WO2022114057A1 - 電池モジュール - Google Patents
電池モジュール Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2022114057A1 WO2022114057A1 PCT/JP2021/043180 JP2021043180W WO2022114057A1 WO 2022114057 A1 WO2022114057 A1 WO 2022114057A1 JP 2021043180 W JP2021043180 W JP 2021043180W WO 2022114057 A1 WO2022114057 A1 WO 2022114057A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- holder
- battery
- negative electrode
- lithium secondary
- Prior art date
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
- H01M10/653—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells characterised by electrically insulating or thermally conductive materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/64—Heating or cooling; Temperature control characterised by the shape of the cells
- H01M10/643—Cylindrical cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
- H01M10/655—Solid structures for heat exchange or heat conduction
- H01M10/6554—Rods or plates
- H01M10/6555—Rods or plates arranged between the cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
- H01M50/204—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
- H01M50/207—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape
- H01M50/213—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape adapted for cells having curved cross-section, e.g. round or elliptic
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
- H01M50/289—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders characterised by spacing elements or positioning means within frames, racks or packs
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/471—Spacing elements inside cells other than separators, membranes or diaphragms; Manufacturing processes thereof
- H01M50/474—Spacing elements inside cells other than separators, membranes or diaphragms; Manufacturing processes thereof characterised by their position inside the cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- This disclosure relates to battery modules.
- Patent Document 1 is a battery pack having a plurality of cylindrical batteries, wherein the plurality of cylindrical batteries are in contact with each other or close to each other with a gap of 1.0 mm or less.
- a battery pack characterized in that a potting resin portion is filled and formed in a region between the outer peripheral surfaces of the plurality of cylindrical batteries in a state of being in close contact with the outer peripheral surfaces. ing.
- a potting resin portion is filled and formed in a region between the outer peripheral surfaces of a plurality of cylindrical raw batteries in a state of being in close contact with the outer peripheral surfaces. Therefore, the adhesion between the outer peripheral surface of the cylindrical elementary battery and the potting resin portion is high, and it is difficult for an air layer to remain between them. Therefore, the heat generated by the cylindrical elementary battery is efficiently transferred to the potting resin portion.
- the battery temperature may rise sharply.
- the increase in battery temperature increases as the energy density of the battery increases.
- the effect on surrounding batteries that are not in an abnormal state also increases. Therefore, it is required to reduce the increase in temperature of a battery that is in an abnormal state.
- one aspect of the present disclosure includes a plurality of side-by-side lithium secondary batteries and a heat absorbing material that abuts on the side surfaces of the plurality of lithium secondary batteries, wherein the lithium secondary battery is a group of plates.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity, a battery case for accommodating the electrode plate group and the non-aqueous electrolyte, and the electrode plate group includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a positive electrode and a negative electrode.
- the present invention relates to a battery module comprising a separator interposed between the batteries, in which a lithium metal is deposited at the negative electrode during charging and the lithium metal is dissolved at the time of discharging.
- the battery module of the present disclosure it is possible to remarkably suppress an increase in the battery temperature at the time of abnormality.
- FIG. 1 is a sectional view taken along line II-II of a part of the battery module shown in FIG. 1, and is a cross-sectional view perpendicular to the axial direction of the battery. It is a front view which made a part which shows typically an example of a secondary battery included in a battery module. It is a cross-sectional view perpendicular to the axial direction of a part of the battery of another battery module which concerns on this disclosure. It is a cross-sectional view perpendicular to the axial direction of a part of the battery of still another battery module which concerns on this disclosure. It is a cross-sectional view perpendicular to the axial direction of a part of the battery of still another battery module which concerns on this disclosure. It is a cross-sectional view perpendicular to the axial direction of a part of the battery of still another battery module which concerns on this disclosure.
- the battery module includes a plurality of side-by-side lithium secondary batteries, a holder having an accommodating portion for accommodating the plurality of lithium secondary batteries, a space between the plurality of lithium secondary batteries, and a lithium secondary battery.
- the heat absorbing material is arranged in at least one space selected from the group consisting of the space between the battery and the holder.
- the holder has an opening that allows the inside and outside of the holder to communicate with each other.
- the shape of the lithium secondary battery is, for example, columnar and may be cylindrical.
- the space between the plurality of lithium secondary batteries may be one communicating space or may be divided into a plurality of spaces.
- the space between the lithium secondary battery and the holder may be one communicating space or may be divided into a plurality of spaces.
- the space between the plurality of lithium secondary batteries and the space between the lithium secondary batteries and the holder may communicate with each other. It is sufficient that the endothermic material is arranged in at least one of these spaces.
- "the endothermic material is arranged" in an arbitrary space means that the endothermic material is arranged in at least a part of the space, and the whole space is not necessarily filled with the endothermic material. You don't need to be.
- Each of the plurality of lithium secondary batteries may be arranged so that the longitudinal direction is along one direction.
- the longitudinal directions of the plurality of lithium secondary batteries may be parallel to each other (including the case where they are substantially parallel to each other).
- the longitudinal direction is a direction parallel to the central axis of the tubular portion (for example, the cylindrical portion) of the battery case in the case of a columnar lithium secondary battery.
- a plurality of lithium secondary batteries are arranged so that the first ends of the plurality of lithium secondary batteries are arranged on one virtual plane.
- the holder may include, for example, a first holder and a second holder.
- Each of the plurality of lithium secondary batteries usually includes a first end in a height direction perpendicular to the line-up direction and a second end opposite to the first end. The first end is housed in the first holder and the second end is housed in the second holder. If the endothermic material is molded, the holder may not be present.
- the first holder usually has a plate-shaped portion having a first accommodating portion, and the first end portion of the lithium secondary battery is accommodating in the first accommodating portion.
- the second holder usually has a plate-like portion having a second accommodating portion, in which the second accommodating portion accommodates the second end of the lithium secondary battery.
- the orientation of the plurality of lithium secondary batteries may be the same or different.
- the end of all the lithium secondary batteries on the positive terminal side is housed in the first holder.
- the end portion of all lithium secondary batteries on the positive side terminal side may be housed in the second holder.
- a part of the end portion of all the lithium secondary batteries on the positive electrode terminal side may be housed in the first holder, and the remaining end portion on the positive electrode terminal side may be housed in the second holder.
- the holder is usually formed by using an insulating resin or the like.
- an insulating resin a resin used as a material for a holder of a conventional battery module or a power storage module may be used.
- the insulating resin include thermosetting resins and thermoplastic resins, including polycarbonates and ABS resins (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers).
- the holder can be formed, for example, by injection molding.
- the holder may be made of metal as long as it can be insulated from the battery.
- the battery module of the present disclosure includes other components as necessary.
- the battery module usually includes a positive electrode conductive member and a negative electrode conductive member connected to the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal respectively for charging and discharging.
- the positive electrode conductive member and the negative electrode conductive member may be arranged on different sides of the battery module or may be arranged on the same side.
- the positive electrode conductive member when the positive electrode terminal is arranged on the first holder side, the positive electrode conductive member may be arranged on the first holder side and the negative electrode conductive member may be arranged on the second holder side.
- both the positive electrode conductive member and the negative electrode conductive member may be arranged on the first holder side.
- both the positive electrode conductive member and the negative electrode conductive member are the first. It may be arranged on the holder side of 1 and the holder side of the second holder.
