element (c) is formed of a material comprising lamellar nanoparticles, preferably lamellar nanoparticles of a metal oxide, of a dichalcogenide of a transition metal such as molybdenum disulphide, carbon, or a mixture of these, more preferably lamellar nanoparticles of graphene oxide;
- this particular embodiment is particularly excluded from the invention where the set of elements (a), (b) and (c) has a thickness of between 4 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m.
- this particular embodiment is particularly excluded from the invention where the element (c) is formed of a material having pores with a diameter of between 1 and 100 nm.
- This concentration gradient causes an osmotic ion flow between the two electrodes.
- the concentration gradient can be obtained and/or modulated via a temperature gradient between the two electrolyte solutions, which influences the solubility of the salt as a function of temperature.
- the concentration ratio Rc designates the ratio of the concentration of the most concentrated solution to the concentration of the least concentrated solution, that is to say the CB/CA ratio.
- the concentration ratio CB/CA is greater than 1 and less than or equal to 10 9 , advantageously greater than 10 and less than or equal to 10 5 .
- the CB/CA concentration ratio is for example between 1 and 1000, preferably between 1 and 100, more preferably between 2 and 100.
- Electrolyte solutions are aqueous solutions comprising electrolytes.
- the electrolytes may be of any chemical nature insofar as they dissolve in the solution in the form of ions.
- these ions come from dissolved salts such as LiCl, NaCl, KCl, CaCh and MgCh.
- Electrolyte solutions can be:
- each reservoir possibly being any device or natural environment, open or closed, capable of containing a liquid.
- the electrodes formed of a carbon textile are connected together to a device (80) making it possible to harvest, that is to say to circulate and capture the electrical energy spontaneously generated by the potential difference existing between them.
- This device (80) forms an external electrical circuit advantageously comprising an electrical cable, a battery, a bulb or any other form of electrical consumer.
- the activated carbon textile of the first and second electrodes are advantageously each in contact with a current collector (60A, 60B), which are connected to the device (80).
- the current collector is formed of a material which is a very good conductor of electricity, such as a material based on carbon or metal.
- the device comprises means for switching the flow of the electrolyte solutions of concentration CA and CB, which are made in such a way that the device can be switched between a mode in which the electrolyte solution of concentration CA in a solute flows in the first electrode and the solute concentration CB electrolyte solution with CB greater than CA flows into the second electrode, and a mode in which the solute concentration CA electrolyte solution flows into the second electrode and the solute concentration CB electrolyte solution, with CB greater than CA, flows into the first electrode.
- the device can comprise N-1 membranes (50) arranged between N electrodes (40), N being an integer, in particular between 3 and 1000, preferably between 3 and 250, for example between 3 and 100.
- the electrodes and the membranes are as defined above, and the device can also have N current collectors (60) and advantageously N-1 devices (80) making it possible to circulate and collect the electrical energy, said devices (80) being preferably connected to each other in series.
- the device therefore consists of alternating electrodes in which a concentrated electrolytic solution and a less concentrated electrolytic solution are circulated alternately, separated by membranes.
- a second object of the invention relates to a method for producing electrical energy using a device in accordance with the first object of the invention comprising the following steps: i) supplying the first electrode (40A) with an electrolytic solution (20A) of concentration CA in solute, so that said solution circulates within the first electrode; ii) supplying the second electrode (40B) with an electrolytic solution (20B) of concentration CB in the same solute, CB being greater than CA, so that said solution circulates within the second electrode; iii) allowing the electrolytes to diffuse from the first electrode to the second electrode through the membrane (50); iv) capturing the electrical energy generated by the potential differential existing between the two electrodes, using the device (80).
- Steps i) and ii) are preferably implemented by supplying the electrolytic solution of concentration CA and the electrolytic solution of concentration CB IN the form of a continuous flow.
- the method further comprises a step vi) consisting in switching the supply of the electrolytic solutions of concentration CA and CB, so that the electrolytic solution of concentration CA in a solute flows into the second electrode and the solution electrolyte of concentration CB in a solute, with CB greater than CA, flows into the first electrode, and a step V2) consisting in again switching the power supply in the opposite direction.
- a step vi) consisting in switching the supply of the electrolytic solutions of concentration CA and CB, so that the electrolytic solution of concentration CA in a solute flows into the second electrode and the solution electrolyte of concentration CB in a solute, with CB greater than CA, flows into the first electrode
- a step V2 consisting in again switching the power supply in the opposite direction.
- the purpose of this switching is to alternately charge and then discharge the reactive surface of the electrodes, and thus create an alternating current continuously.
- said electrolytic solutions are aqueous solutions comprising a solute chosen from alkali halides or alkaline-earth halides, preferably chosen from LiCl, NaCl, KCl, CaCh and MgCh.
