WO2022067485A1 - 电池充电方法、装置及存储介质 - Google Patents

电池充电方法、装置及存储介质 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022067485A1
WO2022067485A1 PCT/CN2020/118762 CN2020118762W WO2022067485A1 WO 2022067485 A1 WO2022067485 A1 WO 2022067485A1 CN 2020118762 W CN2020118762 W CN 2020118762W WO 2022067485 A1 WO2022067485 A1 WO 2022067485A1
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Prior art keywords
voltage
lithium
ion battery
cut
charging
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PCT/CN2020/118762
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English (en)
French (fr)
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史东洋
刘斯通
金海族
李白清
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宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司
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Priority to CN202080102875.6A priority Critical patent/CN116018707A/zh
Priority to EP20953498.1A priority patent/EP4020662A4/en
Priority to PCT/CN2020/118762 priority patent/WO2022067485A1/zh
Priority to US17/705,524 priority patent/US20220221519A1/en
Publication of WO2022067485A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022067485A1/zh

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/3644—Constructional arrangements
    • G01R31/3648—Constructional arrangements comprising digital calculation means, e.g. for performing an algorithm
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/378—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC] specially adapted for the type of battery or accumulator
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/392—Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to lithium ion battery technology, in particular to a battery charging method, device and storage medium.
  • the present invention provides a battery charging method, device and storage medium, so as to ensure the service life of the lithium ion battery while reducing N/P.
  • the battery management system (Battery Management System, referred to as: BMS) obtains the initial charge cut-off voltage determined based on the design N/P value of the lithium-ion battery. At this initial charge cut-off voltage, the negative electrode of the lithium-ion battery will reach the maximum embedded Lithium capacity without lithium precipitation;
  • the BMS monitors the state of health (State of Heath, SOH) of the lithium-ion battery during battery use, and determines the SOH loss of the lithium-ion battery;
  • BMS increases the charge cut-off voltage of the next charge according to the SOH loss, so that the positive electrode can release more lithium during the next charge process to make up for the loss of active lithium (ie SOH loss) during the cycle process.
  • the negative electrode material has basically no loss, always Maintain the maximum lithium intercalation amount of the negative electrode, ensure that the capacity does not decay, and achieve a long life of the lithium ion battery.
  • the present invention provides a battery charging method, which is suitable for a lithium-ion battery with an N/P range of 0.5-1.1.
  • the method includes: the power management system obtains the SOH loss of the lithium ion battery; the power management system determines the charge cutoff voltage of the next charging according to the SOH loss, the initial charge cutoff voltage and the voltage correction coefficient of the lithium ion battery.
  • the initial charge cut-off voltage is determined according to N/P, and the charge cut-off voltage increases with the increase of charging times.
  • the above-mentioned power management system determines the charging cut-off voltage of the next charging according to the SOH loss, the initial charging cut-off voltage and the voltage correction coefficient of the lithium-ion battery, including:
  • the power management system determines the charge cut-off voltage for the next charge according to the following formula:
  • U represents the charge cut-off voltage of the next charge
  • U 0 represents the initial charge cut-off voltage
  • ⁇ SOH represents the SOH loss
  • ⁇ represents the voltage correction coefficient
  • the battery charging method may further include at least one of the following: :
  • the power management system obtains the initial charge cutoff voltage, which is based on the maximum charge capacity per unit mass of the positive electrode material of the lithium ion battery, the voltage capacity differential curve of the positive electrode material, the safety redundancy factor, the lower limit cutoff voltage used by the lithium ion battery, and N/P determined;
  • the voltage correction coefficient of the power management system is determined according to the maximum charging capacity per unit mass of the cathode material of the lithium ion battery, the voltage capacity differential curve of the cathode material, the voltage compensation coefficient and the first Coulomb efficiency of the lithium ion battery.
  • the initial charge cut-off voltage is determined according to the following formula:
  • U 0 represents the initial charge cut-off voltage
  • C 0 represents the maximum charging capacity per unit mass of the positive electrode material of the lithium-ion battery
  • a represents the safety redundancy coefficient
  • U low represents the lower limit cut-off voltage of the lithium-ion battery.
  • the voltage correction coefficient is determined according to the following formula:
  • ⁇ represents the voltage correction coefficient
  • C 0 represents the maximum charging capacity per unit mass of the positive electrode material of the lithium ion battery
  • b represents the voltage compensation coefficient
  • ICE represents the first coulombic efficiency of the lithium-ion battery.
  • the present invention provides a battery charging device, which is suitable for lithium-ion batteries with an N/P range of 0.5-1.1.
  • the battery charging device includes:
  • the acquisition module is used to acquire the SOH loss of the lithium-ion battery
  • the processing module is used to determine the charging cut-off voltage of the next charging according to the SOH loss, the initial charging cut-off voltage and the voltage correction coefficient of the lithium-ion battery, wherein the initial charging cut-off voltage is determined according to N/P, and the charging cut-off voltage varies with the charging increased with increasing frequency.
  • the processing module is specifically used for:
  • U represents the charge cut-off voltage of the next charge
  • U 0 represents the initial charge cut-off voltage
  • ⁇ SOH represents the SOH loss
  • ⁇ represents the voltage correction coefficient
  • processing module is also used for:
  • the initial charging cut-off voltage is obtained, and the initial charging cut-off voltage is based on the maximum unit mass of the positive electrode material of the lithium-ion battery. Determined by charging capacity, voltage-capacity differential curve of positive electrode material, safety redundancy factor, lower limit cut-off voltage and N/P of lithium-ion battery;
  • the voltage correction coefficient is obtained, and the voltage correction coefficient is based on the unit mass of the positive electrode material of the lithium-ion battery.
  • the maximum charging capacity, the voltage-capacity differential curve of the cathode material, the voltage compensation coefficient and the first coulombic efficiency of the lithium-ion battery were determined.
  • the initial charge cut-off voltage is determined according to the following formula:
  • U 0 represents the initial charge cut-off voltage
  • C 0 represents the maximum charging capacity per unit mass of the positive electrode material of the lithium-ion battery
  • a represents the safety redundancy coefficient
  • U low represents the lower limit cut-off voltage of the lithium-ion battery.
  • the voltage correction coefficient is determined according to the following formula:
  • ⁇ represents the voltage correction coefficient
  • C 0 represents the maximum charging capacity per unit mass of the positive electrode material of the lithium ion battery
  • b represents the voltage compensation coefficient
  • ICE represents the first coulombic efficiency of the lithium-ion battery.
  • N/P ranges from 0.8 to 1.0.
  • the safety redundancy factor is greater than or equal to 1, and the safety redundancy factor is less than or equal to 1.3.
  • the safety redundancy factor is greater than or equal to 1.03, and the safety redundancy factor is less than or equal to 1.08.
  • the voltage compensation coefficient is greater than 0, and the voltage compensation coefficient is less than or equal to 1.
  • the present invention provides a power management system for executing the method according to any one of the first aspects.
  • the present invention provides an electronic device, comprising: a memory and a processor;
  • memory is used to store program instructions
  • a processor is configured to invoke program instructions in the memory to perform the method of any one of the first aspects.
  • the present invention provides a readable storage medium on which a computer program is stored; when the computer program is executed, the method according to any one of the first aspects is implemented.
  • FIG. 1 is an example diagram of an application scenario provided by the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a battery charging method provided by an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a voltage-capacitance differential curve diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a voltage-capacity curve diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the relationship between the voltage correction coefficient and the charge cut-off voltage according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a battery charging device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of an electronic device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the battery design in order to ensure that the negative electrode does not precipitate lithium, the battery design usually has an excess negative electrode, that is, N/P>1 (N/P is the ratio of the negative electrode capacity per unit area to the positive electrode capacity per unit area), which is generally between 1.03 and 1.15. between.
  • the final failure mode of lithium-ion batteries is a series of side reactions of active lithium and capacity loss caused by changes in the local crystal structure of the cathode material, while the electrochemical activity of the anode active material graphite is basically ineffective. change, that is, the anode always maintains a good ability to deintercalate lithium.
  • the present invention provides a battery charging method, device and storage medium.
  • the coating amount of the negative electrode of the lithium ion battery is reduced, and the N/P is reduced.