- the endothermic material may include a resin and particles filled in the resin.
- the particles contain inorganic substances that are decomposed by an endothermic reaction. Since the resin is in close contact with the outer peripheral surface or the side surface of the battery and the resin contains an inorganic substance that decomposes by an endothermic reaction, the heat generated by the battery is efficiently transferred to the inorganic substance that decomposes by the endothermic reaction. Therefore, the increase in battery temperature at the time of abnormality is further suppressed.
- the endothermic material may be liquid or a molded body (for example, a sheet) suitable for processing before being placed in the space between a plurality of lithium secondary batteries or the space between the lithium secondary batteries and the holder. good.
- the ratio of the area of the outer peripheral surface of the lithium secondary battery in contact with the material constituting the heat absorbing material is 50 to 100% of the area of the outer peripheral surface of the lithium secondary battery. It may be in the range (for example, 70 to 100%). Further, the upper limit of these ranges may be 98% or less or 95% or less.
- the thickness of the endothermic material covering the side surface of each lithium secondary battery is, for example, 0.6 mm or more.
- the resin for example, a curable resin that can be arranged in a space between a plurality of lithium secondary batteries or a space between a lithium secondary battery and a holder and then cured can be used. ..
- the curable resin may be a one-component type or a two-component type.
- the two-component type is a resin that cures by mixing two components.
- the resin include urethane resin (polyurethane), epoxy resin, silicone resin, and foamed resins thereof.
- the urethane resin is obtained by mixing a polyol component (first material) and a polyisocyanate component (second material). Immediately after mixing these components, it is liquid, but the reaction proceeds over time to obtain a cured urethane resin.
- Urethane resin can be imparted with various properties (heat conductivity, endothermic or flame retardant property, insulating property, etc.) by selecting a component as a raw material and adding an additive. Therefore, the urethane resin is suitable as a resin for filling particles containing inorganic substances that are decomposed by an endothermic reaction.
- Examples of inorganic substances that decompose by heat absorption reaction include aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, iron hydroxide, manganese hydroxide, zirconium hydride, and gallium hydroxide.
- Examples of particles containing such an inorganic substance include an inorganic filler made of aluminum hydroxide, an inorganic filler made of magnesium hydroxide, an inorganic filler made of calcium hydroxide, an inorganic filler made of zinc hydroxide, and iron hydroxide. It contains an inorganic filler, an inorganic filler made of manganese hydroxide, an inorganic filler made of zirconium hydride, and an inorganic filler made of gallium hydroxide.
- the endothermic material containing these inorganic substances can effectively suppress the temperature rise of the battery when the battery becomes overheated.
- the proportion of the inorganic substance contained in the endothermic material is, for example, 60% by mass or more and 80% by mass or less.
- the thermal conductivity decreases before and after the endothermic reaction occurs.
- the endothermic material can transfer the heat generated by the battery to the holder when the battery is normal to realize the exhaust heat of the battery, while when the battery is abnormal, the endothermic reaction occurs.
- heat transfer between the battery and the holder can be suppressed.
- the reason why the thermal conductivity of the heat-absorbing material is lower after the endothermic reaction than before the endothermic reaction is that when the inorganic substance decomposed by the endothermic reaction is the above-mentioned metal hydroxide, this metal hydroxide is caused by the endothermic reaction. It is considered that it is decomposed into a porous metal oxide and water vapor. It is thought that the resin contained in the endothermic material decomposes or volatilizes due to the heat of the abnormal battery, leaving the porous metal oxide, which provides a heat insulating effect between the abnormal battery and the holder. Be done.
- aluminum hydroxide which is an example of the above-mentioned inorganic substance, is decomposed into porous aluminum oxide and water vapor by an endothermic reaction. And it is considered that this porous aluminum oxide brings about an abnormal heat insulating effect between the battery and the holder.
- the lithium secondary battery of the present disclosure includes a electrode plate group, a non-aqueous electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity, and a battery case accommodating the electrode plate group and the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the electrode plate group includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. At the negative electrode, lithium metal is deposited during charging, and lithium metal is dissolved during discharging.
- the battery case may have, for example, a bottomed cylindrical portion having an opening on the first end side and a bottom on the second end side, and a sealing body for sealing the opening of the cylindrical portion. At least one of the sealing body and the bottom is usually provided with a safety mechanism that releases gas or the like inside the battery when the internal pressure of the battery rises.
- the structure of the mechanism is not limited, but a known mechanism conventionally used may be applied. If a safety mechanism for discharging gas or the like is provided in both the sealing body and the battery case, the safety of the lithium secondary battery can be further enhanced.
- the sealing body is electrically connected to one electrode in the electrode plate group to function as a terminal (for example, a positive electrode terminal), and the cylindrical portion is the other electrode in the electrode plate group. It is electrically connected to and functions as a terminal (for example, a negative electrode terminal).
- the negative electrode of the lithium secondary battery of the present disclosure has at least a negative electrode current collector, and the lithium metal is deposited on the negative electrode current collector.
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present disclosure is also referred to as a lithium metal secondary battery.
- a lithium (metal) secondary battery for example, 70% or more of the rated capacity is expressed by precipitation and dissolution of lithium metal.
- the movement of electrons in the negative electrode during charging and discharging is mainly due to the precipitation and dissolution of lithium metal in the negative electrode.
- 70 to 100% (for example, 80 to 100% or 90 to 100%) of electron transfer (current in another aspect) in the negative electrode during charging and discharging is due to the precipitation and dissolution of the lithium metal.
- the negative electrode according to the present disclosure is different from the negative electrode in which the movement of electrons in the negative electrode during charging and discharging is mainly due to the storage and release of lithium ions by the negative electrode active material (graphite or the like).
- the open circuit potential (OCV: Open Circuit Voltage) of the negative electrode at full charge is, for example, 70 mV or less with respect to the lithium metal (solution precipitation potential of lithium).
- OCV Open Circuit Voltage
- the battery is charged until it becomes Charge).
- the OCV of the negative electrode at the time of full charge may be measured by disassembling the fully charged battery in an argon atmosphere, taking out the negative electrode, and assembling the cell with lithium metal as the counter electrode.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte of the cell may have the same composition as the non-aqueous electrolyte in the decomposed battery.
- the lithium secondary battery as described above has a high energy density. Therefore, the amount of increase in the battery temperature at the time of abnormality (for example, when the battery is thermally runaway) is extremely large.
- the increase in the battery temperature is unexpectedly suppressed remarkably. More specifically, the effect of the heat absorbing material on reducing the increase in battery temperature is that the lithium ion secondary battery having a higher energy density is compared with the battery module in which the lithium ion secondary battery having a lower energy density and the heat absorbing material are combined. It is more prominent in a battery module that combines a battery and a heat absorbing material.
- the battery In order to ensure safety, the battery is usually provided with a safety mechanism that suppresses an increase in the internal pressure of the battery.
- the safety mechanism When the safety mechanism is activated, the gas inside the battery is released from the battery case to the outside, and the internal pressure of the battery drops.
- the gas or the like discharged from the battery case is discharged to the outside of the battery module through an opening that communicates the inside and outside of the holder.
- a safety mechanism operates quickly and the amount of gas released to the outside increases. As a result, it is presumed that the heat capacity of the battery decreases at an early stage and the increase in battery temperature becomes small.
