WO2022054839A1 - 組成物、積層体及び積層体の製造方法 - Google Patents
組成物、積層体及び積層体の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022054839A1 WO2022054839A1 PCT/JP2021/033032 JP2021033032W WO2022054839A1 WO 2022054839 A1 WO2022054839 A1 WO 2022054839A1 JP 2021033032 W JP2021033032 W JP 2021033032W WO 2022054839 A1 WO2022054839 A1 WO 2022054839A1
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- H01L2224/26—Layer connectors, e.g. plate connectors, solder or adhesive layers; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/31—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the layer connectors after the connecting process
- H01L2224/32—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the layer connectors after the connecting process of an individual layer connector
- H01L2224/321—Disposition
- H01L2224/32135—Disposition the layer connector connecting between different semiconductor or solid-state bodies, i.e. chip-to-chip
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- H01L25/04—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof all the devices being of a type provided for in the same subgroup of groups H01L27/00 - H01L33/00, or in a single subclass of H10K, H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes the devices not having separate containers
- H01L25/065—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof all the devices being of a type provided for in the same subgroup of groups H01L27/00 - H01L33/00, or in a single subclass of H10K, H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes the devices not having separate containers the devices being of a type provided for in group H01L27/00
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a composition, a laminate, and a method for producing the laminate.
- substrates wafers
- chips chips
- adhering the substrates to each other using an adhesive a method of adhering the substrates to each other using an adhesive.
- the method using an adhesive has advantages such as being able to bond substrates to each other at a lower temperature than fusion bonding, but on the other hand, strain due to the difference in thermal expansion rate between the adhesive and the substrate is generated on the bonded surface, causing warpage and peeling. May occur.
- As a method of reducing the thermal expansion rate of the adhesive it is conceivable to add an inorganic filler, but the addition of the inorganic filler may reduce the adhesive strength. Therefore, it is desired to develop a material that can achieve both low thermal expansion rate and high bonding strength.
- One aspect of the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, a composition having a low thermal expansion rate and excellent bonding strength with a substrate, a laminate obtained by using this composition, and this composition. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for producing a laminate using the above.
- Compound (B) in which one or more and six or less are -C ( O) OH groups, and A ring structure and a compound (C) having one or more primary nitrogen atoms directly bonded to the ring structure, and the like.
- ⁇ 4> The composition according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 3>, wherein the compound (A) has two alkyl groups bonded to oxygen atoms constituting the Si—O bond.
- ⁇ 5> The composition according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 4>, wherein the weight average molecular weight of the compound (B) is 200 or more and 600 or less.
- ⁇ 6> The composition according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 5>, further containing a polar solvent.
- ⁇ 7> The composition according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 6> for use in manufacturing a semiconductor device.
- ⁇ 8> The composition according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 7> for forming a layer on or between substrates.
- Compound (B) in which one or more and six or less are -C ( O) OH groups, and It comprises a reaction product of a ring structure and a compound (C) having one or more primary nitrogen atoms attached directly to the ring structure.
- the primary nitrogen atom and the secondary nitrogen atom contained in the compound (A) accounting for the total of the primary nitrogen atom and the secondary nitrogen atom contained in the compound (A) before the reaction and the primary nitrogen atom contained in the compound (C).
- Compound (B) in which one or more and six or less are -C ( O) OH groups, and A ring structure and a compound (C) having one or more primary nitrogen atoms directly bonded to the ring structure, and the like.
- a method for producing a laminate comprising a step of forming a layer having a ratio of 3 mol% to 95 mol% on or between substrates, and a step of curing the layer.
- the numerical range represented by using “-" means a range including the numerical values before and after "-" as the lower limit value and the upper limit value.
- the upper limit value or the lower limit value described in one numerical range may be replaced with the upper limit value or the lower limit value of the numerical range described in another stepwise description. .. Further, in the numerical range described in the present disclosure, the upper limit value or the lower limit value of the numerical range may be replaced with the value shown in the examples.
- a compound (A) having a cationic functional group containing at least one selected from a primary nitrogen atom and a secondary nitrogen atom and a Si—O bond, and —C ( O).
- OX groups having three or more OX groups (X is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 or more and 6 or less carbon atoms)
- X is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 or more and 6 or less carbon atoms
- the ratio of the primary nitrogen atom and the secondary nitrogen atom contained in the compound (A) to the total of the primary nitrogen atom and the secondary nitrogen atom contained and the primary nitrogen atom contained in the compound (C) is 3 mol%. It is a composition which is ⁇ 95 mol%.
- the above composition contains two kinds of a compound (A) and a compound (C) as a component which reacts with a compound (B).
- the cured product obtained by using this composition has a lower thermal expansion rate than the cured product obtained by using only the compound (A) as a component that reacts with the compound (B). It turned out to be. Therefore, it is considered that the laminate obtained by using the above composition is less likely to cause strain on the joint surface between the layer made of the composition and the substrate, and is excellent in reliability.
- the layer obtained by using the above composition is also excellent in bonding strength with the substrate.
- Compound (A) has a cationic functional group containing at least one of a primary nitrogen atom and a secondary nitrogen atom and a Si—O bond.
- the cationic functional group is not particularly limited as long as it can be positively charged and contains at least one of a primary nitrogen atom and a secondary nitrogen atom.
- the cationic functional group containing at least one of the primary nitrogen atom and the secondary nitrogen atom contained in the compound (A) reacts with the carboxy group of the compound (B) to form a cured product.
- the Si—O bond possessed by the compound (A) contributes to the improvement of the bonding strength with the substrate.
- the compound (A) one kind may be used alone, or two or more kinds may be used in combination.
- Compound (A) may contain a tertiary nitrogen atom in addition to the primary nitrogen atom and the secondary nitrogen atom.
- the "primary nitrogen atom” is a nitrogen atom contained in only two hydrogen atoms and one atom other than the hydrogen atom (for example, a primary amino group (-NH 2 groups)). Atom) or a nitrogen atom (cation) bonded to only three hydrogen atoms and one atom other than the hydrogen atom.
- the "secondary nitrogen atom” is a nitrogen atom bonded to only one hydrogen atom and two atoms other than the hydrogen atom (that is, a nitrogen atom contained in a functional group represented by the following formula (a)). Alternatively, it refers to a nitrogen atom (cation) bonded to only two hydrogen atoms and two atoms other than hydrogen atoms.
- the "tertiary nitrogen atom” is a nitrogen atom bonded to only three atoms other than the hydrogen atom (that is, a nitrogen atom which is a functional group represented by the following formula (b)) or one hydrogen atom. And refers to a nitrogen atom (cation) bonded to only three atoms other than a hydrogen atom.
- the functional group represented by the formula (a) may be a functional group constituting a part of a secondary amino group (-NHR a group; where Ra represents an alkyl group) or a polymer. It may be a divalent linking group contained in the skeleton of.
- the functional group represented by the above formula (b) (that is, the tertiary nitrogen atom) is a tertiary amino group (-NR b R c group; where R b and R c each independently form an alkyl group. It may be a functional group constituting a part of (represented), or it may be a trivalent linking group contained in the skeleton of the polymer.
- the compound (A) preferably has two alkyl groups bonded to oxygen atoms constituting the Si—O bond, and Si—O is preferable. It is more preferable to have an alkyl group bonded to each of two oxygen atoms bonded to one silicon atom constituting the bond.
- the carbon atoms of the two alkyl groups are preferably 1 to 5 independently, more preferably 1 or 2, and even more preferably 2.
- the weight average molecular weight of compound (A) is not particularly limited. For example, it may be 130 or more and 10000 or less, 130 or more and 5000 or less, or 130 or more and 2000 or less.
- the weight average molecular weight of a compound refers to the weight average molecular weight in terms of polyethylene glycol measured by the GPC (Gel Permeation Chromatography) method.
- GPC Gel Permeation Chromatography
- an aqueous solution having a sodium nitrate concentration of 0.1 mol / L was used as the developing solvent, and Shodex DET RI-101 and two types of analytical columns (TSKgel G6000PWXL-CP and TSKgel G3000PWXL manufactured by Toso Co., Ltd.) were used as the analyzer.
- the refractive index is detected at a flow velocity of 1.0 mL / min using CP), and is calculated by analysis software (Emwer 3 manufactured by Waters) using polyethylene glycol / polyethylene oxide as a standard product.
- the compound (A) may further have an anionic functional group, a nonionic functional group and the like, if necessary.
- the nonionic functional group may be a hydrogen bond accepting group or a hydrogen bond donating group.
- Examples of the nonionic functional group include a hydroxy group, a carbonyl group, an ether group (—O—) and the like.
- the anionic functional group is not particularly limited as long as it is a functional group capable of being negatively charged. Examples of the anionic functional group include a carboxylic acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a sulfate group and the like.
- the compound (A) include a compound having a Si—O bond and an amino group.
- the compound having a Si—O bond and an amino group include siloxane diamine, a silane coupling agent having an amino group, and a siloxane polymer of a silane coupling agent having an amino group.
- the silane coupling agent having an amino group include compounds represented by the following formula (A-3).
- R 1 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms which may be substituted.
- R 2 and R 3 each independently represent an alkylene group, an ether group or a carbonyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms which may be substituted (the skeleton may contain a carbonyl group, an ether group, etc.).
- R 4 and R 5 each independently represent an alkylene group or a single bond having 1 to 4 carbon atoms which may be substituted.
- Ar represents a divalent or trivalent aromatic ring.
- X 1 represents hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms which may be substituted.
- X 2 represents a hydrogen, a cycloalkyl group, a heterocyclic group, an aryl group or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms which may be substituted (a carbonyl group, an ether group or the like may be contained in the skeleton).
- a plurality of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and X 1 may be the same or different.
- substituents of the alkyl group and the alkylene group in R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , X 1 , and X 2 they are independently amino groups, hydroxy groups, alkoxy groups, cyano groups, and carboxylic acids, respectively.
- Examples of the divalent or trivalent aromatic ring in Ar include a divalent or trivalent benzene ring.
- Examples of the aryl group in X 2 include a phenyl group, a methylbenzyl group, a vinylbenzyl group and the like.
- silane coupling agent represented by the formula (A-3) include N- (2-aminoethyl) -3-aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane and N- (2-aminoethyl) -3. -Aminopropyltriethoxysilane, N- (2-aminoethyl) -3-aminoisobutyldimethylmethoxysilane, N- (2-aminoethyl) -3-aminoisobutylmethyldimethoxysilane, N- (2-aminoethyl)- 11-Aminoundecyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, N-phenyl-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, (aminoethylaminoethyl) phenyltriethoxysilane, methylbenzyl
- silane coupling agent containing an amino group other than the formula (A-3) examples include N, N-bis [3- (trimethoxysilyl) propyl] ethylenediamine and N, N'-bis [3- (trimethoxy).
