Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
  • C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
  • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
  • C07H19/06—Pyrimidine radicals
  • C07H19/067—Pyrimidine radicals with ribosyl as the saccharide radical
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
  • A61K31/7052—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides
  • A61K31/706—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/7064—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines
  • A61K31/7068—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines having oxo groups directly attached to the pyrimidine ring, e.g. cytidine, cytidylic acid
  • A61K31/7072—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines having oxo groups directly attached to the pyrimidine ring, e.g. cytidine, cytidylic acid having two oxo groups directly attached to the pyrimidine ring, e.g. uridine, uridylic acid, thymidine, zidovudine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H1/00—Processes for the preparation of sugar derivatives

Definitions

• Phenylacetate and its precursor phenylbutyrate have important therapeutic applications, exploiting the activity of phenylacetate as an ammonia scavenger for elimination of excess ammonia in conditions such as hepatic encephalopathy and genetic disorders of the nitrogen cycle. Furthermore, additional activities of phenylacetate as a molecular chaperone to mitigate protein misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum, and as an inhibitor of histone deacetylation have been harnessed for therapeutic benefit in various other diseases and disease models.
• pyrimidine nucleoside uridine has broad anti-inflammatory activity, both systemically and in the brain, and provides support for cells, including neurons, with defective mitochondrial electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation.
• Oral 2’,3’,5’-tri-O-acetyluridine increases plasma uridine more effectively than oral uridine itself, in part because of the doselimiting side effects of oral uridine.
• This invention provides the compound 5’-O-Phenylacetyluridine. It provides a method of treating or preventing a condition selected from the group consisting of hepatic encephalopathy and a genetic disorder of the hepatic nitrogen cycle in a subject comprising administering to the subject an amount of a compound of this invention effective to treat the disorder.
• This invention also provides a compound of this invention for use in treating or preventing, or for the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing a condition selected from the group consisting of hepatic encephalopathy and a genetic disorder of the hepatic nitrogen cycle. And it provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of this invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• FIG. 1 Plasma uridine in mice after oral administration of 5 ’-phenylacetyluridine
• FIG. 2 Plasma uracil in mice after oral administration of 5 ’-phenylacetyluridine
• FIG. 3 Plasma uridine + uracil in mice after oral administration of 5 ’-phenylacetyluridine
• the transitional term “comprising” is open-ended.
• a claim utilizing this term can contain elements in addition to those recited in such claim.
• the claims can read on treatment regimens that also include other therapeutic agents or therapeutic virus doses not specifically recited therein, as long as the recited elements or their equivalent are present.
• HPMC Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose
• LPS Lipopolysaccharide
• TNF Tissue necrosis factor
• any conventional disorder characterized by the potential for benefit imparted by phenylacetate and uridine in a mammalian subject can be treated or prevented.
• Such conditions are selected based on any of several known activities and mechanisms of action of phenylacetate or its precursor phenylbutyrate, in which broad tissue-neuroprotective and tissue protective activity imparted by therapeutic doses of uridine are also indicated.
• Hepatic Encephalopathy is treated with 5 ’-phenylacetyluridine, with the phenylacetate moiety scavenging excessive circulating and tissue ammonia associated with this condition, and uridine providing direct neuroprotective activity against neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction that also characterize hepatic encephalopathy.
• Hepatic encephalopathy at all stages of severity, from acute crisis to minimal clinical symptoms, is treated with 5 ’-phenylacetyluridine.
• doses ranging 1 up to 9 grams per square meter of body surface area of phenylacetyluridine are administered once to three times per day, with the dose selected depending on severity of ammonia overload in a particular patient.
• Right ventricular failure and pulmonary artery remodeling in pulmonary hypertension involves pathologic metabolic remodeling affecting the heart and pulmonary artery, with excessive aerobic glycolysis, similar to the Warburg effect in many cancers.
• Phenylacetate inhibits pyruvate carboxylase, partially mitigating pathological aerobic glycolysis.