- the volume of the negative electrode increases due to the precipitation of lithium metal during charging. Therefore, there may be a margin in the space inside the battery case.
- the ratio (100 ⁇ Vs / Vr) of the volume Vs of the voids in the electrode plate group to the true volume Vr of the electrode plate group may be, for example, 30% or more and 45% or less, and 35% or more and 45% or less. good.
- the true volume Vr of the plate group is, for example, the amount of increase in the space occupied by the liquid (for example, the liquid level) by immersing the plate group in a liquid having a known specific gravity and a known volume after taking out the plate group, washing and drying. It can be calculated from the amount of increase in.
- the true volume Vs of the voids in the electrode plate group may be measured by a pore volume measuring device such as a mercury porosimeter after taking out the electrode plate group, washing and drying, for example, and the specific gravity of the electrode plate group. May be impregnated with a known liquid and calculated from the increase in mass of the electrode plate group.
- the ratio of the volume Vs of the voids in the plate group to the true volume Vr of the plate group (hereinafter, also referred to as “porosity”) is smaller.
- the "space ratio” of a lithium ion secondary battery in which lithium metal does not precipitate on the negative electrode during charging and is stored in the negative electrode active material 20% to 25% is a guideline for increasing the energy density.
- the "space factor" can be significantly increased while maintaining high energy density.
- the high energy density battery means, for example, a battery having an energy density of 900 Wh / L or more, and further 1000 Wh / L or more.
- the electrode plate group may further have a spacer arranged between at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode and the separator.
- the spacer is provided so that the region of the negative electrode facing the positive electrode has a first region facing the spacer and a second region not facing the spacer.
- the lithium metal is preferentially deposited in the second region.
- a void is preferentially formed between the second region and the separator.
- the ratio of the volume Vs of the voids in the plate group to the true volume Vr of the plate group can be controlled by the ratio between the first region and the second region and the height of the spacer.
- the negative electrode includes a negative electrode current collector.
- lithium metal is deposited on the surface of the negative electrode by charging. More specifically, lithium ions contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte receive electrons on the negative electrode by charging to become lithium metal, which is deposited on the surface of the negative electrode.
- the lithium metal deposited on the surface of the negative electrode is dissolved as lithium ions in the non-aqueous electrolyte by electric discharge.
- the lithium ion contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte may be derived from the lithium salt added to the non-aqueous electrolyte, or may be supplied from the positive electrode active material by charging, and both of them may be used. There may be.
- the negative electrode current collector may be provided with a base layer containing lithium metal (a layer of lithium metal or a lithium alloy (hereinafter, also referred to as “lithium base layer”)) in advance.
- Lithium alloys may contain elements such as aluminum, magnesium, indium and zinc in addition to lithium.
- the proportion of lithium metal in the total lithium (negative electrode active material composed of lithium metal and / or lithium alloy) including the lithium underlayer arranged in the negative electrode current collector is 92% by mass or more. You may.
- the ratio of this lithium metal is determined by, for example, taking out a negative electrode from a group of electrode plates, measuring this negative electrode using NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), and measuring the area P1 of the peak of ionized lithium and the peak of unionized lithium.
- the thickness of the lithium metal base layer is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, in the range of 5 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m.
- the negative electrode may include a lithium ion storage layer (a layer that develops capacity by storing and releasing lithium ions by a negative electrode active material (such as graphite)) supported on the negative electrode current collector.
- a lithium ion storage layer a layer that develops capacity by storing and releasing lithium ions by a negative electrode active material (such as graphite) supported on the negative electrode current collector.
- the open circuit potential of the negative electrode at the time of full charge is 70 mV or less with respect to the lithium metal (dissolution / precipitation potential of lithium)
- the lithium metal is present on the surface of the lithium ion storage layer at the time of full charge. That is, the negative electrode develops the capacity due to the precipitation and dissolution of lithium metal.
- the lithium ion occlusion layer is a layered negative electrode mixture containing a negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode mixture may contain a binder, a thickener, a conductive agent and the like in addition to the negative electrode active material.
- Examples of the negative electrode active material include carbonaceous materials, Si-containing materials, Sn-containing materials, and the like.
- the negative electrode may contain one kind of negative electrode active material, or may contain two or more kinds in combination.
- Examples of the carbonaceous material include graphite, graphitized carbon (soft carbon), and graphitized carbon (hard carbon).
- the conductive agent is, for example, a carbon material.
- the carbon material include carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, carbon nanotubes, graphite and the like.
- binder examples include fluororesin, polyacrylonitrile, polyimide resin, acrylic resin, polyolefin resin, rubber-like polymer and the like.
- fluororesin examples include polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride.
- the negative electrode current collector may be a conductive sheet.
- a conductive sheet a foil, a film or the like is used.
- the material of the negative electrode current collector may be any conductive material other than lithium metal and lithium alloy.
- the conductive material may be a metal material such as a metal or an alloy.
- the conductive material is preferably a material that does not react with lithium. More specifically, a material that does not form any of lithium and an alloy or an intermetallic compound is preferable. Examples of such conductive materials include copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and alloys containing these metal elements, or graphite whose basal surface is preferentially exposed. ..
- Examples of the alloy include copper alloys and stainless steel (SUS). Of these, copper and / or copper alloys having high conductivity are preferable.
- the thickness of the negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited, and is, for example, 5 ⁇ m or more and 300 ⁇ m or less.
- the positive electrode includes, for example, a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode mixture layer supported by the positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode mixture layer contains, for example, a positive electrode active material, a conductive agent, and a binder.
- the positive electrode mixture layer may be formed on only one side of the positive electrode current collector, or may be formed on both sides.
- the positive electrode can be obtained, for example, by applying a positive electrode mixture slurry containing a positive electrode active material, a conductive agent, and a binder on both sides of a positive electrode current collector, drying the coating film, and then rolling.
- the positive electrode active material is a material that occludes and releases lithium ions.
- the positive electrode active material include lithium-containing transition metal oxides, transition metal fluorides, polyanions, fluorinated polyanions, transition metal sulfides and the like. Among them, lithium-containing transition metal oxides are preferable in that the manufacturing cost is low and the average discharge voltage is high.
- Lithium contained in the lithium-containing transition metal oxide is released from the positive electrode as lithium ions during charging, and precipitates as a lithium metal on the negative electrode or the negative electrode current collector. At the time of discharge, lithium metal is dissolved from the negative electrode and lithium ions are released, which are stored in the composite oxide of the positive electrode. That is, the lithium ions involved in charging and discharging are generally derived from the solute in the non-aqueous electrolyte and the positive electrode active material.
- transition metal element contained in the lithium-containing transition metal oxide examples include Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Y, Zr, W and the like.
- the lithium-containing transition metal oxide may contain one kind of transition metal element, or may contain two or more kinds of transition metal elements.
- the transition metal element may be Co, Ni and / or Mn.
- Lithium-containing transition metal oxides may contain one or more main group elements, if desired. Typical elements include Mg, Al, Ca, Zn, Ga, Ge, Sn, Sb, Pb, Bi and the like.
- the main group element may be Al or the like.
- the composite oxide having a rock salt-type crystal structure having a layered structure which may contain Co, Ni and / or Mn as a transition metal element and Al as an optional component, is high. It is preferable in terms of obtaining capacity.
