Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
  • A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/4545—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a six-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pipamperone, anabasine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
  • A61K31/4709—Non-condensed quinolines and containing further heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
  • A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D473/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems
  • C07D473/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with an oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atom directly attached in position 2 or 6, but not in both
  • C07D473/32—Nitrogen atom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
  • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D491/04—Ortho-condensed systems
  • C07D491/044—Ortho-condensed systems with only one oxygen atom as ring hetero atom in the oxygen-containing ring
  • C07D491/048—Ortho-condensed systems with only one oxygen atom as ring hetero atom in the oxygen-containing ring the oxygen-containing ring being five-membered
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D491/04—Ortho-condensed systems
  • C07D491/044—Ortho-condensed systems with only one oxygen atom as ring hetero atom in the oxygen-containing ring
  • C07D491/052—Ortho-condensed systems with only one oxygen atom as ring hetero atom in the oxygen-containing ring the oxygen-containing ring being six-membered
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D495/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D495/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D495/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D498/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D498/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D498/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D513/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00
  • C07D513/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D513/04—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

• the present invention generally relates to substituted oxoisoindoline compounds that inhibit Helios protein.
• substituted oxoisoindoline compounds Provided herein are substituted oxoisoindoline compounds, compositions comprising such compounds, and methods of their use.
• the invention further pertains to pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one compound according to the invention that are useful for the treatment of proliferative disorders, such as cancer, and viral infections.
• Tregs Regulatory T cells
• Regulatory T cells play an essential role in controlling self-tolerance and immune homeostasis via maintenance of inhibitory activity and anergy in the face of vigorous immune and inflammatory responses.
• Tregs Through the preservation of a stable, anergic and suppressive phenotype, Tregs attenuate excessive immune responses and prevent or ameliorate autoimmunity.
• a number of reports have documented the presence of Tregs within human tumor tissues. Studies demonstrated a clear negative correlation between the number of Tregs and T cell infiltration into the tumor and survival (Curiel et al., 2004, Nat. Med. 10: 942-949; Viguier et al., 2004, J Immuno.
• Tregs implying a potential critical role of Tregs in preventing the development of effective anti tumor immunity.
• Accumulated evidence indicates that Foxp3+CD25+CD4+Tregs dominantly infiltrate into tumors and apparently hinder immune responses to tumor cells in rodents and humans.
• Tregs Once activated by a specific antigen, Tregs suppress responder T cells in an antigen-nonspecific and bystander manner in vitro (Takahashi et al., 1998, hit Immunol.
• Foxp3+CD25+CD4+Tregs are apparently capable of suppressing a wide range of antitumor immune responses involving CD4+ helper T cells, CD8+ T cells, natural killer cells, and natural killer T cells (Tanaka et ak, 2017, Cell Research 27: 109-118).
• Intratumoral depletion of CD25+CD4+Tregs induced regression of established tumors with a change in the cytokine milieu at tumor sites (Yu et ak, 2005, J Exp Med. 201: 779- 91).
• Treg-depleted CD4+ T cells markedly augmented antitumor immune responses compared with Tregs containing T-cell transfer (Antony et ak, 2005, J Immunol 174:2591-601).
• Tumor-infiltrating Tregs activated by either tumor-derived self-antigens or tumor-associated antigens can similarly suppress specific antitumor immune responses. Modulation of the activities of key factors to control Treg differentiation could represent a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of certain diseases, including cancer and viral infections.
• FoxP3+CD4 Tregs are remarkably stable. Studies are still evolving to understand the genetic mechanisms that ensure their phenotypic stability after expansion during inflammation, infection or autoimmunity. Transcription factors (TF) responsible for maintaining the stable immunosuppressive phenotype of Tregs likely contribute to this process.
• TF Transcription factors responsible for maintaining the stable immunosuppressive phenotype of Tregs likely contribute to this process.