- silane coupling agent having an amino group may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- a polymer (siloxane polymer) formed from these silane coupling agents via a siloxane bond may be used.
- a polymer having a linear siloxane structure a polymer having a branched siloxane structure, a polymer having a cyclic siloxane structure, a polymer having a cage-like siloxane structure, etc. Is obtained.
- the cage-like siloxane structure is represented by, for example, the following formula (A-1).
- Examples of the siloxane diamine include compounds represented by the following formula (A-2).
- i is an integer of 0 to 4
- j is an integer of 1 to 3
- Me is a methyl group.
- the compound (A) has a cationic functional group containing at least one of a primary nitrogen atom and a secondary nitrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, an epoxy group, a carboxy group, an amino group, a mercapto group and the like that may exist on the surface of the substrate, etc.
- the substrates can be strongly adhered to each other.
- compound (A) has a cationic functional group containing at least one of a primary nitrogen atom and a secondary nitrogen atom, it has excellent solubility in a polar solvent. Therefore, it has a high affinity with a substrate having a hydrophilic surface such as silicon, and a smooth film can be formed.
- a compound having an amino group as a cationic functional group is preferable from the viewpoint of heat resistance. Further, a compound having a primary amino group is preferable from the viewpoint of forming a thermally crosslinked structure such as amide, amideimide, and imide to further improve heat resistance.
- the ratio of the total number of primary nitrogen atoms and secondary nitrogen atoms in compound (A) to the number of silicon atoms is not particularly limited. However, when it is 0.2 or more and 5 or less, it is preferable from the viewpoint of forming a smooth thin film.
- the compound (A) has a molar ratio (non-crosslinkable group / Si element) of the Si element in the molecule to a non-crosslinkable group such as a methyl group bonded to the Si element of less than 2 (non-crosslinkable group / Si element). (Satisfying the relationship of Si element ⁇ 2) is preferable. It is considered that by satisfying this condition, the crosslink density (crosslinking between Si—O—Si bond and amide bond, imide bond, etc.) of the formed film is improved, and excellent bonding strength can be obtained.
- compound (A) has a cationic functional group containing at least one of a primary nitrogen atom and a secondary nitrogen atom.
- the ratio of the primary nitrogen atom to the total nitrogen atom in the compound (A) is preferably 20 mol% or more, preferably 25 mol%. The above is more preferable, and 30 mol% or more is further preferable.
- the compound (A) has a cationic functional group containing a primary nitrogen atom and containing no nitrogen atom other than the primary nitrogen atom (for example, a secondary nitrogen atom or a tertiary nitrogen atom). good.
- the ratio of the primary nitrogen atom to the total nitrogen atom in the compound (A) is 20 mol% or more, the bond with the functional group that may exist on the surface of the substrate is formed densely, and the substrates become stronger. Can be glued.
- the ratio of the secondary nitrogen atom to the total nitrogen atom in the compound (A) is preferably 5 mol% or more and 50 mol% or less, and 5 mol. More preferably, it is% or more and 30 mol% or less.
- the compound (A) may contain a tertiary nitrogen atom in addition to the primary nitrogen atom and the secondary nitrogen atom, and when the compound (A) contains a tertiary nitrogen atom, the compound (A) contains the tertiary nitrogen atom.
- the ratio of the tertiary nitrogen atom to the total nitrogen atom is preferably 20 mol% or more and 50 mol% or less, and more preferably 25 mol% or more and 45 mol% or less.
- the content of the compound (A) in the composition is the compound (A) accounting for the total of the primary nitrogen atom and the secondary nitrogen atom contained in the compound (A) and the primary nitrogen atom contained in the compound (C).
- the amount is not particularly limited as long as the ratio of the primary nitrogen atom and the secondary nitrogen atom contained is 3 mol% to 95 mol%. From the viewpoint of the balance between the thermal expansion rate and the bonding strength, the above ratio is preferably 5 mol% to 75 mol%, more preferably 10 mol% to 50 mol%.
- O) A compound having two or three OH groups.
- the weight average molecular weight of compound (B) is not particularly limited.
- the weight average molecular weight of compound (B) may be 200 or more and 600 or less, 200 or more and 500 or less, 200 or more and 450 or less, or 200 or more and 400 or less. ..
- the weight average molecular weight of the compound (B) is within the above range, the solubility in the composition is improved.
- the compound (B) preferably has a ring structure in the molecule.
- the ring structure include an alicyclic structure and an aromatic ring structure.
- the compound (B) may have a plurality of ring structures in the molecule, and the plurality of ring structures may be the same or different.
- alicyclic structure examples include an alicyclic structure having 3 or more and 8 or less carbon atoms, preferably an alicyclic structure having 4 or more and 6 or less carbon atoms, and the inside of the ring structure may be saturated or unsaturated. good.
- the alicyclic structure includes a saturated alicyclic structure such as a cyclopropane ring, a cyclobutene ring, a cyclopentane ring, a cyclohexane ring, a cycloheptane ring, and a cyclooctane ring; a cyclopropene ring, a cyclobutene ring, a cyclopentene ring, and the like.
- unsaturated alicyclic structures such as a cyclohexene ring, a cycloheptene ring, and a cyclooctene ring.
- the aromatic ring structure is not particularly limited as long as it is a ring structure exhibiting aromaticity, and for example, benzene-based aromatic rings such as benzene ring, naphthalene ring, anthracene ring, and perylene ring, and aromatic rings such as pyridine ring and thiophene ring. Examples thereof include non-benzene aromatic rings such as heterocycles, inden rings and azulene rings.
- the ring structure of the compound (B) in the molecule at least one selected from the group consisting of a cyclobutane ring, a cyclopentane ring, a cyclohexane ring, a benzene ring and a naphthalene ring is preferable, and the heat resistance of the cured product is further enhanced. Therefore, at least one of a benzene ring and a naphthalene ring is more preferable.
- the compound (B) may have a plurality of ring structures in the molecule, and when the ring structure is benzene, it may have a biphenyl structure, a benzophenone structure, a diphenyl ether structure, or the like.
- Compound (B) may have a fluorine atom in the molecule.
- the molecule may have 1 or more and 6 or less fluorine atoms, and the molecule may have 3 or more and 6 or less fluorine atoms.
- compound (B) may have a fluoroalkyl group in the molecule, and specifically, it may have a trifluoroalkyl group or a hexafluoroisopropyl group. When the compound (B) has a fluorine atom in the molecule, the water absorption of the cured product is lowered.
- examples of the compound (B) include carboxylic acid compounds such as alicyclic carboxylic acid, benzenecarboxylic acid, naphthalenecarboxylic acid, diphthalic acid and fluorinated aromatic ring carboxylic acid; alicyclic carboxylic acid ester, benzenecarboxylic acid ester and naphthalenecarboxylic acid.
- carboxylic acid ester compounds such as acid ester, diphthalic acid ester, and fluorinated aromatic ring carboxylic acid ester.
- the compound (B) is a carboxylic acid ester compound, aggregation due to the association between the compound (A) and the compound (B) is suppressed, aggregates and pits are reduced, and the film thickness can be adjusted. It will be easy.
- X is a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, and the like.
- a butyl group or the like is preferable, but an ethyl group or a propyl group is preferable from the viewpoint of further suppressing aggregation due to the association between the compound (A) and the compound (B).
- carboxylic acid compound examples are not limited to these, but 1,2,3,4-cyclobutanetetracarboxylic acid, 1,2,3,4-cyclopentanetetracarboxylic acid, 1,3,5-cyclohexane.
- Alicyclic carboxylic acids such as tricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4-cyclohexanetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4,5-cyclohexanetetracarboxylic acid, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexacarboxylic acid; 1 , 2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid, 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid, pyromellitic acid, benzenepentacarboxylic acid, melitonic acid and other benzenecarboxylic acids; 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid, 2 , 3,6,7-Naphthalene carboxylic acid such as tetracarboxylic acid; 3,3', 5,
- Diphthalic acid Diphthalic acid; perylene carboxylic acid such as perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid; anthracene carboxylic acid such as anthracene-2,3,6,7-tetracarboxylic acid; and 4,4'-(hexa). Fluoroarocyclic rings such as fluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic acid, 9,9-bis (trifluoromethyl) -9H-xanthene-2,3,6,7-tetracarboxylic acid, 1,4-ditrifluoromethylpyromellitic acid. Carbo Acid is mentioned.
- carboxylic acid ester compound examples include compounds in which at least one carboxy group is replaced with an ester group in the specific examples of the above-mentioned carboxylic acid compound.
- carboxylic acid ester compound examples include half-esterified compounds represented by the following general formulas (B-1) to (B-6).
- R in the general formulas (B-1) to (B-6) are each independently an alkyl group having 1 or more and 6 or less carbon atoms, and among them, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group and a butyl group are preferable, and the ethyl group and the butyl group are preferable.
- a propyl group is more preferred.
- the half-esterified compound can be produced, for example, by mixing a carboxylic acid anhydride, which is an anhydride of the above-mentioned carboxylic acid compound, with an alcohol solvent and opening the ring of the carboxylic acid anhydride.
- a carboxylic acid anhydride which is an anhydride of the above-mentioned carboxylic acid compound
- the content of compound (B) in the composition is, for example, the ratio of the carboxy group equivalent number (COOH) of compound (B) to the total amine equivalent number (N) of compound (A) and compound (C) (COOH /).
- N) is preferably an amount of 0.1 or more and 3.0 or less, more preferably 0.3 or more and 2.5 or less, and an amount of 0.4 or more and 2.2 or less. Is more preferable.
- COOH / N is 0.1 or more and 3.0 or less, a crosslinked structure is sufficiently formed by the reaction of the compound (A), the compound (B) and the compound (C), and the curing is excellent in heat resistance and insulating property. There is a tendency to obtain things.
- Compound (C) is a compound having a ring structure and one or more primary nitrogen atoms directly bonded to the ring structure.
- Compound (C) reacts with compound (A) together with compound (B) to form a cured product.
- Compound (C) has a ring structure and one or more primary nitrogen atoms directly bonded to the ring structure. It is considered that when this structure is introduced into the cured product, the rigidity of the cured product is increased and the thermal expansion rate is reduced.
- the compound (C) one kind may be used alone, or two or more kinds may be used in combination.
- the "primary nitrogen atom directly bonded to the ring structure” means a primary nitrogen atom (-NH 2 ) bonded to the ring structure by a single bond (that is, not via a carbon atom or the like). do.
- the number of primary nitrogen atoms directly bonded to the ring structure of the compound (C) in the molecule is not particularly limited as long as it is one or more. From the viewpoint of increasing the crosslink density, two or more are preferable, and a diamine compound having two primary amino groups or a triamine compound having three primary amino groups is more preferable.