  • the non-attenuated lithium-deintercalation capability achieves both long life, energy density and low cost of lithium-ion batteries.
  • FIG. 1 is an example diagram of an application scenario provided by the present invention.
  • an electric vehicle includes, but is not limited to, a motor, a controller, and a battery.
  • the battery is the lithium-ion battery, which provides electric energy for the driving motor of the electric vehicle;
  • the controller is the core control device used to control the start, operation, advance and retreat, speed, stop of the electric vehicle and other electronic devices of the electric vehicle;
  • the motor the The electrical energy of the battery is converted into mechanical energy, either through a transmission or directly to drive the wheels and work equipment.
  • the condition for each charging end is that the voltage between the positive and negative electrodes of the lithium ion battery reaches the charging cut-off voltage.
  • the charge cut-off voltage is set when the lithium-ion battery leaves the factory. Considering the SOH attenuation of lithium-ion batteries, usually, the charge cut-off voltage is set higher at the factory.
  • the present invention reduces the N/P of the lithium ion battery and continuously adjusts the charge cut-off voltage during use. In the prior art, the charge cut-off voltage of the same lithium-ion battery is lower.
  • FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a battery charging method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the embodiment of the present invention provides a battery charging method, which is suitable for a lithium ion battery with an N/P range of 0.5-1.1.
  • the battery charging method includes the following steps:
  • BMS obtains the SOH loss of the lithium-ion battery
  • the BMS determines the charge cut-off voltage for the next charging according to the SOH loss, the initial charge cut-off voltage of the lithium ion battery, and the voltage correction coefficient.
  • the initial charge cut-off voltage is determined according to N/P, and the charge cut-off voltage increases with the increase of charging times.
  • the present invention reduces the coating weight of the negative electrode and reduces the N/P to 0.5-1.1 through the design optimization of the lithium ion battery.
  • the negative electrode lithium storage space and the non-fading lithium intercalation capacity are always maximized throughout the life cycle to achieve both high energy density and long life.
  • the lithium-ion battery gradually ages and its performance deteriorates.
  • the SOH of the lithium-ion battery is monitored by BMS to obtain the SOH loss of the lithium-ion battery.
  • the BMS may record the charge and discharge capacity of the battery in a fixed SOC interval at regular intervals.
  • the discharge capacity of the battery in the initial state of 20%-80% SOC is C1
  • the discharge capacity in the same 20%-80% SOC range is C2
  • the SOH loss may also be acquired in other ways, for example, it may be acquired automatically by sensors; or, it may also be manually set based on user interaction, etc., which should not be limited here.
  • the BMS determines the charge cut-off voltage for the next charge based on the SOH loss, the initial charge cut-off voltage of the lithium-ion battery, and the voltage correction coefficient.
  • the aging of the performance of lithium-ion batteries is mainly due to the loss of positive electrode material and active lithium.
  • BMS increases the charge cut-off voltage of the next charge according to the SOH loss, so that the positive electrode can release more lithium during the next charge process.
  • the maximum lithium intercalation amount of the negative electrode is always maintained to ensure that the capacity does not decay, and to achieve a long life of the lithium-ion battery.
  • the battery charging method of the embodiment of the present invention is suitable for lithium ion batteries with an N/P range of 0.5 to 1.1.
  • the method includes: the power management system obtains the SOH loss of the lithium ion battery, and according to the SOH loss, the initial value of the lithium ion battery
  • the charging cut-off voltage and voltage correction coefficient determine the charging cut-off voltage for the next charging.
  • the initial charging cut-off voltage is determined according to N/P, and the charging cut-off voltage increases with the increase of charging times.
  • the N/P range is 0.5-1.1, the amount of negative electrode is reduced, so the cost can be reduced and the energy density can be improved; Lithium precipitation occurs, so that the service life of the lithium-ion battery can be ensured while reducing N/P.
  • the BMS determines the charging cut-off voltage for the next charging according to the SOH loss, the initial charging cut-off voltage and the voltage correction coefficient of the lithium-ion battery, which may be specifically:
  • the power management system determines the charge cut-off voltage for the next charge according to the following formula:
  • U represents the charge cut-off voltage of the next charge
  • U 0 represents the initial charge cut-off voltage
  • ⁇ SOH represents the SOH loss
  • ⁇ represents the voltage correction coefficient
  • the BMS also needs to determine the initial charge cut-off voltage and voltage correction coefficient of the lithium-ion battery before determining the charge-off voltage of the next charge according to the SOH loss, the initial charge-off voltage and the voltage correction coefficient of the lithium-ion battery. Therefore, the battery charging method further includes at least one of the following:
  • the power management system obtains the initial charge cutoff voltage, which is based on the maximum charge capacity per unit mass of the positive electrode material of the lithium ion battery, the voltage capacity differential curve of the positive electrode material, the safety redundancy factor, the lower limit cutoff voltage used by the lithium ion battery, and The N/P is determined;
  • the power management system obtains the voltage correction coefficient, which is determined according to the maximum charging capacity per unit mass of the positive electrode material of the lithium ion battery, the voltage capacity differential curve of the positive electrode material, the voltage compensation coefficient and the first coulombic efficiency of the lithium ion battery.
  • the initial charge cut-off voltage is determined according to the following formula:
  • U 0 represents the initial charge cut-off voltage
  • C 0 represents the maximum charging capacity per unit mass of the positive electrode material of the lithium-ion battery
  • a represents the safety redundancy coefficient
  • U low represents the lower limit cut-off voltage of the lithium-ion battery.
  • the initial charge cut-off voltage depends on the material system and N/P of the lithium-ion battery. For each determined material system, the initial charge cut-off voltage can be calculated from the above formula. After the initial charge cut-off voltage of the lithium-ion battery is determined, it is input to the BMS. Under the initial charge cut-off voltage, the negative electrode of the lithium-ion battery can achieve the maximum lithium intercalation capacity without lithium precipitation.
  • the safety redundancy factor is greater than or equal to 1, and the safety redundancy factor is less than or equal to 1.3. Furthermore, the safety redundancy factor is greater than or equal to 1.03, and the safety redundancy factor is less than or equal to 1.08.
  • Figure 3 is the voltage-capacity differential curve of the NCM811 positive electrode material, and the physical meaning of the ordinate dU/dQ represents the increase in voltage caused by the change in unit capacity.
  • U low is generally 2.8V
  • the maximum charging capacity C 0 per unit mass is 201mAh/g.
  • N/P is 1 and a is 1.05
  • the abscissa capacity is integrated in the range from 0 to 191.4mAh/g, and the voltage increment when the positive electrode is removed from 191.4mAh/g can be obtained.
  • the sum of the lower limit cut-off voltage U low and the above-mentioned voltage increment is the initial charge cut-off voltage.
  • the initial charge cut-off voltage can also be obtained according to the voltage-capacity curve of the positive electrode material.
  • Figure 4 shows the voltage-capacity curve of the NCM811 positive electrode material.
  • the amount of lithium removal from the positive electrode is 191.4mAh/g
  • the corresponding voltage when the amount of lithium removal from the positive electrode is 191.4mAh/g can be directly obtained according to the voltage-capacity curve, which is the initial charge cut-off voltage.
  • the initial charge cut-off voltage of different material systems and N/P will be calculated in advance offline and input directly to the BMS.
  • the voltage correction factor is determined according to the following formula:
  • ⁇ represents the voltage correction coefficient
  • C 0 represents the maximum charging capacity per unit mass of the positive electrode material of the lithium ion battery
  • b represents the voltage compensation coefficient
  • ICE represents the first coulombic efficiency of the lithium-ion battery.
  • the voltage compensation coefficient is greater than 0, and the voltage compensation coefficient is less than or equal to 1.
  • the voltage compensation coefficient is equal to 1, the negative electrode always maintains the maximum amount of lithium intercalation; when the voltage compensation coefficient is less than 1, the negative electrode can leave more margin, which is beneficial to the long life of the lithium-ion battery.
  • the initial charge cut-off voltage is proportional to N/P, and the smaller N/P is, the corresponding initial charge cut-off voltage will decrease accordingly.
  • both the initial charge cut-off voltage and the voltage correction factor are also related to the material system of the lithium-ion battery.