• the Helios (IKZF2) gene a member of the Ikaros family of TFs, differs from other Ikaros family members based on its selective expression by thymocytes undergoing negative selection, as well as by regulatory lineages of CD4 and CD8 T cells.
• Helios is expressed by two regulatory T-cell lineages, FoxP3+CD4+ and Ly49+CD8+ Tregs, which are essential to maintain self-tolerance (Kim et ak, 2015, Science 350:334-339; Sebastian et ak, 2016, J Immunol 196:144-155).
• FoxP3+CD4+ and Ly49+CD8+ Tregs are essential to maintain self-tolerance
• researchers suggest that although Helios is largely dispensable for Treg activity in the steady state, control of the genetic program of FoxP3+ CD4 Tregs by Helios in the context of inflammation is essential to maintain a stable phenotype and potentiate suppressive function (Thornton et ak, 2010, J Immunol. 184:3433-3441; Kim et ak, 2015).
• Tregs expression by Tregs was demonstrated to be crucial in their capability to maintain a suppressive and anergic phenotype in the face of intense inflammatory responses.
• Activation of the IL-2Ra- STAT5 pathway was demonstrated to be a key contributor by ensuring Treg survival and stability (Kim et ak, 2015).
• Helios plays an indispensable role in maintaining the phenotype of FoxP3+ CD4 Tregs by exerting dominant, lymphocyte-intrinsic inhibition to prevent autoimmune disease in the presence of highly activated self-reactive T cells from scurfy mice, which have no FoxP3 fork head domain.
• Instability of intratumoral Tregs may increase the numbers of Teff cells within tumors as a combined result of Treg conversion and reduced Treg suppressive activities.
• defective IL-2 responses were observed in Helios-deficient intratumoral Tregs, which results in decreased numbers of activated Tregs and may also contribute to the increased intratumoral Teff activities.
• Interaction between tumor cells and infiltrating immune cells leads to secretion of inflammatory mediators, including TNF-a, IL-6, IL-17, IL-1, and TGF-b, and the formation of a local inflammatory environment (Kim et al., 2015).
• Lineage instability of Helios-deficient Tregs is also accompanied by diminished FoxP3 expression and results in the acquisition of an effector phenotype by producing proinflammatory cytokines.
• Effector cell conversion of Helios-deficient Tregs within the tumor-tissue microenvironment is associated with increased expression of genes that control Teff phenotype (Yates et al., 2018, PNAS, 2018, 115: 2162-2167).
• Acquisition of an unstable phenotype by Helios deficiency only occurs within the tumor microenvironment (TME), but not in peripheral lymphoid organs (Nakagawa et al., 2016, PNAS 113: 6248-6253).
• Tregs within the chronic inflammatory TME, Helios deficiency in Tregs could drastically alleviate the repressed genetic programs associated with T helper cell differentiation by up-regulating T helper cell associated TFs and effector cytokines. These genetic changes of Helios-deficient Tregs are most apparent in a Treg subpopulation with high affinity for self-antigens, as shown by enhanced GITR/PD-1 expression and increased responsiveness to self-antigens.
• Tregs Tregs into Teff within the TME with increased T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement and costimulatory receptor expression by Tregs, suggesting that the alterations in gene expression, as a central feature of Treg conversion, are immune milieu dependent (Yates et al., 2018).
• TCR T-cell receptor
• Reduced Helios expression in FoxP3+ CD4 Tregs may allow conversion of memory Tregs into Teff cells that express self-reactive T-cell receptors with specificity for tumor antigens.
• An altered Treg signature might be selectively induced within the chronic inflammatory conditions of growing tumor.
• Helios-deficient Tregs may display a TCR repertoire skewed toward high-affinity against self-peptides/MHC, which can promote robust activation in TME (Yates et al., 2018).
• conversion of Tregs could generate highly potent effector CD4 T cells accompanied by attenuated Treg- mediated suppression within the TME.
• a more effective strategy may depend on approaches that selectively convert intratumoral Tregs into Teff cells without affecting the systemic Treg population.
