WO2021248652A1 - 一种针对高铁枕梁工艺孔的焊枪自动轨迹避让方法 - Google Patents
一种针对高铁枕梁工艺孔的焊枪自动轨迹避让方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021248652A1 WO2021248652A1 PCT/CN2020/104934 CN2020104934W WO2021248652A1 WO 2021248652 A1 WO2021248652 A1 WO 2021248652A1 CN 2020104934 W CN2020104934 W CN 2020104934W WO 2021248652 A1 WO2021248652 A1 WO 2021248652A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
- B23K9/04—Welding for other purposes than joining, e.g. built-up welding
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- the invention relates to the field of arc additive materials, in particular to a welding gun automatic trajectory avoidance method for high-speed rail bolster process holes.
- additive manufacturing technology is also known as “physical free manufacturing”, “3D printing technology”, etc. Compared with the traditional subtractive manufacturing (cutting) technology, it is a “bottom-up”
- the material accumulation manufacturing method is based on mathematical modeling, based on the discrete-stacking principle, a new manufacturing technology that stacks materials layer by layer to produce solid parts.
- additive manufacturing technology has realized the rapid manufacturing of organic materials, inorganic non-metallic materials, and metal materials.
- the additive manufacturing technology is classified by heat source, which can be divided into: laser additive manufacturing, arc additive manufacturing, electron beam additive manufacturing and other technologies.
- the raw materials generally have two forms of welding wire and metal powder.
- Designing a set of workstations for the process holes of high-speed rail corbels has significant advantages compared with traditional manual welding.
- the purpose of the invention is to provide a welding gun automatic trajectory avoidance method for the process hole of the high-speed rail bolster, so as to solve the above-mentioned problems in the prior art.
- a welding gun automatic trajectory avoidance method for high-speed rail bolster process holes includes establishing the outer contour of the process hole, dividing the virtual surface by the outer contour, and the welding gun actively avoids the trigger surface by moving to the virtual surface.
- the collision radius of the welding gun is detected, and the radius is used as the reference to circle the inner wall of the process hole, and the center line of the gun head is used as the reference line to establish a virtual surface at the terminal; automatically according to the distance to the outer edge of the workpiece The avoidance angle is triggered by movement to the virtual surface, and the welding gun change angle is 5-15°.
- the virtual surface is simplified as virtual surface A, the upper and lower end surface centers CA1 and CA2 of virtual surface A are determined, and a line can be obtained by connecting CA1CA2, which is called the central axis of virtual surface A, and the point MA is called The cylinder center of the virtual surface A; it is uniquely determined by the cylinder center MA, the top surface center CA1, and the radius rA and represents a cylinder;
- pt1+pt2 represents vector addition.
- the welding torch head is simplified as the welding torch head B. If the virtual surface A and the welding torch head B intersect, the relative position relationship between the two is divided according to whether the end circle participates in the intersection, respectively, in the following three scenarios:
- Scenario 3 The virtual surface A and the welding torch head B only have the end surface of one cylinder participating in the intersection, and the two end surfaces of the other cylinder are not participating in the intersection, which is called side oblique intersection.
- both the virtual surface A and the welding torch head B are cylinders:
- the detection virtual plane A and the welding torch head B end face wafers intersect, the two space wafers to be inspected are C1 and C2, and their planes and radii are respectively P1, r1 and P2, r2.
- a generatrix can be found on the two cylinders, so that the distance from the generatrix to the central axis of the other cylinder is smaller than the radius of each other, and the given virtual plane A and the space do not coincide with the A column A point P of the body center point MA, if a directed line segment r satisfies the following conditions at the same time, it is called a radius of A pointing to the point P:
- r is a radius of A, that is, the starting point of r falls on the central axis xA of A, r is perpendicular to xA, and the length of r is equal to the radius rA of A;
- the trajectory avoidance method is based on an arc 3D printing workstation, including a transplanting workstation, and an arc additive workstation arranged on one side of the middle section of the transplanting workstation; the arc additive workstation integrates a reverse weight Three processes of construction, arc welding and laser cleaning.
- the transplanting workstation includes a transplanting track capable of bidirectional feeding, and a corbel fixing seat is provided on the transplanting track, and the head and tail of the corbel are positioned and clamped at a predetermined interval on the fixed
- the arc additive workstation includes a safety protection room that encloses a designated work area, the safety protection room is located on both sides of the transplanting track with rolling shutter doors, the transplanting track passes through the rolling door, the safety The positions of the protective room near the rolling door are respectively provided with a robot tool quick change device, the robot tool quick change device is located on one side of the transplanting track, and a plurality of industrial tools are arranged between the robot tool quick change devices.
- the robot; the robot tool quick change device includes a support frame, a quick change plate fixed on the upper side of the support frame, and a fixing seat respectively provided on the quick change plate; both sides of the fixing seat are respectively fixed
- a rotating cylinder the output end of the rotating cylinder is fixed with an extended rotating part, and the end of the rotating part is fixed with a contact part that directly contacts the corresponding quick change tool.
- the welding torch head, laser cleaning head, and 3D camera are respectively arranged on the fixing seats, and one side of the welding torch head, laser cleaning head and 3D camera is fixed with a section
- the movable seat adapted to the fixed seat is not exchanged, the welding torch head, the laser cleaning head, and the 3D camera are clamped on the fixed seat by the movable seat, and the rotating part of the rotating cylinder is laterally Compression; the movable seat is fixed with a quick-change lock, and the end of the mechanical arm of the industrial robot is also fixed with a quick-change lock.