  • the initial charge cut-off voltage U0 can be controlled at 3.4-4.5V , and the SOH decreases by 1%.
  • the charge cut-off voltage can be increased accordingly (voltage correction coefficient ⁇ is any value from 1 to 30 mV).
  • the non-deteriorating lithium intercalation and delithiation capability of the negative electrode can be maximized while ensuring that the negative electrode does not precipitate lithium, thereby achieving low cost and ultra-long life. and high energy density, and the battery capacity remains unchanged, improving the end-user experience.
  • Table 1 shows the charging parameters corresponding to different material systems and different N/P (including initial charge cut-off voltage, voltage correction coefficient and charge cut-off voltage):
  • the positive active material ternary material nickel cobalt manganese (NCM811), the conductive agent acetylene black, and the binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) are mixed uniformly in a mass ratio of 97:2:1 and added to the solvent NMP to make a positive electrode slurry
  • the positive electrode slurry is uniformly coated on the positive electrode current collector aluminum foil, dried at 85°C, and then cold-pressed, and then die-cutting and slitting to make a lithium-ion battery positive electrode sheet.
  • the negative electrode active material graphite, conductive agent acetylene black, thickener sodium hydroxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and binder styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) were added to solvent water in a mass ratio of 96:2:1:1, mixed uniformly and prepared.
  • a negative electrode slurry is formed; the negative electrode slurry is uniformly coated on the copper foil of the negative electrode current collector, dried at 85° C. and then cold-pressed to prepare a lithium ion battery negative electrode sheet.
  • porous isolation film Using polyethylene microporous film as the base material of porous isolation film, inorganic trialumina powder, polyethylene pyrrolidone, and acetone solvent are mixed uniformly in a weight ratio of 3:1.5:5.5 to make a slurry and coated on the base material. One side and drying to obtain a release film.
  • the design rated capacity is 85Ah.
  • the lithium ion battery in Example 3 of the present invention is basically the same as the lithium ion battery in Example 1 of the present invention, except that the material used for the positive electrode is NCM622.
  • the lithium ion battery in Example 5 of the present invention is basically the same as the lithium ion battery in Example 1 of the present invention, except that the material used for the positive electrode is NCM523.
  • the lithium ion battery in Example 7 of the present invention is basically the same as the lithium ion battery in Example 1 of the present invention, except that the material used for the positive electrode is NCM333.
  • the lithium ion battery in Example 9 of the present invention is basically the same as the lithium ion battery in Example 1 of the present invention, except that the material used for the positive electrode is lithium iron phosphate.
  • the lithium ion battery of Example 11 of the present invention is basically the same as the lithium ion battery of Example 1 of the present invention, except that the material used for the positive electrode is lithium manganate.
  • the lithium ion battery in Example 12 of the present invention is basically the same as the lithium ion battery in Example 1 of the present invention, except that the material used for the positive electrode is lithium manganate, and the N/P of the battery is 0.9.
  • the lithium ion battery of Comparative Example 2 of the present invention is basically the same as the lithium ion battery of Example 1 of the present invention.
  • Capacity Retention Rate and Energy Throughput In order to characterize the influence of the solution of the present invention on the life of a lithium-ion battery, the lithium-ion battery of the above embodiment and the lithium-ion battery of the comparative example were respectively tested by the battery charging method of the present invention and the conventional battery charging method.
  • the 0.5C/1C cycle test was carried out at 25°C to investigate its capacity retention rate and energy throughput.
  • the cycle capacity retention rate is the ratio of the discharge capacity after different cycles to the second 1C discharge capacity
  • the energy throughput is the total energy released in the life cycle of 5000 cycles.
  • Example 1 the battery charging method of the present invention was adopted; first, according to the N/P of the lithium ion battery being 1, the initial charge cut-off voltage of the lithium ion battery was determined to be 4.15V; ), and gradually increase the charge cut-off voltage. From the results (Table 2), using the battery charging method of the present invention, after 5000 cycles, the capacity retention rate is maintained at about 99.8%, and there is basically no attenuation.
  • the lithium-ion battery designed by the present invention has the following advantages:
  • the present invention has at least the following advantages:
  • the charging cut-off voltage of the next charge is adjusted in real time, and the lithium intercalation capacity of the negative electrode has been maximized to improve the lifespan of the lithium-ion battery;
  • the initial charge cut-off voltage of the lithium-ion battery is low in the initial stage, and the charge cut-off voltage will be gradually increased in the later stage with the loss of SOH of the lithium-ion battery.
  • traditional lithium-ion batteries have been kept at high voltages. Therefore, the present invention reduces the use time of the lithium ion battery under high potential, thereby reducing many side reactions, reducing the consumption of active lithium and electrolyte additives and the electrolyte itself, and prolonging the service life of the lithium ion battery;
  • the total amount of negative electrode is reduced to ensure that the cruising range in the life cycle is not affected, and more space is saved to further improve the energy density.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a battery charging device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the battery charging device can be implemented by software and/or hardware.
  • the battery charging device may be an electronic device such as a car, computer, mobile phone, tablet, etc. that is equipped with a BMS and uses a lithium-ion battery, and the N/P of the lithium-ion battery is in the range of 0.5 to 1.1; or, the battery is charged
  • a device may be a chip or circuit in an electronic device.
  • the battery charging device 30 of this embodiment includes:
  • the processing module 32 is configured to determine the charging cut-off voltage of the next charging according to the SOH loss, the initial charging cut-off voltage and the voltage correction coefficient of the lithium ion battery. Among them, the initial charge cut-off voltage is determined according to N/P, and the charge cut-off voltage increases with the increase of charging times.
  • the battery charging device provided in the embodiments of the present invention can implement the technical solutions shown in the foregoing method embodiments, and the implementation principles and beneficial effects thereof are similar, which will not be repeated here.
  • the N/P range is 0.8-1.0.
  • processing module 32 may be specifically used to:
  • U represents the charge cut-off voltage of the next charge
  • U 0 represents the initial charge cut-off voltage
  • ⁇ SOH represents the SOH loss
  • ⁇ represents the voltage correction coefficient
  • processing module 32 can also be used for:
  • the initial charge cut-off voltage and the voltage correction coefficient of the lithium-ion battery obtain the initial charge cut-off voltage, which is based on the maximum unit mass of the lithium-ion battery cathode material. Determined by charging capacity, voltage-capacity differential curve of positive electrode material, safety redundancy factor, lower limit cut-off voltage and N/P of lithium-ion battery;
  • the voltage correction coefficient is obtained, and the voltage correction coefficient is based on the unit mass of the positive electrode material of the lithium-ion battery.
  • the maximum charging capacity, the voltage-capacity differential curve of the cathode material, the voltage compensation coefficient and the first coulombic efficiency of the lithium-ion battery were determined.
  • the initial charge cutoff voltage is determined according to the following formula:
  • U 0 represents the initial charge cut-off voltage
  • C 0 represents the maximum charging capacity per unit mass of the positive electrode material of the lithium-ion battery
  • a represents the safety redundancy coefficient
  • U low represents the lower limit cut-off voltage of the lithium-ion battery.
  • the voltage correction factor is determined according to the following formula:
  • ⁇ represents the voltage correction coefficient
  • C 0 represents the maximum charging capacity per unit mass of the positive electrode material of the lithium ion battery
  • b represents the voltage compensation coefficient
  • ICE represents the first coulombic efficiency of the lithium-ion battery.
  • the safety redundancy factor is greater than or equal to 1, and the safety redundancy factor is less than or equal to 1.3. Further, the safety redundancy factor is greater than or equal to 1.03, and the safety redundancy factor is less than or equal to 1.08.
  • the voltage compensation coefficient is greater than 0, and the voltage compensation coefficient is less than or equal to 1.
  • the present invention further provides a power management system, which is used for executing the method described in any of the above method embodiments.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of an electronic device according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Figure 7:
  • Electronic device 800 may include one or more of the following components: processing component 802 , memory 804 , power supply component 806 , multimedia component 808 , audio component 810 , input/output (I/O) interface 812 , and communication component 814 .
  • the processing component 802 generally controls the overall operation of the electronic device 800, such as operations associated with data communication and recording operations.