- the molar ratio of the total amount of lithium possessed by the positive electrode and the negative electrode mLi to the amount mM of the metal M other than lithium possessed by the positive electrode: mLi / mM is set to, for example, 1.1 or less. Will be done.
- the binder As the binder, the conductive agent, etc., for example, those exemplified for the negative electrode can be used.
- the shape and thickness of the positive electrode current collector can be selected from the shape and range of the positive electrode current collector.
- Examples of the material of the positive electrode current collector (conductive sheet) include metal materials containing Al, Ti, Fe and the like.
- the metal material may be Al, Al alloy, Ti, Ti alloy, Fe alloy or the like.
- the Fe alloy may be stainless steel (SUS).
- the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is not particularly limited, and is, for example, 5 ⁇ m or more and 300 ⁇ m or less.
- a porous sheet having ion permeability and insulating property is used as the separator.
- the porous sheet include a thin film having microporous, a woven fabric, a non-woven fabric and the like.
- the material of the separator is not particularly limited, but may be a polymer material.
- the polymer material include olefin resin, polyamide resin, cellulose and the like.
- the olefin resin include polyethylene, polypropylene and a copolymer of ethylene and propylene.
- the separator may contain additives, if desired. Examples of the additive include an inorganic filler and the like.
- the thickness of the separator is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 5 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 10 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity includes, for example, a non-aqueous solvent and lithium ions and anions dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte may be liquid or gel.
- the liquid non-aqueous electrolyte is prepared by dissolving the lithium salt in a non-aqueous solvent.
- the dissolution of the lithium salt in a non-aqueous solvent produces lithium ions and anions.
- the gel-like non-aqueous electrolyte contains a lithium salt and a matrix polymer, or a lithium salt and a non-aqueous solvent and a matrix polymer.
- a matrix polymer for example, a polymer material that absorbs a non-aqueous solvent and gels is used. Examples of the polymer material include fluororesin, acrylic resin, and polyether resin.
- lithium salt or anion known ones used for non-aqueous electrolytes of lithium secondary batteries can be used. Specific examples thereof include BF 4- , ClO 4- , PF 6- , CF 3 SO 3- , CF 3 CO 2- , imide anions, and oxalate complex anions.
- imides N (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2- , N (C m F 2 m + 1 SO 2 ) x (C n F 2n + 1 SO 2 ) y- ( m and n are 0 or 1 independently, respectively.
- m and n are 0 or 1 independently, respectively.
- the anion of the oxalate complex may contain boron and / or phosphorus.
- Examples of the anion of the oxalate complex include bisoxalate borate anion, BF 2 (C 2 O 4 ) - , PF 4 (C 2 O 4 ) - , PF 2 (C 2 O 4 ) 2- and the like.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte may contain these anions alone or may contain two or more of these anions.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte preferably contains at least an anion of an oxalate complex, and more preferably contains an anion of an oxalate complex having fluorine.
- the interaction between the fluorine-containing oxalate complex anion and lithium facilitates the uniform precipitation of lithium metal in the form of fine particles. Therefore, it becomes easy to suppress the local precipitation of the lithium metal.
- the surface area of the lithium metal is reduced, the reaction of the lithium metal at the time of abnormality is suppressed, and the heat generation of the battery due to the reaction is also suppressed. Therefore, the increase in battery temperature at the time of abnormality is further suppressed.
- An oxalate complex anion having fluorine may be combined with another anion.
- Other anions may be PF 6 - and / or imides anions.
- the anion of the oxalate complex is derived from the oxalate salt.
- the oxalate salt is a salt containing a cation (for example, lithium ion) and an oxalate complex anion.
- the oxalate salt contains lithium difluorooxalate borate (LiBF 2 (C 2 O 4 )).
- Lithium difluorooxalate borate has a high effect of uniformly precipitating lithium metal in the form of fine particles, and the effect of suppressing dendrite-like precipitation of lithium metal is particularly remarkable.
- the ratio of the mass of the oxalate salt contained in the lithium secondary battery to the mass of the plate group is, for example, 0.0004 to 0.0019.
- this mass ratio is the weight of the electrode group measured by the weigh scale and the concentration of the oxalate salt contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte obtained by extracting the non-aqueous electrolyte from the lithium secondary battery and using gas chromatography. It can be calculated from.
- non-aqueous solvent examples include esters, ethers, nitriles, amides, and halogen substituents thereof.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte may contain these non-aqueous solvents alone or may contain two or more of them.
- halogen substituent examples include fluoride and the like.
- Examples of the ester include carbonic acid ester and carboxylic acid ester.
- Examples of the cyclic carbonic acid ester include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and the like.
- Examples of the chain carbonate ester include dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate and the like.
- Examples of the cyclic carboxylic acid ester include ⁇ -butyrolactone and ⁇ -valerolactone.
- Examples of the chain carboxylic acid ester include ethyl acetate, methyl propionate, methyl fluoropropionate and the like.
- Examples of the ether include cyclic ether and chain ether.
- Examples of the cyclic ether include 1,3-dioxolane, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran and the like.
- Examples of the chain ether include 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, methylphenyl ether, benzyl ethyl ether, diphenyl ether, dibenzyl ether, 1,2-diethoxyethane, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether and the like.
- the concentration of the lithium salt in the non-aqueous electrolyte is, for example, 0.5 mol / L or more and 3.5 mol / L or less.
- the concentration of anions in the non-aqueous electrolyte may be 0.5 mol / L or more and 3.5 mol / L or less.
- the concentration of the anion of the oxalate complex in the non-aqueous electrolyte may be 0.05 mol / L or more and 1 mol / L or less.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte may contain additives.
- the additive may be one that forms a film on the negative electrode. By forming a film derived from the additive on the negative electrode, the formation of dendrites is likely to be suppressed.
- examples of such additives include vinylene carbonate, FEC, vinyl ethyl carbonate (VEC) and the like.
- the spacer is provided between at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode and the separator.
- the region of the negative electrode facing the positive electrode is divided into a first region facing the spacer and a second region not facing the spacer.
- the ratio of the area of the first region to the total area of the first region and the second region is not particularly limited, but considering the balance between the cycle characteristics and the internal resistance, for example, even if it is 5% or more and 30% or less. It may be 5% or more and 20% or less.
- the larger the ratio of the area of the first region is, the larger the amount of lithium metal deposited per unit area in the second region is likely to be. Therefore, it becomes easy to reduce the amount of lithium metal in an isolated state. Further, by controlling the ratio of the area of the first region to the above range, it is possible to apply a suitable pressing force from the separator to the entire deposited lithium metal. Further, the resistance to the electrode reaction can be reduced.
- the first region facing the spacer is arranged on the negative electrode in a state of being as uniform and dispersed as possible. As a result, it is possible to reduce the locations where a large amount of lithium metal can be locally deposited while suppressing an increase in internal resistance, and it becomes easy to limit the amount of isolated lithium metal to a small amount as much as possible.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode have a strip shape having a long side and a short side.
- the length (width) of the strip-shaped negative electrode in the short side direction is L and a circular region having an arbitrary diameter of L / 3 is set on the surface of the negative electrode, such a circular region is always referred to as a first region. It is desirable that it coexists with the second region.