- the present invention relates to a welding gun automatic trajectory avoidance method for high-speed rail bolster process holes.
- the welding torch trajectory avoidance is avoided by adding eight avoidance surfaces, divided by the outer contour, and the virtual surface is controlled by software.
- the principle is In order to detect the collision radius of the welding gun, the reference is the center line of the gun head, and the virtual surface is created.
- the avoidance angle can be set at different positions to avoid automatically.
- the avoidance angle is automatically based on the distance of the outer edge of the workpiece.
- the welding gun changes angle is 5-15°.
- the invention makes the walking track of the welding torch more closely conform to the outer contour, and avoids the problem of collision between the welding torch and the hole wall.
- Figure 1 is a perspective view of a three-dimensional view of a workstation in the present invention.
- Figure 2 is another perspective view of the three-dimensional view of the workstation of the present invention.
- Figure 3 is a top view of the workstation in the present invention.
- Figure 4 is a three-dimensional view of the arc additive workstation in the present invention.
- Fig. 5 is a perspective view of the industrial robot and the robot tool quick change device in the present invention.
- Fig. 6 is a partial enlarged view of the robot tool quick change device in the present invention.
- Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the processed workpiece corbel in the present invention.
- Figure 8 is a working flow chart of the workstation in the present invention.
- Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of collision detection of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of the parameters involved in the intersection of the space discs in the collision detection.
- transplanting workstation 1 corbel 101, lower pressing plate 102, rolling door 2, safety protection room 3, welding 4, robot tool quick change device 5, support frame 501, quick change plate 502, fixed seat 503, rotating cylinder 504, rotating part 505, master control cabinet 6, robot control cabinet 7, industrial robot 8, quick-change lock 801, welding gun head 9, laser cleaning head 10, and 3D camera 11.
- the invention relates to a welding gun automatic trajectory avoidance method for high-speed rail bolster process holes.
- the method is based on a transferable dual-robot arc 3D printing workstation.
- the workstation includes a transplanting workstation 1 and an arc additive workstation.
- the arc additive workstation integrates reverse Reconstruction, arc welding 4, laser cleaning three processes.
- the transplanting workstation 1 includes a transplanting track capable of bidirectional feed.
- the transplanting track is provided with a corbel 101 fixing seat 503, and the head and tail of the corbel 101 are positioned and clamped on the fixing seat 503 at a predetermined interval. superior.
- Each corbel 101 is pressed together by a plurality of lower pressing plates 102, which are pressed together at the head and tail of the corbel 101, and at multiple sections avoiding the process hole of the corbel 101.
- the transplanting track controls the corbel 101 to advance according to the preset warp rhythm. After completing a complete reverse reconstruction, arc welding 4, and laser cleaning, the processed corbel 101 will be sent out of the arc additive workstation. The next corbel 101 to be processed is sent to the arc additive workstation.
- the arc additive workstation includes a safety protection room 3 that encloses a designated working area.
- the safety protection room 3 is located on both sides of the transplanting track and is provided with rolling shutter doors 2, and the transplanting track passes through the rolling door 2, and the safety protection
- a robot tool quick change device 5 is respectively arranged in the interior of the room 3 near the rolling shutter door 2.
- the robot tool quick change device 5 is located on one side of the transplanting track, and the robot tool quick change device 5 is provided between There are multiple industrial robots8.
- the robot tool quick change device 5 includes a support frame 501, a quick change plate 502 fixed on the upper side of the support frame 501, and a fixing seat 503 respectively arranged on the quick change plate 502; two of the fixing seat 503 Rotating cylinders 504 are respectively fixed on the sides.
- An extended rotating part 505 is fixed at the output end of the rotating cylinder 504, and a contact part that directly contacts the corresponding quick change tool is fixed at the end of the rotating part 505.
- the robot tool quick change device 5 can make the welding gun, the laser cleaning head 10, and the 3D camera 11 cooperate with the additive manufacturing process to realize automatic switching.
- There are three fixing bases 503, the welding torch head 9, the laser cleaning head 10, and the 3D camera 11 are respectively arranged on the fixing base 503.
- One side of the welding torch head 9, the laser cleaning head 10, and the 3D camera 11 is fixed with a section and
- the welding torch head 9, the laser cleaning head 10, and the 3D camera 11 are clamped on the fixed seat 503 by the movable seat, and are fixed on the fixed seat 503 by the movable seat.
- the rotating part 505 of the rotating cylinder 504 is pressed laterally; a quick-change lock 801 is fixed on the movable seat, and a quick-change lock 801 is also fixed at the end of the mechanical arm of the industrial robot 8.
- the above locking structure can protect the welding gun, the laser cleaning head 10, and the 3D camera 11 from being taken out at the wrong time, ensuring process reliability.
- the rolling shutter door 2 When the work area is being processed, the rolling shutter door 2 is closed. After the processing is completed, the rolling shutter door 2 is opened, and the bolster 101 is sent out through the transplanting track.
- a welding machine, a laser cleaning power supply, a master control cabinet 6 and a robot control cabinet 7 connected to the industrial robot 8 are arranged on one side of the arc additive workstation.
- the specific working process of the present invention is as follows: first, the bolster 101 is manually hoisted to the transplanting workstation 1, the bolster 101 is positioned and clamped on the fixed seat 503, and the bolster 101 is pressed by a plurality of lower pressing plates 102.
- the transplanting workstation 1 After the corbel 101 is clamped, the transplanting workstation 1 is started, and the transplanting track transfers the positioned and fixed corbel 101 to the work area;
- the industrial robot 8 is first driven to the robot tool quick changer 5, and then accurately driven to the 3D camera 11 when it is in place.