  • the processing component 802 can include one or more processors 820 to execute instructions to perform all or some of the steps of the methods described above.
  • processing component 802 may include one or more modules that facilitate interaction between processing component 802 and other components.
  • processing component 802 may include a multimedia module to facilitate interaction between multimedia component 808 and processing component 802.
  • Memory 804 is configured to store various types of data to support operation at electronic device 800 . Examples of such data include instructions, messages, pictures, videos, etc. for any application or method operating on the electronic device 800 .
  • Memory 804 may be implemented by any type of volatile or nonvolatile storage device or combination thereof, such as static random access memory (SRAM), electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM), Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM), Read Only Memory (ROM), Magnetic Memory, Flash Memory, Magnetic or Optical Disk.
  • SRAM static random access memory
  • EEPROM electrically erasable programmable read only memory
  • EPROM erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
  • PROM Programmable Read Only Memory
  • ROM Read Only Memory
  • Magnetic Memory Flash Memory
  • Magnetic or Optical Disk Magnetic Disk
  • Power supply assembly 806 provides power to various components of electronic device 800 .
  • Power supply components 806 may include a power management system, one or more power supplies, and other components associated with generating, managing, and distributing power to electronic device 800 .
  • Multimedia component 808 includes a screen that provides an output interface between electronic device 800 and the user.
  • the screen may include a liquid crystal display (LCD) and a touch panel (TP). If the screen includes a touch panel, the screen may be implemented as a touch screen to receive input signals from a user.
  • the touch panel includes one or more touch sensors to sense touch, swipe, and gestures on the touch panel. The touch sensor may not only sense the boundaries of a touch or swipe action, but also detect the duration and pressure associated with the touch or swipe action.
  • Audio component 810 is configured to output and/or input audio signals.
  • audio component 810 includes a microphone (MIC) that is configured to receive external audio signals when electronic device 800 is in operating modes, such as recording mode and voice recognition mode. The received audio signal may be further stored in memory 804 or transmitted via communication component 814 .
  • audio component 810 also includes a speaker for outputting audio signals.
  • the I/O interface 812 provides an interface between the processing component 802 and a peripheral interface module, which may be a keyboard, a click wheel, a button, or the like. These buttons may include, but are not limited to, volume buttons, start buttons, and lock buttons.
  • Communication component 814 is configured to facilitate wired or wireless communication between electronic device 800 and other devices.
  • Electronic device 800 may access wireless networks based on communication standards, such as WiFi, 2G or 3G, or a combination thereof.
  • the communication component 814 receives broadcast signals or broadcast related information from an external broadcast management system via a broadcast channel.
  • electronic device 800 may be implemented by one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable A programmed gate array (FPGA), controller, microcontroller, microprocessor or other electronic component implementation is used to perform the above method.
  • ASICs application specific integrated circuits
  • DSPs digital signal processors
  • DSPDs digital signal processing devices
  • PLDs programmable logic devices
  • FPGA field programmable A programmed gate array
  • controller microcontroller, microprocessor or other electronic component implementation is used to perform the above method.
  • the electronic device in this embodiment can be used to execute the technical solutions in the foregoing method embodiments, and the implementation principles and technical effects thereof are similar, and details are not repeated here.
