WO2022107828A1 - アノードの加速評価方法 - Google Patents
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- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an accelerated evaluation method for an anode used for, for example, water electrolysis.
- the current practical water electrolysis can be roughly divided into two.
- One is alkaline water electrolysis, in which a high-concentration alkaline aqueous solution is used as the electrolyte.
- the other is solid polymer type water electrolysis, in which a solid polymer membrane (SPE) is used as the electrolyte.
- SPE solid polymer membrane
- alkaline water electrolysis using inexpensive materials such as iron-based metals such as nickel
- solid polymer type water electrolysis using electrodes using a large amount of expensive noble metals Is said to be suitable.
- Recently, the development of water electrolysis using an anion exchange membrane is also in progress. In the case of water electrolysis using an anion exchange membrane, the same electrode material as in the case of alkaline water electrolysis can be used.
- anode catalysts platinum group metals, platinum group metal oxides, valve metal oxides, iron group oxides, lanthanide group metal oxides and the like have been used as catalysts (anolyde catalysts) for oxygen generation anodes used in alkaline water electrolysis.
- Other anode catalysts include nickel-based alloys such as Ni-Co and Ni-Fe; nickel with an expanded surface area; spinel-based Co 3O 4 , NiCo 2 O 4 , perovskite-based LaCoO 3 , and LaNiO.
- Conductive oxides (ceramic materials) such as 3 ; noble metal oxides; oxides composed of lanthanide group metals and noble metals are also known.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 As an oxygen-evolving anode used for high-concentration alkaline water electrolysis, an anode in which a lithium-containing nickel oxide layer is previously formed on the surface of a nickel substrate is known (Patent Documents 1 and 2). Further, an anode for alkaline water electrolysis (Patent Document 3) in which a lithium-containing nickel oxide catalyst layer containing lithium and nickel in a predetermined molar ratio is formed on the surface of a nickel substrate, a nickel cobalt-based oxide, and an iridium oxide or ruthenium. An anode for alkaline water electrolysis (Patent Document 4) in which a catalyst layer containing an oxide is formed on the surface of a nickel substrate has been proposed.
- Non-Patent Documents 4 and 5 when the potential becomes more negative than the open circuit potential after the completion of the electrolysis reaction of water, the electrochemical reduction reaction of the anode occurs on the surface, and the catalyst is dissolved by the repeated transition between the reduction condition and the oxidation condition. It has been reported that peeling is accelerated (Non-Patent Documents 4 and 5).
- the present invention has been made in view of the problems of the prior art, and the subject thereof is to imitate electric power having a large output fluctuation such as renewable energy, and the output fluctuation is large. It is an object of the present invention to provide an acceleration evaluation method of an anode capable of accurately evaluating the durability of an anode powered by electric power in a shorter time.
- the linear sweep further includes an LSV step between the Je step and the E min step to perform a linear sweep voltammetry on the anode starting from a potential lower than the potential at the end of the Je step.
- Example 2 it is a graph which plotted the electrode potential at the oxidation current 0.1 A / cm 2 with respect to the number of cycles.
- 2 is a graph showing the polarization curves at durations T min 10s and 60s in Example 2.
- Example 2 it is a graph which plotted the electrode potential at the oxidation current 0.1 A / cm 2 with respect to the number of cycles.
- 3 is a graph in which the electrode potential at an oxidation current of 0.1 A / cm 2 is plotted against the number of cycles in Example 3.
- 3 is a graph in which the electrode potential at an oxidation current of 0.1 A / cm 2 is plotted against the number of cycles in Example 3.
- Example 4 it is a graph which plotted the electrode potential at the oxidation current 0.1 A / cm 2 with respect to the number of cycles. 4 is a graph showing the polarization curves at durations T min 10s and 60s in Example 4. In Example 4, it is a graph which plotted the electrode potential at the oxidation current 0.1 A / cm 2 with respect to the number of cycles.
- the accelerating evaluation method for the anode of the present invention accelerates the durability of the anode such as an anode for alkaline water electrolysis (oxygen generating electrode) by electrochemically manipulating the durability in the aqueous electrolyte.
- This is a method for evaluating the anode by applying an oxidation current of 0.1 A / cm 2 or more to the anode with a duration Te and a constant potential lower than the open circuit potential with a duration T min . It has an Emin step to hold. Then, the Je step and the E min step are repeated 100 times or more.