• uridine improves inotropy in pressure-overloaded myocardium. Therefore, as a single agent, or in combination with uridine triacetate for modulating uridine/phenylacetate ratios, 5’- phenylacetyluridine provides more complete protection of the right ventricle in pulmonary hypertension than either agent alone; right ventricular failure is the primary cause of death in people with primary pulmonary hypertension.
• doses of 5 ’-phenylacetyluridine ranging from 1 to 5 grams per square meter of body surface area are administered one to three times per day.
• the compound can be administered to any mammalian subject.
• the mammalian subject is a human subject.
• any conventional route of administration can be utilized.
• the compound is administered orally.
• the skilled practitioner can titrate to optimize the dosage for a particular patient.
• the compound is administered orally to a human patient in a dose of from 1 to 5 grams per square meter of body surface area. Usually the dose is administered 1 to 3 times per day.
• PB is generally administered to patients as a sodium salt (Buphenyl®) at doses of 5-25 g/day. Since sodium comprises 12% sodium weight/weight and therefore a 10 g/day NaPB treatment would result in 1.2 g of sodium intake. The recommended daily intake of sodium is 2.3 g and excessive sodium intake is associated with increased incidence of hypertension, myocardial infarction and stroke (Strazzullo, D'Elia et al. 2009; Frieden and Briss 2010).
• One object of this invention is to provide a biologically active derivative of PB in a form which does not add excessive sodium intake. This is accomplished by means of ester linkage with uridine.
• Glutamine depletion due to PB represents an additional metabolic compromise in mammals that do not have a urea cycle disorder or excessive levels of ammonia.
• Glutamine depletion and resulting loss of ammonia can lead to a depletion of pyrimidines (uridine and cytidine) because pyrimidine synthesis requires glutamine.
• Pyrimidine synthesis can be altered by levels of glutamine or dietary protein (Monks, Chisena et al. 1985; Nelson, Qureshi et al. 1993;
• EXAMPLE 2 Plasma uridine and uracil pharmacokinetics after oral administration of 5’-O- phenylacetyluridine (PAU)
• HPMC Hydrophilicity-Coupled Cell
• SIGMA-Aldrich cat# H3785, CAS 9004-65-3
• 5’-O-Phenylacetyluridine PAU, lot 432-132
• Vehicle Aqueous HPMC (0.75%) was used as a suspending vehicle for oral administration.
• Dosing Formulation PAU was added to 0.75% HPMC and homogenized to eliminate clumps. The suspension were made up to the desired volume and concentration and sonicated to disaggregate any small leftover clumps into fine particles. Suspensions were stored at 4°C until use. Suspensions were used within 24 hrs of preparation.
• mice received a dose of 587 mg/Kg PAU (molar equivalent to 400 mg/kg uridine) gavaged at 0.02 ml/g body weight.
• mice The general initial layout for the experiment involved gavaging groups of 6 mice with PAU and obtaining blood samples at several times points thereafter (3 mice were bled for 2 time points (15 and 60 minutes), and another 3 mice were bled for the other 2 time points (30 and 120 minutes). Each experiment included an HPMC (vehicle only) time point with 3 mice to establish a baseline for blood uridine.
• HPMC vehicle only
• Plasma samples were collected into plasma separation tubes, which were centrifuged immediately after blood collection, and aliquots of plasma were frozen for subsequent processing. Plasma was later deproteinated, and uridine and uracil were quantified by liquid chromatography using UV absorbance detection and mass spectrometry.
• uridine + uracil uridine + uracil
• Plasma uridine, uracil and [uridine + uracil] concentrations after administration of PAU are shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
• the delivery of phenylacetate into the bloodstream after oral administration of PAU was also assessed.
• Sodium phenylbutyrate is used in clinical practice as an ammonia scavenger in hepatic encephalopathy or genetic nitrogen cycle disorders, or as a chaperone or histone deacetylase inhibitor. It is predominantly metabolized to phenylacetate via beta-oxidation in the liver, and phenylacetate mediates the therapeutic benefits of phenylbutyrate.
• PAU was administered orally at a dose equimolar to 200 mg/kg sodium phenylbutyrate.
• the table summarizing the comparative bioavailability of PAU and sodium phenyulbutyrate derivatives indicates the maximum concentration (C iax) obtained in serum after equimolar oral administration of these compounds aw an index of bioavailability.
• An equimolar dose or uridine was used as a comparator for efficiency of delivery of uridine into the circulation by oral administration of PAU.
• Plasma concentrations units are micromoles/liter (pM)
• NaPB sodium phenylbutryate
• PB phenylbutyrate
• PA phenylacetate
• Oral PAU was substantially more effective than an equimolar dose of oral sodium phenylbutyrate for raising plasma phenylacetate concentrations, yielding a >3-fold higher concentration of circulating phenylacetate at 30 minutes after administration. Furthermore, PAU elevated plasma uridine and uracil better than did and equimolar dose of oral uridine.
• TNFa Tissue necrosis factor a
• Vehicle 0.75% HPMC
• PAU p.o. 30 minutes later LPS (2.5 mg/kg i.p.) was administered.
• LPS 2.5 mg/kg i.p.

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