- the solute of the electrolyte solutions is NaCl.
- the pH of the solutions can be adjusted according to the isoelectric point of the material(s) constituting the membrane.
- pHj S0 means the pH of the isoelectric point of the material or materials constituting the membrane.
- the pHj S0 is measured by methods known to those skilled in the art, in particular by the acid/base potentiometric titration method
- a pH gradient may also be established between the two reservoirs, the difference in pH between the two solutions will be greater than 1, preferably greater than 2.
- the CB/CA concentration ratio is greater than 1 and less than or equal to 10 9 , preferably greater than 1 and less than or equal to 10 5 .
- FIG 1 schematically represents an example of an electrical energy production device according to the present invention, connected to two reservoirs 10A and 10B.
- Reservoir A contains an electrolyte solution of concentration CA in a solute 20A and reservoir 10B contains an electrolyte solution CB in the same solute 20B.
- the concentration solutions CA and CB are led into inlets of the device 30A and 30B.
- the electrolytic solutions 20A and 20B circulate respectively through the porosity of the first electrode of an activated carbon textile 40A and of the second electrode of an activated carbon textile 40B, between which is arranged a membrane selectively permeable to anions or to cations (50).
- the membrane (50) contains channels, not shown, allowing the selective diffusion of the anions or cations contained in the electrolytic solutions 20A and 20B according to the concentration gradient acting on either side of the diaphragm (50).
- the electrolytic solution 10A entering the pores of the electrode 20A has a CA concentration lower than the concentration of the CB of the electrolytic solution 10B entering the pores of the electrode 20B.
- anions or cations from the electrolytic solution 20B cross the membrane towards the electrolytic solution 20A.
- the two electrodes 40A and 40B are connected to an external electric circuit making it possible to circulate an electric current between the electrodes 40A and 40B via current collectors 60A and 60B, the external electric circuit comprising a device 80 such as a bulb, a battery or any other electrical consumer capturing the electrical energy generated by the device of the invention.
- Figure 2 schematically represents an experimental device highlighting the generation of a d.d.p. of electrodes independent and distinct from the d.d.p. of membrane.
- a membrane permeable to ions regardless of the sign of their charge is arranged between electrodes formed from the same textile of type A activated carbon, that is to say an activated carbon having a selective reactivity to anions.
- the electrodes are connected by an external electrical circuit comprising a voltmeter, the positive terminal of which is connected to the electrode in which the CA concentration solution circulates and the negative terminal is connected to the electrode in which the CB concentration solution circulates.
- the electrolytic solutions of concentration CA and CB, CB being higher than CA are solutions of sodium chloride.
- the direction of the observed current and potential can only be explained by a selective reaction of the activated carbon textile for anions, in this example chlorine.
- Figure 3 schematically represents an experimental device highlighting the generation of a d.d.p. of electrodes independent and distinct from the d.d.p. of membrane.
- a membrane permeable to ions regardless of the sign of their charge is placed between electrodes made of the same textile of type B activated carbon, that is to say an activated carbon having a selective reactivity to cations.
- the electrodes are connected by an external electrical circuit comprising a voltmeter, the positive terminal of which is connected to the electrode in which the CA concentration solution circulates and the negative terminal is connected to the electrode in which the CB concentration solution circulates.
- Electrolyte solutions of concentration CA and CB, with CB greater than CA are sodium chloride solutions. The direction of the observed current and potential can only be explained by a selective reaction of the activated carbon textile for cations, in this example sodium.
- Diaphragms The raw materials used in the examples are listed below: Diaphragms:
- MEC - Cation exchange membrane marketed by Fumasep under the reference FKS, hereinafter referred to as “MEC”;
- MEA Anion exchange membrane marketed by Fumasep under the reference FAS, hereinafter referred to as "MEA";
- MNS Membrane permeable to ions regardless of the sign of their charge (non-selective membrane) of the “Track Etched Membrane” type having approximately 6.10 8 channels per cm 2 of membrane marketed by the company Millipore, hereinafter referred to as “MNS”.
- GF 020 - Graphite felt marketed by CETEC under the reference GF 020, hereinafter referred to as "GF";
- Example 1 Preparation of devices D1, D2, D3 and D4 in accordance with the invention and comparison with devices D1', D2', D3', D4', D5' not in accordance with the invention.
- the tests were carried out with a device comprising two electrodes of graphite or activated carbon textile plated on either side of a membrane, the electrodes being respectively crossed by solutions of CA and CB concentration in sodium chloride (NaCI).
- the electrodes are GF, A or B electrodes separated by an MEC, MEA or MNS membrane.
- the electrodes are connected by an external electrical circuit comprising a voltmeter, the positive terminal of which is connected to the electrode in which the concentration solution CA circulates and the negative terminal is connected to the electrode in which the concentration solution CB circulates.