- the robot arm of the industrial robot 8 is directly above the 3D camera 11, continue Slowly descend until the two quick-change lock heads 801 are engaged.
- the rotating cylinder 504 drives the rotating part 505 to rotate away from the movable part.
- the industrial robot 8 continues to start, so that the 3D camera 11 is separated from its fixed part and continues to drive to the top of the corbel 101 .
- the 3D camera 11 starts to visually scan the part, analyzes the contour data and compensates for defects, and then reconstructs the model in reverse, and then the computer sets the slice parameters and generates the robot trajectory path. At the same time, the printing and welding 4 process parameters are set.
- the industrial robot 8 drives the 3D camera 11 back to the robot tool quick changer 5, places the 3D camera 11 back on the fixed part, and switches to the welding torch head 9, and continues to return to the top of the bolster 101.
- the laser welding 4 is started. After the welding 4 is completed, the welding torch head 9 is placed back on the fixed part, and the laser cleaning head 10 is switched to continue to return to the top of the bolster 101 for interlayer laser cleaning.
- the workpiece is manually hoisted out of the workstation for heat treatment, and the other industrial processing is completed at the same time.
- laser welding uses a welding machine as a heat source and a metal wire as a forming material to plan a continuous spirally ascending slice path for cladding printing.
- the process is as follows:
- the welding speed is proportional to the wire feeding speed, which can be expressed by the relation (1)
- the weld section of the workpiece is equivalent to a rectangle
- l equivalent rectangular weld width
- the current and voltage values can be read on the control panel, and then the heat input of each 1mm welding wire consumed at the wire feeding speed can be calculated:
- U arc voltage
- the control of heat input is extremely important. If the heat is too low, the weld will not be formed, the workpiece will not be fused, and the heat will cause the workpiece to collapse. Therefore, combining various wire properties with the printing process
- the relationship of temperature can be inferred suitable for the heat input of the wire, and then the process parameters, such as wire feeding speed, welding speed and layer height can be determined.
- the STL model of the workpiece to be printed is sliced.
- STL model slicing algorithms There are many existing STL model slicing algorithms. We use the STL slicing algorithm based on the geometric characteristics of the triangle to process the STL model, and divide the model into several planes along the Z axis;
- d is the vertical height between the starting point and the end point in the same layer
- X is the number of points per slice
- z is the offset height in the Z direction between each point.
- Z max represents the maximum value of the three-dimensional model in the Z-axis direction
- Z min represents the minimum value of the three-dimensional model in the Z-axis direction
- ⁇ z represents the layer height
- k is the adjustment coefficient
- ⁇ z+k is the preset value
- the adjustment factor is added on the basis of the layering height to ensure the machining allowance
- h j represents the height of the j-th group
- h j+1 represents the height of the j+1-th group.
- the height is taken from the middle value of the minimum and maximum values of the three-dimensional model in the Z-axis direction plus the layer height Multiplying with the number of groups gives:
- Z min represents the minimum value of the three-dimensional model in the Z-axis direction
- Z max represents the maximum value of the three-dimensional model in the Z-axis direction
- ⁇ z represents the layer height
- j represents the number of groups.
- This method is used in turn to connect all the path points of the entire workpiece to generate a continuous spiral path to realize continuous arc additive manufacturing of the workpiece.
- the welding gun is driven by the robot to move according to the generated continuous spiral path.
- the process parameters are determined according to the method of step 1), and a single weld seam is printed on the substrate.
- the height of the welding gun from the substrate during the printing process according to the continuous spiral path is gradually Elevated.
- the combination of the continuous spiral path and the process parameters calculated according to the heat input in 1) can ensure that the dry elongation of the welding wire remains unchanged during the printing process, and the arc will not be extinguished during the entire printing process, and finally a metal structure with good structural performance is formed.
- the central control unit also optimizes the trajectory of the continuous spiral path:
- ⁇ represents the angular velocity of the torch rotation
- L represents the distance between the interpolation starting point and the origin
- v 0 represents the radial velocity
- Lv 0 t obtains the real-time radius of the workpiece
- t represents the welding time
- the angular velocity ⁇ of the torch rotation satisfies the following relationship:
- D represents the distance of the weld bead that the welding gun moves radially when the heat source cooperates with the platform to complete a weld forming process, Means the radial velocity of the welding torch is averaged;
- v c represents the linear velocity of the spiral ascending path
- v 0 represents the radial velocity
- weld bead spacing D is as follows:
- n represents the number of welding torches
- v 0 represents the radial velocity
- t represents the welding time
- ⁇ represents the angular velocity of the torch rotation
- d represents the compensation height
- the compensation height d is determined by the interpolation accuracy and satisfies the following relationship:
- n represents the number of welding torches
- v 0 represents the radial velocity
- ⁇ represents the angular velocity of the torch rotation
- d represents the compensation height
- It represents the average value of the radial velocity of the welding torch
- D represents the distance of the welding bead that the welding torch moves in the radial direction when the heat source cooperates with the platform to complete the formation of a weld.
- the minimum diameter of the original welding torch nozzle is 22mm. Due to the narrow space at the bottom of the workpiece, the welding torch nozzle is specially made from 22mm to the current 13mm; this measure avoids the problem of inaccessibility of the root torch, because the workpiece is multi-layer and multi-pass welding , When welding to the upper layers, there will be collisions and arc deviations. Therefore, the welding torch needs to monitor the welding torch collision radius where its trajectory goes.
