WO2022041823A1 - 一种动力电池的真空裂解设备及其裂解方法 - Google Patents

一种动力电池的真空裂解设备及其裂解方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022041823A1
WO2022041823A1 PCT/CN2021/091572 CN2021091572W WO2022041823A1 WO 2022041823 A1 WO2022041823 A1 WO 2022041823A1 CN 2021091572 W CN2021091572 W CN 2021091572W WO 2022041823 A1 WO2022041823 A1 WO 2022041823A1
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Prior art keywords
cylinder
heater
pyrolysis
cracking
barrel
Prior art date
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PCT/CN2021/091572
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
谢英豪
余海军
明帮来
Original Assignee
广东邦普循环科技有限公司
湖南邦普循环科技有限公司
湖南邦普汽车循环有限公司
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Application filed by 广东邦普循环科技有限公司, 湖南邦普循环科技有限公司, 湖南邦普汽车循环有限公司 filed Critical 广东邦普循环科技有限公司
Priority to EP21859670.8A priority Critical patent/EP4194753A4/en
Priority to US18/042,765 priority patent/US11872611B2/en
Priority to HUP2200227A priority patent/HU231380B1/hu
Publication of WO2022041823A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022041823A1/zh

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
    • B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
    • B09B3/30—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless involving mechanical treatment
    • B09B3/35—Shredding, crushing or cutting
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/02—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
    • F23G5/027—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment pyrolising or gasifying stage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/18—Stationary reactors having moving elements inside
    • B01J19/20—Stationary reactors having moving elements inside in the form of helices, e.g. screw reactors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
    • B02C19/00—Other disintegrating devices or methods
    • B02C19/18—Use of auxiliary physical effects, e.g. ultrasonics, irradiation, for disintegrating
    • B02C19/186—Use of cold or heat for disintegrating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
    • B02C4/00—Crushing or disintegrating by roller mills
    • B02C4/02—Crushing or disintegrating by roller mills with two or more rollers
    • B02C4/08—Crushing or disintegrating by roller mills with two or more rollers with co-operating corrugated or toothed crushing-rollers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
    • B02C4/00—Crushing or disintegrating by roller mills
    • B02C4/28—Details
    • B02C4/30—Shape or construction of rollers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
    • B02C4/00—Crushing or disintegrating by roller mills
    • B02C4/28—Details
    • B02C4/32—Adjusting, applying pressure to, or controlling the distance between, milling members
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
    • B02C4/00—Crushing or disintegrating by roller mills
    • B02C4/28—Details
    • B02C4/42—Driving mechanisms; Roller speed control
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
    • B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
    • B09B3/30—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless involving mechanical treatment
    • B09B3/38—Stirring or kneading
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
    • B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
    • B09B3/40—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless involving thermal treatment, e.g. evaporation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B47/00—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials with indirect heating, e.g. by external combustion
    • C10B47/18—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials with indirect heating, e.g. by external combustion with moving charge
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B47/00—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials with indirect heating, e.g. by external combustion
    • C10B47/28—Other processes
    • C10B47/32—Other processes in ovens with mechanical conveying means
    • C10B47/44—Other processes in ovens with mechanical conveying means with conveyor-screws
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/02—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
    • F23G5/027—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment pyrolising or gasifying stage
    • F23G5/0273—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment pyrolising or gasifying stage using indirect heating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/02—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
    • F23G5/033—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment comminuting or crushing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/44—Details; Accessories
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/44—Details; Accessories
    • F23G5/442—Waste feed arrangements
    • F23G5/444—Waste feed arrangements for solid waste
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
    • F23G7/003—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals for used articles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/54—Reclaiming serviceable parts of waste accumulators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
    • B02C2201/00—Codes relating to disintegrating devices adapted for specific materials
    • B02C2201/06—Codes relating to disintegrating devices adapted for specific materials for garbage, waste or sewage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
    • B02C23/00—Auxiliary methods or auxiliary devices or accessories specially adapted for crushing or disintegrating not provided for in preceding groups or not specially adapted to apparatus covered by a single preceding group
    • B02C23/18—Adding fluid, other than for crushing or disintegrating by fluid energy
    • B02C23/38—Adding fluid, other than for crushing or disintegrating by fluid energy in apparatus having multiple crushing or disintegrating zones
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
    • B02C4/00—Crushing or disintegrating by roller mills
    • B02C4/28—Details
    • B02C4/44—Cooling or heating rollers or bars
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
    • B09B2101/00—Type of solid waste
    • B09B2101/15—Electronic waste
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
    • B09B2101/00—Type of solid waste
    • B09B2101/15—Electronic waste
    • B09B2101/16—Batteries
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2201/00—Pretreatment
    • F23G2201/30—Pyrolysing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2201/00—Pretreatment
    • F23G2201/80—Shredding
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for incinerators
    • F23G2900/50204—Waste pre-treatment by pyrolysis, gasification or cracking
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
    • Y02W30/84—Recycling of batteries or fuel cells

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of battery decomposition and extraction, in particular to a vacuum cracking device for power batteries and a cracking method thereof.
  • Waste batteries According to the statistics of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the production and sales of new energy vehicles in my country in 2019 were 1.242 million and 1.206 million respectively.
  • the life of 3C small batteries is generally 1 to 2 years, and the life of power batteries is generally 3 to 5 years. Massive battery applications will inevitably lead to massive battery scrapping. If the waste batteries are not effectively treated, it will cause serious damage to the environment. harm. Waste batteries contain organic substances such as separators, binders, and electrolytes, which need to be harmlessly treated at high temperatures.
  • the traditional high-temperature treatment method is to simply use aerobic pyrolysis or anaerobic pyrolysis for treatment.
  • the traditional aerobic pyrolysis method is prone to produce dioxins during the pyrolysis process, and there is a risk of secondary pollution; traditional anaerobic pyrolysis methods
  • the cracking method produces tar, coke and other products after cracking, and the cracked products have a negative impact on the subsequent battery recycling process. In addition, the cracking generates a lot of heat, and the heat cannot be recovered. In view of the above problems, further improvement is required.
  • the present invention aims to solve at least one of the technical problems existing in the prior art.
  • the present invention proposes a vacuum pyrolysis applied to power batteries that combines aerobic pyrolysis and anaerobic pyrolysis, which can avoid secondary pollution, avoid the impact of cracked products on subsequent processes, and recover the heat after cracking. equipment.
  • the present invention adopts the following scheme:
  • a vacuum cracking device for a power battery comprising a cylinder body, and further comprising:
  • the rolling device which is arranged in the cylinder, the rolling device comprises a plurality of pressing rollers arranged at intervals along the up-down direction and a fifth driving device for driving the rotation of the pressing rollers;
  • a first sealing device arranged in the cylinder
  • a cracking device is arranged in the cylinder, the cracking device includes a first heater, a first air inlet, a first air outlet and a pipeline, and the first heater is arranged outside the cylinder to make the first heater A heater heats the outer surface of the cylinder, and the pipes are respectively connected with the first heater and the first air outlet;
  • a pyrolysis device is arranged in the cylinder and below the second sealing device, the pyrolysis device includes a second heater, a second air inlet, a second air outlet, a first stirring paddle and a a first driving device for driving the rotation of the first stirring paddle, the second heater is provided outside the cylinder so that the second heater heats the outer surface of the cylinder, the second heater connected to the pipeline;
  • the third sealing device is arranged in the cylinder.