• pharmacological intervention of Helios could be relevant to the strategies that strengthen current tumor immunotherapy. Since Treg to Teff conversion may be confined to inflammatory intratumoral microenvironments, antibody or small molecule-based approaches that target Helios may lead to improved Treg dependent cancer immunotherapy. Importantly, conversion of Helios-deficient Tregs only occurs within the local inflammatory environment of the tumor. This approach may not provoke the autoimmune side effects associated with systemic reduction of Tregs.
• Treg cells can limit the immunopathology resulting from excessive inflammation, yet potentially inhibit effective antiviral T cell responses and promote virus persistence (Schmitz et al., 2013, PLOS Pathogens 9: el003362).
• Chronic, but not acute, infection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus results in a marked expansion of Foxp3+ Tregs, implying a potential mechanism that certain infectious agents could evade host immune responses by activation and expansion of Tregs (Punkosdy et al., 2011, PNAS 108: 3677- 3682).
• Treatment benefits could be achieved by decreasing Helios levels in activated Tregs in the context relevant to chronic viral infections.
• the present invention provides substituted oxoisoindoline compounds of Formula (I) or salts thereof, which are useful to decrease Helios protein levels, decrease Helios activity levels and/or inhibit Helios expression levels in the cells.
• the present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of Formula (I) and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the present invention also provides a method of treating a disease or disorder by decreasing the activity of Helios protein, the method comprising administering to a patient a compound of Formula (I) and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention also provides processes and intermediates for making the compounds of Formula (I) and/or salts thereof.
• the present invention also provides a compound of Formula (I) and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in therapy.
• the present invention also provides the use of the compounds of Formula (I) and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament to decrease Helios protein levels, decrease Helios activity levels and/or inhibit Helios expression levels in cells to control Treg differentiation, for the treatment of certain diseases, including cancer and viral infections.
• compositions comprising the compounds of Formula (I) may be used in treating, preventing, or curing viral infections and various proliferative disorders, such as cancer.
• Pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds are useful in treating, preventing, or slowing the progression of diseases or disorders in a variety of therapeutic areas, such as viral infections and cancer.
• substituted oxoisoindoline compounds that inhibit Helios protein by facilitating the interaction of Helios protein and the corresponding E3 ubiquitin ligase complex (Cullin4-Cereblon, CUL4-CRBN). These compounds decrease Helios protein levels, decrease Helios activity levels and/or inhibit Helios expression levels in the cells to control Treg differentiation. These compounds are useful for the treatment of certain diseases, including cancer and viral infections.
• the compounds are provided to be useful as pharmaceuticals with desirable stability, bioavailability, therapeutic index, and toxicity values that are important to their drugability.
• the first aspect of the present invention provides at least one compound of Formula (I):