- the welding torch trajectory avoidance is avoided by adding eight avoidance surfaces, divided by the outer contour, and the virtual surface is controlled by software.
- the principle is to detect the collision radius of the welding torch, and the reference is the center line of the gun head.
- the virtual surface is created, and the virtual surface is created in different positions.
- the avoidance angle can be set for avoidance, and the automatic avoidance angle is based on the distance to the outer edge of the workpiece.
- the welding torch change angle is 5-15°.
- the present invention approximates the virtual surface and the welding gun as a cylinder for solving:
- CA1 and CA2 Given a cylinder A, use CA1 and CA2 to denote the centers of the two end faces of A, and connect CA1 CA2 to get a line, which is called the central axis of cylinder A, and the point MA is called the cylinder center of cylinder A. From the center of the cylinder MA , The top center CA1 and the radius rA can be uniquely determined and represent a cylinder.
- pt1+pt2 means vector addition.
- Figure 9(A) shows that the two cylinders have one end face involved in the intersection.
- Figure 9(B) shows that the two cylinders only intersect on the sides and no end faces are involved in the intersection, which is called side orthogonal;
- Figure 9(C) shows that only the end face of one of the two cylinders participates in the intersection, and the other cylinder The two end faces of are not involved in the intersection, which is called side oblique intersection.
- the intersection of the detection cylinder can directly detect the intersection of the end face discs, as shown in Figure 9.
- the two space discs to be tested are C1 and C2, and their planes and radii are P1, r1 and P2, respectively , R2.
- r is a radius of A, that is, the starting point of r falls on the central axis xA of A, r is perpendicular to xA, and the length of r is equal to the radius rA of A;
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Abstract
一种针对高铁枕梁(101)工艺孔的焊枪自动轨迹避让方法,该种轨迹避让方法基于电弧3D打印工作站,包括移栽工作站(1),以及设置在所述移栽工作站(1)中间段一侧的电弧增材工作站;所述电弧增材工作站集成逆向重构、电弧焊接(4)、激光清洗三个工序。焊枪轨迹避让是通过增加八个避让面进行避让的,以外围轮廓进行划分,虚拟面通过软件进行控制,其原理为检测焊枪碰撞半径,参照为焊枪头(9)中心线,虚拟面创建完成,在不同位置可设置避让角度进行避让,根据靠工件外部边缘的远近来自动规避角度,焊枪变换角度为5-15°,该避让方法使得焊枪的行走轨迹更贴合外围轮廓,避免焊枪与孔壁碰撞的问题。
Description
本发明涉及电弧增材领域,具体涉及一种针对高铁枕梁工艺孔的焊枪自动轨迹避让方法。
