WO2021235169A1 - Procédé de mesure de distribution de diamètre de particules fondé sur le nombre et système de mesure - Google Patents

Procédé de mesure de distribution de diamètre de particules fondé sur le nombre et système de mesure Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2021235169A1
WO2021235169A1 PCT/JP2021/016368 JP2021016368W WO2021235169A1 WO 2021235169 A1 WO2021235169 A1 WO 2021235169A1 JP 2021016368 W JP2021016368 W JP 2021016368W WO 2021235169 A1 WO2021235169 A1 WO 2021235169A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
particle size
fine particles
dispersion medium
size distribution
flow
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/JP2021/016368
Other languages
English (en)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
晴久 加藤
Original Assignee
国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 filed Critical 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所
Publication of WO2021235169A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021235169A1/fr

Links

Images

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/02—Investigating particle size or size distribution

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a number-based particle size distribution measurement method and measurement system for fine particles in a dispersion medium, and in particular, a number-based particle size distribution for particles having a wide particle size distribution from nanometer size to micrometer size. Regarding measuring methods and measuring systems.
  • the particle size distribution is measured from the particle size and the number concentration by using a classification method such as the FFF (Field Flow Fractionation) method.
  • FFF Field Flow Fractionation
  • Non-Patent Document 1 after size classification by the FFF method, the particle size and the light scattering intensity concentration are calculated by an online multi-angle scattering measuring device, and the light scattering intensity concentration is converted into a number concentration according to the theory of Mie scattering. It discloses that the particle size distribution based on the number is calculated.
  • the particle size distribution and number concentration of each fraction are calculated by a scanning electron microscope, and the results are reconstructed to obtain a number-based particle size distribution. The method of measurement is also disclosed. Further, a method of measuring the particle size distribution based on the number of particles by evaluating all of them with a scanning electron microscope is also disclosed.
  • Non-Patent Document 2 a Stop-flow mode particle tracking analysis (PTA) device is connected to the subsequent stage of the FFF method, and the particle size distribution and the number concentration are measured for each fraction. Discloses a method for obtaining a particle size distribution based on the number of particles by reconstructing. Further, Non-Patent Document 3 and Patent Document 1 disclose a number-based particle size measuring method by a flow field particle tracking (FPT) method.
  • FPT flow field particle tracking
  • the scattering theory of Rayleigh scattering or Mie scattering is applied if the refractive index of the particles is not known in the conversion from the measured light scattering intensity to the number concentration. It is not possible to calculate the particle size distribution based on the number.
  • the particle size distribution based on the number can be calculated even if the refractive index of the particles is unknown.
  • the particles are individually measured with a scanning electron microscope, rapid measurement is not possible.
  • the particle size distribution based on the number can be calculated quickly and easily, but in the FPT method in which the particle size is measured from the scattered light intensity from the particles, the scattered light intensity is the particle size.
  • the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and quickly and easily measures the particle size distribution based on the number of particles having a distribution in a wide particle size range from nanometer size to micrometer size. It seeks to provide possible methods and measurement systems.
  • the particle size distribution measuring method irradiates fine particles that move brown in a dispersion medium with laser light, and images bright spots due to scattered light at predetermined time intervals. It is a method of measuring the particle size and the number of fine particles and measuring the particle size distribution based on the number of fine particles by forming a flow field in the dispersion medium for the fine particles diffusing in the dispersion medium.
  • a classification step of arranging particles in the dispersion medium according to the particle size and classifying the particles, and an imaging step of irradiating the dispersion medium containing the classified fine particles with the laser beam to obtain the image are included.
  • the dispersion medium Prior to the imaging step, the dispersion medium is divided so as to include the fine particles in a predetermined particle size range, and the number concentration is adjusted without changing the number of the fine particles in each of the divided dispersion media. It is characterized by including an adjustment step to be performed.
  • the moving locus of the bright spot of the image obtained by irradiating the fine particles that move brown in the dispersion medium with laser light and imaging the bright spot by the scattered light at predetermined time intervals. It is a system that measures the particle size and the number of the fine particles and measures the particle size distribution based on the number of the fine particles, and forms a flow field in the dispersion medium for the fine particles diffusing in the dispersion medium.