  • the cracking device further comprises a laterally arranged first screw, a second driving device, a barrel, a propeller, a third driving device and a first bottom plate, and the second driving device is used to drive the
  • the first screw rotates
  • the third driving device is used to drive the propeller to rotate
  • the barrel is installed under the first screw
  • the first bottom plate is installed under the barrel
  • the propeller is located at the bottom of the barrel.
  • the barrel body is installed on the first bottom plate; the diameter of the barrel body is smaller than the diameter of the barrel body, the opening of the barrel body faces the downward direction, and the opening of the barrel body is the same as the first bottom plate.
  • a clearance space is provided between the bottom plates; the main shaft of the propeller is hollow; wherein, the cracked material falls onto the second sealing device through the hollow of the main shaft.
  • both the main shaft and the barrel are provided with air guide holes.
  • the first stirring paddle includes a first shaft and a plurality of blade groups, the plurality of blade groups are distributed on the first shaft at intervals, and each blade group includes a plurality of first A paddle, a plurality of first paddles are circumferentially spaced on the outer surface of the first shaft.
  • the first sealing device, the second sealing device and the third sealing device each include a cylinder, a plug and a fourth driving device
  • the outer surface of the cylinder is in contact with the The inner surface of the cylinder is in contact with the inner surface of the cylinder
  • a guide groove is provided in the middle of the cylinder
  • the plug moves up and down along the guide groove
  • the fourth driving device is used to drive the plug to move
  • the cylinder moves up and down.
  • each of the pressing rollers is provided with a plurality of first hobbing teeth and a plurality of second hobbing teeth with a diameter smaller than that of the first hobbing teeth, between each two of the pressing rollers , the first hobbing tooth of the upper pressure roller corresponds to the second hobbing tooth of the lower pressure roller, and the second hobbing tooth of the upper pressure roller corresponds to the first hobbing tooth of the lower pressure roller.
  • a feeding device is provided above the rolling device, the feeding device is installed on the cylinder, and the feeding device includes a feeding hopper, a feeding port and a sixth The driving device, the feeding hopper is provided with a feeding groove, the bottom of the feeding groove is connected with the discharge port, the discharge port is connected with the cylinder, and the feeding groove is provided with a first Two screws, the sixth driving device is used to drive the second screw to rotate.
  • the fourth driving device includes a screw, a worm gear, a worm, and a first motor, a through hole is formed in the middle of the plug, and a thread is formed in the through hole, and the plug is connected to the The screw is connected, the screw is connected with the worm wheel, the worm wheel is connected with the worm, and the worm is connected with the first motor.
  • the upper end surface of the cylinder is in a conical shape.
  • the shape of the front view of the plurality of the blade groups mounted on the first shaft matches the shape of the upper end surface of the cylinder of the third sealing device.
  • the present invention also provides a vacuum cracking method for a power battery, comprising the following steps:
  • the crushed material is transported to the cracking device to be preheated first, then heated up, and cracked under an inert atmosphere or vacuum to obtain cracked gas, solid cracked products and non-crackable substances;
  • the non-pyrolyzable substances are mainly positive electrode material powder, negative electrode material powder, copper powder, iron powder, aluminum powder and oxides of copper, iron and aluminum.
  • step (1) before the rolling, it also includes discharging the waste power battery.
  • the rolling pressure is 50-150 MPa
  • the rolling speed is 0.5-2 m/s
  • the rolling gap width is 5-50 mm.
  • the cracking is gradient cracking
  • the gradient temperature is 350°C-450°C, 450°C-550°C, 550°C-650°C
  • the cracking time is 0.2-5h.
  • the heating rate is 3-10°C/min.
  • the cracked gas is a mixed gas of C3-C12 olefins and alkanes.
  • the temperature of the preheating is 100°C-200°C.
  • the inert atmosphere is a nitrogen atmosphere; the pressure of the vacuum is 10-30 kPa.
  • step (2) the cracked gas is used as the fuel for pyrolysis in step (3).
  • the pyrolysis temperature is 400°C-600°C
  • the pyrolysis time is 0.5-5h
  • the pyrolysis pressure is normal pressure
  • the atmosphere is air or oxygen
  • the rotational speed of the pyrolysis paddle is 5-60r/min.
  • the positive electrode material powder is one of nickel-cobalt lithium manganate, lithium iron phosphate or lithium manganate; the negative electrode material powder is one of graphite or lithium titanate.
  • step (3) valuable metal elements such as metal Li, Ni, Co, and Mn are also extracted from the positive electrode material powder or the negative electrode material powder by a hydrometallurgical method commonly used in the art.
  • the vacuum cracking equipment of the power battery of the present invention is equipped with first, second, and third sealing devices, which isolate the cracking device and the pyrolysis device, and can realize that material transmission and gas isolation do not interfere with each other, and avoid anaerobic areas and oxygen-free areas. It can increase the output rate of cracked gas and effectively avoid the generation of harmful by-products;
  • the present invention combines battery cracking and pyrolysis, making full use of the advantages of the two and overcoming their disadvantages.
  • the battery is cracked to avoid the harm of dioxins produced by the traditional pyrolysis process, and pyrolysis is performed after the cracking.
  • pyrolysis is performed after the cracking.
  • the pyrolysis gas discharged afterwards is used as the fuel for pyrolysis and pyrolysis or preheating the pyrolysis device, making full use of resources;
  • the design of the spiral cracking paddle in the vertical furnace of the present invention makes the material in the process of ascending and conveying, by setting different temperatures at different positions of the heater of the cracking device, to realize the gradient temperature-controlled cracking of waste batteries , so that different kinds of organic materials in the waste battery can be cracked step by step, and finally achieve complete cracking and obtain the target high calorific value cracking gas;
  • the present invention adopts an integrated rolling, cracking, and pyrolysis device to realize one-step fully enclosed rolling, cracking, and pyrolysis of waste batteries, simplifying intermediate transmission links, effectively avoiding dust escape, and purifying the sanitary environment of the workplace. Improve the recovery rate of metals such as nickel, cobalt, manganese, and lithium.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of the interior of a cylinder of a vacuum cracking device for a power battery according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a partially enlarged structural schematic diagram of the connection between the third sealing device shown in FIG. 1 and the pyrolysis device;
  • Fig. 3 is the structural representation of the first stirring paddle shown in Fig. 1;
  • Fig. 4 is a partial enlarged structural schematic diagram of the rolling device shown in Fig. 1;
  • FIG. 5 is a partial enlarged structural schematic diagram of the feeding device shown in FIG. 1 .
  • cylinder 100 first sealing device 200, cylinder 210, guide groove 211, discharge groove 212, plug 220, through hole 221, fourth drive device 230, screw 231, worm wheel 232, worm 233 , the first motor 234, the cracking device 300, the first heater 310, the heat insulation layer 311, the first air inlet 320, the first air outlet 330, the pipeline 340, the first screw 350, the second driving device 351, the barrel 360, clearance space 361, air guide hole 362, propeller 370, third driving device 371, main shaft 372, first bottom plate 380, second sealing device 400, pyrolysis device 500, second heater 510, second air inlet 520 , the second air outlet 530, the first stirring paddle 540, the first shaft 541, the paddle group 542, the first paddle 5421, the first driving device 550, the third sealing device 600, the rolling device 700, the pressing roller 710, The first hobbing 711, the second hobbing 712, the fifth driving device 720, the feeding device 800, the feeding hopper 8
  • the meaning of several is one or more, the meaning of multiple is two or more, greater than, less than, exceeding, etc. are understood as not including this number, above, below, within, etc. are understood as including this number.