- the duration Te and the duration T min are preferably set to 120 s (2 min) or less, more preferably 90 s or less, particularly preferably 60 s or less, and 45 s or less. Is the most preferable. If it is longer than 120 s (seconds), the time required for evaluation becomes excessively long, and even if it is longer than that, the deterioration rate of the anode is not expected to increase. In the E min step, it is preferable to hold the anode at a potential of 0.6 to 1.0 V lower than the open circuit potential. If the anode is held at your potential beyond this range, the deterioration rate tends to decrease. On the other hand, if the anode is held at a potential lower than the above range, excessive reduction of the catalyst may be induced or hydrogen may be generated. Therefore, it may be slightly different from the deterioration behavior in actual operation.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing another embodiment of the anode acceleration evaluation method of the present invention.
- OCP step By further providing the OCP step, it is possible to more preferably simulate the actual fluctuation state of the electric power having a large output fluctuation such as renewable energy.
- the holding time held at the open circuit potential is preferably 10 to 60 s. If the holding time is too short, it may be difficult to obtain the effect of maintaining the open circuit potential. On the other hand, if the holding time is too long, the significance of providing the OCP step may be impaired.
- the number of repetitions (number of cycles) of each of the Je step and the E min step is 100 times or more, preferably 10,000 times or less, although it depends on the type of the anode to be evaluated and the like. Further, it is preferable to set the time of each step so that the total time required for the evaluation is about several hours to several hundred hours.
- anode Next, the anode to be evaluated will be described by taking an anode for alkaline water electrolysis as an example.
- the anode for alkaline water electrolysis (hereinafter, also simply referred to as “anode”) is, for example, a conductive substrate, an intermediate layer arbitrarily formed on the surface of the conductive substrate, and a catalyst formed on the surface of the intermediate layer. With layers.
- the conductive substrate is a conductor for conducting electricity for electrolysis, and is a member having a function as a carrier for supporting an intermediate layer and a catalyst layer. At least the surface of the conductive substrate (the surface on which the intermediate layer and the catalyst layer are formed) is formed of nickel or a nickel-based alloy. That is, the conductive substrate may be entirely formed of nickel or a nickel-based alloy, or only the surface may be formed of nickel or a nickel-based alloy. Specifically, the conductive substrate may have a nickel or nickel-based alloy coating formed on the surface of a metal material such as iron, stainless steel, aluminum, or titanium by plating or the like.
- the thickness of the conductive substrate is preferably 0.05 to 5 mm.
- the shape of the conductive substrate is preferably a shape having an opening for removing bubbles such as generated oxygen and hydrogen.
- an expanded mesh or a porous expanded mesh can be used as a conductive substrate.
- the aperture ratio of the conductive substrate is preferably 10 to 95%.
- the lanthanoid nickel-cobalt perovskite oxide is represented by the structural formula: XNi a Co 1-a O 3 (where X represents at least one of the metals lanthanum, cerium, and praseodymium, where 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1). ..
- the catalyst layer may be formed of one type of catalyst or a plurality of types of catalysts. When a plurality of types of catalysts are used, a plurality of types of catalysts can be mixed to form one catalyst layer. Further, a plurality of catalyst layers may be laminated to form a catalyst type catalyst layer. In the case of a laminated catalyst layer, each layer may be formed by one kind of catalyst, or each layer may be formed by a plurality of kinds of catalysts. For example, a first layer made of lithium nickel oxide or nickel cobalt spinel oxide may be formed on an intermediate layer, and then a second layer made of iridium oxide may be laminated on the first layer.
- the thickness and density of the catalyst layer are not particularly limited, and may be appropriately set according to the use of the anode and the like.
- the anode can be manufactured by forming an intermediate layer on the surface of the conductive substrate, if necessary, and then forming a catalyst layer.
- the catalyst layer can be formed by, for example, a thermal decomposition method, electroplating, sputtering, ion plating, plasma spraying, or the like.
- a method for manufacturing an anode will be described by taking as an example a method of forming a catalyst layer by a thermal decomposition method.
- the conductive substrate Before forming the catalyst layer, it is preferable to chemically etch the conductive substrate in advance in order to remove contaminated particles such as metals and organic substances on the surface.
- the amount of consumption of the conductive substrate by the chemical etching treatment is preferably about 30 g / m 2 or more and 400 g / m 2 or less.
- the roughening treatment means include a blasting treatment in which powder is sprayed, an etching treatment using a substrate-soluble acid, and plasma spraying.
- a precursor aqueous solution containing a desired metal ion is applied to the surface of a chemically etched conductive substrate.
- the coating method include brush coating, roller coating, spin coating, electrostatic coating and the like.