- the compound (C) may have one ring structure in the molecule or may have a plurality of ring structures. When compound (C) has a plurality of ring structures in the molecule, even if it has a cationic functional group containing a primary nitrogen atom directly bonded to each ring structure, it is directly bonded to only one of the ring structures. It may have a cationic functional group containing a primary nitrogen atom.
- the plurality of ring structures may be the same or different, and may form a fused ring.
- a plurality of ring structures may be bonded by a single bond, or may be bonded via a linking group such as an ether group, a carbonyl group, a sulfonyl group, or a methylene group.
- Examples of the ring structure contained in the compound (C) include an alicyclic structure, an aromatic ring (including a heterocycle) structure, and a condensed ring structure thereof.
- Examples of the alicyclic structure include an alicyclic structure having 3 or more and 8 or less carbon atoms, preferably 4 or more and 6 or less carbon atoms.
- the inside of the ring structure may be saturated or unsaturated.
- saturated alicyclic structures such as cyclopropane ring, cyclobutane ring, cyclopentane ring, cyclohexane ring, cycloheptane ring, cyclooctane ring; cyclopropene ring, cyclobutene ring, cyclopentene ring, cyclohexene ring, cycloheptene ring,
- unsaturated alicyclic structures such as cyclooctene rings.
- the aromatic ring structure examples include an aromatic ring structure having 6 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms, preferably 6 or more and 10 or less carbon atoms. Specific examples thereof include a benzene-based aromatic ring structure such as a benzene ring, a naphthalene ring, an anthracene ring, and a perylene ring, and a non-benzene-based aromatic ring structure such as a pyridine ring, a thiophene ring, an indene ring, and an azulene ring.
- a benzene-based aromatic ring structure such as a benzene ring, a naphthalene ring, an anthracene ring, and a perylene ring
- a non-benzene-based aromatic ring structure such as a pyridine ring, a thiophene ring, an indene ring, and an azulene ring.
- heterocyclic structure examples include a 3-membered to 10-membered ring, preferably a 5-membered ring or a 6-membered ring.
- hetero atom contained in the heterocycle include a sulfur atom, a nitrogen atom and an oxygen atom, and only one of these may be used, or two or more of them may be used.
- the heterocyclic structure includes an oxazole ring, a thiophene ring, a pyrazole ring, a pyrrolidine ring, a pyrazole ring, an imidazole ring, a triazole ring, an isocyanul ring, a pyridine ring, a pyridazine ring, a pyrimidine ring, a pyrazine ring, a piperidine ring, and a piperazine ring.
- Triazine ring Triazine ring, indole ring, indolin ring, quinoline ring, aclysine ring, naphthylidine ring, quinazoline ring, purine ring, quinoxalin ring and the like.
- a benzene ring, a cyclohexane ring, and a benzoxazole ring are more preferable.
- the ring structure of compound (C) in the molecule may have a substituent other than the primary nitrogen atom.
- it may have an alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms and 6 or less carbon atoms, an alkyl group substituted with a halogen atom, and the like.
- the weight average molecular weight of compound (C) is not particularly limited. For example, it may be 80 or more and 600 or less, 90 or more and 500 or less, or 100 or more and 450 or less.
- Examples of the compound (C) include an alicyclic amine, an aromatic ring amine, a heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen-containing heterocycle, and an amine compound having both a heterocyclic ring and an aromatic ring.
- Specific examples of the alicyclic amine include cyclohexylamine and dimethylaminocyclohexane.
- aromatic ring amine examples include diaminodiphenyl ether, xylenediamine (preferably paraxylenediamine), diaminobenzene, diaminotoluene, methylenedianiline, dimethyldiaminobiphenyl, bis (trifluoromethyl) diaminobiphenyl, diaminobenzophenone, and diaminobenzidine.
- Anilide bis (aminophenyl) fluorene, bis (aminophenoxy) benzene, bis (aminophenoxy) biphenyl, dicarboxydiaminodiphenylmethane, diaminoresorcin, dihydroxybenzidine, diaminobenzidine, 1,3,5-triaminophenoxybenzene, 2, Examples thereof include 2'-dimethylbenzidine and tris (4-aminophenyl) amine.
- Specific examples of the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen-containing heterocycle include melamine, ammeline, melam, melem, and tris (4-aminophenyl) amine.
- amine compound having both a heterocyclic ring and an aromatic ring examples include N2, N4, N6-tris (4-aminophenyl) -1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine, 2- ( 4-Aminophenyl) benzoxazole-5-amine and the like can be mentioned.
- the content of the compound (C) in the composition is the compound (A) accounting for the total of the primary nitrogen atom and the secondary nitrogen atom contained in the compound (A) and the primary nitrogen atom contained in the compound (C).
- the amount of the primary nitrogen atom contained is not particularly limited as long as it is an amount of 3 mol% to 95 mol%. From the viewpoint of the balance between the thermal expansion rate and the bonding strength, the above ratio is preferably 5 mol% to 75 mol%, more preferably 10 mol% to 50 mol%, and 10 mol% to 30 mol. % Is more preferable.
- the composition may contain a polar solvent.
- the "polar solvent” refers to a solvent having a relative permittivity of 5 or more at room temperature (25 ° C.).
- the solubility of each component in the composition is improved.
- the polar solvent only one kind may be used alone, or two or more kinds may be used in combination.
- the polar solvent is a protonic solvent such as water or heavy water; methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, isobutyl alcohol, isopentyl alcohol, cyclohexanol, ethylene glycol, Alcohols such as propylene glycol, 2-methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, benzyl alcohol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, glycerin; ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and dimethoxyethane; aldehydes such as furfural, acetone, ethylmethyl ketone and cyclohexanone.
- Ketones anhydrous acetic acid, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, formaldehyde, N-methylformamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, N-methylacetamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N-methyl-2- Acid derivatives such as pyrrolidone and hexamethylphosphate amide; nitriles such as acetonitrile and propionitrile; and nitro compounds such as nitromethane and nitrobenzene; sulfur compounds such as dimethyl sulfoxide.
- the polar solvent preferably contains a protonic solvent, more preferably water, and even more preferably ultrapure water.
- the content thereof is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 1.0% by mass or more and 99.99896% by mass or less, and 40% by mass or more and 99. It may be 99896% by mass or less.
- the composition may contain additives as needed.
- the additive include an acid having a weight average molecular weight of 46 or more and 195 or less having a carboxy group, and a base having a weight average molecular weight of 17 or more and 120 or less having a nitrogen atom and having no ring structure.
- the composition contains an acid having a weight average molecular weight of 46 or more and 195 or less having a carboxy group
- the primary or secondary nitrogen atom of the compound (A) and the compound (C) and the carboxy group in the acid form an ionic bond.
- the interaction eg, electrostatic interaction
- the ammonium ion derived from the compound (A) and the compound (C) and the carboxylate ion derived from the carboxy group in the acid is the compound (A) and the compound.
- the type of acid having a carboxy group and having a weight average molecular weight of 46 or more and 195 or less is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a monocarboxylic acid compound, a dicarboxylic acid compound, and an oxydicarboxylic acid compound. More specifically, formic acid, acetic acid, malonic acid, oxalic acid, benzoic acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, glyceric acid, butyric acid, methoxyacetic acid, ethoxyacetic acid, phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, picolinic acid, salicylic acid, 3,4. Examples include 5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (however, excluding those corresponding to compound (B)).
- the content thereof is not particularly limited.
- the ratio of the number of carboxy groups (COOH / N) is preferably 0.01 or more and 10 or less, more preferably 0.02 or more and 6 or less, and further preferably 0.5 or more and 3 or less. ..
- the carboxy group of the compound (B) and the amino group of the base form an ionic bond, whereby the compound (A) and the compound (A) and the compound (B) and the compound ( It is presumed that aggregation due to the association between C) and compound (B) is suppressed. More specifically, the interaction between the carboxylate ion derived from the carboxy group in the compound (B) and the ammonium ion derived from the amino group in the base is the ammonium ion derived from the compound (A) and the compound (C) and the compound. Since it is stronger than the interaction with the carboxylate ion derived from the carboxyl group in (B), it is presumed that aggregation is suppressed.
- the present invention is not limited by the above estimation.
- the type of the compound having a nitrogen atom and having a weight average molecular weight of 17 or more and 120 or less is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a monoamine compound and a diamine compound (however, excluding those corresponding to the compound (A) and the compound (C)). More specifically, examples thereof include ammonia, ethylamine, ethanolamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, ethylenediamine, N-acetylethylenediamine, N- (2-aminoethyl) ethanolamine, N- (2-aminoethyl) glycine and the like.
- the content thereof is not particularly limited, but for example, the ratio of the number of nitrogen atoms of the base to the number of carboxy groups in the compound (B) (N / COOH). ) Is preferably 0.5 or more and 5 or less, and more preferably 0.9 or more and 3 or less.
- a metal alkoxide represented by the following general formula (I) may be contained.
- R1 n M (OR2) mn ... (I) (In the formula, R1 is a non-hydrolytable group, R2 is an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and M is Ti, Al, Zr, Indicates at least one metal atom selected from the metal atom group of Sr, Ba, Zn, B, Ga, Y, Ge, Pb, P, Sb, V, Ta, W, La, Nd and In, where m is a metal.
- n is an integer of 0 to 2 when m is 4, 0 or 1 when m is 3, and when there are multiple R1, each R1 is mutual. It may be the same or different, and when there are a plurality of OR2s, each OR2 may be the same or different from each other.
- a silane compound (however, compound (A)) is used to improve the insulating properties or mechanical strength. (Except for applicable ones) may be included.
- silane compound tetraethoxysilane, tetramethoxysilane, bistriethoxysilylethane, bistriethoxysilylmethane, bis (methyldiethoxysilyl) ethane, 1,1,3,3,5,5-hexaethoxy- 1,3,5-trisilacyclohexane, 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7-tetrahydroxylcyclosiloxane, 1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-1,4-di Ethanedisylethylene, 1,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5-triethoxy-1,3,5-trisilacyclohexane, functional groups other than amino groups (epoxy group, mercapto) Examples thereof include a silane coupling agent having a group, etc.).
- the composition may contain a solvent other than the polar solvent.
- the solvent other than the polar solvent include normal hexane and the like.
- the composition may contain benzotriazole or a derivative thereof, for example, in order to suppress the corrosion of copper.
- the pH of the composition is not particularly limited, but is preferably 2.0 or more and 12.0 or less. When the pH of the composition is 2.0 or more and 12.0 or less, damage to the substrate by the composition is suppressed.
- the composition preferably has a sodium and potassium content of 10 mass ppb or less on an elemental basis. When the content of sodium or potassium is 10 mass ppb or less on an elemental basis, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of inconvenience in the electrical characteristics of the semiconductor device such as malfunction of the transistor.