增材制造技术(Additive Manufacturing,AM)也被称为“实体自由制造”、“3D打印技术”等,相对于传统的减材制造(切削加工)技术,它是一种“自下而上”材料累加的制造方法,是以数学建模为基础,基于离散-堆积原理,将材料逐层堆积制造出实体零件的新兴制造技术。经过近一个世纪的发展,增材制造技术实现了有机材料、无机非金属材料、金属材料产品的快速制造。针对金属材料,将增材制造技术按热源分类,可分为:激光增材制造、电弧增材制造、电子束增材制造等技术,原材料一般有焊丝和金属粉末两种形式。
针对高铁枕梁工艺孔设计一套工作站,相比于传统的人工焊接具有显著优势。
在实际工况中,受限于工艺孔的不规则性,需要对焊接轨迹进行设计,否则极易造成焊枪与孔壁碰撞,最终会影响孔的成型,且对焊枪本身和孔壁造成损伤。
发明内容
发明目的:提供一种针对高铁枕梁工艺孔的焊枪自动轨迹避让方法,以解决现有技术存在的上述问题。
技术方案:一种针对高铁枕梁工艺孔的焊枪自动轨迹避让方法,该方法包括建立工艺孔外轮廓,以外围轮廓划分虚拟面,焊枪以运动至虚拟面为触发面主动避让。
在进一步的实施例中,检测焊枪碰撞半径,以该半径为基准圆绕工艺孔的内壁一周,以枪头中心线为参照线,在终端建立一个虚拟面;根据靠工件外部边缘的远近来自动规避角度,以运动至虚拟面为触发时机,焊枪变换角度为5-15°。
在进一步的实施例中,将虚拟面简化为虚拟面A,确定虚拟面A的上下两个端面圆心CA1和CA2,连接CA1CA2可得一线,称为虚拟面A的中轴,其中点MA称为虚拟面A的柱体中心;由柱体中心MA、顶面圆心CA1、半径rA唯一确定并表示一个圆柱体;
设某段骨骼b连接关节pt1与关节pt2,其上蒙皮点到骨骼所在直线距离的平均值为dist,则该段骨骼b的圆柱包围盒CBB(b)表示为:
式中,pt1+pt2表示向量相加。
在进一步的实施例中,将焊枪头简化为焊枪头B,若虚拟面A与焊枪头B二者相交,则按端面圆是否参与相交划分二者的相对位置关系,分别以下三种情景:
情景1、虚拟面A与焊枪头B均有一端面参与相交,称为端面相交;
情景2、虚拟面A与焊枪头B仅在侧面相交、没有端面参与相交,称为侧面正交;
情景3、虚拟面A与焊枪头B仅有一个圆柱的端面参与相交、而另一个圆柱的两个端面均未参与相交,称为侧面斜交。
在进一步的实施例中,虚拟面A与焊枪头B均为圆柱体:
针对所述情景1:检测虚拟面A与焊枪头B端面圆片相交,待检测的两个空间圆片为C1和C2,其所在平面与半径分别为P1,r1及P2,r2,首先计算二者所在平面夹角θ的正弦sinθ.分别取p1的一条法向量n1和P2的一条法向量n2做叉乘:
当sinθ=0时,若两圆片平行,则必不相交;否则两圆片共面,当C1与C2的距离d满足d≤r1+r2时,两圆片相交;
当sinθ≠0时,计算C1到平面P2的距离d21,并计算C2到平面P1的距离d21.当r1×sinθ≥d12,r2×sinθ≥d21,d
2≤r1
2+r2
2同时成立时,两圆片相交;
针对所述情景2:两圆柱相交时可在二者上分别找到一条母线,使得该母线到另一圆柱中轴线段的距离小于对方的半径,给定虚拟面A及空间中不重合于A柱体中心点MA的一点P,若一条有向线段r同时满足下列条件,则称其为A的一条指向点P的半径:
r是A的一条半径,即r的起点落在A的中轴线xA上,r垂直于xA,r的长度等于A的半径rA;
将r、MA和P同时沿xA投影至A的任一端面圆所在平面上,分别得到投影r′、端面圆心CA和投影点P′,则r′与射线CAP′共直线且共起点CA。
在进一步的实施例中,该种轨迹避让方法基于电弧3D打印工作站,包括移栽工作站,以及设置在所述移栽工作站中间段一侧的电弧增材工作站;所述电弧增材工作站集成逆向重构、电弧焊接、激光清洗三个工序。
在进一步的实施例中,所述移栽工作站包括一条可双向进给的移栽轨道,所述移栽轨道上设有枕梁固定座,枕梁的首尾以预定间隔定位夹紧在所述固定座上;所述电弧增材工作站包括围定指定工作区域的安全防护房,所述安全防护房位于移栽轨道的两侧开设有卷帘门,所述移栽轨道穿过所述卷帘门,所述安全防护房内位靠近所述卷帘门的位置分别设有机器人工具快换装置,所述机器人工具快换装置位于所述移栽轨道的一侧,所述机器人工具快换装置之间设有多个工业机器人;所述机器人工具快换装置包括支撑架,固定在所述支撑架上部一侧的快换板,以及分别设置在所述快换板上的固定座;所述固定座的两侧分别固定有旋转气缸,所述旋转气缸的输出端固定有延伸出来的转动部,所述转动部的末端固定有直接与对应的快换工具接触的接触部。
在进一步的实施例中,所述固定座为三个,焊枪头、激光清洗头、3D相机分别设置在固定座上,所述焊枪头、激光清洗头、3D相机的一侧固定有一段与所述固定座适配的活动座,在未进行换取时,所述焊枪头、激光清洗头、3D相机由所述活动座卡设在所述固定座上、且由所述旋转气缸的转动部横向压紧;所述活动座上固定有快换锁头,所述工业机器人的机械臂末端同样固定有快换锁头。
有益效果:本发明涉及一种针对高铁枕梁工艺孔的焊枪自动轨迹避让方法,焊枪轨迹避让是通过增加八个避让面进行避让的,以外围轮廓进行划分,虚拟面通过软件进行控制,其原理为检测焊枪碰撞半径,参照为枪头中心线,虚拟面创建完成,在不同位置可设置避让角度进行避让,根据靠工件外部边缘的远近来自动规避角度,焊枪变换角度为5-15°。本发明使得焊枪的行走轨迹更贴合外围轮廓,避免焊枪与孔壁碰撞的问题。
图1为本发明中工作站的立体图其中一个视角。
图2为本发明中工作站的立体图另一视角。
图3为本发明中工作站的俯视图。
图4为本发明中电弧增材工作站的立体图。
图5为本发明中工业机器人及机器人工具快换装置的立体图。
图6为本发明中机器人工具快换装置的局部放大图。