  • the present invention also provides a readable storage medium, where a computer program is stored on the readable storage medium, and when the computer program is executed, the method described in any of the foregoing embodiments is implemented.
  • the present invention can also make appropriate changes and modifications to the above-mentioned embodiments. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and described above, and some modifications and changes to the present invention should also fall within the protection scope of the claims of the present invention.
  • some specific terms are used in this specification, these terms are only for convenience of description and do not constitute any limitation to the present invention.

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Abstract

一种电池充电方法、装置及存储介质，适用于N/P范围为0.5～1.1的锂离子电池，此方法包括：电源管理系统获取锂离子电池的SOH损失，并根据该SOH损失、锂离子电池的初始充电截止电压和电压校正系数，确定下一次充电的充电截止电压，初始充电截止电压是根据N/P确定的，充电截止电压随充电次数的增多而提高。由于N/P范围为0.5～1.1，降低了负极的用量，因此可以降低成本；由于根据SOH损失提高下一次充电的充电截止电压，保证锂离子电池不发生析锂，从而在降低N/P的同时，可保证锂离子电池的使用寿命。

Description

电池充电方法、装置及存储介质 技术领域
本发明涉及锂离子电池技术，尤其涉及一种电池充电方法、装置及存储介质。
背景技术
随着锂离子电池技术的不断发展，锂离子电池在新能源汽车、通信等方面的应用日益普遍。终端市场对锂离子电池的高能量密度、长寿命、低成本等的追求是不变趋势。在实际情况中，技术人员希望提高放电截止电压，让电池释放更多的电量，实现电池高能量密度的性能表现。高放电截止电压的条件往往会带来电池内部非预期的副反应，影响电池寿命。因此，现有技术条件下，高能量密度与超长寿命的需求、低成本往往难以兼顾。
发明内容
本发明提供一种电池充电方法、装置及存储介质，以在降低N/P的同时，保证锂离子电池的使用寿命。
为了达到上述目的，本发明的技术方案如下：
1)电池管理系统(Battery Management System，简称：BMS)获取锂离子电池的基于设计N/P值确定的初始充电截止电压，在该初始充电截止电压下，锂离子电池的负极会达到最大的嵌锂能力且不发生析锂；
2)BMS在电池使用过程中监控锂离子电池的健康状态(State of Heath，简称：SOH)，确定锂离子电池的SOH损失；
3)BMS根据SOH损失提高下一次充电的充电截止电压，使正极在下次充电过程中脱出更多的锂来弥补循环过程中活性锂的损失(即SOH损失)，由于负极材质基本无损失，始终维持负极的最大嵌锂量，保证容量的不衰减，实现锂离子电池的长寿命。具体地：
第一方面，本发明提供一种电池充电方法，适用于N/P范围为0.5～1.1的锂离子电池。该方法包括：电源管理系统获取锂离子电池的SOH损失；电 源管理系统根据SOH损失、锂离子电池的初始充电截止电压和电压校正系数，确定下一次充电的充电截止电压。其中，初始充电截止电压是根据N/P确定的，充电截止电压随充电次数的增多而提高。
一种可能的实施方式中，上述电源管理系统根据SOH损失、锂离子电池的初始充电截止电压和电压校正系数，确定下一次充电的充电截止电压，包括：
电源管理系统根据以下公式，确定下一次充电的充电截止电压：
U＝U 0+ε×△SOH
其中，U表示下一次充电的充电截止电压，U 0表示初始充电截止电压，△SOH表示SOH损失，ε表示电压校正系数。
一种可能的实施方式中，在电源管理系统根据SOH损失、锂离子电池的初始充电截止电压和电压校正系数，确定下一次充电的充电截止电压之前，该电池充电方法还可以包括以下至少一项：
电源管理系统获取初始充电截止电压，该初始充电截止电压是根据锂离子电池正极材料单位质量的最大充电容量、正极材料的电压容量微分曲线、安全冗余系数、锂离子电池使用的下限截止电压和N/P确定的；
电源管理系统电压校正系数，电压校正系数是根据锂离子电池正极材料单位质量的最大充电容量、正极材料的电压容量微分曲线、电压补偿系数和锂离子电池的首次库伦效率确定的。
一种可能的实施方式中，初始充电截止电压是根据以下公式确定的：
Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-000001
其中，U 0表示初始充电截止电压，C 0表示锂离子电池正极材料单位质量的最大充电容量，
Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-000002
表示正极材料的电压容量微分曲线，a表示安全冗余系数，U low表示锂离子电池使用的下限截止电压。
一种可能的实施方式中，电压校正系数是根据以下公式确定的：
Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-000003
其中，ε表示电压校正系数，C 0表示锂离子电池正极材料单位质量的 最大充电容量，
Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-000004
表示正极材料的电压容量微分曲线，b表示电压补偿系数，ICE表示锂离子电池的首次库伦效率。
第二方面，本发明提供一种电池充电装置，适用于N/P范围为0.5～1.1的锂离子电池。该电池充电装置包括：
获取模块，用于获取锂离子电池的SOH损失；
处理模块，用于根据SOH损失、锂离子电池的初始充电截止电压和电压校正系数，确定下一次充电的充电截止电压，其中，初始充电截止电压是根据N/P确定的，充电截止电压随充电次数的增多而提高。
一种可能的实施方式中，处理模块具体用于：
根据以下公式，确定下一次充电的充电截止电压：
U＝U 0+ε×△SOH
其中，U表示下一次充电的充电截止电压，U 0表示初始充电截止电压，△SOH表示SOH损失，ε表示电压校正系数。
一种可能的实施方式中，处理模块还用于：
在根据SOH损失、锂离子电池的初始充电截止电压和电压校正系数，确定下一次充电的充电截止电压之前，获取初始充电截止电压，该初始充电截止电压是根据锂离子电池正极材料单位质量的最大充电容量、正极材料的电压容量微分曲线、安全冗余系数、锂离子电池使用的下限截止电压和N/P确定的；
和/或，在根据SOH损失、锂离子电池的初始充电截止电压和电压校正系数，确定下一次充电的充电截止电压之前，获取电压校正系数，电压校正系数是根据锂离子电池正极材料单位质量的最大充电容量、正极材料的电压容量微分曲线、电压补偿系数和锂离子电池的首次库伦效率确定的。
一种可能的实施方式中，初始充电截止电压是根据以下公式确定的：
Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-000005
其中，U 0表示初始充电截止电压，C 0表示锂离子电池正极材料单位质量的最大充电容量，
Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-000006
表示正极材料的电压容量微分曲线，a表示安全冗余系数，U low表示锂离子电池使用的下限截止电压。
一种可能的实施方式中，电压校正系数是根据以下公式确定的：
Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-000007
其中，ε表示电压校正系数，C 0表示锂离子电池正极材料单位质量的最大充电容量、
Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-000008
表示正极材料的电压容量微分曲线、b表示电压补偿系数，ICE表示锂离子电池的首次库伦效率。
在上述任一可能的实施方式的基础上：
可选地，N/P范围为0.8～1.0。
可选地，安全冗余系数大于或等于1，且，安全冗余系数小于或等于1.3。
可选地，安全冗余系数大于或等于1.03，且，安全冗余系数小于或等于1.08。
可选地，电压补偿系数大于0，且，电压补偿系数小于或等于1。
第三方面，本发明提供一种电源管理系统，该电源管理系统用于执行如第一方面中任一项所述的方法。
第四方面，本发明提供一种电子设备，包括：存储器和处理器；
存储器用于存储程序指令；
处理器用于调用所述存储器中的程序指令以执行如第一方面中任一项所述的方法。
第五方面，本发明提供一种可读存储介质，该可读存储介质上存储有计算机程序；计算机程序被执行时，实现如第一方面中任一项所述的方法。
本发明的其它特征和优点将在随后的具体实施方式部分予以详细说明。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案，下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动性的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为本发明提供的一应用场景示例图；
图2为本发明一实施例提供的电池充电方法的流程图；
图3为本发明一实施例电压容量微分曲线图；
图4为本发明一实施例电压容量曲线图；
图5为本发明一实施例电压校正系数随充电截止电压变化的关系示意图；
图6为本发明一实施例提供的电池充电装置的结构示意图；