  • orientation or positional relationships related to orientation descriptions are based on the orientation or positional relationships shown in the drawings. It is only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, rather than indicating or implying that the indicated device or element must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operate in a particular orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation of the present invention.
  • the vacuum cracking equipment for a power battery includes a cylindrical body (100), and also includes sequentially arranged from top to bottom;
  • the rolling device 700 includes a plurality of pressing rollers 710 spaced in the up-down direction and a fifth driving device 720 for driving the pressing rollers 710 to rotate, and each pressing roller 710 is provided with a plurality of first hobbing gears 711 and a plurality of second hobbing teeth 712 smaller in diameter than the first hobbing teeth 711;
  • the first sealing device 200 is arranged in the cylinder body 100;
  • the cracking device 300 is arranged in the cylinder body 100.
  • the cracking device 300 includes a first heater 310, a first air inlet 320, a first air outlet 330 and a pipeline 340.
  • the first heater 310 is arranged outside the cylinder body 100 to make The first heater 310 heats the outer surface of the cylinder 100, and the pipes 340 are respectively connected to the first heater 310 and the first air outlet 330;
  • the second sealing device 400 is arranged in the cylindrical body 100;
  • the pyrolysis device 500 is arranged in the cylinder body 100, and the pyrolysis device 500 includes a second heater 510, a second air inlet 520, a second air outlet 530, a first stirring paddle 540 and a vacuum cracker for driving the power battery
  • the first driving device 550 for the rotation of the first stirring paddle 540 of the equipment, the second heater 510 is arranged outside the cylinder 100 so that the second heater 510 can heat the outer surface of the cylinder 100, the second heater 510 is connected to the pipeline 340 connect;
  • the third sealing device 600 is arranged in the cylindrical body 100 .
  • the cylinder 100 is placed vertically; the first heater 310 and the second heater 510 are cylindrical gas burners, using cracked gas as fuel, specifically, refer to the existing cylinder
  • the first sealing device 200, the second sealing device 400 and the third sealing device 600 are used for sealing the cracking device 300 and the pyrolysis device 500, and for conveying materials, specifically, the first sealing device 200,
  • the second sealing device 400 and the third sealing device 600 can be an on-off valve, or a movable plate and a cylinder for driving the movable plate to move in the cylinder body 100, and the movable plate moves left and right, thereby realizing the functions of sealing and conveying;
  • the first driving device 550 can be a motor, which drives the rotating cylinder;
  • Working process pass the waste battery through the feeding hopper 810, then enter the rolling device 700, first pass through the rolling zone, break or break the battery under the action of the pressing roller 710, enter the temporary storage zone, open the first sealing device 200,
  • the rolled battery is dropped into the cracking device 300, nitrogen gas is introduced through the first air inlet 320 and the first heater 310 is started, so that the rolled battery is heated in the nitrogen gas, thereby cracking the battery, and the process of cracking the battery There will be cracked gas, solid cracked products and non-cracked products, and the cracked gas will be discharged into the pipeline 340 through the first gas outlet 330, and the pipeline 340 will continuously provide the first heater 310 with cracked gas and preheat the first heater 310.
  • the second sealing device 400 is opened to drop the solid cracked products and non-crackable products into the pyrolysis device 500 , and then close the first sealing device 200 and the second sealing device 400, and then seal the cracking device 300.
  • the above-mentioned cracking device 300 will crack the next batch of waste batteries, thereby ensuring the continuous generation of cracked gas, thereby ensuring the first
  • the fuel supply of the heater 310 and the second heater 510, the pyrolysis device 500 feeds oxygen through the second air inlet 520, and simultaneously starts the second heater 510 and the first stirring paddle 540, so that the solid cracked product and the non-cracked product are Continuously tumbling in an oxygen-containing state, so that the pyrolysis products generated by the spent batteries are completely decomposed, the pyrolyzed exhaust gas is discharged from the pyrolysis device 500 through the exhaust port, and the pyrolyzed batteries pass through the third sealing device 600 The material is cooled, and then goes to the next processing step.
  • the vacuum cracking equipment of the power battery in the embodiment of the present invention is equipped with first, second and third sealing devices, which isolate the cracking device 300 and the pyrolysis device 500, and can realize that material transmission and gas isolation do not interfere with each other, and avoid oxygen-free areas and
  • the cross gas between the aerobic zones increases the output rate of cracked gas, and at the same time effectively avoids the generation of harmful by-products such as dioxins; the combination of battery cracking and pyrolysis makes full use of the advantages of both and overcomes their disadvantages. For example, crack the battery to avoid the harm of dioxins produced by the traditional pyrolysis process.
  • pyrolysis is carried out, and the tar and coke produced after cracking are completely decomposed through aerobic pyrolysis, so as to avoid the by-products of the traditional single cracking process.
  • subsequent processes such as increasing acid-base consumption, increasing the amount of solid waste residue, increasing the difficulty of wastewater treatment, etc., and using the cracked gas discharged after cracking as the fuel for pyrolysis and cracking, the resources are fully utilized.
  • the cracking device 300 further includes a first screw 350 , a second driving device 351 , a barrel 360 , a propeller 370 , a third driving device 371 and a first bottom plate, which are arranged laterally 380, the second driving device 351 is used to drive the first screw 350 to rotate, the third driving device 371 is used to drive the propeller 370 to rotate, the barrel 360 is installed under the first screw 350, and the first bottom plate 380 is installed on the barrel 360.
  • the propeller 370 is located in the barrel 360 and is mounted on the first bottom plate 380; the diameter of the barrel 360 is smaller than the diameter of the barrel 100, the opening of the barrel 360 faces downward, and the opening of the barrel 360 is connected to the first bottom plate 380. There is a clearance space 361 therebetween; the main shaft 372 of the propeller 370 is hollow; wherein, the cracked material falls onto the second sealing device 400 through the hollow of the main shaft 372 .
  • the second driving device 351 to rotate the first screw 350 , open the second sealing device 400 , the first heating device and the third driving device 371 , so that the crushed waste batteries fall onto the first screw 350
  • the first screw 350 pushes the waste battery to move, so that the waste battery falls from the space between the inner wall of the barrel 100 and the outer surface of the barrel 360 to the first bottom plate 380, and the waste battery is removed by the first floor during the falling process.
  • the heater 310 is heated, and the spent battery at the bottom is lifted to the top of the propeller 370 by the rotating propeller 370.
  • the pipeline 340 leads to the second heater 510, so that the second heater 510 is preheated by the pyrolysis gas with high calorific value, thereby reducing the preheating time of the pyrolysis device 500 and accelerating the pyrolysis speed; the second driving device 351 and the third
  • the driving device 371 can be a motor, which drives the rotating cylinder, the turbine is connected to the main shaft 372, the worm 233 is connected to the turbine, and the worm 233 is connected to the motor.
  • both the main shaft 372 and the barrel 360 are provided with air guide holes 362 to discharge the pyrolysis gas in the main shaft 372 and the pyrolysis gas in the barrel 360 .
  • the first stirring paddle 540 includes a first shaft 541 and a plurality of paddle groups 542 , and the plurality of paddle groups 542 are distributed on the first shaft 541 at intervals,
  • Each paddle set 542 includes a plurality of first paddles 5421, and the plurality of first paddles 5421 are circumferentially spaced on the outer surface of the first shaft 541;
  • the groups 542 are arranged on the first shaft 541 at intervals from left to right.
  • Each blade group 542 includes a plurality of first blades 5421 .