图7为本发明中加工工件枕梁的结构示意图。
图8为本发明中工作站的工作流程图。
图9为本发明碰撞检测的示意图。
图10为碰撞检测中空间圆片求交中涉及的参量的示意图。
图中各附图标记为:移栽工作站1、枕梁101、下压板102、卷帘门2、安全防护房3、焊接4、机器人工具快换装置5、支撑架501、快换板502、固定座503、旋转气缸504、转动部505、总控柜6、机器人控制柜7、工业机器人8、快换锁头801、焊枪头9、激光清洗头10、3D相机11。
在下文的描述中,给出了大量具体的细节以便提供对本发明更为彻底的理解。然而,对于本领域技术人员而言显而易见的是,本发明可以无需一个或多个这些细节而得以实施。在其他的例子中,为了避免与本发明发生混淆,对于本领域公知的一些技术特征未进行描述。
本发明涉及一种针对高铁枕梁工艺孔的焊枪自动轨迹避让方法,此方法基于移载式双机器人电弧3D打印工作站,该工作站包括移栽工作站1和电弧增材工作站,电弧增材工作站集成逆向重构、电弧焊接4、激光清洗三个工序。
具体的,移栽工作站1包括一条可双向进给的移栽轨道,所述移栽轨道上设有枕梁101固定座503,枕梁101的首尾以预定间隔定位夹紧在所述固定座503上。每一块枕梁101都由多个下压板102压合,所述下压板102压合在所述枕梁101的首、尾、以及避开枕梁101工艺孔的中部多段。移栽轨道根据预设的经给节奏控制枕梁101前进,当完成一次完整的逆向重构、电弧焊接4、激光清洗三个工序后再将已加工枕梁101送出电弧增材工作站,并将下一个待加工枕梁101送入电弧增材工作站。
电弧增材工作站包括围定指定工作区域的安全防护房3,所述安全防护房3位于移栽轨道的两侧开设有卷帘门2,所述移栽轨道穿过所述卷帘门2,所述安全防护房3内位靠近所述卷帘门2的位置分别设有机器人工具快换装置5,所述机器人工具快换装置5位于所述移栽轨道的一侧,所述机器人工具快换装置5之间设有多个工业机器人8。
机器人工具快换装置5包括支撑架501,固定在所述支撑架501上部一侧的快换板502,以及分别设置在所述快换板502上的固定座503;所述固定座503的两侧分别固定有旋转气缸504,所述旋转气缸504的输出端固定有延伸出来的转动部505,所述转动部505的末端固定有直接与对应的快换工具接触的接触部。机器人工具快换装置5能够使得焊枪、激光清洗头10、3D相机11配合增材制造过程,实现自动切换。所述固定座503为三个,焊枪头9、激光清洗头10、3D相机11分别设置在固定座503上,所述焊 枪头9、激光清洗头10、3D相机11的一侧固定有一段与所述固定座503适配的活动座,在未进行换取时,所述焊枪头9、激光清洗头10、3D相机11由所述活动座卡设在所述固定座503上、且由所述旋转气缸504的转动部505横向压紧;所述活动座上固定有快换锁头801,所述工业机器人8的机械臂末端同样固定有快换锁头801。通过上述锁紧结构能够保护焊枪、激光清洗头10、3D相机11不在错误的时间取出,确保工序可靠性。
当工作区域内正在加工时,卷帘门2是关闭状态,加工完成后开启卷帘门2,通过移栽轨道将枕梁101送出。所述电弧增材工作站的一侧安置有与工业机器人8连接的焊机、激光清洗电源、总控柜6、机器人控制柜7。
本发明具体的工作过程如下:首先人工吊装枕梁101到移栽工作站1,将枕梁101定位夹紧在固定座503上,并通过多个下压板102压合住枕梁101。
枕梁101装夹完毕后,移栽工作站1启动,移栽轨道将定位固定好的枕梁101传输至工作区域;
接着设定好当前的工件坐标,工业机器人8首先驱动至机器人工具快换装置5处,到位后再精确驱动至3D相机11处,当工业机器人8的机械臂位于3D相机11正上方时,继续缓慢下降直至两个快换锁头801接合,接合完毕后旋转气缸504带动转动部505转动脱离活动部,工业机器人8继续启动,使得3D相机11脱离其固定部,并继续驱动至枕梁101上方。
随后3D相机11启动视觉扫描零件,分析轮廓数据并对缺陷进行补偿修正,接着逆向重构模型,接着由计算机进行切片参数设置并生成机器人轨迹路径,同时设定好打印焊接4工艺参数。
接着,工业机器人8驱动3D相机11返回机器人工具快换装置5处,将3D相机11放置回固定部上,并切换为焊枪头9,继续返回枕梁101上方。
当返回枕梁101上方后启动激光焊接4,焊接4完成后将焊枪头9放置回固定部上,并切换为激光清洗头10,继续返回枕梁101上方进行层间激光清洗。
焊接4完成后的工件人工吊装工件出工作站进行热处理,同时完成其余工业的加工。
其中,激光焊接以焊机作为热源、金属丝材作为成形材料,规划出连续螺旋上升切片路径进行熔覆打印,过程如下:
1)选择成形特定金属结构件所需要的焊丝和基板,确定成形特定金属结构件所需要的工艺参数,包括焊接程序、送丝速度、打印速度、切片层高、保护气种类与流量, 各参数之间关系如下:
焊接速度与送丝速度成正比,可以用关系式(1)表示
V×F=v×f………………………………(1)
V:焊接速度;
F:焊缝截面积
v:送丝速度
f:焊丝截面积
将工件焊缝截面等效为长方形,那么
F=ld…………………………。…。。(2)
其中,l:等效长方形焊缝宽度;
d:焊缝高度(即层高)
由式(1)与(2)得到式送丝速度与层高之间的关系,如式(3)所示:
通过送丝速度,可在控制面板上读出电流和电压值,进而计算该送丝速度下每消耗1mm焊丝的热输入量:
其中,U:电弧电压;
I:焊接电流;
V:焊接速度;
K:相对热传导率;
电弧增材制造过程,热输入量的控制极其重要,热量太低会导致焊缝不成形,工件存在未熔合,热量过高会导致工件塌陷,因此,结合各种丝材性能与打印过程层间温度的关系,可以推断适合该丝材的热量输入,进而确定工艺参数,如送丝速度、焊接速度与层高等。