- the measurements are carried out with a device comprising a membrane having a surface area of 5 cm 2 .
- Table 1 shows that by using graphite for the preparation of the electrodes, the electrical powers generated by the DT and D2' devices are similar whether the membrane is anionic or cationic.
- the results from devices DT and D2' show that, as expected, the graphite-based electrodes are purely capacitive, with the measured d.d.p corresponding to the d.d.p of the MEC membrane ( DT) or MEA (D2').
- the comparison of the results obtained with the devices D1, D2, D3 and D4 show that when activated carbon is used for the preparation of the electrodes, the electrical powers generated differ according to the type of activated carbon textile (A or B ) and the selective permeability of the membrane to anions (MEA) or to cations (MEC).
- the results show that the highest powers are obtained with devices D1 and D4, i.e. by combining type A activated carbon electrodes (having a selective reactivity to anions) with an MEC membrane, or Type B activated carbon electrodes (having cation-selective reactivity) with an MEA membrane.
- the results obtained with the D3' device which includes a non-selective membrane and graphite electrodes, show that, as expected in a purely capacitive system, the graphite-based electrodes do not generate any potential difference.
- the results obtained with the devices D4' and D5' comprising a non-selective membrane and type A or B activated carbon electrodes respectively show that, surprisingly, the activated carbon electrodes can produce a positive potential difference or negative depending on the type of activated carbon used.
- Example 2 Effect of the fluid circulation configuration on the total resistance of the device.
- Example 2 it is shown that circulating the fluids in the porosity of electrodes arranged in contact with the membrane, as is the case of the devices of Example 1, has the effect of obtaining devices having a higher resistance. weak than that of the RED devices of the prior art, in which the electrolyte solutions circulated in intermembrane spaces several hundred micrometers thick.
- the device of the invention is configured such that the ions passing through the ion-selective membrane from the electrolytic solution of concentration CB to the electrolytic solution of concentration CA (with CB greater than CA ) immediately encounter the first electrode in which circulates the electrolyte solution of concentration CA.
- electrolytic solutions circulate in intermembrane spaces, and the thickness of these solutions constitutes resistance to the circulation of ions, called Bulk resistances.
- electrolyte solutions with low solute concentration have low ionic conductivity and therefore high bulk resistance.
- the resistor of prior art RED devices can be modeled as being composed of 5 resistors in series which add up according to the formula:
- RTotal Rmelc + RbulkCA + RM+ RbulkCB + Rmelc with
- the collectors being formed of very good conductors, their participation in the surface resistance of the RED devices of the prior art is neglected here.
- the ionic conductivity of such a solution is 0.126 S/m.
- the electrolyte solution comprising 0.01 M of NaCI circulates in an intermembrane space 2 mm thick.
- Such a thickness typically corresponds to that of the GF graphite textile used in the D1' and D2' devices of Example 1.
- the bulk resistance associated with the thickness of an electrolytic solution comprising 0.01 M of NaCl circulating in the intermembrane spaces of a prior art RED device alone constitutes a resistance more than 20 times greater than the total surface resistance observed in the devices of Example 1, in particular the devices D1' and D2'. Circulating the fluid in the porosity of the electrodes therefore significantly reduces the resistance of the system.
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Priority Applications (5)
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CA3204183A CA3204183A1 (fr) | 2020-12-17 | 2021-12-15 | Dispositif de production d'energie par gradient de salinite comprenant des electrodes d'un textile de charbon actif |
US18/267,685 US20240047724A1 (en) | 2020-12-17 | 2021-12-15 | Salinity Gradient Power Generation Device Comprising Electrodes of an Activated Carbon Fabric |
JP2023537168A JP2023553739A (ja) | 2020-12-17 | 2021-12-15 | 活性炭生地の電極を含む塩分勾配発電デバイス |
EP21851675.5A EP4264718A1 (fr) | 2020-12-17 | 2021-12-15 | Dispositif de production d'energie par gradient de salinite comprenant des electrodes d'un textile de charbon actif |
CN202180090932.8A CN116783742A (zh) | 2020-12-17 | 2021-12-15 | 包括活性碳织物电极的盐度梯度发电装置 |
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- 2021-12-15 CN CN202180090932.8A patent/CN116783742A/zh active Pending
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JP2023553739A (ja) | 2023-12-25 |
CN116783742A (zh) | 2023-09-19 |
CA3204183A1 (fr) | 2022-06-23 |
US20240047724A1 (en) | 2024-02-08 |
EP4264718A1 (fr) | 2023-10-25 |
FR3117888A1 (fr) | 2022-06-24 |
FR3117888B1 (fr) | 2023-08-25 |
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