  • the classification device in which the fine particles are arranged in the dispersion medium according to the particle size and classified, and the dispersion medium containing the classified fine particles are guided from the classification device to a cell and irradiated with the laser beam.
  • the dispersion medium is divided between the classification device and the cell so as to include the fine particles in a predetermined particle size range, including an image pickup device for obtaining an image, and in each of the divided dispersion media. It is characterized by including a concentration adjusting device for adjusting the number concentration without changing the number of the fine particles.
  • an image can be obtained under conditions suitable for each of the divided dispersion media in the imaging with the imaging device, and the number of particles having a distribution in a wide particle size range from nanometer size to micrometer size.
  • the particle size distribution based on the standard can be measured quickly and easily.
  • the density adjusting device and the adjusting step performed here adjust the particle size range so that bright spots due to scattered light can be obtained for the fine particles imaged in the imaging step. It may be a feature. According to such a feature, it is not necessary to expand or switch the dynamic range of the image pickup apparatus in response to the scattered light intensity which is non-linear with respect to the particle size, and the measurement can be performed quickly and easily.
  • the number concentration may be adjusted by adding or separating the dispersion medium in each of the divided dispersion media. According to such a feature, the number concentration can be adjusted by a simple method, and the rapid measurement of the particle size distribution on the basis of the number can be simplified.
  • the flow field is obtained by adding a flow in a liquid feeding direction along the flow path and a flow in a direction substantially perpendicular to the flow field, and the fine particles are arranged so as to intersect the liquid feeding direction.
  • the flow field is obtained by applying a centrifugal force in a liquid feeding direction along a flow path and a direction substantially perpendicular to the flow field so as to intersect the fine particles in the liquid feeding direction. It may be characterized by arranging them. According to such a feature, the classification by the particle size in the classification device and the classification step performed here can be easily performed.
  • FIG. 1 It is a block diagram which shows an example of the apparatus composition used for the measuring method of the particle size distribution of this invention. It is explanatory drawing about the principle of flow FFF. It is explanatory drawing about the principle of centrifugal FFF.
  • the particle size distribution measurement system used in the particle size distribution evaluation method includes a classification device 1, a connection unit 2, and a flow field particle tracking (FPT:) by a flow field separation method (FFF: Field Flow Fractionation). It is equipped with a measuring device 3 and an arithmetic processing device 4 by the Flow particle Tracking method.
  • FPT flow field particle tracking
  • FFF Field Flow Fractionation
  • the classification device 1 includes an eluent introduction unit 11 for introducing a dispersion medium, and a sample introduction unit 12 for injecting a dispersion liquid in which fine particles that move in Brownian motion in the dispersion medium are dispersed in the dispersion medium into a flow path continuing from the eluent introduction unit. And an FFF device 13 for classifying fine particles according to particle size.
  • a flow FFF device 14 see FIG. 2
  • a centrifugal FFF device 15 see FIG. 3
  • the flow FFF device 14 has a liquid feeding direction along a flow path from the inflow port 16 to the outflow port 18, and is provided with a microfiltration membrane 19 provided on one side wall of the flow path.
  • the flow 50 in the direction substantially perpendicular to the liquid feeding direction by the dispersion medium 17 can be formed as a crossing force field. Due to the flow 50 orthogonal to the liquid feeding direction, the fine particles 51 once collected at one place on the surface of the microfiltration membrane 19 diffuse from the microfiltration membrane 19 toward the center of the flow path to the particle diameter. It is classified according to the difference in diffusion rate based on it.
  • the particles are arranged in a direction intersecting the liquid feeding direction so that the particle size becomes smaller as the particle size approaches the center of the flow path. Further, in the laminar flow along the liquid feeding direction, since there is a velocity gradient that increases from the outer periphery of the flow path toward the center, the particles are classified by proceeding in the flow path in order from the fine particles 51 having a small particle size near the center of the flow path. The fractionation of the fine particles 51 is facilitated.
  • the centrifugal FFF device 15 has a liquid feeding direction along a flow path from the inlet 16 to the outlet 18, and the flow path is substantially perpendicular to the liquid feeding direction by the dispersion medium 17.
  • Centrifugal force 52 is applied as a crossing force field.
  • such a centrifugal force 52 can be applied by using a flow path having a curvature that curves the liquid feeding direction. Due to this centrifugal force 52, the fine particles 51 once collected at one place on the surface of the outer peripheral wall 19'diffuse from the outer peripheral wall 19' toward the center of the flow path, and the diffusion velocity and mass based on the particle diameter. It is classified according to the difference.