- the conductive substrate coated with the aqueous solution is dried.
- the drying temperature is preferably a temperature (for example, about 60 to 80 ° C.) that avoids rapid evaporation of the solvent.
- the heat treatment temperature can be set as appropriate. Considering the decomposition temperature of the precursor and the production cost, the heat treatment temperature is preferably 450 to 600 ° C, more preferably 450 to 550 ° C. For example, the decomposition temperature of lithium nitrate is about 430 ° C, and the decomposition temperature of nickel acetate is about 373 ° C. By setting the heat treatment temperature to 450 ° C. or higher, each component can be more reliably decomposed.
- the heat treatment temperature is higher than 600 ° C.
- the conductive substrate is likely to be oxidized, the electrode resistance is increased, and the voltage loss may be increased.
- the heat treatment time may be appropriately set in consideration of the reaction rate, productivity, oxidation resistance of the catalyst layer surface, and the like.
- the thickness of the formed catalyst layer can be controlled by appropriately setting the number of times the above-mentioned precursor aqueous solution is applied.
- the coating and drying of the aqueous solution may be repeated layer by layer to form the uppermost layer, and then the whole may be heat-treated.
- the coating and heat treatment (pretreatment) of the aqueous solution may be repeated layer by layer to form the uppermost layer, and then the whole may be heat-treated. It may be heat-treated.
- the pretreatment temperature and the overall heat treatment temperature may be the same or different. Further, the pretreatment time is preferably shorter than the total heat treatment time.
- an electrochemical cell (volume: 5 L) made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was used.
- This electrochemical cell is a cell having three electrodes using an evaluation target (anode) as a working electrode, RHE as a reference electrode, and a spiral nickel wire as a counter electrode.
- the surface area of the working electrode was 1.0 cm 2 , and it was connected to a Ni wire shielded with a heat shrink tube.
- the distance between the working electrode and the Luggin capillary of the reference electrode was fixed within about 1 cm.
- the counter electrode was placed in a tubular neutral diaphragm to prevent the hydrogen produced mainly from diffusing into the in-cell electrolyte.
- the electrolytic solution is a 7.0 mol / L KOH aqueous solution.
- the electrolyte temperature was maintained at 80 ° C. and 25 ° C., respectively, during pretreatment (electrochemical activation) and accelerated evaluation.
- a Bio-Logic SAS potentiostat (model: VSP-300) controlled by dedicated software (EC-Lab V11.30) was used.
- As an electrochemical pretreatment an anode to be evaluated was used, and water electrolysis was performed at 80 ° C. for 2 hours at a constant current of 1.0 A / cm 2 .
- the obtained coating liquid was applied to the surface of a nickel substrate surface-treated so that the amount of metal per coating was 1 g / m 2 , and then dried at room temperature for 10 minutes and at 60 ° C. for 10 minutes. Then, in an air circulation type electric furnace, thermal decomposition was performed by heat-treating at 350 ° C. for 15 minutes.
- the amount of metal in the formed catalyst layer was 4 g / m 2 .
- FIG. 3 shows a graph plotting the electrode potential at an oxidation current of 0.1 A / cm 2 with respect to the number of cycles. The value of the electrode potential in FIG. 3 was calculated from the polarization curve (sweep speed: 5 mV / s) shown in FIG.
- the change (deterioration) of the electrode potential was almost the same.
- E min 0.7 V
- the deterioration is slow, and it can be seen that the more noble the value of E min , the less the stress on the anode.
- the deterioration behavior of the electrode is based on the anode potential in the Je step, and the region A in which the electrode shows stable catalytic performance, the region B in which the electrode deteriorates rapidly, and the performance of the reduced catalyst are shown. It can be divided into three main regions, region C, which is equivalent to the nickel substrate. In the surface observation by SEM, it was confirmed that the catalyst was consumed in the anode that reached the region C.
- E min Step duration T min effect As shown in FIG. 1, the holding potential (E min ) in the E min step was fixed at 0.5 V, and the evaluation was performed by changing only the duration T min .
- FIG. 6 shows a graph plotting the electrode potential at an oxidation current of 0.1 A / cm 2 with respect to the number of cycles. The value of the electrode potential in FIG. 6 was calculated from the polarization curve (sweep speed: 5 mV / s) shown in FIG. 7.