- the total mass of the compound (A), the compound (B) and the compound (C) is the non-volatile content in the composition. It is preferably 50% by mass or more, more preferably 70% by mass or more, and more preferably 80% by mass or more of the total mass.
- the "nonvolatile component” refers to a component other than a component (solvent or the like) that is removed when the composition becomes a cured product.
- composition of this embodiment is not particularly limited, and it can be used for various uses including the manufacture of semiconductor devices. For example, it may be used for forming a layer on or between substrates, or may be used for manufacturing a laminate described later.
- a compound (A) having a cationic functional group containing at least one selected from a primary nitrogen atom and a secondary nitrogen atom and a Si—O bond, and —C ( O).
- OX groups having three or more OX groups (X is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 or more and 6 or less carbon atoms)
- the primary nitrogen atom and secondary nitrogen contained in the compound (A) in the total of the primary nitrogen atom and the secondary nitrogen atom contained in the previous compound (A) and the primary nitrogen atom contained in the compound (C). It is a laminated body containing a layer having an atomic ratio of 3 mol% to 95 mol% (hereinafter, also referred to as a cured product layer) and a substrate.
- each compound as a starting material of the reaction product is the same as the details and preferred embodiments of each compound contained in the above-mentioned composition.
- the layer containing the reaction product may optionally contain components that may be included in the composition described above.
- the cured product layer is arranged so as to be in contact with the surface of the substrate and is bonded to the substrate, for example.
- the cured product layer obtained from the composition of the present embodiment has a low thermal expansion rate, strain due to the difference in the thermal expansion rate from the substrate is unlikely to occur on the joint surface, and the reliability of the laminated body is improved. Are better.
- the number of substrates included in the laminate is not particularly limited, and may be one or a plurality. When there are two or more substrates, the materials may be the same or different. From the viewpoint of sufficiently obtaining the effects of the present invention, a substrate having a thermal expansion coefficient equal to or smaller than the thermal expansion coefficient of the cured product layer is preferable.
- the substrate comprises a first substrate and a second substrate, the first substrate, the cured product layer (the layer containing the reaction product), and the second substrate are arranged in this order.
- the material of the substrate examples include an inorganic material, an organic material, and a composite thereof.
- the inorganic material include semiconductors such as Si, InP, GaN, GaAs, InGaAs, InGaAlAs, SiGe, and SiC; boron silicate glass (Pylex (registered trademark)), quartz glass (SiO 2 ), and sapphire (Al 2 O).
- oxides, carbides or nitrides such as ZrO 2 , Si 3 N 4 , AlN, MgAl 2 O 4 , etc .
- piezoelectrics or dielectrics such as BaTIM 3 , LiNbO 3 , SrTIO 3 , LiTaO 3 , etc .
- diamonds Metals such as Al, Ti, Fe, Cu, Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, Ta, Nb; carbon and the like can be mentioned.
- Specific examples of the organic material include polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), epoxy resin, phenol formaldehyde, polyimide, benzocyclobutene resin, and polybenzoxazole.
- Si is semiconductor memory, LSI stacking, CMOS image sensor, MEMS encapsulation, optical device, LED, etc .
- SiO 2 includes semiconductor memory, LSI stacking, MEMS encapsulation, microchannel, CMOS image sensor, optical device, LED, etc .
- BaTIO 3 , LiNbO 3 , SrTIO 3 , and LiTaO 3 are surface acoustic wave devices
- PDMS is a microchannel
- InGaAlAs, InGaAs, InP are optical devices
- the surface of the substrate (at least the surface in contact with the cured product layer) preferably has at least one selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, an epoxy group, a carboxy group, an amino group and a mercapto group. Thereby, the bonding strength of the composition with the layer of the cured product can be further strengthened.
- the surface having a hydroxyl group can be obtained by subjecting the surface of the substrate to a surface treatment such as plasma treatment, chemical treatment, or ozone treatment.
- the surface having an epoxy group, a carboxy group, an amino group or a mercapto group can be obtained by subjecting the surface of the substrate to a surface treatment using a silane coupling having an epoxy group, a carboxy group, an amino group or a mercapto group or the like. can.
- At least one selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, an epoxy group, a carboxy group, an amino group and a mercapto group is preferably in a state of being bonded to an element contained in the substrate, and is preferably in a state of being bonded to an element contained in the substrate, Si, Al, Ti, Zr, Hf, Fe. , Ni, Cu, Ag, Au, Ga, Ge, Sn, Pd, As, Pt, Mg, In, Ta and Nb. It is more preferable that it is in the state of a silanol group (Si—OH group) containing a hydroxyl group.
- the substrate may have electrodes on at least one surface (preferably the side facing the cured product layer).
- the thickness of the substrate is preferably 1 ⁇ m to 1 mm, more preferably 2 ⁇ m to 900 ⁇ m. When there are a plurality of substrates, the thickness is the thickness of each substrate and may be the same or different.
- the shape of the board is not particularly limited.
- the substrate when it is a silicon substrate, it may be a silicon substrate on which an interlayer insulating layer (Low-k film) is formed.
- the substrate may be formed with fine grooves (recesses), fine through holes, and the like.
- the laminate of the present embodiment may further include a substrate that is not in contact with the cured product layer.
- the preferred material and other aspects of the substrate that are not in contact with the cured product layer are the same as those of the substrate described above.
- the thickness of the cured product layer is not particularly limited and can be set according to the application. For example, it may be 0.1 nm to 20000 nm, 0.5 nm to 10000 nm, 5 nm to 5000 nm, or 5 nm to 3000 nm.
- the content of the inorganic or resin filler having a maximum diameter of 0.3 ⁇ m or more is preferably 30% by mass or less, more preferably 10% by mass or less, and 0% by mass in the cured product layer. Is more preferable.
- the content of the filler contained in the cured product layer is within the above range, it is possible to suppress poor bonding of the laminated body even when the thickness of the cured product layer is reduced.
- the alignment mark formed on each substrate may be recognized by a machine and aligned. At this time, if the content of the filler is within the above range, the transparency of the cured product layer is improved and more accurate alignment is possible.
- the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the cured product layer is preferably 100 ° C. or higher and 400 ° C. or lower.
- Tg is in the above temperature range, the elastic modulus of the film becomes small when undergoing a high temperature process, so that the warp and internal stress of the laminated body can be reduced, and the decrease in bonding strength due to peeling or the like can be suppressed. Can be done.
- the Tg is more preferably 100 ° C. or higher and 350 ° C. or lower, further preferably 120 ° C. or higher and 300 ° C. or lower, and further preferably 120 ° C. or higher and 250 ° C. or lower.
- the Tg of the cured product layer is measured by the following method.
- the composition is applied onto a resin film and cured by baking in a nitrogen atmosphere at 350 ° C. for 1 hour. Subsequently, it is peeled off from the resin film to form a cured product layer having a film thickness of 10 ⁇ m to 70 ⁇ m.
- a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) meter DSC2500 manufactured by TA Instruments
- the heat flow heating rate and cooling rate: 10 ° C / min
- the Tg of the cured product layer is obtained from the temperature of the curved point.
- the water absorption rate of the cured product layer is preferably 3% by mass or less.
- the water absorption rate is more preferably 2% by mass or less.
- the water absorption rate of the cured product layer is measured from the mass change before and after immersing the cured product layer in pure water (23 ° C., 24 hours) in the same manner as the measurement of Tg according to the water absorption standard test method (ASTM D570). ..
- the elastic modulus of the cured product layer at 250 ° C. is preferably 0.01 GPa or more and 20 GPa or less. When the elastic modulus at 250 ° C. is within the above numerical range, the internal stress when the laminated body is heated can be reduced, and warpage, peeling, malfunction of the device layer, and the like can be suppressed.
- the elastic modulus of the cured product layer at 250 ° C. is more preferably 0.01 GPa or more and 12 GPa or less, and further preferably 0.1 GPa or more and 8 GPa or less.
- the elastic modulus of the cured product layer at 250 ° C. is measured by the following method using an atomic force microscope (AFM).
- AFM atomic force microscope
- the cured product layer formed on the Si substrate is vacuumed using an AFM (trade name E-sweep, manufactured by SII Nanotechnology, AFM force mapping mode, Si probe (equivalent to a spring constant of 2 N / m)).
- Fitting is performed by the DMT theoretical formula from the force curve measurement result at the stage temperature of 250 ° C., and the elastic modulus is calculated.
- the DMT theoretical formula is shown below.
- E represents the elastic modulus of the resin film
- ⁇ is the Poisson's ratio of the resin film
- R is the tip diameter of the cantilever
- ⁇ is the pushing depth
- F is the force applied to the sample
- F c is the maximum adhesion force. show. Poisson's ratio is assumed to be 0.33.
- the hardness of the cured product layer at room temperature (23 ° C.) is preferably 0.05 GPa or more and 1.8 GPa or less. When the hardness is within the above numerical range, cracking of the film can be suppressed when an external force such as wire bonding is applied to the laminated body.
- the hardness is more preferably 0.2 GPa or more and 1.5 GPa or less, and further preferably 0.3 GPa or more and 1.0 GPa or less.
- the hardness of the cured product layer shall be the hardness measured by a method (nano indentation) conforming to ISO14577. Specifically, with the cured product layer formed on a silicon substrate, a nanoindentator (Berkovich type indenter) is used to measure the unloading-displacement curve at 23 ° C. under the condition of a pressing depth of 20 nm. The hardness at 23 ° C. is calculated from the maximum load according to the calculation method of the reference (Handbook of Micro / nano Tribology (second Edition), edited by Bharat Bhushan, CRC Press). Hardness (H) is defined by the following formula. In the formula, P max represents the maximum load at a pushing depth of 20 nm, and Ac represents the projected area of the indenter on the sample at the time of pushing.
- the elastic modulus of the cured product layer at room temperature is preferably 0.1 GPa or more and 20 GPa or less.
- the elastic modulus at room temperature is more preferably 0.5 GPa or more and 15 GPa or less, and further preferably 1 GPa or more and 10 GPa or less.
- the elastic modulus of the cured product layer at room temperature is a unloading-displacement curve at 23 ° C.
- the elastic modulus at 23 ° C. is calculated from the maximum load and the maximum displacement according to the calculation method of the reference (Handbook of Micro / nano Tribology (second Edition), edited by Bharat Bhushan, CRC Press).
- the elastic modulus is defined by the following formula. In the equation, Er represents the elastic modulus, E i represents the Young's modulus of the indenter, 1140 GPa, ⁇ i represents the Poisson's ratio of the indenter, 0.07, and E s and ⁇ s are the samples, respectively. Represents Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio.
- the laminate can be used for various purposes including parts of semiconductor devices.
- An example of the laminated structure of the substrate laminated body in each application is shown below.