  • the plurality of first blades 5421 take the first shaft 541 as the center of the circle.
  • the plurality of paddle groups 542 can be two, three, or more than three, and the plurality of first paddles 5421 can be two, three, or three Above, when there are four first paddles 5421, the four first paddles 5421 are arranged in a cross; a plurality of paddle groups 542 are provided to continuously stir the cracked product, prevent product accumulation, refine the product, and make the The latter product reacts with the second heater 510 and oxygen, thereby accelerating the speed of the pyrolysis product; the first blade 5421 of the blade group 542 located in the middle of the first shaft 541 is in the shape of a "Y", and the rest of the blade group The first paddle 5421 of the 542 is in the shape of a "T" shape to facilitate stirring the cracked product at the bottom.
  • the first sealing device 200 , the second sealing device 400 and the third sealing device 600 all include a cylinder 210 , a plug 220 and a fourth driving device 230 .
  • the outer surface of the cylindrical body 210 is in contact with the inner surface of the cylindrical body 100
  • the middle of the cylindrical body 210 is provided with a guide groove 211
  • the plug 220 moves up and down along the guide groove 211
  • the fourth driving device 230 is used to drive the plug 220 to move
  • the cylindrical body 210 is provided with a plurality of feeding troughs 212
  • the feeding troughs 212 are connected with the guide groove 211 and the bottom of the cylindrical body 210 .
  • the fourth driving device 230 can drive the cylinder, or the plug 220 can be connected with the lead screw 231, the lead screw 231 can be connected with the driven wheel, the driven wheel is connected with the driving wheel through a chain, and the driving wheel is connected with the motor;
  • the four-drive device 230 drives the plug 220 to move up and down in the guide groove 211 .
  • the plug 220 moves higher than the discharge groove 212
  • the plug 220 prevents the waste batteries from entering.
  • the plug 220 moves to be lower than the discharge groove 212
  • the waste battery flows to the bottom of the cylinder 210 through the refueling chute 212; specifically, the refilling chute 212 is an "O"-shaped groove, and there may be one, two or more than two refilling chute.
  • the first hobbing tooth 711 of the upper pressing roller 710 corresponds to the second hobbing tooth 712 of the lower pressing roller 710
  • the second hobbing teeth 712 of the upper pressing roller 710 correspond to the first hobbing teeth 711 of the lower pressing roller 710 .
  • the roller pressing device 700 can have two pulverizing rollers that cooperate with each other, the pulverizing rollers are driven by a motor, or three pulverizing rollers distributed in a triangular shape, and the pulverizing rollers are driven by a motor;
  • the arrangement of the first hobbing 711 and the second hobbing 712 is the first hobbing 711, the second hobbing 712, the first hobbing 711, the second hobbing 712, the first hobbing 711, etc., and another pressing roller
  • the arrangement of the first hobbing 711 and the second hobbing 712 on the 710 is the second hobbing 712, the first hobbing 711, the second hobbing 712, the first hobbing 711, the second hobbing 712, etc., two
  • the hobbing teeth cooperate with each other to make the waste battery break or break between the two hobbing teeth; specifically, the gap between each two hobbing teeth can be adjusted, and the degree of rupture and the particle size of the rolled battery can be controlled by adjusting the hobbing gap.
  • a feeding device 800 is provided above the rolling device 700 , the feeding device 800 is installed on the cylinder 100 , and the feeding device 800 includes a feeding hopper 810 , the discharge port 820 and the sixth drive device 830, the feeding hopper 810 is provided with a feeding groove 811, the bottom of the feeding groove 811 is connected with the discharging port 820, the discharging port 820 is connected with the cylinder 100, and the feeding groove 811 A second screw 840 is provided inside, and the sixth driving device 830 is used to drive the second screw 840 to rotate.
  • the sixth driving device 830 When working, start the sixth driving device 830, put the waste battery into the feeding hopper 810, drop the waste battery into the feeding chute 811, and the second screw 840 pushes the waste battery to move, so that the waste battery falls to the rolling device through the discharge port 820 700;
  • the sixth driving device 830 may be a motor or a rotary cylinder.
  • the fourth driving device 230 includes a screw 231, a worm wheel 232, a worm 233 and a first motor 234.
  • a through hole 221 is provided in the middle of the plug 220, and the through hole 221 is provided with There are threads, the plug 220 is connected with the screw rod 231 , the screw rod 231 is connected with the worm wheel 232 , the worm wheel 232 is connected with the worm screw 233 , and the worm screw 233 is connected with the first motor 234 .
  • the first motor 234 starts to drive the worm 233 to rotate, the worm 233 drives the turbine to rotate, the turbine drives the screw 231 to rotate, and then the screw 231 drives the plug 220 to move up and down; the turbine and the worm 233 cooperate with the screw 231 to use the worm wheel.
  • the self-locking feature of the 232 worm 233 can withstand the impact of the dropped battery.
  • the upper end surface of the cylinder 210 is in a conical shape, so as to guide the waste batteries to converge in the middle of the cylinder 210 to facilitate the transportation of the waste batteries.
  • the shape of the front view of the plurality of paddle groups 542 mounted on the first shaft 541 matches the shape of the upper end surface of the cylinder 210 of the third sealing device 600 , specifically , the upper end surface of the cylinder 210 is in a conical shape, and the first stirring paddle 540 is in a "rhombus" shape matched with the conical shape;
  • both the outer surface of the first heater 310 and the outer surface of the second heater 510 are provided with a thermal insulation layer 311 to prevent heat loss and keep warm.
  • a discharge device 900 is provided below the third sealing device 600 , and the discharge device includes a first block 910 , a third screw 920 , a discharge port 930 and a first block 910 .
  • the third screw 920 is located below the first stopper 910, the discharge port 930 is located under the first stopper 910 and under the third screw 920, the second motor 940 is used to drive the third screw 920 rotates; specifically, one end of the first stopper 910 is arranged on one side of the inner wall of the cylinder 100, the other end of the first stopper 910 extends to the middle of the cylinder 100, and the shape of the first stopper 910 is a right-angled triangle; During operation, the pyrolyzed material falls onto the first block 910 , the material falls onto the third screw 920 through the inclined surface of the first block 910 , and the third screw 920 pushes the material to discharge through the discharge port 930 .
  • An embodiment of the present invention also provides a method for vacuum cracking of a power battery, comprising the following steps:
  • crushed material is transported to the cracking device through the first sealing device 200 and preheated to 200°C, and then heated to 350°C-450°C, 450°C-550°C, 550°C at a temperature increase rate of 6°C/min °C-650°C, under an inert atmosphere, carry out gradient cracking for 2.5h to obtain a mixture of C3-C12 olefins and alkanes, solid cracking products and non-cracking products;
  • the solid cracked products and non-pyrolyzable substances are transported to the pyrolysis device 500 through the second sealing device 400, and pyrolyzed at 500° C. for 3 hours in an air atmosphere to obtain pyrolysis gas and non-pyrolyzable substances; pyrolysis
  • the main components of the gas are carbon dioxide and water vapor, and the non-pyrolyzable substances are mainly positive electrode material powder, negative electrode material powder, copper powder, iron powder, aluminum powder and oxides of copper, iron and aluminum.