  • the particles are arranged in a direction intersecting the liquid feeding direction so that the particle size becomes smaller as the particle size approaches the center of the flow path. Further, in the laminar flow along the liquid feeding direction, since there is a velocity gradient that increases from the outer periphery of the flow path toward the center, the particles are classified by proceeding in the flow path in order from the fine particles 51 having a small particle size near the center of the flow path. The fractionation of the fine particles 51 is facilitated.
  • the classification device 1 is a mechanism capable of classifying fine particles having a wide range of particle sizes by the particle size and guiding them to the connection portion 2 by the flow field separation method.
  • the flow field separation method a method such as heat, magnetic field, electric field, etc. that gives other energy as a crossing force field can be appropriately selected according to the fine particles.
  • the connecting portion 2 is a mechanism that divides the dispersion medium into a plurality of particles so as to contain fine particles classified so as to contain fine particles in a predetermined particle size range, and guides each of them to the measuring device 3 in the subsequent stage.
  • the dispersion can be divided as described above by partitioning the time and amount until the dispersion liquid is derived from the classification device 1 at a predetermined value.
  • it is a concentration adjusting device that controls the amount of the dispersion medium for each of the divided dispersion liquids without changing the number of fine particles and leads to the measuring device 3 described later. Thereby, the number concentration of the fine particles 51 can be adjusted so that the measurement by the measuring device 3 can be easily performed.
  • the fine particles 51 are tracked as bright spots on the image, so that the bright spots are sufficiently separated from each other so that the individual bright spots can be accurately discriminated by image analysis.
  • the number concentration may be increased so that the density of bright spots on the image is not sparse and the time efficiency of measurement is not reduced. Therefore, the dispersion is diluted or concentrated so that the number concentration of the fine particles 51 is within a desired range.
  • the connecting portion 2 for example, in the FFF device 13, the dispersion medium 17 on the side opposite to the collected side of the fine particles 51 (on the tip side in the diffusion direction) is removed to increase the number concentration of the fine particles 51.
  • a split that leads to the measuring device 3 in the subsequent stage, or a syringe pump or a diaphragm pump that dilutes the dispersion liquid by adding a dispersion medium 17 to reduce the concentration of the number of fine particles 51 can be used.
  • the configuration of the connecting portion 2 can be appropriately selected according to the characteristics of the dispersion liquid consisting of the fine particles 51 to be classified and the dispersion medium 17 as a fluid.
  • the divided dispersion may be guided to different flow paths. In this case, each of the divided dispersion liquids may be provided with an optical cell of the measuring device 3 described later for each flow path.
  • the measuring device 3 described later when measuring the particle size by the flow field particle tracking method, conditions suitable for the range of the particle size of the fine particles 51 contained in each of the divided dispersions can be set, and the particles can be set. Makes it easy to measure the diameter.
  • the measuring device 3 is a device that measures the particle size of each particle of the fine particles 51 by the flow field particle tracking method and counts the number of the particles.
  • the measuring device 3 includes an image pickup device 31 capable of capturing the scattered light from the fine particles 51 and recording a bright spot corresponding to a single particle as an image, and fine particles classified and having their number densities adjusted. It includes a transparent optical cell 32 through which a dispersion medium 17 including 51 is circulated, and a laser light source 33 for irradiating a laser beam toward the fine particles 51 in the optical cell 32.
  • the image pickup device 31 captures an image in which pixels corresponding to elements of an image pickup device (CCD: Charge Coupled Device, CMOS image sensor, etc.) having a predetermined resolution are arranged in two dimensions via an optical system such as a lens, and uses the image data as image data. Output.
  • the image pickup apparatus 31 executes shooting at a predetermined exposure time and a predetermined time interval ⁇ t to continuously generate a plurality of images.
  • the exposure time is shorter than the time interval ⁇ t. For example, when the frame rate is 30 fps, the time interval ⁇ t is about 33 ms, and the exposure time is 30 ms.
  • the exposure time may be controlled by controlling the shutter speed or by illuminating the laser light source 33 in a pulsed manner. Further, the measuring device 3 adjusts the imaging conditions according to each of the divided dispersion liquids.
  • the arithmetic processing unit 4 has a built-in computer that executes a predetermined program, executes predetermined data processing according to the program, and operates as various processing units.
  • the arithmetic processing device 4 reconstructs the data analyzed by the image analysis unit 41, the particle size / number concentration analysis unit 43, and the particle size / number concentration analysis unit 43 to calculate the particle size distribution. It operates as a unit 44 and a control unit 45.
  • the arithmetic processing unit 4 includes a non-volatile storage device (flash memory, hard disk drive, etc.) as the storage unit 42.