- SiO 2 / hardened layer / SiO 2 Si / hardened layer / Si, SiO 2 / hardened layer / Si, For silicon penetrating vias (TSV); SiO 2 (with Cu electrode) / cured product layer / SiO 2 (with Cu electrode), For memory and LSI; SiO 2 / cured material layer / SiO 2 , For optical devices;
- the laminate may include a cured product formed as an insulating film on the surface of the substrate, recesses formed on the surface, through holes, and the like.
- the cured product layer may be temporarily formed.
- it can also be used for applications that are temporarily formed on a substrate in the manufacturing process of a semiconductor device such as a sacrificial film and removed in a subsequent process.
- the tensile strength of the laminated body is preferably 5 MPa or more, and more preferably 10 MPa or more.
- the tensile joint strength of the laminated body can be obtained from the yield point obtained by measuring with a tensile tester.
- the tensile strength may be 200 MPa or less, or 100 MPa or less.
- the temperature at which the outgas pressure reaches 2 ⁇ 10 -6 Pa is preferably 400 ° C. or higher, more preferably 420 ° C. or higher. It is more preferably 440 ° C. or higher.
- the temperature at which the pressure of the outgas reaches 2 ⁇ 10 -6 Pa is a value measured in a reduced pressure environment. Under reduced pressure environment is 10-7 Pa.
- the temperature at which the outgas pressure reaches 2 ⁇ 10 -6 Pa may be 600 ° C. or lower, or 550 ° C. or lower.
- the ratio of the total area of voids is preferably 30% or less, more preferably 20% or less, and further preferably 10% or less.
- the void area ratio is a value calculated by dividing the total area of voids by the total area where transmitted light can be observed and multiplying by 100 in the infrared light transmission observation. If it is difficult to observe the infrared light transmission, use the reflected wave of the ultrasonic microscope, the transmitted wave of the ultrasonic microscope, or the reflected light of the infrared light, preferably using the reflected wave of the ultrasonic microscope in the same manner. You can ask.
- the bonding strength is expressed by surface energy, it is preferably 0.2 J / m 2 or more, more preferably 0.5 J / m 2 or more, and 1.0 J / m 2 or more. It is more preferable to have it, and it is particularly preferable that it is 2.5 J / m 2 or more.
- the surface energy representing the bonding strength between the first substrate and the second substrate is within the above range.
- the surface energy of the laminated body can be obtained by a blade insertion test described later.
- the method for manufacturing the laminated body of the present embodiment is as follows.
- Compound (B) in which one or more and six or less are -C ( O) OH groups, and A ring structure and a compound (C) having one or more primary nitrogen atoms directly bonded to the ring structure, and the like.
- the primary nitrogen atom and the secondary nitrogen atom contained in the compound (A) in the total of the primary nitrogen atom and the secondary nitrogen atom contained in the compound (A) and the primary nitrogen atom contained in the compound (C). It is a method for producing a laminate having a first step of forming a layer having a ratio of 3 mol% to 95 mol% on or between substrates, and a second step of curing the layer.
- the method of carrying out the first step is not particularly limited. For example, even if compound (A), compound (B) and compound (C) are collectively applied on or between substrates (that is, in the state of the above-mentioned composition) to form a layer, compound (A) can be formed. ), The compound (B) and the compound (C) may be divided into a plurality of steps and applied onto or between the substrates to form the compound (B). When the compound (A), the compound (B) and the compound (C) are added in a plurality of steps, the order thereof is not particularly limited. Further, each of them may be given separately, or any two components may be given at once. When compound (A), compound (B) and compound (C) are applied in a plurality of steps, drying, washing and the like may be carried out after each step as necessary.
- the compound (A), the compound (B) and the compound (C) are preferably in a solution state.
- the solution can be prepared, for example, using a solvent that may be included in the compositions described above.
- the method for forming the layer containing the compound (A), the compound (B) and the compound (C) is not particularly limited, and may be carried out by a commonly used method.
- a dipping method, a spray method, a spin coating method, a bar coating method and the like can be mentioned.
- the bar coat method when forming a layer having a thickness of micron size
- the spin coat method when forming a layer having a thickness of nano size (several nm to several hundred nm). It is preferable to use it.
- the method of forming the layer by the spin coating method is not particularly limited, and for example, a method of dropping a solution on the surface of the substrate while rotating the substrate with a spin coater and then increasing the rotation speed of the substrate to dry the substrate can be used. ..
- Various conditions such as the number of rotations of the substrate, the amount and time of dropping the solution, and the number of rotations of the substrate during drying are not particularly limited, and may be appropriately adjusted in consideration of the thickness of the layer to be formed and the like.
- the layer containing the compound (A), the compound (B) and the compound (C) is cured. Specifically, the compound (A), the compound (B) and the compound (C) contained in the layer are reacted to form a layer (cured product layer) containing these reaction products.
- the method for reacting the compound (A), the compound (B) and the compound (C) include a method of heating at a temperature at which these components react (for example, 70 ° C to 450 ° C). The temperature is preferably 100 ° C. to 450 ° C., more preferably 100 ° C. to 400 ° C., still more preferably 150 ° C. to 350 ° C. Further, the temperature may be 70 ° C. to 280 ° C., 80 ° C. to 250 ° C., or 90 ° C. to 2000 ° C.
- the pressure when heating is not particularly limited. For example, it may be carried out at an absolute pressure (17 Pa) or more and an atmospheric pressure or less.
- the pressure is preferably 1000 Pa or more and atmospheric pressure or less, more preferably 5000 Pa or more and atmospheric pressure or less, and further preferably 10,000 Pa or more and atmospheric pressure or less.
- the heating method is not particularly limited, and can be performed by a usual method using a furnace or a hot plate.
- a furnace for example, SPX-1120 manufactured by Apex Corporation, VF-1000LP manufactured by Koyo Thermo System Co., Ltd., or the like can be used.
- the heating in the heating step may be performed in an atmospheric atmosphere, or may be performed in an atmosphere of an inert gas (nitrogen gas, argon gas, helium gas, etc.).
- the heating time is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 3 hours or less, or 1 hour or less.
- the lower limit of the heating time is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 30 seconds or longer, 3 minutes or longer, or 5 minutes or longer.
- the heating time When heating is performed at 70 ° C. to 250 ° C., the heating time may be 300 seconds or less, 200 seconds or less, 120 seconds or less, or 80 seconds or less. .. The heating time in this case may be 10 seconds, 20 seconds or more, or 30 seconds or more.
- the heating temperature may be constant or may be changed. For example, it may include a step of heating in a low temperature heating step (70 ° C. to 250 ° C.) and a step of heating in a higher temperature (100 ° C. to 450 ° C.).
- the compound (A), the compound (B) and the compound (C) applied on the substrate may be irradiated with ultraviolet rays.
- ultraviolet rays ultraviolet light having a wavelength of 170 nm to 230 nm, excimer light having a wavelength of 222 nm, excimer light having a wavelength of 172 nm, and the like are preferable. Further, it is preferable to irradiate with ultraviolet rays in an atmosphere of an inert gas.
- the press pressure is preferably 0.1 MPa to 50 MPa, more preferably 0.1 MPa to 10 MPa, and even more preferably 0.1 MPa to 5 MPa.
- the press device for example, TEST MINI PRESS manufactured by Toyo Seiki Seisakusho Co., Ltd. may be used.
- the heating temperature is preferably 100 ° C. to 450 ° C., more preferably 100 ° C. to 400 ° C., and even more preferably 150 ° C. to 350 ° C.
- the press pressure when pressing after heating the laminate is preferably 0.1 MPa to 50 MPa, more preferably 0.1 MPa to 10 MPa.
- the press device for example, TEST MINI PRESS or the like manufactured by 5 Seiki Seisakusho Co., Ltd. may be used.
- the pressurizing time is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 0.5 seconds to 1 hour.
- the temperature at which the laminate is pressed after being heated is preferably 10 ° C. or higher and lower than 100 ° C., more preferably 10 ° C. to 70 ° C., further preferably 15 ° C. to 50 ° C., and 20 ° C. to 30 ° C. Is particularly preferred.
- the temperature refers to the temperature of the surface of the substrate to which the compound (A), the compound (B) and the compound (C) are applied.
- the method for producing the laminate may include a post-heating step of further heating the laminate after the second step.
- a post-heating step By having a post-heating step, the bonding strength tends to be more excellent.
- the heating temperature in the post-heating step is preferably 100 ° C. to 450 ° C., more preferably 150 ° C. to 420 ° C., and even more preferably 150 ° C. to 400 ° C.
- the pressure at which the post-heating step is performed may be an absolute pressure of more than 17 Pa and an atmospheric pressure or less, preferably 1000 Pa or more and an atmospheric pressure or less, more preferably 5000 Pa or more and an atmospheric pressure or less, and further preferably 10,000 Pa or more and an atmospheric pressure or less. .. In the post-heating step, it is preferable not to press the laminated body.
- compositions of Examples and Comparative Examples containing the components shown in Table 1 were prepared, respectively.
- the amount of each component the total amine equivalent number of the compound (A) and the compound (C) is equal to the carboxy group equivalent number of the compound (B), and the primary nitrogen atom and the secondary nitrogen atom contained in the compound (A) are secondary.
- the ratio of the primary nitrogen atom and the secondary nitrogen atom contained in the compound (A) to the total of the nitrogen atom and the primary nitrogen atom contained in the compound (C) is the value (mol%) shown in Table 1. Adjusted to.
- the value (mass%) described in the compound (A) was taken as a value with respect to the compound (A).
- Each composition contains water, ethanol and N, N-dimethylacetamide as polar solvents.
- the composition is applied onto a silicon substrate (substrate 1) by a spin coating method, another silicon substrate (substrate 2) is placed on the composition, and the cured product layer is heated to 250 ° C. while pressurizing at 1 MPa to form a cured product layer.
- a laminated body arranged between the substrate 1 and the substrate 2 was obtained.
- the surface energy of the bonding interface between the substrate and the cured product layer was measured by a blade insertion test and used as an index of bonding strength. ..
- a blade having a thickness of 0.25 mm is inserted between the substrate 1 and the substrate 2, and the distance at which the substrate 1 and the substrate 2 are separated from the cutting edge of the blade is measured using an infrared light source and an infrared camera. Then, the surface energy was measured based on the following formula. It is considered that the larger the value of the surface energy, the larger the bonding strength to the substrate, and if it is 0.2 J / m 2 or more, it can be evaluated that the bonding strength is sufficient. The results are shown in Table 1.
- ⁇ 3 ⁇ 10 9 ⁇ t b 2 ⁇ E 2 ⁇ t 6 / (32 ⁇ L 4 ⁇ E ⁇ t 3 )
- ⁇ is the surface energy (J / m 2 )
- t b is the blade thickness (m)
- E is the Young's modulus (GPa) of the substrate 1 and the substrate 2
- t is the total thickness of the substrate 1 and the substrate 2 (t).