2)将打磨平整的基板用无水乙醇或丙酮擦拭干净后固定在工作台上,保证其水平;
3)连续螺旋上升切片路径的生成,具体如下:
首先对待打印工件的STL模型进行切片处理,现有的STL模型切片算法有很多,我们采用基于三角面片几何特征的STL切片算法来处理STL模型,将模型沿Z轴方向 分成若干平面;
其次,寻找相邻层,利用相对位置高的层减去相对位置低的层,得到层高;
然后在首层切片上随机取一点作为起始点(即焊接起弧点),然后利用下式,求出相邻两点之间Z方向的偏移高度:
其中,d是同一层中起始点与末端点之间的竖直高度;
X是每层切片的点数;
z是各点之间Z方向的偏移高度。
更为具体的,切片过程如下:
将模型沿Z轴方向分成若干三角面片,得到三维模型在Z轴方向上的最大值和最小值,考虑预留加工余量,计算出总层数:
式中,Z
max表示三维模型在Z轴方向上的最大值,Z
min表示三维模型在Z轴方向上的最小值,Δz表示分层高度,k为调节系数,Δz+k为在预设的分层高度的基础之上加上调节系数以保证加工余量;
接着将n层中每一层的每一块三角面片存储在动态数组中,查询每一块三角面片的
值,若
则将当前的三角面片存储在动态数组的第j个分组中;若
则将当前的三角面片存储在动态数组的第j-1个分组中;若
则将当前的三角面片存储在动态数组的第j+1个分组中;
其中,h
j表示第j个分组的高度,h
j+1表示第j+1个分组高度,该高度由三维模型在Z轴方向上的最小值和最大值取中间值之后加上分层高度与分组数的乘积得出:
h
j=(Z
min+Z
max)/2+Δz×j
式中,Z
min表示三维模型在Z轴方向上的最小值,Z
max表示三维模型在Z轴方向上的最大值,Δz表示分层高度,j表示分组数。
然后寻找下一层的起始点,要求该点与上一层末端点的距离最近,将上一层末端点与该层起始点连接起来,即实现了两层之间轨迹的连续,打印过程不会熄弧。
依次利用该方法连接整个工件的所有路径点,生成连续的螺旋上升路径,实现工件 的连续电弧增材制造。
4)焊枪在机器人驱动下按生成的连续螺旋路径运动,同时根据步骤1)的方法确定工艺参数,在基板上开始打印单道焊缝,焊枪根据连续螺旋路径在打印过程中距离基板的高度逐渐升高。连续的螺旋路径与1)中根据热输入量计算的工艺参数相结合,可以保证打印过程焊丝干伸长不变,整个打印过程不会熄弧,最终成形结构性能良好的金属结构件。
作为一个优选方案,中控机还对连续螺旋上升路径的轨迹进行优化:
首先设定螺旋上升路径的线速度v
c:
v
c=ω(L-v
0t)
式中,ω表示焊枪旋转的角速度,L表示插补起点距原点的距离,v
0表示径向速度,L-v
0t得出的是工件的实时半径,t表示焊接时间;
其中,焊枪旋转的角速度ω满足如下关系式:
接着计算焊枪的熔敷速度v
r:
式中,v
c表示螺旋上升路径的线速度,v
0表示径向速度;
接着计算焊道间距,焊枪径向移动一个焊道间距,热源配合平台完成一条焊缝成形,其中焊道间距D的表达式如下:
式中,n表示焊枪数量,v
0表示径向速度,t表示焊接时间,ω表示焊枪旋转的角速度,d表示补偿高度;
其中补偿高度d由插补精度决定,满足如下关系式:
随后计算出修正后的熔敷速度v
r修:
在焊接工作的时候,需要提前计算好避让面,防止焊枪的焊枪喷嘴和焊枪根部碰撞到工件侧壁。原焊枪喷嘴最小直径为22mm,由于工件底部空间狭小,将焊枪喷嘴进行特制,由原来直径22mm改为现在的13mm;此措施避免了根部焊枪不可达的问题,由于此工件是多层多道焊接,焊接到上面几层的时候会碰撞和出现偏弧现象,所以需要焊枪随时监测自身轨迹所到之处的焊枪碰撞半径。
焊枪轨迹避让是通过增加八个避让面进行避让的,以外围轮廓进行划分,虚拟面通过软件进行控制,其原理为检测焊枪碰撞半径,参照为枪头中心线,虚拟面创建完成,在不同位置可设置避让角度进行避让,根据靠工件外部边缘的远近来自动规避角度,焊枪变换角度为5-15°。
在计算避让面时,本发明将虚拟面和焊枪近似为圆柱体进行求解:
1、圆柱体包围盒的表示
给定圆柱A,用CA1和CA2分别表示A的两个端面圆心,连接CA1 CA2可得一线,称为圆柱A的中轴,其中点MA称为圆柱A的柱体中心.由柱体中心MA、顶面圆心CA1、半径rA可唯一确定并表示一个圆柱体.
设某段骨骼b连接关节pt1与关节pt2,其上蒙皮点到骨骼所在直线距离的平均值为dist,则该段骨骼b的圆柱包围盒CBB(b)可表示为
其中pt1+pt2,表示向量相加。
2、圆柱体的碰撞检测
给定两个圆柱A和B,若二者相交,则按端面圆是否参与相交划分二者的相对位置关系,如图1所示.图9(A)为两圆柱均有一端面参与相交,称为端面相交;图9(B)为两圆柱仅在侧面相交、没有端面参与相交,称为侧面正交;图9(C)为两圆 柱中仅有一个圆柱的端面参与相交、而另一个圆柱的两个端面均未参与相交,称为侧面斜交.
在图9(A)中,检测圆柱相交可直接检测端面圆片相交,如图9所示.待检测的两个空间圆片为C1和C2,其所在平面与半径分别为P1,r1及P2,r2。
当sinθ=0时,若两圆片平行,则必不相交;否则两圆片共面,当C1与C2的距离d满足d≤r1+r2时,两圆片相交;当sinθ≠0时,计算C1到平面P2的距离d21,并计算C2到平面P1的距离d21.当r1×sinθ≥d12,r2×sinθ≥d21,d
2≤r1
2+r2
2(3)同时成立时,两圆片相交.
对图9(B),(C)两种情况,两圆柱相交时可在二者上分别找到一条母线,使得该母线到另一圆柱中轴线段的距离小于对方的半径.