- the height of the spacer is, for example, 10 ⁇ m or more, 20 ⁇ m or more, or 25 ⁇ m or more.
- the height of the spacer is the maximum dimension of the spacer in the thickness direction of the separator (hereinafter, also referred to as the direction T).
- the height of the spacer is obtained as an average value obtained by photographing the cross section in the direction T of the spacer using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), measuring the height at any 10 points, and measuring the height.
- the upper limit of the height of the spacer is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 100 ⁇ m or less, 80 ⁇ m or less, or 60 ⁇ m or less. These upper and lower limits can be combined arbitrarily.
- the arrangement of spacers is not particularly limited.
- the short side direction of the strip-shaped negative electrode (hereinafter, preferably) so as to pass through the spacer at three or more locations (preferably four or more locations, further five or more locations).
- the spacer is arranged so that the straight line SL along the direction D1) can be drawn. In this case, it becomes difficult for lithium metal to precipitate on the negative electrode in a non-uniform or dendrite-like manner. Further, since the local expansion of the negative electrode is suppressed, the electrode is less likely to be damaged.
- the spacer has more fulcrums to support the separator and the electrode, so that the separator and the electrode are stressed relatively evenly from the spacer. Therefore, the damage to the electrodes is further suppressed. Further, a more even pressing force can be applied from the separator to the entire deposited lithium metal. Therefore, the precipitation direction of the lithium metal is more easily controlled toward the surface of the negative electrode.
- the ratio of the minimum distance d ( ⁇ m) between adjacent spacers to the height h ( ⁇ m) of the spacers in the straight line SL: d / h may be, for example, 10 or more and 800 or less. It may be 40 or more and 400 or less.
- d / h ratio By controlling the d / h ratio within the above range, it becomes easy to secure a space necessary and sufficient for accommodating the lithium metal. Further, a more uniform pressing force can be applied from the separator to the entire deposited lithium metal.
- the minimum distance d between adjacent spacers may be measured at one point on each of 10 arbitrary straight lines SL and obtained as an average value thereof.
- the spacer may be, for example, a plurality of line-shaped convex portions arranged in a stripe shape on the surface of the electrode or the separator so as to intersect the direction D1.
- direction D2 one convex portion along the long side direction (hereinafter, direction D2) of the separator is provided at both ends of the surface of the separator in the direction D1, and one or more convex portions along the direction D2 are provided between the both ends.
- a straight line SL can be drawn so as to pass the spacer at a total of three or more locations at two locations at both ends and at one or more locations between the both ends.
- Such a spacer composed of a plurality of line-shaped protrusions can be relatively easily formed on the surface of the separator or the electrode.
- it is easy to control parameters such as height h and d / h ratio.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a part of the battery module 100 according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along line II-II of a part of the battery module shown in FIG. 1, and is a cross-sectional view perpendicular to the axial direction of the battery.
- FIG. 3 is a front view showing a part schematically showing an example of the lithium secondary battery 10 included in the battery module 100.
- the battery module 100 includes a battery group 10G including a plurality of lithium secondary batteries 10 arranged side by side, and a holder 110 for accommodating the lithium secondary batteries 10.
- the holder 110 includes a first holder 111 and a second holder 112.
- the battery module 100 includes an outer case for accommodating the holder 110 and a conductive member connected to the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal of the secondary battery 10, but the illustration is omitted.
- a plurality of lithium secondary batteries 10 are arranged in a matrix in the holder 110. Normally, the plurality of lithium secondary batteries 10 are arranged so as not to come into contact with each other.
- the plurality of cylindrical lithium secondary batteries 10 include a first end portion 10a and a second end portion 10b opposite to the first end portion 10a.
- the first end 10a and the second end 10b are two ends along the longitudinal LD of the secondary battery 10.
- the orientation of the batteries (for example, which direction the sealing body faces) at the ends of the plurality of secondary batteries 10 may be the same or different among the individual batteries.
- the longitudinal LD is the height direction of the lithium secondary battery 10. In the battery module 100, the longitudinal LD is a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the plurality of lithium secondary batteries 10 are arranged.
- the lithium secondary battery 10 includes a winding electrode plate group 20 and a non-aqueous electrolyte (not shown).
- the electrode plate group 20 includes a band-shaped positive electrode 21, a band-shaped negative electrode 22, and a separator 23.
- a separator 23 is arranged between the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22.
- a positive electrode lead 21a is connected to the positive electrode 21.
- a negative electrode lead 22a is connected to the negative electrode 22.
- the positive electrode 21 includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer arranged on the positive electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode 22 includes a negative electrode current collector.
- the sealing body 50 includes a positive electrode terminal 50a. Normally, the sealing body 50 includes a mechanism that operates as a safety valve when the internal pressure of the battery rises.
- the cylindrical portion 60 functions as a negative electrode terminal.
- the cylindrical portion 60 is a bottomed cylindrical can.
- the cylindrical portion 60 has a ring-shaped groove portion 60c formed on the side of the first end portion 10a.
- a resin-made upper insulating ring 81 and a lower insulating ring 82 are arranged on each of the upper part and the lower part of the electrode plate group 20.
- the cylindrical portion 60 is sealed by the sealing body 50 and the gasket 70.
- the cylindrical portion 60, the sealing body 50, and the gasket 70 constitute a battery case, and the electrode plate group 20 and the non-aqueous electrolyte are arranged in the battery case.
- the first holder 111 includes a plate-shaped portion (flat plate-shaped portion) 111p and an outer wall 111w extending from the peripheral edge portion of the plate-shaped portion 111p.
- the outer side wall 111w is arranged so as to surround most of the outer peripheral surface of the plurality of lithium secondary batteries 10.
- the space between the plurality of lithium secondary batteries 10 and the space between the lithium secondary battery 10 and the first holder 111 are filled with the heat absorbing material 40.
- the second holder 112 has a plate-shaped portion (flat plate-shaped portion) 112p.
- the second holder 112 also functions as a lid member that covers the upper opening of the first holder 111 that houses the plurality of lithium secondary batteries 10 and the endothermic material 40.
- the first holder 111 and the second holder 112 may be fixed to each other by bolts or the like.
- the first holder 111 and the second holder 112 have a first opening that allows the inside and outside of the holder 110 to communicate with each other at positions facing the first end 10a and the second end 10b of the lithium secondary battery 10, respectively. It has 111a and a second opening 112a. The first end 10a side of the lithium secondary battery 10 is exposed from the first opening 111a, and the second end 10b side of the lithium secondary battery 10 is exposed from the second opening 112a.
- a rib is provided in the plate-shaped portion 111p of the first holder 111 so as to surround the first opening 111a, and the first accommodating portion 111c is formed by the rib.
- the first end portion 10a of the lithium secondary battery 10 is housed in the first housing portion 111c, and the first end portion 10a is held in the first holder 111.
- the plate-shaped portion 112p of the second holder 112 is provided with a rib so as to surround the second opening 112a, and the second accommodating portion 112c is formed by the rib.
- the second end portion 10b of the lithium secondary battery 10 is housed in the second housing portion 112c, and the second end portion 10b is held in the second holder 112.
- the endothermic material 40 does not have to be in contact with the first holder 111 (inner surface of the first holder 111), while the endothermic material 40 does not have to be in contact with the second holder 112. There may be a gap between the endothermic material 40 and the second holder 112.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view perpendicular to the axial direction of a part of the battery of another battery module according to the second embodiment.