- m) and L represent the distance (m) between the substrate 1 and the substrate 2 from the blade cutting edge.
- the composition was applied to one side of a polyimide film (Ube Industries, Ltd., "UPIREX”) by a spin coating method and heated at 350 ° C. to form a cured product layer having a thickness of 13 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m. Then, the cured product layer was peeled off from the polyimide film to obtain a self-supporting film.
- An average linear expansion coefficient (CTE) at 250 ° C. was measured under a nitrogen atmosphere using a thermomechanical analysis (TMA) device (TMA7100C, manufactured by Hitachi High-Tech Science Corporation). It is considered that the smaller the CTE value, the smaller the thermal expansion rate.
- TMA thermomechanical analysis
- Comparative Example 1 using the composition not containing the compound (C) and amino instead of the compound (C). It can be evaluated that the CTE of the cured product layer is smaller and the thermal expansion rate is lower than that of Comparative Example 2 using the composition containing the diamine compound in which the group is not directly bonded to the ring structure. Further, it can be evaluated that the example using the composition corresponding to the composition of the present embodiment has a larger surface energy and is superior to the bonding strength as compared with the comparative example 3 using the composition not containing the compound (A).
Abstract
Description
<1>1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子から選択される少なくとも1つを含むカチオン性官能基とSi-O結合とを有する化合物(A)と、
-C(=O)OX基(Xは、水素原子又は炭素数1以上6以下のアルキル基である)を3つ以上有し、3つ以上の-C(=O)OX基のうち、1つ以上6つ以下が-C(=O)OH基である化合物(B)と、
環構造及び前記環構造に直接結合した1つ以上の1級窒素原子を有する化合物(C)と、を含み、
化合物(A)に含まれる1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子と化合物(C)に含まれる1級窒素原子との合計に占める化合物(A)に含まれる1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子の割合が3モル%~95モル%である、組成物。
<2>化合物(C)は環構造に直接結合した1級窒素原子を2つ以上有する、<1>に記載の組成物。
<3>化合物(C)の重量平均分子量が80以上600以下である、<1>又は<2>に記載の組成物。
<4>化合物(A)は前記Si-O結合を構成する酸素原子に結合したアルキル基を2つ有する、<1>~<3>のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
<5>化合物(B)の重量平均分子量が200以上600以下である、<1>~<4>のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
<6>さらに極性溶媒を含む、<1>~<5>のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
<7>半導体装置の製造に用いるための、<1>~<6>のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
<8>基板上又は基板間に層を形成するための、<1>~<7>のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
<9>1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子から選択される少なくとも1つを含むカチオン性官能基とSi-O結合とを有する化合物(A)と、
-C(=O)OX基(Xは、水素原子又は炭素数1以上6以下のアルキル基である)を3つ以上有し、3つ以上の-C(=O)OX基のうち、1つ以上6つ以下が-C(=O)OH基である化合物(B)と、
環構造及び前記環構造に直接結合した1つ以上の1級窒素原子を有する化合物(C)と、の反応生成物を含み、
反応前の化合物(A)に含まれる1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子と化合物(C)に含まれる1級窒素原子との合計に占める化合物(A)に含まれる1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子の割合が3モル%~95モル%である層と、基板と、を含む積層体。
<10>前記基板が第1の基板と第2の基板とを含み、第1の基板、前記反応生成物を含む層、及び第2の基板がこの順に配置される、請求項9に記載の積層体。
<11>1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子から選択される少なくとも1つを含むカチオン性官能基とSi-O結合とを有する化合物(A)と、
-C(=O)OX基(Xは、水素原子又は炭素数1以上6以下のアルキル基である)を3つ以上有し、3つ以上の-C(=O)OX基のうち、1つ以上6つ以下が-C(=O)OH基である化合物(B)と、
環構造及び前記環構造に直接結合した1つ以上の1級窒素原子を有する化合物(C)と、を含み、
化合物(A)に含まれる1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子と化合物(C)に含まれる1級窒素原子との合計に占める化合物(A)に含まれる1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子の割合が3モル%~95モル%である層を基板上又は基板間に形成する工程と、前記層を硬化させる工程と、を有する積層体の製造方法。
本開示中に段階的に記載されている数値範囲において、一つの数値範囲で記載された上限値又は下限値は、他の段階的な記載の数値範囲の上限値又は下限値に置き換えてもよい。また、本開示中に記載されている数値範囲において、その数値範囲の上限値又は下限値は、実施例に示されている値に置き換えてもよい。
本実施形態の組成物は、1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子から選択される少なくとも1つを含むカチオン性官能基とSi-O結合とを有する化合物(A)と、-C(=O)OX基(Xは、水素原子又は炭素数1以上6以下のアルキル基である)を3つ以上有し、3つ以上の-C(=O)OX基のうち、1つ以上6つ以下が-C(=O)OH基である化合物(B)と、環構造及び前記環構造に直接結合した1つ以上の1級窒素原子を有する化合物(C)と、を含み、化合物(A)に含まれる1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子と化合物(C)に含まれる1級窒素原子との合計に占める化合物(A)に含まれる1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子の割合が3モル%~95モル%である、組成物である。
上記組成物を用いて得られる層はさらに、基板との接合強度にも優れている。
化合物(A)は、1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子の少なくとも1つを含むカチオン性官能基とSi-O結合とを有する。カチオン性官能基は、正電荷を帯びることができ、かつ1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子の少なくとも1つを含む官能基であれば特に限定されない。
化合物(A)は、1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
「2級窒素原子」とは、水素原子1つ及び水素原子以外の原子2つのみに結合している窒素原子(即ち、下記式(a)で表される官能基に含まれる窒素原子)、又は、水素原子2つ及び水素原子以外の原子2つのみに結合している窒素原子(カチオン)を指す。
「3級窒素原子」とは、水素原子以外の原子3つのみに結合している窒素原子(即ち、下記式(b)で表される官能基である窒素原子)、又は、水素原子1つ及び水素原子以外の原子3つのみに結合している窒素原子(カチオン)を指す。
前記式(a)で表される官能基は、2級アミノ基(-NHRa基;ここで、Raはアルキル基を表す)の一部を構成する官能基であってもよいし、ポリマーの骨格中に含まれる2価の連結基であってもよい。
前記式(b)で表される官能基(即ち、3級窒素原子)は、3級アミノ基(-NRbRc基;ここで、Rb及びRcは、それぞれ独立に、アルキル基を表す)の一部を構成する官能基であってもよいし、ポリマーの骨格中に含まれる3価の連結基であってもよい。
具体的には、重量平均分子量は、展開溶媒として硝酸ナトリウム濃度0.1mol/Lの水溶液を用い、分析装置としてShodex DET RI-101及び2種類の分析カラム(東ソー製 TSKgel G6000PWXL-CP及びTSKgel G3000PWXL-CP)を用いて流速1.0mL/minで屈折率を検出し、ポリエチレングリコール/ポリエチレンオキサイドを標準品として解析ソフト(Waters製 Empower3)にて算出される。
前記ノニオン性官能基は、水素結合受容基であっても、水素結合供与基であってもよい。前記ノニオン性官能基としては、例えば、ヒドロキシ基、カルボニル基、エーテル基(-O-)等を挙げることができる。
前記アニオン性官能基は、負電荷を帯びることができる官能基であれば特に制限はない。前記アニオン性官能基としては、例えば、カルボン酸基、スルホン酸基、硫酸基等を挙げることができる。
アミノ基を有するシランカップリング剤としては、例えば、下記式(A-3)で表される化合物が挙げられる。
R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、X1、X2におけるアルキル基及びアルキレン基の置換基としては、それぞれ独立に、アミノ基、ヒドロキシ基、アルコキシ基、シアノ基、カルボン酸基、スルホン酸基、ハロゲン等が挙げられる。
Arにおける2価又は3価の芳香環としては、例えば、2価又は3価のベンゼン環が挙げられる。X2におけるアリール基としては、例えば、フェニル基、メチルベンジル基、ビニルベンジル基等が挙げられる。
また、化合物(A)は、1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子の少なくとも1つを含むカチオン性官能基を有するため、極性溶媒への溶解性に優れている。このため、シリコン等の表面が親水性である基板との親和性が高く、平滑な膜を形成することができる。
化合物(A)中の全窒素原子中に占める1級窒素原子の割合が20モル%以上であると、基板の表面に存在し得る官能基との結合が密に形成され、基板同士をより強く接着することができる。