- Example 3 Effect of scan rate SR of LSV step: As shown in FIG. 1, the holding potential (E min ) in the E min step was fixed at 0.5 V and the duration T min was fixed at 60 s, and the evaluation was performed by changing only the scan rate SR in the LSV step. 9 and 10 show graphs plotting the electrode potential at an oxidation current of 0.1 A / cm 2 with respect to the number of cycles. Of the scan rates SR 50 mV / s and 500 mV / s, the electrodes showed better durability at 500 mV / s. Further, as shown in FIG. 10, in the case of the scan rate SR50 mV / s, it can be seen that the B region appeared from a small number of cycles. As described above, it is clear that slowing the scan rate SR accelerates the progress of the deterioration reaction on the anode surface.
- FIG. 11 shows a graph plotting the electrode potential at an oxidation current of 0.1 A / cm 2 with respect to the number of cycles. The value of the electrode potential in FIG. 11 was calculated from the polarization curve (sweep speed: 5 mV / s) shown in FIG.
- the interval between OCP steps has a great influence on the improvement of the durability of the electrodes.
- the range (region A) in which the anode exhibits stable catalytic activity is clearly expanded, and since the OCP step is present, the traveling speed in the subsequent region (region B) is high. It can be seen that it has decreased significantly.
- Example 4 it was found that the durability of the electrode catalyst is significantly improved by providing the OCP step. Although the reason is not always clear, by keeping the circuit open, the structural change of the catalyst layer caused in the Je step is alleviated and recovered, and the progress of deterioration in the subsequent E min step is suppressed. Guessed. Since this phenomenon may occur even in an actual machine, it is possible to establish a durability acceleration evaluation method that is more compatible with the actual machine by providing an OCP step.
- the method for accelerating the anode of the present invention is useful as a method for accelerating the evaluation of an anode for alkaline water electrolysis such as an oxygen generating electrode powered by a power source having a large output fluctuation such as renewable energy.
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Abstract
Description
[1]アノードの耐久性を水溶液電解質中で電気化学操作して加速的に評価するアノードの加速評価方法であって、持続時間Teで0.1A/cm2以上の酸化電流を前記アノードに負荷するJeステップと、持続時間Tminで開回路電位よりも卑の一定電位に前記アノードを保持するEminステップと、を有し、前記Jeステップ及び前記Eminステップを、それぞれ100回以上繰り返すアノードの加速評価方法。
[2]前記持続時間Te及び前記持続時間Tminが、それぞれ120s以下である前記[1]に記載のアノードの加速評価方法。
[3]前記Jeステップと前記Eminステップの間に、前記Jeステップ終了時の電位より卑な電位から開始するリニア掃引ボルタンメトリーを前記アノードに実施するLSVステップをさらに有し、前記リニア掃引ボルタンメトリーのスキャンレートSRの範囲が、50~500mV/sである前記[1]又は[2]に記載のアノードの加速評価方法。
[4]前記Jeステップと前記LSVステップの間に、開回路電位に前記アノードを保持するOCPステップをさらに有し、前記開回路電位に保持する保持時間が、10~60sである前記[3]に記載のアノードの加速評価方法。
[5]前記Eminステップにおいて、開回路電位よりも0.6~1.0V卑の電位に前記アノードを保持する前記[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載のアノードの加速評価方法。
[6]前記アノードが酸素発生電極である前記[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載のアノードの加速評価方法。