  • the image analysis unit 41 controls the image pickup device 31, causes the image pickup device 31 to perform imaging in a predetermined range of the optical cell 32, and acquires image data of a plurality of images continuously generated by the image pickup device 31.
  • the image analysis unit 41 may appropriately change the exposure time and detection sensitivity of each captured image in the image pickup device 31 according to the particle size of the fine particles 51 classified in the classification device 1.
  • the particle size of the fine particles derived from the FFF device 13 may be theoretically calculated or actually measured by a simple monitor to set the optimum imaging conditions.
  • the image analysis unit 41 identifies the movement locus of the bright spot on the image based on the acquired image data by the flow field separation method, and obtains the displacement of the fine particles 51 corresponding to the bright spot. Then, kB is the Boltzmann constant, T is the absolute temperature, ⁇ is the viscosity coefficient of the dispersion medium, d is the particle diameter, and the squared average value of the displacement of the fine particles 51 is proportional to kBT / 3 ⁇ d, so that the particle diameter is calculated. .. Further, the image analysis unit 41 counts the number of bright spots that have passed through the predetermined region together with the calculation of the particle size to obtain the number of fine particles 51. As described above, in the flow field separation method, the number of bright spots is counted while tracking the bright spots corresponding to the individual fine particles 51, so that the number can be counted regardless of the material forming the fine particles 51.
  • the image analysis unit 41 uses a known method (method disclosed in Patent Document 1, fluid simulation, etc.) to determine the flow velocity distribution of the dispersion medium 17 in the image pickup region in the optical cell 32 corresponding to the angle of view of the image pickup device 31. It is preferable to specify in advance, correct the displacement of the fine particles 51 based on the flow velocity distribution of the dispersion medium 17, and specify the average square displacement ⁇ MS of the fine particles 51 based on the corrected displacement. That is, by correcting the displacement of the fine particles 51 based on the flow velocity distribution, the displacement of the fine particles 51 due to the Brownian motion is obtained after excluding the influence of the flow field of the dispersion medium 17.
  • the flow velocity distribution may be assumed to be constant (that is, the size and orientation are constant) within the imaging region.
  • the image analysis unit 41 counts the number of fine particles 51 passing through a predetermined region in the optical cell.
  • the particle size distribution based on the number of particles can be calculated.
  • the range of the intensity of scattered light from fine particles can be narrowed in the particle size measurement by the flow field particle tracking method, and the particle size to be easily classified. It is possible to count the number of each.
  • the classification device 1 and the measuring device 3 are connected via the connecting portion 2, it is possible to guide the dispersion liquid having a number concentration suitable for measurement to the measuring device 3, and each of the classified and fractionated dispersion liquids. You can measure the particle size and the number concentration online. Therefore, the particle size distribution based on the number can be measured quickly.
  • the particle size distribution based on the number can be measured quickly and easily.
  • the number concentration of the fine particles 51 in a plurality of outflow time ranges is calculated, and by reconstructing these, the number reference in the dispersion liquid of the injected fine particles can be obtained.
  • the particle size distribution can be calculated.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Length Measuring Devices By Optical Means (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé permettant de mesurer rapidement et facilement une distribution de diamètre de particule en fonction du nombre de particules présentant une distribution dans une large plage de diamètre de particule allant d'une taille nanométrique à une taille micrométrique, ainsi qu'un système de mesure. L'invention concerne un procédé de mesure consistant à émettre un faisceau laser sur des microparticules soumises à un mouvement brownien dans un milieu de dispersion, à imager des points lumineux en raison de la lumière diffusée à certains intervalles temporels et, à partir d'une trajectoire de mouvement des points lumineux dans une image ainsi obtenue, à mesurer le diamètre de particule et le nombre de microparticules de manière à mesurer une distribution de diamètre de particule en fonction du nombre, et un système de mesure associé. Des microparticules dispersées dans un milieu de dispersion sont dotées d'un champ d'écoulement dans le milieu de dispersion, agencées, et classées dans le milieu de dispersion en fonction du diamètre des particules, et un faisceau laser est émis sur le milieu de dispersion contenant les microparticules classées afin d'obtenir une image. Avant ladite imagerie, le milieu de dispersion est divisé de façon à contenir des microparticules dans une certaine plage de diamètre de particule, et la concentration en nombre est réglée sans modifier le nombre de microparticules dans chaque milieu de dispersion divisé.
PCT/JP2021/016368 2020-05-20 2021-04-22 Procédé de mesure de distribution de diamètre de particules fondé sur le nombre et système de mesure WO2021235169A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2020-088094 2020-05-20
JP2020088094 2020-05-20