图7为本发明一实施例提供的电子设备的结构示意图。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。
在实际情况中，技术人员希望提高充电截止电压，让电池释放更多的电量，实现电池高能量密度的性能表现。高充电截止电压的条件往往会带来电池内部非预期的副反应，影响电池寿命。因此，现有技术条件下，高能量密度与长寿命的需求往往难以兼顾。
此外，目前市场上电池为了保证负极不发生析锂，电池设计通常负极过量，即N/P＞1(N/P为单位面积负极容量与单位面积正极容量的比值)，一般在1.03～1.15之间。
研究表明，一般锂离子电池在正常使用工况下，最终失效模式是活性锂发生的一系列副反应、以及阴极材料局部晶体结构改变导致的容量损失，而阳极活性材料石墨的电化学活性基本不变，即阳极始终保持良好的脱嵌锂能力。电池循环后期阳极储锂能力往往过剩，从而不能得以有效利用。因此，为了提升锂离子电池的能量密度，会减少阳极的涂布重量，即降低N/P，N/P＝单位面积负极容量/单位面积正极容量，通过减少负极的涂布重量，充分利用负极良好的脱嵌锂能力。但降低N/P会容易发生析锂，恶化锂离子电池的使用寿命。
因此，如何在降低N/P的同时，保证锂离子电池的使用寿命是目前亟待解决的问题。
针对上述问题，本发明提供一种电池充电方法、装置及存储介质，通过 电池设计的优化，减少锂离子电池的负极涂布量，降低N/P，同时配合BMS使用策略，最大程度利用负极基本不衰减的脱嵌锂能力，实现锂离子电池长寿命、能量密度和低成本的兼得。
图1为本发明提供的一应用场景示例图。参考图1，电动汽车包括但不限于马达、控制器和电池。其中，电池即锂离子电池，为电动汽车的驱动电动机提供电能；控制器是用于控制电动汽车的启动、运行、进退、速度、停止以及电动汽车的其它电子器件的核心控制器件；马达，将电池的电能转化为机械能，通过传动装置或直接驱动车轮和工作装置。电动汽车在使用过程中，需要对电动汽车进行充电以保证正常运行。其中，每次充电结束的条件是锂离子电池的正负极之间的电压达到充电截止电压。
在现有技术中，该充电截止电压是在锂离子电池出厂时设置的。考虑到锂离子电池的SOH衰减，通常情况下，该充电截止电压出厂时设置的较高。而本发明由于降低了锂离子电池的N/P，且使用过程中会不断调整充电截止电压，锂离子电池出厂时设置的充电截止电压(即后文所述的初始充电截止电压)可相比现有技术中同样锂离子电池的充电截止电压低一些。
以下通过具体实施例对本发明提供的电池充电方法进行解释。
图2为本发明一实施例提供的电池充电方法的流程图。本发明实施例提供一种电池充电方法，适用于N/P范围为0.5～1.1的锂离子电池。如图2所示，该电池充电方法包括以下步骤：
S101，BMS获取锂离子电池的SOH损失；
S102，BMS根据SOH损失、锂离子电池的初始充电截止电压和电压校正系数，确定下一次充电的充电截止电压。
其中，初始充电截止电压是根据N/P确定的，充电截止电压随充电次数的增多而提高。
现有技术中，为了保证锂离子电池的负极不析锂，通常需设计锂离子电池的N/P大于1，N/P范围一般在1.03～1.15之间。为了提升锂离子电池的能量密度，本发明通过锂离子电池的设计优化，减少负极的涂布重量，降低N/P至0.5～1.1。在上述特殊N/P设计基础上，通过调整BMS充电策略，在整个寿命周期内始终最大化的利用负极储锂空间及不衰减的脱嵌锂能 力，实现高能量密度和长寿命的兼得。
具体地，在锂离子电池使用过程中，锂离子电池逐步发生老化，性能衰退，通过BMS监控锂离子电池的SOH，获取锂离子电池的SOH损失。示例性地，BMS可以每隔一段时间记录电池固定SOC区间的充放电容量。例如，电池初始状态在20％-80％SOC区间的放电容量为C1，使用一段时间后，在相同20％-80％SOC区间的放电容量为C2，则此段时间内的SOH损失为：ΔSOH＝(C1-C2)/C1*100％。当然，SOH损失还可以是通过其他方式获取的，例如，可以是通过传感器自动采集而得到的；或，还可以是基于用户交互操作而人为设置的等，在此对其应不加限制。
BMS根据SOH损失、锂离子电池的初始充电截止电压和电压校正系数，确定下一次充电的充电截止电压。其中，锂离子电池使用过程中性能的老化主要是正极材质和活性锂的损失，基于此，BMS根据SOH损失来提高下一次充电的充电截止电压，使正极在下次充电过程中脱出更多的锂来弥补循环过程中活性锂的损失(即SOH损失)，由于负极材质基本无损失，始终维持负极的最大嵌锂量，保证容量的不衰减，实现锂离子电池的长寿命。
本发明实施例的电池充电方法，适用于N/P范围为0.5～1.1的锂离子电池，此方法包括：电源管理系统获取锂离子电池的SOH损失，并根据该SOH损失、锂离子电池的初始充电截止电压和电压校正系数，确定下一次充电的充电截止电压，初始充电截止电压是根据N/P确定的，充电截止电压随充电次数的增多而提高。一方面，由于N/P范围为0.5～1.1，降低了负极的用量，因此可以降低成本和提高能量密度；另一方面，由于根据SOH损失提高下一次充电的充电截止电压，保证锂离子电池不发生析锂，从而可以在降低N/P的同时，保证锂离子电池的使用寿命。
在上述实施例的基础上，一种可能的实现方式中，S102，BMS根据SOH损失、锂离子电池的初始充电截止电压和电压校正系数，确定下一次充电的充电截止电压，可以具体为：
电源管理系统根据以下公式，确定下一次充电的充电截止电压：
U＝U 0+ε×△SOH
其中，U表示下一次充电的充电截止电压，U 0表示初始充电截止电压，△SOH表示SOH损失，ε表示电压校正系数。
可以理解，对上述公式进行适当变形，例如依据实际情况考虑数据补偿时加减一个常数等，也在本发明保护范围之内。
在S102，BMS根据SOH损失、锂离子电池的初始充电截止电压和电压校正系数，确定下一次充电的充电截止电压之前，还需要确定锂离子电池的初始充电截止电压和电压校正系数。因此，该电池充电方法还包括以下至少一项：
电源管理系统获取初始充电截止电压，该初始充电截止电压是根据锂离子电池正极材料单位质量的最大充电容量、正极材料的电压容量微分曲线、安全冗余系数、锂离子电池使用的下限截止电压和所述N/P确定的；
电源管理系统获取电压校正系数，该电压校正系数是根据锂离子电池正极材料单位质量的最大充电容量、正极材料的电压容量微分曲线、电压补偿系数和锂离子电池的首次库伦效率确定的。
一些实施例中，初始充电截止电压是根据以下公式确定的：
Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-000009
其中，U 0表示初始充电截止电压，C 0表示锂离子电池正极材料单位质量的最大充电容量，
Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-000010
表示正极材料的电压容量微分曲线，a表示安全冗余系数，U low表示锂离子电池使用的下限截止电压。
初始充电截止电压取决于锂离子电池的材料体系和N/P，针对每一种确定的材料体系，初始充电截止电压可以由上述公式计算得到。在确定锂离子电池的初始充电截止电压后，输入给到BMS，在该初始充电截止电压下，使锂离子电池的负极达到最大的嵌锂能力且不发生析锂。
可选地，安全冗余系数大于或等于1，且，安全冗余系数小于或等于1.3。更进一步地，安全冗余系数大于或等于1.03，且，安全冗余系数小于或等于1.08。
举例来说，图3为NCM811正极材料的电压容量微分曲线，纵坐标dU/dQ的物理意义表示单位容量的变化引起电压的增量。对于NCM811正极材料，U low一般为2.8V，单位质量的最大充电容量C 0为201mAh/g，当N/P取1，a取1.05时，正极材料需要脱出的锂量为C 0×(N/P)/a＝201×1/1.05＝191.4mAh/g。然后根据图3曲线对横坐标容量从0到191.4mAh/g范围内进行积分，即可 获得正极脱出191.4mAh/g时的电压增量。下限截止电压U low与上述电压增量之和即为初始充电截止电压。
此外，初始充电截止电压也可以根据正极材料的电压容量曲线得到，图4为NCM811正极材料的电压容量曲线，对于上述N/P取1，a取1.05时，正极脱锂量为191.4mAh/g，可以根据电压容量曲线直接获取正极脱锂量为191.4mAh/g时对应的电压，即为初始充电截止电压。
不同材料体系和N/P的初始充电截止电压会在线下提前计算，直接输入给到BMS。
另外，电压校正系数是根据以下公式确定的：
Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-000011
其中，ε表示电压校正系数，C 0表示锂离子电池正极材料单位质量的最大充电容量、
Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-000012
表示正极材料的电压容量微分曲线，b表示电压补偿系数，ICE表示锂离子电池的首次库伦效率。
可选地，电压补偿系数大于0，且，电压补偿系数小于或等于1。当电压补偿系数等于1时，负极始终保持最大嵌锂量；当电压补偿系数小于1时，负极可以留出更多的余量，会有利于锂离子电池的长寿命。
具体来说，对于确定的材料体系：b、C 0、ICE均为常数，ε只取决于锂离子电池正极材料本身
Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-000013
的变化。上述
Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-000014
为单位容量变化引起的电压增量，则
Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-000015
表示单位SOH变化导致的电压增量，单位SOH损失可以近似认为单位SOH变化造成的容量的损失。因此，电压校正系数ε与
Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-000016
呈正相关。图5为不同充电截止电压下，NCM811电压校正系数ε随充电截止电压的变化曲线。BMS可以根据此关系式，获取SOH损失来计算下一次充电截止电压；充电截止电压越高，SOH每衰减1％时，充电截止电压的提高值也会越大。