- the present embodiment is the same as that of the first embodiment except that a sheet member 30 such as a sheet-shaped temperature control device and an insulating sheet is arranged between a plurality of lithium secondary batteries 10 arranged in a matrix.
- a sheet member 30 such as a sheet-shaped temperature control device and an insulating sheet is arranged between a plurality of lithium secondary batteries 10 arranged in a matrix.
- a plurality of columns each including a plurality of secondary batteries 10, are arranged so as to be arranged along a row direction perpendicular to the column.
- a plurality of secondary batteries 10 are arranged at substantially equal intervals along the row direction.
- a seat member 30 is interposed between two adjacent rows.
- Examples of the sheet-shaped temperature control device include an aluminum extruded material having a refrigerant flow path formed inside, a sheet-shaped heater in which a heating wire is arranged, and a combination of these devices. By using such a temperature adjusting device, it is possible to improve the heat dissipation of the heated cell.
- Examples of the insulating sheet include a resin sheet and a rubber sheet.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view perpendicular to the axial direction of a part of the battery of another battery module according to the third embodiment.
- the present embodiment has the same configuration as that of the first embodiment except that the lithium secondary batteries are arranged in the holder 110 in a staggered manner. By arranging the lithium secondary batteries in a staggered pattern, it is possible to increase the energy density per unit volume of the battery module.
- a plurality of rows each including a plurality of secondary batteries 10, are arranged so as to be arranged along a column direction perpendicular to the row.
- a plurality of secondary batteries 10 are arranged at substantially equal intervals along the row direction.
- the position of the secondary battery 10 is displaced along the row direction.
- Two rows adjacent to each other with one row in between have the same position of the secondary battery 10 in the row direction.
- the staggered arrangement is an arrangement in which hexagons of the same shape are arranged so as to fill the plane without gaps, and the secondary battery 10 is placed at the apex of the hexagon and the center of the hexagon. As shown in FIG. 2, there is a space between the plurality of secondary batteries 10. Further, the plurality of secondary batteries 10 are arranged so as not to come into contact with each other.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view perpendicular to the axial direction of a part of the battery of another battery module according to the fourth embodiment.
- This embodiment is the same as that of the third embodiment except that a sheet member 30 such as a sheet-shaped temperature control device and an insulating sheet is arranged between a plurality of lithium secondary batteries 10 arranged in a staggered pattern.
- a sheet member 30 such as a sheet-shaped temperature control device and an insulating sheet
- the method for manufacturing the battery module according to the present disclosure is not particularly limited. An example of the manufacturing method of the battery module 100 will be described below.
- the first and second holders 111 and 112 can be formed, for example, by injection molding a resin as a material.
- the first holder 111 is placed so that the plate-shaped portion 111p of the first holder 111 faces downward.
- the first end portion 10a of the lithium secondary battery 10 is inserted into the first accommodating portion 111c of the first holder 111.
- the first holder 111 and the first end portion 10a may be fixed with an adhesive or the like.
- the space between the plurality of lithium secondary batteries 10 and the space between the lithium secondary battery 10 and the first holder 111 are filled with the heat absorbing material 40 before curing.
- the endothermic material 40 before curing is filled to a position not exceeding the height of the outer wall 111w of the first holder 111.
- the first holder 111 and the second holder 112 are combined and fixed to obtain the holder 110.
- the second end portion 10b of the lithium secondary battery 10 is inserted into the second accommodating portion 112c of the second holder 112.
- the second holder 112 and the second end portion 10b may be fixed with an adhesive or the like.
- the conductive member for charging and discharging is connected to the electrode terminal.
- the holder 110 on which the conductive member is arranged is fixed to the outer case, and wiring or the like is performed as necessary. In this way, the battery module 100 is obtained.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the obtained positive electrode mixture slurry was applied to both sides of a strip-shaped Al foil (positive electrode current collector), dried, and the coating film of the positive electrode mixture was rolled using a roller. Finally, the obtained laminate of the positive electrode current collector and the positive electrode mixture was cut into a predetermined electrode size to obtain a positive electrode having positive electrode mixture layers on both sides of the positive electrode current collector.
- PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
- alumina which is an inorganic particle (alumina with an average particle size of 1 ⁇ m and alumina with an average particle size of 0.1 ⁇ m, have a mass ratio of 10/1.
- Spacer ink was applied to both surfaces of the separator along the direction D2 (longitudinal direction), and then hot air dried to provide spacers consisting of linear convex portions parallel to each other.
- the spacer ink was applied using a dispenser.
- the width of the convex portion of the spacer was 1 mm, and the height t was 30 ⁇ m.
- LiBF 2 (C 2 O 4 ) was dissolved at a concentration of 0.1 mol / L to prepare a liquid non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode current collector were spirally wound via the separator to prepare a group of electrode plates. Since all the lithium contained in the electrode plate group is derived from the positive electrode, the molar ratio of the total amount of lithium possessed by the positive electrode and the negative electrode mLi and the amount of the metal M (here, Ni, Co and Al) possessed by the positive electrode mM is: mLi. / MM is 1.0.
- the electrode plates are housed in a bottomed cylindrical can made of stainless steel equipped with a safety mechanism (second holder side) on the bottom surface, and after the above non-aqueous electrolyte is injected, the opening of the can is opened by the safety mechanism (second holder side).
- the lithium secondary battery was completed by sealing with a sealing body having (1 holder side).
- the ratio of the volume Vs of the voids in the electrode plate group to the true volume Vr of the electrode plate group was designed to be 39%.
- the rated capacity of the obtained lithium secondary battery A was 4700 mAh, and the energy density was 1028 Wh / L.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 Assembly of Battery Module A battery module having a structure as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 using one lithium secondary battery A and 15 aluminum columns having the same diameter as the lithium secondary battery A as a dummy cell. Assembled. Specifically, a first holder and a second holder are prepared, and the plate-shaped portion of the first holder is turned downward, and the first accommodating portion of the first holder is filled with the first lithium secondary battery A. The space between the lithium secondary battery A and the dummy cell and the space between the lithium secondary battery A and the dummy cell and the first holder were filled with the heat absorbing material before curing.
- the endothermic material As the endothermic material, a two-component urethane resin was used as the resin, and aluminum hydroxide was used as the inorganic substance decomposed by the endothermic reaction.
- the proportion of aluminum hydroxide contained in the endothermic material is 70% by mass.
- the two-component urethane resin is composed of a polyol component (first material) and a polyisocyanate component (second material).
- the endothermic material specifically, a two-component urethane resin
- the first holder and the second holder were fastened with bolts to assemble the battery module A together with the holder.
- the second end portion of the lithium secondary battery A was inserted into the second accommodating portion of the second holder.
- a liquid non-aqueous electrolyte was prepared by dissolving at a concentration of L.
- the lithium ion secondary battery B was assembled in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the negative electrode and the non-aqueous electrolyte were used and no spacer was formed on the surfaces of both the separators.
- the ratio of the volume Vs of the voids in the plate group to the true volume Vr of the plate group was designed to be 25%.
- the rated capacity of the obtained lithium secondary battery was 3180 mAh, and the energy density was 630 Wh / L.
- Table 1 shows the results of evaluations 1 and 2.