次に、評価対象となるアノードにつき、アルカリ水電解用アノードを例に挙げて説明する。アルカリ水電解用アノード(以下、単に「アノード」とも記す)は、例えば、導電性基体と、導電性基体の表面上に任意に形成される中間層と、中間層の表面上に形成された触媒層とを備える。
硝酸ニッケル及び硝酸コバルトを純水に溶解させて、ニッケル(Ni):コバルト(Co)のモル比がNi:Co=33.3:66.7である塗布液を得た。得られた塗布液を、塗布1回当たりのメタル量が1g/m2となるように表面処理したニッケル基体の表面に塗布した後、室温で10分間及び60℃で10分間乾燥させた。次いで、空気循環式の電気炉中、350℃で15分間熱処理する熱分解を行った。塗布液の塗布から熱分解までの処理を4回繰り返して、ニッケル基体の表面上に触媒層(組成:NiCo2O4)が形成されたアルカリ水電解用陽極(n=1及び2)を得た。形成された触媒層のメタル量は4g/m2であった。
Eminステップの影響:
図1に示すように、再生可能なエネルギーなどの電力の実際の変動を模擬するために、JeステップとEminステップの間に、Jeステップ終了時の電位を1.5V vs.RHEに保持するとともに、その電位から500mV/sのスキャンレートSRでLSVを実施するLSVステップを設けた。RHEに対してEmin=0.3、0.5、及び0.7Vとし、このステップの持続時間Tminを60sとして実施した。サイクル数に対して酸化電流0.1A/cm2における電極電位をプロットしたグラフを図3に示す。図3中の電極電位の値は、図4に示す分極曲線(スイープ速度:5mV/s)から算出した。
Eminステップの持続時間Tminの影響:
図1に示すように、Eminステップにおける保持電位(Emin)を0.5Vに固定し、持続時間Tminのみを変えて評価を実施した。サイクル数に対して酸化電流0.1A/cm2における電極電位をプロットしたグラフを図6に示す。図6中の電極電位の値は、図7に示す分極曲線(スイープ速度:5mV/s)から算出した。
LSVステップのスキャンレートSRの影響:
図1に示すように、Eminステップにおける保持電位(Emin)を0.5V及び持続時間Tminを60sに固定し、LSVステップのスキャンレートSRのみを変えて評価を実施した。サイクル数に対して酸化電流0.1A/cm2における電極電位をプロットしたグラフを図9及び10に示す。スキャンレートSR50mV/s及び500mV/sのうち、500mV/sとした場合に電極はより良好な耐久性を示した。また、図10に示すように、スキャンレートSR50mV/sの場合、B領域が少ないサイクル数から出現したことがわかる。このように、スキャンレートSRを遅くすることで、アノード表面の劣化反応の進行が加速されることが明らかである。
OCPステップの影響:
図2に示すように、JeステップとLSVステップの間に、開回路電位に前記アノードを保持するOCPステップをさらに設けて評価を実施した。なお、Eminステップの保持電位を0.5V、持続時間Tminを60sに固定し、OCPステップの保持時間のみを10~60sの範囲で変えて評価を実施した。サイクル数に対して酸化電流0.1A/cm2における電極電位をプロットしたグラフを図11に示す。図11中の電極電位の値は、図12に示す分極曲線(スイープ速度:5mV/s)から算出した。
Claims (6)
- アノードの耐久性を水溶液電解質中で電気化学操作して加速的に評価するアノードの加速評価方法であって、
持続時間Teで0.1A/cm2以上の酸化電流を前記アノードに負荷するJeステップと、
持続時間Tminで開回路電位よりも卑の一定電位に前記アノードを保持するEminステップと、を有し、
前記Jeステップ及び前記Eminステップを、それぞれ100回以上繰り返すアノードの加速評価方法。 - 前記持続時間Te及び前記持続時間Tminが、それぞれ120s以下である請求項1に記載のアノードの加速評価方法。
- 前記Jeステップと前記Eminステップの間に、前記Jeステップ終了時の電位より卑な電位から開始するリニア掃引ボルタンメトリーを前記アノードに実施するLSVステップをさらに有し、
前記リニア掃引ボルタンメトリーのスキャンレートSRの範囲が、50~500mV/sである請求項1又は2に記載のアノードの加速評価方法。 - 前記Jeステップと前記LSVステップの間に、開回路電位に前記アノードを保持するOCPステップをさらに有し、
前記開回路電位に保持する保持時間が、10~60sである請求項3に記載のアノードの加速評価方法。 - 前記Eminステップにおいて、開回路電位よりも0.6~1.0V卑の電位に前記アノードを保持する請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載のアノードの加速評価方法。
- 前記アノードが酸素発生電極である請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載のアノードの加速評価方法。
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| CN202180077967.8A CN116472366B (zh) | 2020-11-20 | 2021-11-17 | 阳极的加速评价方法 |
| KR1020237019023A KR20230101884A (ko) | 2020-11-20 | 2021-11-17 | 애노드의 가속 평가 방법 |
| CA3197436A CA3197436C (en) | 2020-11-20 | 2021-11-17 | Accelerated evaluation method for anode |
| EP21894701.8A EP4249637A4 (en) | 2020-11-20 | 2021-11-17 | ACCELERATED ANODE EVALUATION PROCESS |
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| EP4249637A1 (en) | 2023-09-27 |
| US12467901B2 (en) | 2025-11-11 |
| EP4249637A4 (en) | 2025-06-18 |
| KR20230101884A (ko) | 2023-07-06 |
| JP2022081975A (ja) | 2022-06-01 |
| CN116472366A (zh) | 2023-07-21 |
| CA3197436A1 (en) | 2022-05-27 |
| JP7576260B2 (ja) | 2024-10-31 |
| CN116472366B (zh) | 2025-10-28 |
| US20230408444A1 (en) | 2023-12-21 |
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