由上述公式可知，初始充电截止电压与N/P成正比，N/P越小，相应 的初始充电截止电压也会相应降低。另外，初始充电截止电压及电压校正系数二者还与锂离子电池的材料体系有关。例如，对于目前常用的正极材料(三元NCM/NCA、磷酸铁锂、锰酸锂等)/石墨体系而言，初始充电截止电压U 0可控制在3.4-4.5V，SOH每降低1％，可相应提高充电截止电压(电压校正系数ε为1至30mV的任意值)。总的来说，通过上述N/P设计和BMS充电策略的巧妙配合，确保负极不会析锂的同时，最大程度利用负极这种不衰减的嵌脱锂能力，从而实现低成本、超长寿命和高能量密度，并且电池容量始终保持不衰减，提升终端用户的体验。
表一为不同材料体系、不同N/P对应的充电参数(包括初始充电截止电压、电压校正系数和充电截止电压)：
表一：不同材料体系和N/P的充电参数
Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-000017
表2 采用本发明提供的电池充电方法实施例和对比例的测试结果
Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-000018
实施例1
正极片的制备
将正极活性物质三元材料镍钴锰(NCM811)、导电剂乙炔黑、粘结剂聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)按质量比97：2：1混合均匀并加入到溶剂NMP中，制成正 极浆料；将正极浆料均匀涂布在正极集流体铝箔上，在85℃下烘干后冷压，再进行模切、分条，制成锂离子电池正极片。
负极片的制备
将负极活性物质石墨、导电剂乙炔黑、增稠剂羟甲基纤维素钠(CMC)、粘结剂丁苯橡胶(SBR)按质量比96：2：1：1加入溶剂水中混合均匀并制成负极浆料；将负极浆料均匀涂布在负极集流体铜箔上，在85℃下烘干后进行冷压，制成锂离子电池负极片。
隔离膜的制备
采用聚乙烯微孔薄膜作为多孔隔离膜基材，将无机三氧化铝粉末、聚乙烯呲咯烷酮、丙酮溶剂按重量比3：1.5：5.5混合均匀制成浆料并涂布于基材的一面并烘干，得到隔离膜。
电解液的制备
将六氟磷酸锂溶解于碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸二甲酯和碳酸甲乙酯的混合溶剂中(碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸甲乙酯的体积比为1：2：1)，得到锂离子电池电解液。
锂离子电池的制备
将上述正极片、负极片以及隔离膜进行卷绕，得到裸电池，之后经过封装、注液、化成、排气等工序，制得实施例1锂离子电池，该电池的N/P＝1电池设计额定容量为85Ah。
实施例2
本发明实施例2锂离子电池与本发明实施例1锂离子电池基本相同，不同之处在于：保持正极的涂布重量不变，降低负极的涂布重量，使该电池的N/P＝0.9。
实施例3
本发明实施例3锂离子电池与本发明实施例1锂离子电池基本相同，不同之处在于：正极所用的材料为NCM622。
实施例4
本发明实施例4锂离子电池与本发明实施例1锂离子电池基本相同，不同之处在于：正极所用的材料为NCM622，且该电池的N/P＝0.9。
实施例5
本发明实施例5锂离子电池与本发明实施例1锂离子电池基本相同，不同之处在于：正极所用的材料为NCM523。
实施例6
本发明实施例6锂离子电池与本发明实施例1锂离子电池基本相同，不同之处在于：正极所用的材料为NCM523，且该电池的N/P＝0.9。
实施例7
本发明实施例7锂离子电池与本发明实施例1锂离子电池基本相同，不同之处在于：正极所用的材料为NCM333。
实施例8
本发明实施例8锂离子电池与本发明实施例1锂离子电池基本相同，不同之处在于：正极所用的材料为NCM333，且该电池的N/P＝0.9。
实施例9
本发明实施例9锂离子电池与本发明实施例1锂离子电池基本相同，不同之处在于：正极所用的材料为磷酸铁锂。
实施例10
本发明实施例10锂离子电池与本发明实施例1锂离子电池基本相同，不同之处在于：正极所用的材料为磷酸铁锂，且该电池的N/P＝0.9。
实施例11
本发明实施例11锂离子电池与本发明实施例1锂离子电池基本相同，不同之处在于：正极所用的材料为锰酸锂。
实施例12
本发明实施例12锂离子电池与本发明实施例1锂离子电池基本相同，不同之处在于：正极所用的材料为锰酸锂，且该电池的N/P＝0.9。
对比例1
本发明对比例1锂离子电池与本发明实施例1锂离子电池基本相同，不同之处在于：保持正极的涂布重量不变，增加负极的涂布重量，使该电池的N/P＝1.1。
对比例2
本发明对比例2锂离子电池与本发明实施例1锂离子电池基本相同，不 同之处在于：正极材料为NCM622，保持正极的涂布重量不变，增加负极的涂布重量，使该电池的N/P＝1.1。
对比例3
本发明对比例3锂离子电池与本发明实施例1锂离子电池基本相同，不同之处在于：正极材料为NCM523，保持正极的涂布重量不变，增加负极的涂布重量，使该电池的N/P＝1.1。
对比例4
本发明对比例1锂离子电池与本发明实施例1锂离子电池基本相同，不同之处在于：正极材料为NCM333，保持正极的涂布重量不变，增加负极的涂布重量，使该电池的N/P＝1.1。
对比例5
本发明对比例2锂离子电池与本发明实施例1锂离子电池基本相同，不同之处在于：正极材料为磷酸铁锂，保持正极的涂布重量不变，增加负极的涂布重量，使该电池的N/P＝1.1。
对比例6
本发明对比例3锂离子电池与本发明实施例1锂离子电池基本相同，不同之处在于：正极材料为锰酸锂，保持正极的涂布重量不变，增加负极的涂布重量，使该电池的N/P＝1.1。
性能测试
容量保持率和能量吞吐量：为了表征本发明方案对锂离子电池寿命的影响，采用本发明的电池充电方法和常规电池充电方法对上述实施例的锂离子电池和对比例的锂离子电池分别在25℃条件下进行0.5C/1C的循环测试，考察其容量保有率和能量吞吐量。循环容量保有率是不同次数循环后的放电容量相对于第2次1C放电容量的比例，能量吞吐量为5000次的循环生命周期中放出的总能量。
实施例1中，采用本发明的电池充电方法；首先根据锂离子电池的N/P为1，确定锂离子电池的初始充电截止电压为4.15V；随着锂离子电池SOH的衰减(即SOH损失)，逐步提高充电截止电压，从结果来看(表2)，采用本发明的电池充电方法，经过5000次循环后，容量保持率保持在99.8％左右，基本没有衰减。
实施例2结果可以看出，对于N/P更小的设计，该电池充电方法同样适用，在N/P＝0.9时，锂离子电池的负极的用量减少，为了保证负极不发生析锂，初始充电截止电压降低至4.09V，然后随着锂离子电池的SOH损失，再逐步提高充电截止电压，同样经过5000次循环后，容量保持率保持在99.8％左右。
而对比例1中，材料体系与实施例1和实施例2完全相同，不同的是，电池为常规设计N/P＝1.1,初始充电截止电压为4.25V，并且循环测试过程中充电区间始终保持在2.8-4.25V。可以看到，经过5000次循环测试后，其容量发生了明显的衰减，仅能够保持50％左右。从能量吞吐量来看，实施例1在本发明的充电方法下的能量吞吐量可以达到1551kWh和1532kWh，远大于对比例1的1026kWh。
此外，实施例3-12和对比例2-6结果表明(表2)，该方法不仅适用于NCM811三元体系，对于不同的化学体系(NCM622、NCM523、NCM333、磷酸铁锂、锰酸锂等)同样适用，表明本发明提供的电池充电方案具有非常强的普适性。
结合以上对本发明各个实施例的详细描述可以看出，相对于现有常规技术，本发明设计的锂离子电池具有以下优点：
相比于传统的锂离子电池，本发明至少具有如下优势：
1、降低N/P，减少负极总用量，取而代之的是最大程度重复利用负极基本不衰减的嵌脱锂能力，实现低成本；
2、基于SOH损失实时调整下一次充电的充电截止电压，一直最大程度利用负极嵌锂能力，改善锂离子电池的寿命能力；
3、锂离子电池在初始阶段使用的初始充电截止电压较低，后期随着锂离子电池的SOH损失，才会逐步提升充电截止电压。而传统锂离子电池一直保持在高电压下使用。因此，本发明减少锂离子电池在高电位下的使用时间，进而减少很多副反应，减小活性锂和电解液添加剂及电解液本身的消耗，延长锂离子电池的使用寿命；
4、负极总用量减少，电池设计群裕度降低，降低锂离子电池在使用过程中的膨胀力，改善膨胀力过大导致电芯循环跳水风险，实现超长寿命；
5、负极总用量减少，确保在寿命周期内续航里程不受影响的情况下， 节省更多空间来进一步提升能量密度。
以下为本发明装置实施例，可以用于执行本发明上述方法实施例。对于本发明装置实施例中未披露的细节，可参考本发明上述方法实施例。
图6为本发明一实施例提供的电池充电装置的结构示意图。该电池充电装置可以通过软件和/或硬件的方式实现。实际应用中，该电池充电装置可以是汽车、电脑、手机、平板等安装有BMS并使用锂离子电池的电子设备，该锂离子电池的N/P为0.5～1.1范围内；或者，该电池充电装置可以是电子设备中的芯片或电路。
如图6所示，本实施例的电池充电装置30包括：
获取模块31，用于获取锂离子电池的SOH损失；
处理模块32，用于根据SOH损失、锂离子电池的初始充电截止电压和电压校正系数，确定下一次充电的充电截止电压。其中，初始充电截止电压是根据N/P确定的，充电截止电压随充电次数的增多而提高。
本发明实施例提供的电池充电装置可以执行上述方法实施例所示的技术方案，其实现原理以及有益效果类似，此处不再进行赘述。
在上述基础上，可选地，N/P范围为0.8～1.0。
一些实施例中，处理模块32可具体用于：
根据以下公式，确定下一次充电的充电截止电压：
U＝U 0+ε×△SOH
其中，U表示下一次充电的充电截止电压，U 0表示初始充电截止电压，△SOH表示SOH损失，ε表示电压校正系数。
进一步地，处理模块32还可以用于：
在根据SOH损失、锂离子电池的初始充电截止电压和电压校正系数，确定下一次充电的充电截止电压之前，获取初始充电截止电压，该初始充电截止电压是根据锂离子电池正极材料单位质量的最大充电容量、正极材料的电压容量微分曲线、安全冗余系数、锂离子电池使用的下限截止电压和N/P确定的；