Abstract

一种动力电池的真空裂解设备及其裂解方法, 设备包括筒体(100)，还包括从上至下依次设置的辊压装置（700）、第一密封装置（200）、裂解装置（300）、第二密封装置（400）、热解装置（500）及第三密封装置（600）；裂解装置（300）包括第一加热器（310）、第一进气口（320）、第一出气口（330）和管道（340），第一加热器（310）设于筒体（100）外以对筒体（100）的外表面进行加热，管道（340）分别与第一加热器（310）和第一出气口（330）连接；热解装置（500）包括第二加热器（510）、第二进气口（520）、第二出气口（530）、第一搅拌桨（540），第二加热器（510）设于筒体（100）外以对筒体（100）的外表面进行加热，第二加热器（510）与管道（340）连接，以及一种裂解方法。该设备和方法将电池裂解与热解相结合，充分利用了资源。

Description

一种动力电池的真空裂解设备及其裂解方法 技术领域
本发明涉及电池分解提取技术领域，尤其涉及一种动力电池的真空裂解设备及其裂解方法。
背景技术
据工信部统计，2019年我国新能源汽车产销分别完成124.2万辆和120.6万辆，2019年全国锂离子电池产量157.2亿只，同比增长4.0％。3C小型电池寿命一般为1～2年，动力电池寿命一般为3～5年，海量的电池应用，必将带来海量的电池报废，废旧电池如果得不到有效处理将会对环境造成严重的危害。废旧电池中含有隔膜、粘结剂、电解液等有机物，处理时需要采用高温对其进行无害化处理。
传统的高温处理方法是单一地采用有氧热解或者无氧裂解的方法进行处理，传统的有氧热解方法在热解过程中容易产生二噁英，存在二次污染的风险；传统无氧裂解方法在裂解后产生焦油、焦炭等产物，裂解产物对后续的电池回收工艺产生负面影响，另外，裂解产生大量热量，热量不能回收。针对上述问题，需要进一步改进。
发明内容
本发明旨在至少解决现有技术中存在的技术问题之一。为此，本发明提出一种有氧热解与无氧裂解结合，能避免二次污染、能避免裂解后产物对后续的工艺产生影响和能回收裂解后的热量的应用于动力电池的真空裂解设备。
为了实现上述目的，本发明采取以下方案：
一种动力电池的真空裂解设备，包括筒体，还包括从上至下设置的：
辊压装置，设于所述筒体内，所述辊压装置包括多个沿上下方向间隔设置的压辊和用于驱动所述压辊旋转的第五驱动装置；
第一密封装置，设于所述筒体内；
裂解装置，设于所述筒体内，所述裂解装置包括第一加热器、第一进气口、第一出气口和管道，所述第一加热器设于所述筒体外以使所述第一加热器对所述 筒体的外表面进行加热，所述管道分别与所述第一加热器和所述第一出气口连接；
第二密封装置，设于所述筒体内；
热解装置，设于所述筒体内和位于所述第二密封装置的下方，所述热解装置包括第二加热器、第二进气口、第二出气口、第一搅拌桨和用于驱动所述第一搅拌桨旋转的第一驱动装置，所述第二加热器设于所述筒体外以使所述第二加热器对所述筒体的外表面进行加热，所述第二加热器与所述管道连接；
第三密封装置，设于所述筒体内。
根据本发明的一些实施例，所述裂解装置还包括横向设置的第一螺杆、第二驱动装置、桶体、螺旋桨、第三驱动装置和第一底板，所述第二驱动装置用于驱动所述第一螺杆旋转，第三驱动装置用于驱动所述螺旋桨旋转，所述桶体安装于所述第一螺杆的下方，所述第一底板安装于所述桶体的下方，所述螺旋桨位于所述桶体内且安装于所述第一底板上；所述桶体的直径小于所述筒体的直径，所述桶体的开口朝向向下方向，所述桶体的开口与所述第一底板之间设有间隙空间；所述螺旋桨的主轴为中空；其中，裂解完的材料通过所述主轴的中空掉落至所述第二密封装置上。
根据本发明的一些实施例，所述主轴和所述桶体都设有导气孔。
根据本发明的一些实施例，所述第一搅拌桨包括第一轴和多个桨叶组，多个桨叶组间隔分布于所述第一轴上，每个桨叶组包括多个第一桨叶，多个第一桨叶圆周间隔设于所述第一轴的外表面上。
根据本发明的一些实施例，所述第一密封装置、所述第二密封装置和所述第三密封装置都包括圆柱体、堵头和第四驱动装置，所述圆柱体的外表面与所述筒体的内表面抵接，所述圆柱体的中部设有导槽，所述堵头沿所述导槽上下移动，所述第四驱动装置用于驱动所述堵头移动，所述圆柱体内设有若干个倒料槽，所述倒料槽与所述导槽和所述圆柱体底部连接。
根据本发明的一些实施例，每个所述压辊都设有多个第一滚齿和多个比所述第一滚齿直径小的第二滚齿，每两个所述压辊之间，上方所述压辊的第一滚齿与下方所述压辊的第二滚齿相对应，上方所述压辊的第二滚齿与下方所述压辊的第一滚齿相对应。
根据本发明的一些实施例，所述辊压装置的上方设有进料装置，所述进料装置安装于所述筒体上，所述进料装置包括进料斗、出料口和第六驱动装置，所述 进料斗设有进料槽，所述进料槽的底部与所述出料口连接，所述出料口与所述筒体连接，所述进料槽内设有第二螺杆，所述第六驱动装置用于驱动所述第二螺杆旋转。
根据本发明的一些实施例，所述第四驱动装置包括丝杆、蜗轮、蜗杆和第一电机，所述堵头中部设有通孔，所述通孔设有螺纹，所述堵头与所述丝杆连接，所述丝杆与所述蜗轮连接，所述蜗轮与所述蜗杆连接，所述蜗杆与所述第一电机连接。
根据本发明的一些实施例，所述圆柱体的上端面为圆锥形状。
根据本发明的一些实施例，多个所述桨叶组安装于所述第一轴上的主视图形状与所述第三密封装置的圆柱体上端面形状相匹配。
本发明还提供一种动力电池的真空裂解方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)将废旧动力电池从进料斗进料，再进入辊压机进行辊压处理，得到碎料；
(2)将碎料输送到裂解装置先预热，再升温，在惰性气氛或真空下，进行裂解，得到裂解气、固态裂解产物和不可裂解物；
(3)将固态裂解产物和不可裂解物输送到热解装置，在有氧氛围下进行热解，得到热解气和不可热解物；所述热解气主要成分为二氧化碳和水蒸气，所述不可热解物主要为正极材料粉、负极材料粉、铜粉、铁粉、铝粉及铜铁铝的氧化物。
优选地，步骤(1)中，所述辊压前还包括对废旧动力电池进行放电处理。
优选地，步骤(1)中，所述辊压的压力为50-150MPa，辊压的转速为0.5-2m/s，辊压的辊缝宽度为5-50mm。
优选地，步骤(2)中，所述裂解为梯度裂解，梯度温度为350℃-450℃、450℃-550℃、550℃-650℃，裂解时间为0.2-5h。
优选地，步骤(2)中，所述升温的速率为3-10℃/min。
优选地，步骤(2)中，所述裂解气为C3-C12的烯烃和烷烃的混合气。
优选地，步骤(2)中，所述预热的温度为100℃-200℃。
优选地，步骤(2)中，所述惰性气氛为氮气氛围；所述真空的压力为10-30kPa。
优选地，步骤(2)中，所述裂解气作为步骤(3)中热解的燃料。
优选地，步骤(3)中，所述热解的温度为400℃-600℃，热解的时间为0.5-5h， 热解的压力为常压，气氛为空气或氧气，热解桨的转速为5-60r/min。
步骤(3)中，所述正极材料粉为镍钴锰酸锂、磷酸铁锂或锰酸锂中的一种；所述负极材料粉为石墨或钛酸锂中的一种。
优选地，步骤(3)中，还对所述正极材料粉或负极材料粉采用本领域常用的湿法冶金方法提取其中的金属Li、Ni、Co和Mn等有价金属元素。
有益效果：
(1)本发明动力电池的真空裂解设备安装有第一、二、三密封装置，将裂解装置和热解装置隔离，并且能实现物料传输和气体隔离相互不干扰，避免无氧区和有氧区之间的串气，增加裂解气的产出率，同时有效避免有害副产物的产生；