熱膨張率と接合強度とのバランスの観点からは、上記割合は5モル%~75モル%であることが好ましく、10モル%~50モル%であることがより好ましい。
化合物(B)は、分子内に-C(=O)OX基(Xは、水素原子又は炭素数1以上6以下のアルキル基である)を3つ以上有し、3つ以上の-C(=O)OX基(以下、「COOX」とも称する。)のうち、1つ以上6つ以下が-C(=O)OH基(以下、「COOH」とも称する。)である化合物である。
化合物(B)が分子内に-C(=O)OX基(Xは、水素原子又は炭素数1以上6以下のアルキル基である)を有していると、組成物中での溶解性が向上する。
化合物(B)は、1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
化合物(B)が分子内に-C(=O)OX基を3つ又は4つ有していると、化合物(A)と効率よく反応することができる。
化合物(B)が分子内に-C(=O)OH基を1つ以上4つ以下有していると、組成物中での溶解性が向上する。
化合物(B)の重量平均分子量が上記範囲内であると、組成物中での溶解性が向上する。
化合物(B)が分子内に環構造を有していると、硬化物の耐熱性が向上する。
化合物(B)が分子内にフッ素原子を有していると、硬化物の吸水性が低下する。
化合物(C)は、環構造及び前記環構造に直接結合した1つ以上の1級窒素原子を有する化合物である。
化合物(C)は、化合物(A)とともに化合物(B)と反応して硬化物を形成する。
化合物(C)は、環構造と、前記環構造に直接結合した1つ以上の1級窒素原子を有している。この構造が硬化物中に導入されることで、硬化物の剛直性が増して熱膨張率が低下すると考えられる。
化合物(C)は、1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
脂環構造としては、炭素数3以上8以下、好ましくは炭素数4以上6以下の脂環構造が挙げられる。環構造内は飽和であっても不飽和であってもよい。より具体的には、シクロプロパン環、シクロブタン環、シクロペンタン環、シクロヘキサン環、シクロヘプタン環、シクロオクタン環などの飽和脂環構造;シクロプロペン環、シクロブテン環、シクロペンテン環、シクロヘキセン環、シクロヘプテン環、シクロオクテン環などの不飽和脂環構造が挙げられる。
複素環構造として具体的には、オキサゾール環、チオフェン環、ピロール環、ピロリジン環、ピラゾール環、イミダゾール環、トリアゾール環、イソシアヌル環、ピリジン環、ピリダジン環、ピリミジン環、ピラジン環、ピペリジン環、ピペラジン環、トリアジン環、インドール環、インドリン環、キノリン環、アクリジン環、ナフチリジン環、キナゾリン環、プリン環、キノキサリン環等が挙げられる。
脂環式アミンとして具体的には、シクロヘキシルアミン、ジメチルアミノシクロヘキサンなどが挙げられる。
芳香環アミンとして具体的には、ジアミノジフェニルエーテル、キシレンジアミン(好ましくはパラキシレンジアミン)、ジアミノベンゼン、ジアミノトルエン、メチレンジアニリン、ジメチルジアミノビフェニル、ビス(トリフルオロメチル)ジアミノビフェニル、ジアミノベンゾフェノン、ジアミノベンズアニリド、ビス(アミノフェニル)フルオレン、ビス(アミノフェノキシ)ベンゼン、ビス(アミノフェノキシ)ビフェニル、ジカルボキシジアミノジフェニルメタン、ジアミノレゾルシン、ジヒドロキシベンジジン、ジアミノベンジジン、1,3,5-トリアミノフェノキシベンゼン、2,2’-ジメチルベンジジン、トリス(4-アミノフェニル)アミンなどが挙げられる。
窒素を含有する複素環を有する複素環アミンとして具体的には、メラミン、アンメリン、メラム、メレム、トリス(4-アミノフェニル)アミンなどが挙げられる。
複素環と芳香環の両方を有するアミン化合物として具体的には、N2,N4,N6-トリス(4-アミノフェニル)-1,3,5-トリアジン-2,4,6-トリアミン、2-(4-アミノフェニル)ベンゾオキサゾール-5-アミンなどが挙げられる。
熱膨張率と接合強度とのバランスの観点からは、上記割合は5モル%~75モル%であることが好ましく、10モル%~50モル%であることがより好ましく、10モル%~30モル%であることがさらに好ましい。
組成物は、極性溶媒を含んでもよい。本開示において「極性溶媒」とは、室温(25℃)における比誘電率が5以上である溶媒を指す。
組成物が極性溶媒を含んでいると、組成物中の各成分の溶解性が向上する。
極性溶媒は、1種のみを単独で用いても、2種以上を組み合わせてもよい。
極性溶媒としては、プロトン性溶媒を含むことが好ましく、水を含むことがより好ましく、超純水を含むことがさらに好ましい。
組成物は、必要に応じて添加剤を含んでいてもよい。添加剤としては、カルボキシ基を有する重量平均分子量46以上195以下の酸、及び窒素原子を有する重量平均分子量17以上120以下の環構造を有しない塩基が挙げられる。
組成物に対し、プラズマエッチング耐性の選択性が求められる場合(例えばギャップフィル材料や埋め込み絶縁膜として用いる場合)、下記一般式(I)で表される金属アルコキシドを含んでもよい。
R1nM(OR2)m-n・・・(I)(式中、R1は非加水分解性基であり、R2は炭素数1~6のアルキル基であり、MはTi、Al、Zr、Sr、Ba、Zn、B、Ga、Y、Ge、Pb、P、Sb、V、Ta、W、La、Nd及びInの金属原子群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の金属原子を示し、mは金属原子Mの価数で、3又は4であり、nは、mが4の場合は0~2の整数、mが3の場合は0又は1であり、R1が複数ある場合、各R1は互いに同一であっても異なっていてもよく、OR2が複数ある場合、各OR2は互いに同一であっても異なっていてもよい。)
シラン化合物として具体的には、テトラエトキシシラン、テトラメトキシシラン、ビストリエトキシシリルエタン、ビストリエトキシシリルメタン、ビス(メチルジエトキシシリル)エタン、1,1,3,3,5,5-ヘキサエトキシ-1,3,5-トリシラシクロヘキサン、1,3,5,7-テトラメチル―1,3,5,7-テトラヒドロキシルシクロシロキサン、1,1,4,4-テトラメチル-1,4-ジエトキシジシルエチレン、1,3,5-トリメチル-1,3,5-トリメチル-1,3,5-トリエトキシ-1,3,5-トリシラシクロヘキサン、アミノ基以外の官能基(エポキシ基、メルカプト基等)を有するシランカップリング剤等が挙げられる。
組成物のpHが2.0以上12.0以下であると、組成物による基板へのダメージが抑制される。
組成物は、ナトリウム及びカリウムの含有量がそれぞれ元素基準で10質量ppb以下であることが好ましい。ナトリウム又はカリウムの含有量がそれぞれ元素基準で10質量ppb以下であれば、トランジスタの動作不良など半導体装置の電気特性に不都合が発生することを抑制できる。
本実施形態の組成物の用途は特に制限されず、半導体装置の製造をはじめとした種々の用途に使用できる。例えば、基板上又は基板間に層を形成するために用いるものであってもよく、後述する積層体の製造に用いるものであってもよい。
本実施形態の積層体は、1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子から選択される少なくとも1つを含むカチオン性官能基とSi-O結合とを有する化合物(A)と、-C(=O)OX基(Xは、水素原子又は炭素数1以上6以下のアルキル基である)を3つ以上有し、3つ以上の-C(=O)OX基のうち、1つ以上6つ以下が-C(=O)OH基である化合物(B)と、環構造及び前記環構造に直接結合した1つ以上の1級窒素原子を有する化合物(C)と、の反応生成物を含み、反応前の化合物(A)に含まれる1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子と化合物(C)に含まれる1級窒素原子との合計に占める化合物(A)に含まれる1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子の割合が3モル%~95モル%である層(以下、硬化物層ともいう)と、基板と、を含む積層体である。
本発明の効果を充分に得る観点からは、硬化物層の熱膨張率と等しいか、硬化物層の熱膨張率より小さい熱膨張率を有する基板が好ましい。
無機材料として具体的には、Si、InP、GaN、GaAs、InGaAs、InGaAlAs、SiGe、SiC等の半導体;ホウ素珪酸ガラス(パイレックス(登録商標))、石英ガラス(SiO2)、サファイア(Al2O3)、ZrO2、Si3N4、AlN、MgAl2O4、等の酸化物、炭化物又は窒化物;BaTiO3、LiNbO3,SrTiO3、LiTaO3、等の圧電体又は誘電体;ダイヤモンド;Al、Ti、Fe、Cu、Ag、Au、Pt、Pd、Ta、Nb等の金属;カーボンなどが挙げられる。
有機材料として具体的には、ポリジメチルシロキサン(PDMS)、エポキシ樹脂、フェノール樹脂、ポリイミド、ベンゾシクロブテン樹脂、ポリベンゾオキサゾールなどが挙げられる。
Siは、半導体メモリー、LSIの積層、CMOSイメージセンサー、MEMS封止、光学デバイス、LEDなど;
SiO2は、半導体メモリー、LSIの積層、MEMS封止、マイクロ流路、CMOSイメージセンサー、光学デバイス、LEDなど;
BaTiO3、LiNbO3,SrTiO3、LiTaO3は、弾性表面波デバイス;
PDMSは、マイクロ流路;
InGaAlAs、InGaAs、InPは、光学デバイス;
InGaAlAs、GaAs、GaNは、LEDなど。
硬化物層に含まれるフィラーの含有量が上記範囲であると、硬化物層の厚みを薄くした場合でも、積層体の接合不良を抑制することができる。また、硬化物層が形成された第1の基板を、第2の基板に積層する際、各基板に形成されたアラインメントマークを機械で認識し、位置合わせを行う場合がある。このときにフィラーの含有量が上記範囲であると硬化物層の透明性が向上し、より正確な位置合わせが可能となる。
組成物を樹脂フィルム上に塗布し、窒素雰囲気中、350℃、1時間でベークすることで硬化させる。続いて樹脂フィルムから剥離し、膜厚が10μm~70μmの硬化物層を作成する。示差走査熱量(DSC)計測計(TAインスツルメント社製、DSC2500)を用いて、窒素雰囲気下、23℃~400℃における熱流(昇温速度および冷却速度:10℃/分)を求め、変曲点の温度から硬化物層のTgを求める。
Si基板上に形成した硬化物層について、AFM(商品名 E-sweep、エスアイアイナノテクノロジー社製、AFMフォースマッピングモード、Si製探針(バネ定数2N/m相当))を用いて、真空下、ステージ温度250℃でのフォースカーブ測定結果からDMT理論式でフィッティングを行い、弾性率を算出する。
DMT理論式を下記に示す。式中、Eは樹脂膜の弾性率を表し、νは樹脂膜のポアソン比、Rはカンチレバーの先端径、δは押込み深さ、Fは試料に印可される力、Fcは最大凝着力を示す。ポアソン比は、0.33と仮定する。
具体的には、硬化物層をシリコン基板上に形成した状態で、ナノインデンテーター(バーコビッチ型圧子)を用い、押込み深さ20nmの条件にて23℃における除荷-変位曲線を測定する。参考文献(Handbook of Micro/nano Tribology (second Edition)、Bharat Bhushan編、CRCプレス社)の計算手法に従い、最大負荷から、23℃における硬さを計算により求める。硬さ(H)は、下記式により定義される。式中、Pmaxは押込み深さ20nmにおける最大負荷を表し、Acは押込み時の圧子の試料への投影面積を表す。
硬化物層の室温における弾性率は、硬化物層をシリコン基板上に形成した状態で、ナノインデンテーター(バーコビッチ型圧子)を用い、押込み深さ20nmの条件にて23℃における除荷-変位曲線を測定する。参考文献(Handbook of Micro/nano Tribology (second Edition)、Bharat Bhushan編、CRCプレス社)の計算手法に従い、最大負荷及び最大変位から、23℃における弾性率を計算により求める。
弾性率は、下記式により定義される。式中、Erは弾性率を表し、Eiは圧子のヤング率を表し、1140GPaであり、νiは圧子のポアソン比を表し、0.07であり、Es及びνsはそれぞれ試料のヤング率及びポアソン比を表す。
積層体は、半導体装置の部品をはじめとした種々の用途に用いることができる。
以下に、各用途における基板積層体の積層構造の例を示す。
MEMSパッケージング用;Si/硬化物層/Si、SiO2/硬化物層/Si、SiO2/硬化物層/SiO2、Cu/硬化物層/Cu、
マイクロ流路用;PDMS/硬化物層/PDMS、PDMS/硬化物層/SiO2、
CMOSイメージセンサー用;SiO2/硬化物層/SiO2、Si/硬化物層/Si、SiO2/硬化物層/Si、