和/或，在根据SOH损失、锂离子电池的初始充电截止电压和电压校正系数，确定下一次充电的充电截止电压之前，获取电压校正系数，该电压校正系数是根据锂离子电池正极材料单位质量的最大充电容量、正极材 料的电压容量微分曲线、电压补偿系数和锂离子电池的首次库伦效率确定的。
一种实现中，初始充电截止电压是根据以下公式确定的：
Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-000019
其中，U 0表示初始充电截止电压，C 0表示锂离子电池正极材料单位质量的最大充电容量，
Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-000020
表示正极材料的电压容量微分曲线，a表示安全冗余系数，U low表示锂离子电池使用的下限截止电压。
另一种实现中，电压校正系数是根据以下公式确定的：
Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-000021
其中，ε表示电压校正系数，C 0表示锂离子电池正极材料单位质量的最大充电容量，
Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-000022
表示正极材料的电压容量微分曲线，b表示电压补偿系数，ICE表示锂离子电池的首次库伦效率。
在上述任一实施例的基础上：
可选地，安全冗余系数大于或等于1，且，安全冗余系数小于或等于1.3。进一步地，安全冗余系数大于或等于1.03，且，安全冗余系数小于或等于1.08。
另外，电压补偿系数大于0，且，电压补偿系数小于或等于1。
本发明还提供一种电源管理系统，该电源管理系统用于执行如上述任一方法实施例所述的方法。
图7为本发明一实施例提供的电子设备的结构示意图。如图7所示：
电子设备800可以包括以下一个或多个组件：处理组件802，存储器804，电源组件806，多媒体组件808，音频组件810，输入/输出(I/O)接口812，以及通信组件814。
处理组件802通常控制电子设备800的整体操作，诸如与数据通信和记录操作相关联的操作。处理组件802可以包括一个或多个处理器820来执行指令，以完成上述的方法的全部或部分步骤。此外，处理组件802可以包括 一个或多个模块，便于处理组件802和其他组件之间的交互。例如，处理组件802可以包括多媒体模块，以方便多媒体组件808和处理组件802之间的交互。
存储器804被配置为存储各种类型的数据以支持在电子设备800的操作。这些数据的示例包括用于在电子设备800上操作的任何应用程序或方法的指令，消息，图片，视频等。存储器804可以由任何类型的易失性或非易失性存储设备或者它们的组合实现，如静态随机存取存储器(SRAM)，电可擦除可编程只读存储器(EEPROM)，可擦除可编程只读存储器(EPROM)，可编程只读存储器(PROM)，只读存储器(ROM)，磁存储器，快闪存储器，磁盘或光盘。
电源组件806为电子设备800的各种组件提供电力。电源组件806可以包括电源管理系统，一个或多个电源，及其他与为电子设备800生成、管理和分配电力相关联的组件。
多媒体组件808包括在电子设备800和用户之间的提供一个输出接口的屏幕。在一些实施例中，屏幕可以包括液晶显示器(LCD)和触摸面板(TP)。如果屏幕包括触摸面板，屏幕可以被实现为触摸屏，以接收来自用户的输入信号。触摸面板包括一个或多个触摸传感器以感测触摸、滑动和触摸面板上的手势。所述触摸传感器可以不仅感测触摸或滑动动作的边界，而且还检测与所述触摸或滑动操作相关的持续时间和压力。
音频组件810被配置为输出和/或输入音频信号。例如，音频组件810包括一个麦克风(MIC)，当电子设备800处于操作模式，如记录模式和语音识别模式时，麦克风被配置为接收外部音频信号。所接收的音频信号可以被进一步存储在存储器804或经由通信组件814发送。在一些实施例中，音频组件810还包括一个扬声器，用于输出音频信号。
I/O接口812为处理组件802和外围接口模块之间提供接口，上述外围接口模块可以是键盘，点击轮，按钮等。这些按钮可包括但不限于：音量按钮、启动按钮和锁定按钮。
通信组件814被配置为便于电子设备800和其他设备之间有线或无线方式的通信。电子设备800可以接入基于通信标准的无线网络，如WiFi，2G或3G，或它们的组合。在一个示例性实施例中，通信组件814经由广播信道接 收来自外部广播管理系统的广播信号或广播相关信息。
在示例性实施例中，电子设备800可以被一个或多个应用专用集成电路(ASIC)、数字信号处理器(DSP)、数字信号处理设备(DSPD)、可编程逻辑器件(PLD)、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、控制器、微控制器、微处理器或其他电子元件实现，用于执行上述方法。
本实施例的电子设备，可以用于执行上述方法实施例中的技术方案，其实现原理和技术效果类似，此处不再赘述。
本发明还提供一种可读存储介质，该可读存储介质上存储有计算机程序，该计算机程序被执行时，实现如上述任一实施例所述的方法。
本领域普通技术人员可以理解：实现上述各方法实施例的全部或部分步骤可以通过程序指令相关的硬件来完成。前述的程序可以存储于一计算机可读取存储介质中。该程序在执行时，执行包括上述各方法实施例的步骤；而前述的存储介质包括：ROM、RAM、磁碟或者光盘等各种可以存储程序代码的介质。
根据上述原理，本发明还可以对上述实施方式进行适当的变更和修改。因此，本发明并不局限于上面揭示和描述的具体实施方式，对本发明的一些修改和变更也应当落入本发明的权利要求的保护范围内。此外，尽管本说明书中使用了一些特定的术语，但这些术语只是为了方便说明，并不对本发明构成任何限制。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种电池充电方法，其特征在于，适用于N/P范围为0.5～1.1的锂离子电池，所述N/P为单位面积负极容量与单位面积正极容量的比值，所述方法包括：
    电源管理系统获取所述锂离子电池的健康状态SOH损失；
    所述电源管理系统根据所述SOH损失、所述锂离子电池的初始充电截止电压和电压校正系数，确定下一次充电的充电截止电压，其中，所述初始充电截止电压是根据所述N/P确定的，所述充电截止电压随充电次数的增多而提高。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述N/P范围为0.8～1.0。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述电源管理系统根据所述SOH损失、所述锂离子电池的初始充电截止电压和电压校正系数，确定下一次充电的充电截止电压，包括：
    所述电源管理系统根据以下公式，确定下一次充电的充电截止电压：
    U＝U 0+ε×ΔSOH
    其中，U表示下一次充电的充电截止电压，U 0表示初始充电截止电压，ΔSOH表示SOH损失，ε表示电压校正系数。
  4. 根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述电源管理系统根据所述SOH损失、所述锂离子电池的初始充电截止电压和电压校正系数，确定下一次充电的充电截止电压之前，还包括：
    所述电源管理系统获取所述初始充电截止电压，所述初始充电截止电压是根据所述锂离子电池正极材料单位质量的最大充电容量、正极材料的电压容量微分曲线、安全冗余系数、所述锂离子电池使用的下限截止电压和所述N/P确定的；
    和/或，所述电源管理系统获取所述电压校正系数，所述电压校正系数是根据所述锂离子电池正极材料单位质量的最大充电容量、正极材料的电压容量微分曲线、电压补偿系数和所述锂离子电池的首次库伦效率确定的。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的方法，其特征在于，所述初始充电截止电压是根据以下公式确定的：
    Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-100001
    其中，U 0表示所述初始充电截止电压，C 0表 示所述锂离子电池正极材料单位质量的最大充电容量，
    Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-100002
    表示正极材料的电压容量微分曲线，a表示安全冗余系数，U low表示所述锂离子电池使用的下限截止电压。
  6. 根据权利要求4所述的方法，其特征在于，所述电压校正系数是根据以下公式确定的：
    Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-100003
    其中，ε表示所述电压校正系数，C 0表示所述锂离子电池正极材料单位质量的最大充电容量，
    Figure PCTCN2020118762-appb-100004
    表示正极材料的电压容量微分曲线，b表示电压补偿系数，ICE表示所述锂离子电池的首次库伦效率。
  7. 根据权利要求4所述的方法，其特征在于，所述安全冗余系数大于或等于1，且，所述安全冗余系数小于或等于1.3。
  8. 一种电池充电装置，其特征在于，适用于N/P范围为0.5～1.1的锂离子电池，所述N/P为单位面积负极容量与单位面积正极容量的比值，所述装置包括：
    获取模块，用于获取所述锂离子电池的健康状态SOH损失；
    处理模块，用于根据所述SOH损失、所述锂离子电池的初始充电截止电压和电压校正系数，确定下一次充电的充电截止电压，其中，所述初始充电截止电压是根据所述N/P确定的，所述充电截止电压随充电次数的增多而提高。
  9. 一种电源管理系统，其特征在于，所述电源管理系统用于执行如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的方法。
  10. 一种可读存储介质，其特征在于，所述可读存储介质上存储有计算机程序；所述计算机程序被执行时，实现如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的方法。
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