(2)本发明将电池裂解与热解相结合，充分利用二者的优势并克服其劣势，例如，对电池进行裂解，避免传统热解工艺产生二噁英的危害，裂解后进行热解，通过有氧热解使裂解后产出的焦油、焦炭进行彻底分解，避免传统单一裂解工艺副产物对后续工艺的增加酸碱耗量、增加固废渣量、增加废水处理难度等问题，以及利用裂解后排出的裂解气作为热解和裂解的燃料或预热热解装置，充分利用了资源；
(3)本发明在立式炉中的螺旋式裂解桨设计，使物料在上升传输的过程中，通过在裂解装置加热器不同位置设定不同的温度，可实现对废旧电池的梯度温控裂解，以使得废电池中不同种类的有机物料获得逐级的裂解，最终达到彻底的裂解并获得目标高热值裂解气；
(4)本发明采用一体式辊压、裂解、热解装置，实现对废旧电池一步全封闭式辊压、裂解、热解，精简中间传送环节，有效避免粉尘逸散，净化作业场所卫生环境，提高镍、钴、锰、锂等金属回收率。
附图说明
本发明的附加的方面和优点从结合下面附图对实施例的描述中将变得明显和容易理解，其中：
图1为本发明实施例的动力电池的真空裂解设备的筒体内部主视结构示意图；
图2为图1示出的第三密封装置与热解装置连接的局部放大结构示意图；
图3为图1示出的第一搅拌桨的结构示意图；
图4为图1示出的辊压装置的局部放大结构示意图；
图5为图1示出的进料装置的局部放大结构示意图。
附图标记：筒体100、第一密封装置200、圆柱体210、导槽211、倒料槽212、堵头220、通孔221、第四驱动装置230、丝杆231、蜗轮232、蜗杆233、第一电机234、裂解装置300、第一加热器310、隔热层311、第一进气口320、第一出气口330、管道340、第一螺杆350、第二驱动装置351、桶体360、间隙空间361、导气孔362、螺旋桨370、第三驱动装置371、主轴372、第一底板380、第二密封装置400、热解装置500、第二加热器510、第二进气口520、第二出气口530、第一搅拌桨540、第一轴541、桨叶组542、第一桨叶5421、第一驱动装置550、第三密封装置600、辊压装置700、压辊710、第一滚齿711、第二滚齿712、第五驱动装置720、进料装置800、进料斗810、进料槽811、出料口820、第六驱动装置830、第二螺杆840、出料装置900、第一挡块910、第三螺杆920、排料口930、第二电机940。
具体实施方式
下面详细描述本发明的实施例，所述实施例的示例在附图中示出，其中自始至终相同或类似的标号表示相同或类似的元件或具有相同或类似功能的元件。下面通过参考附图描述的实施例是示例性的，仅用于解释本发明，而不能理解为对本发明的限制。
本发明的描述中，若干的含义是一个或者多个，多个的含义是两个以上，大于、小于、超过等理解为不包括本数，以上、以下、以内等理解为包括本数。需要理解的是，涉及到方位描述，例如上、下、前、后、左、右和中等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的方位或位置关系。在仅是为了便于描述本发明和简化描述，而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作，因此不能理解为对本发明的限制。
本发明的描述中，除非另有明确的限定，安装和连接等词语应做广义理解，所属技术领域技术人员可以结合技术方案的具体内容合理确定上述词语在本发明中的具体含义。
参照图1所示，根据本发明实施例的动力电池的真空裂解设备，包括筒体(100)，还包括从上至下依次设置的；
辊压装置700，辊压装置700包括多个沿上下方向间隔设置的压辊710和用于驱动压辊710旋转的第五驱动装置720，每个压辊710都设有多个第一滚齿711和多个比第一滚齿711直径小的第二滚齿712；
第一密封装置200，设于筒体100内；
裂解装置300，设于筒体100内，裂解装置300包括第一加热器310、第一进气口320、第一出气口330和管道340，第一加热器310设于筒体100外以使第一加热器310对筒体100的外表面进行加热，管道340分别与第一加热器310和第一出气口330连接；
第二密封装置400，设于筒体100内；
热解装置500，设于筒体100内，热解装置500包括第二加热器510、第二进气口520、第二出气口530、第一搅拌桨540和用于驱动动力电池的真空裂解设备第一搅拌桨540旋转的第一驱动装置550，第二加热器510设于筒体100外以使第二加热器510对筒体100的外表面进行加热，第二加热器510与管道340连接；
第三密封装置600，设于筒体100内。
例如，如图1所示，筒体100为竖直放置；第一加热器310和第二加热器510为圆筒式的燃气燃烧器，采用裂解气作为燃料，具体地，参考现有圆筒式的燃气燃烧器；第一密封装置200、第二密封装置400和第三密封装置600用于密封裂解装置300和热解装置500，以及用于输送材料，具体地，第一密封装置200、第二密封装置400和第三密封装置600可以为开关阀，也可以为筒体100内设有活动板和用于驱动活动板移动的气缸，活动板左右移动，从而实现密封和输送的功能；第一驱动装置550可以是电机，带动旋转气缸；
工作过程：将废电池经过进料斗810，再进入辊压装置700，首先经过辊压区，在压辊710的作用下使电池破裂或断裂，进入暂存区，打开第一密封装置200，使辊压后的电池掉落裂解装置300内，通过第一进气口320通入氮气且启动第一加热器310，使辊压后的电池在氮气内进行加热，从而裂解电池，裂解电池过程中会产生裂解气、固态裂解产物和不可裂解产物，裂解气通过第一出气口330排至管道340内，管道340不断对第一加热器310提供裂解气和对第一加热器310进行预热，使第一加热器310得到燃料的补给，进而保证第一加热器310持续加热粉碎的电池；裂解后，开启第二密封装置400将固态裂解产物及不可裂 解产物掉落至热解装置500内，再关闭第一密封装置200和第二密封装置400，进而密封裂解装置300，同时，上述裂解装置300进行对下一批废电池进行裂解，进而保证裂解气的持续的产生，从而保证第一加热器310和第二加热器510燃料的供给，热解装置500通过第二进气口520通入氧气，同时启动第二加热器510和第一搅拌桨540，使固态裂解产物和不可裂解产物在含氧的状态下不断翻滚，进而使废电池裂解后所产生的裂解产物被彻底分解，热解后的尾气通过排气口排出热解装置500，热解后的电池经过第三密封装置600出料冷却，再进入下一个处理工序。
本发明实施例的动力电池的真空裂解设备安装有第一、二、三密封装置，将裂解装置300和热解装置500隔离，并且能实现物料传输和气体隔离相互不干扰，避免无氧区和有氧区之间的串气，增加裂解气的产出率，同时有效避免有害副产物如二噁英的产生；将电池裂解与热解相结合，充分利用二者的优势并克服其劣势，例如，对电池进行裂解，避免传统热解工艺产生二噁英的危害，裂解后进行热解，通过有氧热解使裂解后产出的焦油、焦炭进行彻底分解，避免传统单一裂解工艺副产物对后续工艺的增加酸碱耗量、增加固废渣量、增加废水处理难度等问题，以及利用裂解后排出的裂解气作为热解和裂解的燃料，充分利用了资源。