- Table 1 shows the ratio of TAe to Tar (TAe / TAr) and the ratio of TBe to TBr (TBe / TBr). The unit of each temperature is ° C.
- This disclosure can be used for battery modules.
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Abstract
Description
本開示に係る電池モジュールは、並んだ複数のリチウム二次電池と、複数のリチウム二次電池を収容する収容部を有するホルダと、複数のリチウム二次電池の間の空間、および、リチウム二次電池とホルダとの間の空間からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つの空間に配置された吸熱材料と、を含む。ホルダは、ホルダの内外を連通させる開口を有する。リチウム二次電池の形状は、例えば、柱状であり、円筒型であってもよい。
吸熱材料は、樹脂と、樹脂に充填された粒子と、を含んでもよい。粒子は、吸熱反応によって分解する無機物を含有する。樹脂が電池の外周面もしくは側面と密着し、かつ樹脂に吸熱反応によって分解する無機物を含有することで、電池で発生した熱が効率よく吸熱反応によって分解する無機物へと伝達される。よって、異常時の電池温度の上昇幅が更に一層抑制される。吸熱材料は、複数のリチウム二次電池の間の空間もしくはリチウム二次電池とホルダとの間の空間に配置する前の状態では、液状でもよく、加工に適した成形体(例えばシート状)でもよい。
本開示のリチウム二次電池は、極板群と、リチウムイオン伝導性を有する非水電解質と、極板群および非水電解質を収容する電池ケースと、を備える。極板群は、正極と、負極と、正極と負極との間に介在するセパレータと、を備える。負極では、充電時にリチウム金属が析出し、放電時にリチウム金属が溶解する。
Charge)となるまで電池を充電した状態である。満充電時における負極のOCVは、満充電状態の電池をアルゴン雰囲気下で分解して負極を取り出し、リチウム金属を対極としてセルを組み立てて測定すればよい。セルの非水電解質は、分解した電池中の非水電解質と同じ組成でもよい。
[負極]
負極は、負極集電体を備える。リチウム二次電池では、負極の表面に、充電によりリチウム金属が析出する。より具体的には、非水電解質に含まれるリチウムイオンが、充電により、負極上で電子を受け取ってリチウム金属になり、負極の表面に析出する。負極の表面に析出したリチウム金属は、放電により非水電解質中にリチウムイオンとして溶解する。なお、非水電解質に含まれるリチウムイオンは、非水電解質に添加したリチウム塩に由来するものであってもよく、充電により正極活物質から供給されるものであってもよく、これらの双方であってもよい。
正極は、例えば、正極集電体と、正極集電体に支持された正極合材層とを備える。正極合材層は、例えば、正極活物質と導電剤と結着剤とを含む。正極合材層は、正極集電体の片面のみに形成されてもよく、両面に形成されてもよい。正極は、例えば、正極集電体の両面に正極活物質と導電剤と結着剤とを含む正極合材スラリーを塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた後、圧延することにより得られる。
セパレータには、イオン透過性および絶縁性を有する多孔性シートが用いられる。多孔性シートとしては、例えば、微多孔を有する薄膜、織布、不織布等が挙げられる。セパレータの材質は特に限定されないが、高分子材料であってもよい。高分子材料としては、オレフィン樹脂、ポリアミド樹脂、セルロース等が挙げられる。オレフィン樹脂としては、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレンおよびエチレンとプロピレンとの共重合体等が挙げられる。セパレータは、必要に応じて、添加剤を含んでもよい。添加剤としては、無機フィラー等が挙げられる。
リチウムイオン伝導性を有する非水電解質は、例えば、非水溶媒と、非水溶媒に溶解したリチウムイオンとアニオンとを含んでいる。非水電解質は、液状でもよいし、ゲル状でもよい。
スペーサは、正極および負極の少なくとも一方とセパレータとの間に設けられる。これにより、負極の正極との対向領域は、スペーサと対向する第1領域と、スペーサと対向しない第2領域とに区分される。第1領域と第2領域との合計面積に対する第1領域の面積の割合は、特に限定されないが、サイクル特性と内部抵抗とのバランスを考慮すると、例えば5%以上、30%以下であってもよく、5%以上、20%以下であってもよい。上記第1領域の面積の割合が大きいほど、第2領域における単位面積当たりのリチウム金属の析出量が多くなりやすい。よって、孤立状態のリチウム金属を低減しやすくなる。また、上記第1領域の面積の割合を上記範囲に制御することで、析出するリチウム金属の全体に、セパレータから好適な押圧力を付与することができる。さらに、電極反応に対する抵抗を小さくすることができる。
図1は、実施形態1に係る電池モジュール100の一部を模式的に示す断面図である。図2は、図1に示した電池モジュールの一部のII-II線断面図であり、電池の軸方向に対して垂直な横断面図である。図3は、電池モジュール100が具備するリチウム二次電池10の一例を模式的に示す一部を断面にした正面図である。
図4は、実施形態2に係る別の電池モジュールの一部の電池の軸方向に対して垂直な横断面図である。本実施形態は、行列状に配置された複数のリチウム二次電池10の間に、シート状の温度調整デバイス、絶縁シートなどのシート部材30が配置されている点以外、実施形態1と同様の構成を有する。例えば、複数のリチウム二次電池10の間にシート状の温度調整デバイスを配置することで、リチウム二次電池の通常使用状態における温度制御が容易になる。また、複数のリチウム二次電池10の間に吸熱材料よりも強度の高い絶縁シートを配置することで、電池間の外部短絡の可能性を低減することができる。
図5は、実施形態3に係る別の電池モジュールの一部の電池の軸方向に対して垂直な横断面図である。本実施形態は、リチウム二次電池がホルダ110に千鳥状に配置されている点以外、実施形態1と同様の構成を有する。リチウム二次電池を千鳥状に配置することによって、電池モジュールの単位体積当たりのエネルギ密度を大きくすることが可能である。
図6は、実施形態4に係る別の電池モジュールの一部の電池の軸方向に対して垂直な横断面図である。本実施形態は、千鳥状に配置された複数のリチウム二次電池10の間に、シート状の温度調整デバイス、絶縁シートなどのシート部材30が配置されている点以外、実施形態3と同様の構成を有する。温度調整デバイスや絶縁シートとして、柔軟なシート部材30を用いる場合、シート部材30をリチウム二次電池10の外周面に沿って波状に屈曲させることが容易であり、千鳥状に配置されたリチウム二次電池10の外周面にシート部材30を接触させやすく、接触面積も大きくなる。よって、温度制御がより容易になり、もしくは外部短絡を抑制する効果が大きくなる。
本開示に係る電池モジュールを製造する方法に特に限定はない。電池モジュール100の製造方法の一例を以下に説明する。最初に、電池モジュール100を製造するために必要な部材を準備する。第1および第2のホルダ111および112は、例えば、材料となる樹脂を射出成形することによって形成できる。次に、第1のホルダ111の板状部111pが下方となるように第1のホルダ111を置く。次に、第1のホルダ111の第1の収容部111cに、リチウム二次電池10の第1の端部10aを挿入する。このとき、第1のホルダ111と第1の端部10aとを接着剤等で固定してもよい。次に、複数のリチウム二次電池10の間の空間、および、リチウム二次電池10と第1のホルダ111との間の空間に、硬化前の吸熱材料40を充填する。このとき、硬化前の吸熱材料40は、第1のホルダ111の外側壁111wの高さを超えない位置まで充填される。
以下、本開示に係る電池モジュールを実施例および比較例に基づいて更に具体的に説明する。ただし、本開示は以下の実施例に限定されるものではない。
(1)正極の作製