• each Ri is independently F, Cl, Br, -CN, -OH, -NO2, Ci- 6 alkyl substituted with zero to 6 Ria, Ci— 3 alkoxy substituted with zero to 6 Ri a , -CRxRxOCRxRx(phenyl), -NR y R y , -NRxC(0)H, -NR X C(0)(CI-2 alkyl), -NR x C(0)NR x Rx, -C(0)H, -C(0)0H, -C(0)0(Ci- 3 alkyl), -C(0)NR x R x , -C(0)NRx(C 3-6 cycloalkyl), -0C(0)(Ci-3 alkyl), -S02(Ci-3 alkyl), -NHN(CI-2 alkyl)2, -CH2CH2Si(CH3)3 or a cyclic group selected from C3-6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidiny
• Ri is independently F, Cl, Br, -CN, -OH, -NO2, C1-5 alkyl substituted with zero to 6 Ria, Ci-2 alkoxy substituted with zero to 5 Ri a , -CR x RxOCH2(phenyl), -NR y R y , -NR X C(0)CH 3 , -NR X C(0)NR X R X , -C(0)H, -C(0)0H, -C(0)0(CI-2 alkyl), -C(0)NRxRx, -C(0)NRx(cyclopropyl), -0C(0)(Ci- 2 alkyl), -S0 2 (Ci- 2 alkyl), -NHN(CH3) 2 , -CH 2 CH 2 Si(CH3)3, or a cyclic group selected from C3-6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl,
• Ri is independently F, Cl, Br, -CN, -OH, -N0 2 , C1-5 alkyl substituted with zero to 6 Ria, Ci alkoxy substituted with zero to 5 Ri a , -CR x RxOCH 2 (phenyl), -NR y R y , -NR X C(0)CH 3 , -NR X C(0)NR X R X , -C(0)H, -C(0)0H, -C(0)0(CI-2 alkyl), -C(0)NRxRx, -C(0)NRx(cyclopropyl), -0C(0)(Ci- 2 alkyl), -S0 2 (Ci- 2 alkyl), -NHN(CH3) 2 , -CH 2 CH 2 Si(CH3)3, or a cyclic group selected from C3-6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidiny
• each Ri is independently F, Cl, Br, -CN, -OH, -N0 2 , -CH3, -CH 2 CH 3 , -CHCH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , -CH 2 C(CH 3 )3, -CF3, -CH 2 C1, -CH 2 CN, -CH 2 (phenyl), -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 OCH 2 (phenyl), -OCH3, -OCH 2 CH 3 , -OCH 2 (phenyl), -NH 2 , -NH(CH 3 ), -NH(CH 2 CH3), -NH(CH(CH3)CH 2 CH3), -N(CH 3 ) 2 , -N(CH 2 CH3) 2 , -Micron, -N(CH 3 )C(0)CH3, -C(0)H, -C(0)0CH 3 , -C(0)NH(cyclo
• each Ri is independently F, Cl, Br, -CN, -OH, -N0 2 , -CH3, -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , -CH 2 C(CH 3 )3, -CF3, -CH 2 C1, -CH 2 CN, -CH 2 (phenyl), -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 OCH 2 (phenyl), -OCH3, -0CH 2 CH 3 , -OCH 2 (phenyl), -NH 2 , -NH(CH 3 ), -NH(CH 2 CH3), -NH(CH(CH3)CH 2 CH 3 ), -N(CH 3 ) 2 , -N(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , -NHC(0)CH 3 , -N(CH 3 )C(0)CH3, -C(0)H, -C(0)0CH 3 , -C(0)NH(cyclopropyl
• One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein Ring A is:
• One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein
• Ring A is:
• One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein
• Ring A is:
• One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein
• Ring A is:
• One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein Ring A is:
• One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein Ring A is:
• One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein
• Ring A is:
• One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein
• One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein Ring A is:
• One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein Ring A is:
• One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein
• One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein
• Ring A is:
• One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein
• One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein
• Ring A is:
• One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein each Ri is independently F, Cl, Br, -CN, -OH, -NO2, Ci-6 alkyl substituted with zero to
• each Ri is independently F, Cl, Br, -CN, -OH, -N0 2 , C1-5 alkyl substituted with zero to 6 Ri a , Ci- 2 alkoxy substituted with zero to 5 Ri a , -CR x RxOCH 2 (phenyl), -NR y R y , -NR X C(0)CH 3 , -NR X C(0)NR X R X , -C(0)H, -C(0)0H, -C(0)0(CI-2 alkyl), -C(0)NRxRx, -C(0)NRx(cyclopropyl), -0C(0)(Ci- 2 alkyl), -S0 2 (Ci- 2 alkyl), or -NHN(CH 3 ) 2 .