给定圆柱A及空间中不重合于A柱体中心点MA的一点P,若一条有向线段r同时满足下列条件,则称其为A的一条指向点P的半径:
1)r是A的一条半径,即r的起点落在A的中轴线xA上,r垂直于xA,r的长度等于A的半径rA;
2)若将r,MA和P同时沿xA投影至A的任一端面圆所在平面上,分别得到投影r′、端面圆心CA和投影点P′,则r′与射线CAP′共直线且共起点CA.
如上所述,尽管参照特定的优选实施例已经表示和表述了本发明,但其不得解释为对本发明自身的限制。在不脱离所附权利要求定义的本发明的精神和范围前提下,可对其在形式上和细节上做出各种变化。
Claims (8)
- 一种针对高铁枕梁工艺孔的焊枪自动轨迹避让方法,其特征是建立工艺孔外轮廓,以外围轮廓划分虚拟面,焊枪以运动至虚拟面为触发面主动避让。
- 根据权利要求1所述的一种针对高铁枕梁工艺孔的焊枪自动轨迹避让方法,其特征在于:检测焊枪碰撞半径,以该半径为基准圆绕工艺孔的内壁一周,以枪头中心线为参照线,在终端建立一个虚拟面;根据靠工件外部边缘的远近来自动规避角度,以运动至虚拟面为触发时机,焊枪变换角度为5-15°。
- 根据权利要求3所述的一种针对高铁枕梁工艺孔的焊枪自动轨迹避让方法,其特征在于:将焊枪头简化为焊枪头B,若虚拟面A与焊枪头B二者相交,则按端面圆是否参与相交划分二者的相对位置关系,分别以下三种情景:情景1、虚拟面A与焊枪头B均有一端面参与相交,称为端面相交;情景2、虚拟面A与焊枪头B仅在侧面相交、没有端面参与相交,称为侧面正交;情景3、虚拟面A与焊枪头B仅有一个圆柱的端面参与相交、而另一个圆柱的两个端面均未参与相交,称为侧面斜交。
- 根据权利要求4所述的一种针对高铁枕梁工艺孔的焊枪自动轨迹避让方法,其特征在于,虚拟面A与焊枪头B均为圆柱体:针对所述情景1:检测虚拟面A与焊枪头B端面圆片相交,待检测的两个空间圆片为C1和C2,其所在平面与半径分别为P1,r1及P2,r2,首先计算二者所在平面夹角θ的正弦sinθ.分别取p1的一条法向量n1和P2的一条法向量n2做叉乘:当sinθ=0时,若两圆片平行,则必不相交;否则两圆片共面,当C1与C2的距 离d满足d≤r1+r2时,两圆片相交;当sinθ≠0时,计算C1到平面P2的距离d21,并计算C2到平面P1的距离d21,当r1×sinθ≥d12,r2×sinθ≥d21,d 2≤r1 2+r2 2同时成立时,两圆片相交;针对所述情景2:两圆柱相交时可在二者上分别找到一条母线,使得该母线到另一圆柱中轴线段的距离小于对方的半径,给定虚拟面A及空间中不重合于A柱体中心点MA的一点P,若一条有向线段r同时满足下列条件,则称其为A的一条指向点P的半径:r是A的一条半径,即r的起点落在A的中轴线xA上,r垂直于xA,r的长度等于A的半径rA;将r、MA和P同时沿xA投影至A的任一端面圆所在平面上,分别得到投影r′、端面圆心CA和投影点P′,则r′与射线CAP′共直线且共起点CA。
- 根据权利要求1所述的一种针对高铁枕梁工艺孔的焊枪自动轨迹避让方法,其特征在于,该种轨迹避让方法基于电弧3D打印工作站,包括移栽工作站,以及设置在所述移栽工作站中间段一侧的电弧增材工作站;所述电弧增材工作站集成逆向重构、电弧焊接、激光清洗三个工序。
- 根据权利要求6所述的一种针对高铁枕梁工艺孔的焊枪自动轨迹避让方法,其特征在于,所述移栽工作站包括一条可双向进给的移栽轨道,所述移栽轨道上设有枕梁固定座,枕梁的首尾以预定间隔定位夹紧在所述固定座上;所述电弧增材工作站包括围定指定工作区域的安全防护房,所述安全防护房位于移栽轨道的两侧开设有卷帘门,所述移栽轨道穿过所述卷帘门,所述安全防护房内位靠近所述卷帘门的位置分别设有机器人工具快换装置,所述机器人工具快换装置位于所述移栽轨道的一侧,所述机器人工具快换装置之间设有多个工业机器人;所述机器人工具快换装置包括支撑架,固定在所述支撑架上部一侧的快换板,以及分别设置在所述快换板上的固定座;所述固定座的两侧分别固定有旋转气缸,所述旋转气缸的输出端固定有延伸出来的转动部,所述转动部的末端固定有直接与对应的快换工具接触的接触部。
- 根据权利要求7所述的一种针对高铁枕梁工艺孔的焊枪自动轨迹避让方法,其特征在于,所述固定座为三个,焊枪头、激光清洗头、3D相机分别设置在固定座上,所述焊枪头、激光清洗头、3D相机的一侧固定有一段与所述固定座适配的活动座,在未进行换取时,所述焊枪头、激光清洗头、3D相机由所述活动座卡设在所述固定座上、且由所述旋转气缸的转动部横向压紧;所述活动座上固定有快换锁头,所述工业机器人 的机械臂末端同样固定有快换锁头。
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