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2021235169A1 true WO2021235169A1 (fr) 2021-11-25

Family

ID=78708565

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/JP2021/016368 WO2021235169A1 (fr) 2020-05-20 2021-04-22 Procédé de mesure de distribution de diamètre de particules fondé sur le nombre et système de mesure

Country Status (1)

Country Link
WO (1) WO2021235169A1 (fr)

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH0915136A (ja) * 1995-06-29 1997-01-17 Shimadzu Corp レーザ回折／散乱式粒度分布測定装置
JP2000002644A (ja) * 1998-06-15 2000-01-07 Shimadzu Corp レーザ回折・散乱式粒度分布測定装置
JP2001074637A (ja) * 1999-08-31 2001-03-23 Horiba Ltd 動的光散乱式粒径分布測定システム
JP2002221479A (ja) * 2001-01-24 2002-08-09 Horiba Ltd 動的光散乱式粒径分布測定装置
WO2009131175A1 (fr) * 2008-04-25 2009-10-29 新日本製鐵株式会社 Procédé de détermination de la granulométrie de particules fines contenues dans un matériau métallique
JP2010127790A (ja) * 2008-11-28 2010-06-10 Jfe Steel Corp 微粒子の粒径分布測定方法
JP2012037318A (ja) * 2010-08-05 2012-02-23 Japan Organo Co Ltd 液中粒子の計測装置及び計測方法
JP2014021060A (ja) * 2012-07-23 2014-02-03 Jfe Steel Corp 金属中微粒子の粒径分布測定方法
WO2016159131A1 (fr) * 2015-03-30 2016-10-06 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 Procédé et dispositif de mesure de la granulométrie