• each Ri is independently F, Cl, Br, -CN, -OH, -N0 2 , -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , -CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 3 , -CF 3 , -CH 2 C1, -CH 2 CN, -CH 2 (phenyl), -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 OCH 2 (phenyl), -OCH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , -OCH 2 (phenyl), -NH 2 , -NH(CH 3 ), -NH(CH 2 CH 3 ), -NH(CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 ), -N(CH 3 ) 2 , -N(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , -NHC(0)CH 3 , -N(CH 3 )C(0)CH 3 , -C(0)H, -C(0)0CH 3 , -C(0)NH(cyclo
• One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein each Ri is independently a cyclic group selected from C 3-6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, and dioxidothiomorpholinyl, wherein said cyclic group is substituted with zero to 4 Rib.
• each Ri is independently a cyclic group selected from C 3-6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, pyridinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, and dioxidothiomorpholinyl, wherein said cyclic group is substituted with zero to 3 Rib. Also included in this embodiment are compounds in which each Ri is independently cyclopropyl, phenyl, pyridinyl, or acetylpiperazinyl.
• One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein n is zero, 1, 2, or 3. Included in this embodiment are compounds in which n is zero, 1, or 2. Additionally, included in this embodiment are compounds in which n is 1 or 2.
• One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein
• Ring A is ; each Ri is independently F, Cl, -CN, -OH, -CH3, -OCH3,
• n is zero, 1, or 2.
• One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein
• Ring A is ; each Ri is independently Cl, -CN, -CH3, -OCH3, -OCH2CH3,
• n is zero, 1, or 2.
• One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein
• Ring A is ; each Ri is independently F, Cl, -OH, -CH3, -OCH3, -NH2,
• n is zero, 1, or 2.
• One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein
• Ring A is: each Ri is independently F, Cl, -NH2, -OCH3, -N(CH2CH 3 )2, or -C(0)0CH 3 ; and n is zero, 1, 2, or 3.
• One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein
• each Ri is independently Cl, -OH, -CH(CH 3 )2, -OCH3, -NH2, -NH(CH2CH 3 ), -C(0)0CH 3 , cyclopropyl, or
• One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein
• Ring A is: each Ri is independently F, Cl, Br, -CN, -OH, -NO2, -CH 3 ,
• n is zero, 1, 2, or 3.
• One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein
• Ring A is: N f 3 ⁇ 4: ⁇ J p ; each Ri is independently -CN, -NH2,
• n zero, 1, or 2.
• One embodiment provides a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof, wherein said compound is: 3-[l-oxo-5-(quinolin-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-isoindol-2-yl]piperidine- 2,6-dione (1); 3-[5-(4-aminoisoquinolin-3-yl)-l-oxo-2,3-dihydro-lH-isoindol-2-yl] piperidine-2, 6-dione (2); 3-(5- ⁇ 8-oxa-3,5-diazatricyclo[7.4.0.0 2 ,7]trideca- 1 (9), 2, 4, 6, 10, 12-hexaen-6-yl ⁇ - 1 -oxo-2, 3 -dihydro- lH-isoindol-2-yl)piperidine-2, 6-dione (3); 3-[5-(l-aminoisoquinolin-3-yl)-l-ox
• references made in the singular may also include the plural.
• references made in the singular may also include the plural.
• “a” and “an” may refer to either one, or one or more.
• compounds and/or salts thereof refers to at least one compound, at least one salt of the compounds, or a combination thereof.
• compounds of Formula (I) and/or salts thereof includes a compound of Formula (I); two compounds of Formula (I); a salt of a compound of Formula (I); a compound of Formula (I) and one or more salts of the compound of Formula (I); and two or more salts of a compound of Formula (I).
• any atom with unsatisfied valences is assumed to have hydrogen atoms sufficient to satisfy the valences.
• halo and halogen, as used herein, refer to F, Cl, Br, and I.
• cyano refers to the group -CN.
• amino refers to the group -NIL ⁇ .
• alkyl refers to both branched and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups containing, for example, from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), propyl (e.g ., n-propyl and i-propyl), butyl (e.g., n-butyl, i-butyl, sec-butyl, and /-butyl), and pentyl (e.g, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl), n-hexyl, 2-methylpentyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 3-methylpentyl, and 4-methylpentyl.