在本发明的一些实施例中，如图1所示，裂解装置300还包括横向设置的第一螺杆350、第二驱动装置351、桶体360、螺旋桨370、第三驱动装置371和第一底板380，第二驱动装置351用于驱动第一螺杆350旋转，第三驱动装置371用于驱动螺旋桨370旋转，桶体360安装于第一螺杆350的下方，第一底板380安装于桶体360的下方，螺旋桨370位于桶体360内且安装于第一底板380上；桶体360的直径小于筒体100的直径，桶体360的开口朝向向下方向，桶体360的开口与第一底板380之间设有间隙空间361；螺旋桨370的主轴372为中空；其中，裂解完的材料通过主轴372的中空掉落至第二密封装置400上。例如，工作时，启动第二驱动装置351以使第一螺杆350旋转，打开第二密封装置400、第一加热装置和第三驱动装置371，使粉碎后的废电池掉至第一螺杆350上，第一螺杆350推动废电池移动，使废电池从筒体100的内壁和桶体360的外表面之间的空间掉落至第一底板380上，废电池在掉落的过程中被第一加热器310加热，底部的废电池被旋转的螺旋桨370提升至螺旋桨370的顶部，由于螺旋桨370的主轴372为中空，使位于顶部的废电池掉落至主轴372内等待第二密封装置 400打开；由于废电池掉落过程被第一次加热和废电池被螺旋桨370提升进行第二次加热，进而使废电池实现梯度裂解和充分裂解废电池，从而产生高热值的裂解气；高热值的裂解气通过管道340通向第二加热器510，使第二加热器510被高热值的裂解气预热，进而减少热解装置500的预热时间和加快热解速度；第二驱动装置351和第三驱动装置371可以为电机，带动旋转气缸，涡轮与主轴372连接，蜗杆233与涡轮连接，蜗杆233与电机连接。
在本发明的进一步实施例中，如图1所示，主轴372和桶体360都设有导气孔362，以排出主轴372内的热解气和桶体360内的热解气。
在本发明的进一步实施例中，如图1、2所示，第一搅拌桨540包括第一轴541和多个桨叶组542，多个桨叶组542间隔分布于第一轴541上，每个桨叶组542包括多个第一桨叶5421，多个第一桨叶5421圆周间隔设于第一轴541的外表面上；例如，第一搅拌桨540为横向设置，多个桨叶组542左右依次间隔设置于第一轴541上，每个桨叶组542包括多个第一桨叶5421，多个第一桨叶5421以第一轴541为圆心，多个第一桨叶5421圆周间隔设于第一轴541的外表面上；具体地，多个桨叶组542可以两个、三个或三个以上，多个第一桨叶5421可以为两个、三个或三个以上，当四个第一桨叶5421时，四个第一桨叶5421呈十字设置；设有多个桨叶组542，以不断搅拌裂解后产物，防止产物堆积，细化产物，使细化后的产物与第二加热器510和氧气发生反应，进而加快热解产物的速度；位于第一轴541中间的桨叶组542的第一桨叶5421为“Y”字形状，其余桨叶组542的第一桨叶5421为“T”字形状，以方便搅拌底部的裂解后产物。
在本发明的一些实施例中，如图1、2所示，第一密封装置200、第二密封装置400和第三密封装置600都包括圆柱体210、堵头220和第四驱动装置230，圆柱体210的外表面与筒体100的内表面抵接，圆柱体210的中部设有导槽211，堵头220沿导槽211上下移动，第四驱动装置230用于驱动堵头220移动，圆柱体210内设有若干个倒料槽212，倒料槽212与导槽211和圆柱体210底部连接。例如，第四驱动装置230可以驱动气缸，也可以为堵头220与丝杆231连接，丝杆231与从动轮连接，从动轮通过链条与主动轮连接，主动轮与电机连接；工作时，第四驱动装置230带动堵头220在导槽211中上下移动，当堵头220移动至高于倒料槽212时，堵头220阻挡废电池进入，当堵头220移动至低于倒料槽212时，废电池通过倒料槽212流至圆柱体210的下方；具体地，倒料槽212为 “O”形槽，若干个倒料槽212可以一个、两个或两个以上。
在本发明的一些实施例中，如图1、3所示，每两个压辊710之间，上方压辊710的第一滚齿711与下方压辊710的第二滚齿712相对应，上方压辊710的第二滚齿712与下方压辊710的第一滚齿711相对应。辊压装置700可以两个互相配合的粉碎辊，粉碎辊通过电机驱动，或者三个呈三角形分布的粉碎辊，粉碎辊通过电机驱动；例如，两个压辊710，其中一个压辊710上的第一滚齿711和第二滚齿712的排列方式为第一滚齿711、第二滚齿712、第一滚齿711、第二滚齿712、第一滚齿711等，另外一个压辊710上第一滚齿711和第二滚齿712的排列方式为第二滚齿712、第一滚齿711、第二滚齿712、第一滚齿711、第二滚齿712等，两个滚齿互相配合使废电池在两个滚齿间破裂或者断裂；具体地，每两个滚齿的间隙可以调节，通过调节滚齿间隙控制辊压电池破裂程度和破碎粒径，辊压装置700还设有泄压阀；第五驱动装置720为电机或旋转气缸。
在本发明的一些实施例中，如图1、5所示，辊压装置700的上方设有进料装置800，进料装置800安装于筒体100上，进料装置800包括进料斗810、出料口820和第六驱动装置830，进料斗810设有进料槽811，进料槽811的底部与出料口820连接，出料口820与筒体100连接，进料槽811内设有第二螺杆840，第六驱动装置830用于驱动第二螺杆840旋转。工作时，启动第六驱动装置830，废电池投入进料斗810，废电池掉入进料槽811，第二螺杆840推动废电池移动，使废电池经出料口820掉落至辊压装置700上；第六驱动装置830可以为电机或旋转气缸。
在本发明的进一步实施例中，如图2所示，第四驱动装置230包括丝杆231、蜗轮232、蜗杆233和第一电机234，堵头220中部设有通孔221，通孔221设有螺纹，堵头220与丝杆231连接，丝杆231与蜗轮232连接，蜗轮232与蜗杆233连接，蜗杆233与第一电机234连接。工作时，第一电机234启动，带动蜗杆233旋转，蜗杆233带动涡轮转动，涡轮带动丝杆231转动，进而丝杆231带动堵头220上下移动；涡轮和蜗杆233与丝杆231配合，利用蜗轮232蜗杆233的自锁特性，以能承受废电池掉落的冲击。
在本发明的进一步实施例中，如图2所示，圆柱体210的上端面为圆锥形状，以导向废电池汇聚于圆柱体210的中部，方便传送废电池。
在本发明的进一步实施例中，如图2所示，多个桨叶组542安装于第一轴 541上的主视图形状与第三密封装置600的圆柱体210上端面形状相匹配，具体地，圆柱体210的上端面为圆锥形状，第一搅拌桨540为与圆锥形状配合的“菱形”形状；这样的结构以充分搅拌第一搅拌桨540底部的裂解后的产物。
在本发明的一些实施例中，如图1所示，第一加热器310的外表面和第二加热器510的外表面都设有隔热层311，以防止热气丢失和保温。
在本发明的一些实施例中，如图1所示，第三密封装置600的下方设有出料装置900，出料装置包括第一挡块910、第三螺杆920、排料口930和第二电机940，第三螺杆920设于第一挡块910的下方，排料口930位于第一挡块910的下方且设于第三螺杆920的下方，第二电机940用于驱动第三螺杆920旋转；具体地，第一挡块910的一端设于筒体100内壁的一侧，第一挡块910的另一端延伸筒体100的中部，第一挡块910的形状为直角三角形形状；工作时，热解后的材料掉至第一挡块910上，材料经第一挡块910的斜面掉落至第三螺杆920上，第三螺杆920推动材料经排料口930排出。
本发明的实施例中还提供一种动力电池真空裂解的方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)将废旧动力电池放电后，从进料装置800进料，再进入压力为100MPa和转速为0.5-2m/s的辊压装置700进行辊压处理，得到碎料；