シリコン貫通ビア(TSV)用;SiO2(Cu電極付き)/硬化物層/SiO2(Cu電極付き)、
メモリー、LSI用;SiO2/硬化物層/SiO2、
光学デバイス用;(InGaAlAs、InGaAs、InP、GaAs)/硬化物層/Si、
LED用;(InGaAlAs、GaAs、GaN)/硬化物層/Si、(InGaAlAs、GaAs、GaN)/硬化物層/SiO2、(InGaAlAs、GaAs、GaN)/硬化物層/(Au、Ag、Al)、(InGaAlAs、GaAs、GaN)/硬化物層/サファイア、
弾性表面波デバイス用;(BaTiO3、LiNbO3、SrTiO3、LiTaO3)/硬化物層/(MgAl2O4、SiO2、Si、Al2O3)。
硬化物層は、一時的に形成されるものであってもよい。例えば、犠牲膜のような半導体装置の製造工程にて基板上に一時的に形成され、後工程にて除去される用途にも用いることができる。
積層体が第1の基板と第2の基板とを含む場合、第1の基板と第2の基板との接合強度を表す表面エネルギーが上記範囲内であることが好ましい。積層体の表面エネルギーは、後述するブレード挿入試験により求めることができる。
本実施形態の積層体の製造方法は、
1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子から選択される少なくとも1つを含むカチオン性官能基とSi-O結合とを有する化合物(A)と、
-C(=O)OX基(Xは、水素原子又は炭素数1以上6以下のアルキル基である)を3つ以上有し、3つ以上の-C(=O)OX基のうち、1つ以上6つ以下が-C(=O)OH基である化合物(B)と、
環構造及び前記環構造に直接結合した1つ以上の1級窒素原子を有する化合物(C)と、を含み、
化合物(A)に含まれる1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子と化合物(C)に含まれる1級窒素原子との合計に占める化合物(A)に含まれる1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子の割合が3モル%~95モル%である層を基板上又は基板間に形成する第1工程と、前記層を硬化させる第2工程と、を有する積層体の製造方法である。
第1工程を実施する方法は特に制限されない。例えば、化合物(A)、化合物(B)及び化合物(C)を一括して(すなわち、上述した組成物の状態で)基板上又は基板間に付与して層を形成しても、化合物(A)、化合物(B)及び化合物(C)を複数の工程に分けて基板上又は基板間に付与して形成してもよい。化合物(A)、化合物(B)及び化合物(C)を複数の工程に分けて付与する場合、その順序は特に制限されない。また、それぞれを分けて付与しても、いずれか2成分を一括して付与してもよい。化合物(A)、化合物(B)及び化合物(C)を複数の工程に分けて付与する場合、各工程後に必要に応じて乾燥、洗浄等を実施してもよい。
第2工程では、化合物(A)、化合物(B)及び化合物(C)を含む層を硬化させる。具体的には、層に含まれる化合物(A)、化合物(B)及び化合物(C)を反応させて、これらの反応生成物を含む層(硬化物層)を形成する。
化合物(A)、化合物(B)及び化合物(C)を反応させる方法としては、これらの成分が反応する温度(例えば、70℃~450℃)で加熱する方法が挙げられる。
上記温度は、100℃~450℃が好ましく、100℃~400℃がより好ましく、150℃~350℃がさらに好ましい。また、前記温度は、70℃~280℃であってもよく、80℃~250℃であってもよく、90℃~2000℃であってもよい。
また、加熱工程における加熱は、大気雰囲気下で行ってもよく、不活性ガス(窒素ガス、アルゴンガス、ヘリウムガス等)雰囲気下で行ってもよい。
積層体の製造方法において、第2工程(加熱)と同時、又は第2工程(加熱)の後に、積層体をプレスすることが好ましい。積層体をプレスすることで、基板と硬化物層とが接する面積が増加して、接合強度がより向上する傾向にある。
積層体を加熱しながらプレスする場合の加熱温度は、100℃~450℃が好ましく、100℃~400℃がより好ましく、150℃~350℃がさらに好ましい。これにより、基板に半導体回路が形成されている場合に、半導体回路へのダメージが抑制される傾向にある。
積層体の製造方法は、第2工程の後、積層体をさらに加熱する後加熱工程を有していてもよい。後加熱工程を有することにより、接合強度がより優れる傾向にある。
後加熱工程が行われる際の圧力は、絶対圧17Pa超、大気圧以下であってもよく、1000Pa以上大気圧以下が好ましく、5000Pa以上大気圧以下がより好ましく、10000Pa以上大気圧以下がさらに好ましい。
後加熱工程では、積層体のプレスは行わないことが好ましい。
表1に示す成分を含む実施例及び比較例の組成物をそれぞれ調製した。各成分の量は、化合物(A)及び化合物(C)の合計のアミン当量数が化合物(B)のカルボキシ基当量数と等しく、かつ、化合物(A)に含まれる1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子と化合物(C)に含まれる1級窒素原子との合計に占める化合物(A)に含まれる1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子の割合が表1に示す値(モル%)となるように調整した。化合物(A)中に記載している値(質量%)は、化合物(A)に対する値とした。
各組成物は、極性溶媒として水、エタノール及びN,N-ジメチルアセトアミドを含んでいる。
3APDES…3-アミノプロピルジエトキシメチルシラン
3APTES…3-アミノプロピルトリエトキシシラン
M3TMSPA…N-メチル-3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピルアミン
ODPA…4,4’-オキシジフタル酸無水物をエタノールで開環して得られるハーフエステル化合物
BPDA…3,3’,4,4’-ビフェニルテトラカルボン酸二無水物をエタノールで開環して得られるハーフエステル化合物
PMDA…ピロメリット酸二無水物をエタノールで開環して得られるハーフエステル化合物
TFDB…4,4’-ジアミノ-2,2’-ビス(トリフルオロメチル)ビフェニル
AAPD…4,4’-ジアミノ-2,2’-ジメチルビフェニル
pXDA…パラキシレンジアミン
シリコン基板(基板1)の上に組成物をスピンコート法により塗布し、その上に別のシリコン基板(基板2)を配置し、1MPaで加圧しながら250℃に加熱して、硬化物層が基板1と基板2の間に配置された積層体を得た。次いで、既報(Journal of Applied Physics, 64 (1988) 4943-4950)に記載された手法に従って、基板と硬化物層との接合界面の表面エネルギーをブレード挿入試験で測定し、接合強度の指標とした。具体的には、基板1と基板2との間に厚さ0.25mmのブレードを挿入し、赤外線光源と赤外線カメラを用いて、ブレードの刃先から基板1と基板2とが剥離した距離を測定し、下記式に基づいて表面エネルギーを測定した。表面エネルギーの値が大きいほど、基板に対する接合強度が大きいと考えられ、0.2J/m2以上であれば接合強度が充分であると評価できる。結果を表1に示す。
ここで、γは表面エネルギー(J/m2)、tbはブレード厚さ(m)、Eは基板1及び基板2のヤング率(GPa)、tは基板1及び基板2の合計厚さ(m)、Lはブレード刃先からの基板1と基板2とが剥離した距離(m)を表す。
ポリイミドフィルム(宇部興産株式会社、「ユーピレックス」)の片面に組成物をスピンコート法により塗布し、350℃で加熱して、厚さが13μm~40μmの硬化物層を形成した。次いで、ポリイミドフィルムから硬化物層を剥離し、自立膜を得た。熱機械分析(TMA)装置(日立ハイテクサイエンス社製、TMA7100C)を用いて、窒素雰囲気下、250℃における平均線膨張係数(CTE)を測定した。CTEの値が小さいほど、熱膨張率が小さいと考えられる。結果を表1に示す。
さらに、本実施形態の組成物に相当する組成物を用いた実施例は、化合物(A)を含まない組成物を用いた比較例3よりも表面エネルギーが大きく、接合強度により優れると評価できる。
本明細書に記載された全ての文献、特許出願、および技術規格は、個々の文献、特許出願、および技術規格が参照により取り込まれることが具体的かつ個々に記された場合と同程度に、本明細書中に援用されて取り込まれる。
Claims (11)
- 1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子から選択される少なくとも1つを含むカチオン性官能基とSi-O結合とを有する化合物(A)と、
-C(=O)OX基(Xは、水素原子又は炭素数1以上6以下のアルキル基である)を3つ以上有し、3つ以上の-C(=O)OX基のうち、1つ以上6つ以下が-C(=O)OH基である化合物(B)と、
環構造及び前記環構造に直接結合した1つ以上の1級窒素原子を有する化合物(C)と、を含み、
化合物(A)に含まれる1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子と化合物(C)に含まれる1級窒素原子との合計に占める化合物(A)に含まれる1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子の割合が3モル%~95モル%である、組成物。 - 化合物(C)は環構造に直接結合した1級窒素原子を2つ以上有する、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 化合物(C)の重量平均分子量が80以上600以下である、請求項1又は請求項2に記載の組成物。
- 化合物(A)は前記Si-O結合を構成する酸素原子に結合したアルキル基を2つ有する、請求項1~請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 化合物(B)の重量平均分子量が200以上600以下である、請求項1~請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- さらに極性溶媒を含む、請求項1~請求項5のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 半導体装置の製造に用いるための、請求項1~請求項6のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 基板上又は基板間に層を形成するための、請求項1~請求項7のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子から選択される少なくとも1つを含むカチオン性官能基とSi-O結合とを有する化合物(A)と、
-C(=O)OX基(Xは、水素原子又は炭素数1以上6以下のアルキル基である)を3つ以上有し、3つ以上の-C(=O)OX基のうち、1つ以上6つ以下が-C(=O)OH基である化合物(B)と、
環構造及び前記環構造に直接結合した1つ以上の1級窒素原子を有する化合物(C)と、の反応生成物を含み、
反応前の化合物(A)に含まれる1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子と化合物(C)に含まれる1級窒素原子との合計に占める化合物(A)に含まれる1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子の割合が3モル%~95モル%である層と、基板と、を含む積層体。 - 前記基板が第1の基板と第2の基板とを含み、第1の基板、前記反応生成物を含む層、及び第2の基板がこの順に配置される、請求項9に記載の積層体。
- 1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子から選択される少なくとも1つを含むカチオン性官能基とSi-O結合とを有する化合物(A)と、
-C(=O)OX基(Xは、水素原子又は炭素数1以上6以下のアルキル基である)を3つ以上有し、3つ以上の-C(=O)OX基のうち、1つ以上6つ以下が-C(=O)OH基である化合物(B)と、
環構造及び前記環構造に直接結合した1つ以上の1級窒素原子を有する化合物(C)と、を含み、
化合物(A)に含まれる1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子と化合物(C)に含まれる1級窒素原子との合計に占める化合物(A)に含まれる1級窒素原子及び2級窒素原子の割合が3モル%~95モル%である層を基板上又は基板間に形成する工程と、前記層を硬化させる工程と、を有する積層体の製造方法。
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