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH0915136A (ja) * 1995-06-29 1997-01-17 Shimadzu Corp レーザ回折／散乱式粒度分布測定装置
JP2000002644A (ja) * 1998-06-15 2000-01-07 Shimadzu Corp レーザ回折・散乱式粒度分布測定装置
JP2001074637A (ja) * 1999-08-31 2001-03-23 Horiba Ltd 動的光散乱式粒径分布測定システム
JP2002221479A (ja) * 2001-01-24 2002-08-09 Horiba Ltd 動的光散乱式粒径分布測定装置
WO2009131175A1 (fr) * 2008-04-25 2009-10-29 新日本製鐵株式会社 Procédé de détermination de la granulométrie de particules fines contenues dans un matériau métallique
JP2010127790A (ja) * 2008-11-28 2010-06-10 Jfe Steel Corp 微粒子の粒径分布測定方法
JP2012037318A (ja) * 2010-08-05 2012-02-23 Japan Organo Co Ltd 液中粒子の計測装置及び計測方法
JP2014021060A (ja) * 2012-07-23 2014-02-03 Jfe Steel Corp 金属中微粒子の粒径分布測定方法
WO2016159131A1 (fr) * 2015-03-30 2016-10-06 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 Procédé et dispositif de mesure de la granulométrie

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
JP6976605B2 (ja) 粒子径計測方法及びその装置
JP6348187B2 (ja) 散乱光を用いた粒子トラッキング解析（ｐｔａ）法及びあらゆる液体中においてナノメートルオーダー大きさの粒子を検知及び識別するための装置
JP5381741B2 (ja) 光学的測定装置及び光学的測定方法
CN107430052B (zh) 成像粒子分析装置
CN109923396B (zh) 在散射光模式及荧光模式中测量液体纳米颗粒的浓度、尺寸及z电位装置及方法
JP6971259B2 (ja) 流体中の個々の流動粒子の検出および／または構造的解析の方法および装置
JP6596636B2 (ja) 流速分布計測方法及び粒径計測方法
JP2018025559A (ja) 微小粒子測定装置におけるデータ補正方法及び微小粒子測定装置
Hussain et al. An ultra-compact particle size analyser using a CMOS image sensor and machine learning
DE112014004964B4 (de) Vorrichtung zum Steuern der Bewegung eines Mikroobjekts in einem Medium
WO2021132017A1 (fr) Dispositif de mesure de particules
JP5224756B2 (ja) 液滴粒子撮像解析システムおよび解析方法
WO2020054466A1 (fr) Dispositif d'observation de matière particulaire et procédé d'observation de matière particulaire
JP7058271B2 (ja) 試料観察装置及び試料観察方法
WO2021235169A1 (fr) Procédé de mesure de distribution de diamètre de particules fondé sur le nombre et système de mesure
JP2020137429A (ja) 細胞観察システムおよび細胞観察方法
Xie et al. Particle sizing from Fraunhofer diffraction pattern using a digital micro-mirror device and a single photodiode
JPH08128944A (ja) 粒子分類装置
WO2016076037A1 (fr) Dispositif et procédé d'analyse de particules
WO2023218986A1 (fr) Système de tri de gouttelettes, procédé de tri de gouttelettes et programme de tri de gouttelettes
JP7465884B2 (ja) 赤血球の等体積球状化
Sentoku et al. On-Chip Multiple Particle Velocity and Size Measurement Using Single-Shot Two-Wavelength Differential Image Analysis
US20230175949A1 (en) Imaging flow cytometer
Melzer et al. Diagnostic Methods in Dusty Plasmas
Patil A visualization and characterization of microstructures of cohesive powders

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 21809226

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 21809226

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: JP