Li、Ni、CoおよびAl(Ni、CoおよびAlの合計に対するLiのモル比は1.0)を含有し、層状構造を有する岩塩型のリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物(NCA:正極活物質)と、アセチレンブラック(AB;導電剤)と、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF;結着剤)とを、NCA:AB:PVdF=95:2.5:2.5の質量比で混合し、さらにN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)を適量加えて撹拌して、正極合材スラリーを調製した。得られた正極合材スラリーを帯状のAl箔(正極集電体)の両面に塗布した後、乾燥して、ローラーを用いて正極合材の塗膜を圧延した。最後に、得られた正極集電体と正極合材との積層体を所定の電極サイズに切断し、正極集電体の両面に正極合材層を備える正極を得た。
厚さ20μmのポリエチレン製の微多孔膜をセパレータとして準備した。
樹脂材料であるポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)10質量部と、無機粒子であるアルミナ(平均粒径1μmのアルミナと平均粒径0.1μmのアルミナとを10/1の質量比で含む)90質量部と、分散媒N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)とを混合して、スペーサインクを調製した。
帯状の電解銅箔(厚さ15μm)を負極集電体として準備した。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)とジメチルカーボネート(DMC)とを、EC:DMC=30:70の容積比で混合し、得られた混合溶媒にLiPF6を1モル/L、LiBF2(C2O4)を0.1モル/Lの濃度でそれぞれ溶解し、液体の非水電解質を調製した。
不活性ガス雰囲気中で、正極と負極集電体とを、上記セパレータを介して渦巻状に捲回し、極板群を作製した。極板群に含まれるリチウムは全て正極に由来するため、正極および負極が有するリチウムの合計量mLiと、正極が有する金属M(ここではNi、CoおよびAl)の量mMとのモル比:mLi/mMは1.0である。
リチウム二次電池Aを1本と、ダミーセルとしてのリチウム二次電池Aと同径のアルミニウム柱15本を用いて、図1、2に示されるような構造の電池モジュールを組み立てた。具体的には、第1のホルダおよび第2のホルダを準備し、第1のホルダの板状部を下方にして、第1のホルダの第1の収容部にリチウム二次電池Aの第1の端部を挿入し、リチウム二次電池Aとダミーセルとの間の空間、および、リチウム二次電池Aおよびダミーセルと第1のホルダとの間の空間に、硬化前の吸熱材料を充填した。
得られた電池モジュールAについて、熱暴走試験を行った。
釘刺し試験は、以下の条件で行った。
まず、電池モジュール内の各リチウム二次電池Aに対し、以下の充電を行った。
定電流充電:0.1C(終止電圧4.3V)
定電圧充電:4.3V(終止電流0.01C)
充電後の電池モジュールAのリチウム二次電池Aに対して、その側面から、2.7mm径の鉄製丸釘を、20℃環境下で、5mm/秒の速度で貫通させ、貫通後20秒間、電池ケースの円筒部(缶)の温度を観測し、この間の最高温度TAeを求めた。
(1)負極の作製
人造黒鉛(平均粒径25μm)と、スチレン-ブタジエンゴム(SBR)と、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム(CMC-Na)とを、人造黒鉛:SBR:CMC-Na=100:1:1の質量比で混合し、さらに水を適量加えて撹拌して、負極合材スラリーを調製した。得られた負極合材スラリーを帯状の電解銅箔(厚さ15μm)の両面に塗布した後、乾燥して、ローラーを用いて負極合材の塗膜を圧延した。最後に、得られた負極集電体と負極合材との積層体を所定の電極サイズに切断し、負極集電体の両面に負極合材層を備える負極を得た。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)とジエチルカーボネート(DEC)とを、EC:DEC=50:50の容積比で混合し、得られた混合溶媒にLiPF6を1.2モル/Lの濃度で溶解し、液体の非水電解質を調製した。
上記負極および非水電解質を用いた点、および、セパレータの両方の表面にスペーサを形成しなかった点以外、実施例1と同様にリチウムイオン二次電池Bを組み立てた。極板群の真体積Vrに対する極板群内の空隙の体積Vsの割合は25%になるように設計した。得られたリチウム二次電池の定格容量は3180mAh、エネルギ密度は、630Wh/Lであった。
リチウム二次電池Aの代わりに、リチウムイオン二次電池Bを用いた点以外、実施例1と同様に電池モジュールBを組み立てた。
得られた電池モジュールBについて、評価1と同様に熱暴走試験を行い、最高温度TBeを求めた。
同様に、電池モジュールBに組み込む前のリチウム二次電池Bについても熱暴走試験を行い、最高温度TBrを求めた。
10a 第1の端部
10b 第2の端部
10G 電池群
60 円筒部
60c 溝部
100 電池モジュール
110 ホルダ
111 第1のホルダ
111c 第1の収容部
111a 第1開口
111w 外側壁
112 第2のホルダ
112c 第2の収容部
40 吸熱材料
Claims (9)
- 並んだ複数のリチウム二次電池と、
前記複数のリチウム二次電池の側面と当接する吸熱材料と、
を含み、
前記リチウム二次電池は、極板群と、リチウムイオン伝導性を有する非水電解質と、前記極板群および前記非水電解質を収容する電池ケースと、を備え、
前記極板群は、正極と、負極と、前記正極と前記負極との間に介在するセパレータと、を備え、
前記負極では、充電時にリチウム金属が析出し、放電時に前記リチウム金属が溶解する、電池モジュール。 - 前記正極および前記負極の少なくとも一方と前記セパレータとの間に配されたスペーサを更に有し、
前記負極の前記正極との対向領域は、前記スペーサと対向する第1領域と、前記スペーサと対向しない第2領域とを有する、
請求項1に記載の電池モジュール。 - 前記スペーサの高さが、20μm以上である、
請求項2に記載の電池モジュール。 - 前記極板群の真体積Vrに対する、前記極板群内の空隙の体積Vsの割合が、30%以上、45%以下である、
請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の電池モジュール。 - 前記非水電解質は、オキサレート塩を含み、
前記オキサレート塩の前記極板群に対する質量比が0.0004~0.0019である、
請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の電池モジュール。 - 前記オキサレート塩は、リチウムジフルオロオキサレートボレートを含む、
請求項5に記載の電池モジュール。 - 前記負極に配置される全リチウムに対する、
前記リチウム金属の割合は、92質量%以上である、
請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の電池モジュール。 - 前記複数のリチウム二次電池と前記吸熱材料とを収容するホルダをさらに備え、
前記ホルダは、第1のホルダと第2のホルダとを含み、
前記複数のリチウム二次電池はそれぞれ、並ぶ方向に垂直である高さ方向における第1の端部と、前記第1の端部とは反対側の第2の端部とを含み、
前記第1の端部は前記第1のホルダに収容され、前記第2の端部は前記第2のホルダに収容されている、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の電池モジュール。 - 前記吸熱材料は、樹脂と、前記樹脂に充填された粒子と、を含み、
前記粒子は、吸熱反応によって分解する無機物を含有する、請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の電池モジュール。
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