(2)将碎料通过第一密封装置200输送到裂解装置先预热至200℃，再在升温度率为6℃/min下，升温至350℃-450℃、450℃-550℃、550℃-650℃，在惰性气氛下，进行梯度裂解2.5h，得到C3～C12的烯烃和烷烃的混合气、固态裂解产物和不可裂解物；
(3)将固态裂解产物和不可裂解物通过第二密封装置400输送到热解装置500中，在空气的氛围和500℃下进行热解3h，得到热解气和不可热解物；热解气主要成分为二氧化碳和水蒸气，不可热解物主要为正极材料粉、负极材料粉、铜粉、铁粉、铝粉及铜铁铝的氧化物。
在本说明书的描述中，参考术语“一些实施例”或、“可以想到的是”等的描述意指结合该实施例或示例描述的具体特征、结构、材料或者特点包含于本发明的至少一个实施例或示例中。在本说明书中，对上述术语的示意性表述不一定指的是相同的实施例或示例。而且，描述的具体特征、结构、材料或者特点可以在任何的一个或多个实施例或示例中以合适的方式结合。
尽管已经示出和描述了本发明的实施例，本领域的普通技术人员可以理解： 在不脱离本发明的原理和宗旨的情况下可以对这些实施例进行多种变化、修改、替换和变型，本发明的范围由权利要求及其等同物限定。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种动力电池的真空裂解设备，包括筒体(100)，其特征在于：还包括从上至下依次设置的；
    辊压装置(700)，设于所述筒体(100)内，所述辊压装置(700)包括多个沿上下方向间隔设置的压辊(710)和用于驱动所述压辊(710)旋转的第五驱动装置(720)；
    第一密封装置(200)，设于所述筒体(100)上；
    裂解装置(300)，设于所述筒体(100)内，所述裂解装置(300)包括第一加热器(310)、第一进气口(320)、第一出气口(330)和管道(340)，所述第一加热器(310)设于所述筒体(100)外以使所述第一加热器(310)对所述筒体(100)的外表面进行加热，所述管道(340)分别与所述第一加热器(310)和所述第一出气口(330)连接；
    第二密封装置(400)，设于所述筒体(100)内；
    热解装置(500)，设于所述筒体(100)内，所述热解装置(500)包括第二加热器(510)、第二进气口(520)、第二出气口(530)、第一搅拌桨(540)和用于驱动所述第一搅拌桨(540)旋转的第一驱动装置(550)，所述第二加热器(510)设于所述筒体(100)外以使所述第二加热器(510)对所述筒体(100)的外表面进行加热，所述第二加热器(510)与所述管道(340)连接；
    第三密封装置(600)，设于所述筒体(100)内。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的动力电池的真空裂解设备，其特征在于：所述裂解装置(300)还包括横向设置的第一螺杆(350)、第二驱动装置(351)、桶体(360)、螺旋桨(370)、第三驱动装置(371)和第一底板(380)，所述第二驱动装置(351)用于驱动所述第一螺杆(350)旋转，第三驱动装置(371)用于驱动所述螺旋桨(370)旋转，所述桶体(360)安装于所述第一螺杆(350)的下方，所述第一底板(380)安装于所述桶体(360)的下方，所述螺旋桨(370)位于所述桶体(360)内且安装于所述第一底板(380)上；所述桶体(360)的直径小于所述筒体(100)的直径，所述桶体(360)的开口朝向向下方向，所述桶体(360)的开口与所述第一底板(380)之间设有间隙空间(361)；所述螺旋桨(370)的主轴(372)为中空；其中，裂解完的材料通过所述主轴(372) 的中空掉落至所述第二密封装置(400)上。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的动力电池的真空裂解设备，其特征在于：所述主轴(372)和所述桶体(360)都设有导气孔(362)。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的动力电池的真空裂解设备，其特征在于：所述第一密封装置(200)、所述第二密封装置(400)和所述第三密封装置(600)都包括圆柱体(210)、堵头(220)和第四驱动装置(230)，所述圆柱体(210)的外表面与所述筒体(100)的内表面抵接，所述圆柱体(210)的中部设有导槽(211)，所述堵头(220)沿所述导槽(211)上下移动，所述第四驱动装置(230)用于驱动所述堵头(220)移动，所述圆柱体(210)内设有若干个倒料槽(212)，所述倒料槽(212)与所述导槽(211)和所述圆柱体(210)底部连接。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的动力电池的真空裂解设备，其特征在于：所述第一搅拌桨(540)包括第一轴(541)和多个桨叶组(542)，多个桨叶组(542)间隔分布于所述第一轴(541)上，每个桨叶组(542)包括多个第一桨叶(5421)，多个第一桨叶(5421)圆周间隔设于所述第一轴(541)的外表面上。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的动力电池的真空裂解设备，其特征在于：每个所述压辊(710)都设有多个第一滚齿(711)和多个比所述第一滚齿(711)直径小的第二滚齿(712)，每两个所述压辊(710)之间，上方所述压辊(710)的第一滚齿(711)与下方所述压辊(710)的第二滚齿(712)相对应，上方所述压辊(710)的第二滚齿(712)与下方所述压辊(710)的第一滚齿(711)相对应。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的动力电池的真空裂解设备，其特征在于：所述辊压装置(700)的上方设有进料装置(800)，所述进料装置(800)安装于所述筒体(100)上，所述进料装置(800)包括进料斗(810)、出料口(820)和第六驱动装置(830)，所述进料斗(810)设有进料槽(811)，所述进料槽(811)的底部与所述出料口(820)连接，所述出料口(820)与所述筒体(100)连接，所述进料槽(811)内设有第二螺杆(840)，所述第六驱动装置(830)用于驱动所述第二螺杆(840)旋转。
  8. 根据权利要求4所述的动力电池的真空裂解设备，其特征在于：所述第四驱动装置(230)包括丝杆(231)、蜗轮(232)、蜗杆(233)和第一电机(234)，所述堵头(220)中部设有通孔(221)，所述通孔(221)设有螺纹，所述堵头(220)与所述丝杆(231)连接，所述丝杆(231)与所述蜗轮(232)连接，所 述蜗轮(232)与所述蜗杆(233)连接，所述蜗杆(233)与所述第一电机(234)连接。
  9. 根据权利要求4所述的动力电池的真空裂解设备，其特征在于：所述圆柱体(210)的上端面为圆锥形状。
  10. 根据权利要求5所述的动力电池的真空裂解设备，其特征在于：多个所述桨叶组(542)安装于所述第一轴(541)上的主视图形状与所述第三密封装置(600)的圆柱体(210)上端面形状相匹配。
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