• Me methyl
• Et ethyl
• propyl e.g n-propyl and i-propyl
• butyl e.g., n-butyl, i-butyl, sec-butyl, and /-butyl
• pentyl e.g, n-pentyl, isopen
• fluoroalkyl as used herein is intended to include both branched and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups substituted with one or more fluorine atoms.
• Ci-4 fluoroalkyl is intended to include Ci, C2, C3, and C4 alkyl groups substituted with one or more fluorine atoms.
• Representative examples of fluoroalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, -CF3 and -CH2CF3.
• alkoxy refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom, for example, methoxy group (-OCH3).
• -OCH3 methoxy group
• C1-3 alkoxy denotes alkoxy groups with one to three carbon atoms.
• fluoroalkoxy and “-O(fluoroalkyl)” represent a fluoroalkyl group as defined above attached through an oxygen linkage (-0-).
• -0- oxygen linkage
• Ci-4 fluoroalkoxy is intended to include Ci, C2, C3, and C4 fluoroalkoxy groups.
• cycloalkyl refers to a group derived from a non aromatic monocyclic or polycyclic hydrocarbon molecule by removal of one hydrogen atom from a saturated ring carbon atom.
• Representative examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.
• the subscript defines with more specificity the number of carbon atoms that a particular cycloalkyl group may contain.
• C3-C6 cycloalkyl denotes cycloalkyl groups with three to six carbon atoms.
• the compounds of the present invention include all isotopes of atoms occurring in the present compounds.
• Isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
• isotopes of hydrogen include deuterium (D) and tritium (T).
• Isotopes of carbon include 13 C and 14 C.
• Isotopically-labeled compounds of the invention can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described herein, using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent otherwise employed.
• phrases “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• the compounds of Formula (I) can form salts which are also within the scope of this invention. Unless otherwise indicated, reference to an inventive compound is understood to include reference to one or more salts thereof.
• the term “salt(s)” denotes acidic and/or basic salt(s) formed with inorganic and/or organic acids and bases.
• the term “salt(s) may include zwitterions (inner salts), e.g, when a compound of Formula (I) contains both a basic moiety, such as an amine or a pyridine or imidazole ring, and an acidic moiety, such as a carboxylic acid.
• Salts of the compounds of the formula (I) may be formed, for example, by reacting a compound of the Formula (I) with an amount of acid or base, such as an equivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the salt precipitates or in an aqueous medium followed by lyophilization.
• Exemplary acid addition salts include acetates (such as those formed with acetic acid or trihaloacetic acid, for example, trifluoroacetic acid), adipates, alginates, ascorbates, aspartates, benzoates, benzenesulfonates, bisulfates, borates, butyrates, citrates, camphorates, camphorsulfonates, cyclopentanepropionates, digluconates, dodecyl sulfates, ethanesulfonates, fumarates, glucoheptanoates, glycerophosphates, hemisulfates, heptanoates, hexanoates, hydrochlorides (formed with hydrochloric acid), hydrobromides (formed with hydrogen bromide), hydroiodides, maleates (formed with maleic acid), 2- hydroxyethanesulfonates, lactates, methanesulfonates (formed with methanes
• Exemplary basic salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium, and potassium salts; alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts; barium, zinc, and aluminum salts; salts with organic bases (for example, organic amines) such as trialkylamines such as triethylamine, procaine, dibenzylamine, N-benzyl- b-phenethylamine, 1-ephenamine, N,N'-dibenzylethylene-diamine, dehydroabietylamine, N-ethylpiperidine, benzylamine, dicyclohexylamine or similar pharmaceutically acceptable amines and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like.
• organic bases for example, organic amines
• trialkylamines such as triethylamine, procaine, dibenzylamine, N-benzyl- b-phenethylamine, 1-ephenamine, N,N
• Basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with agents such as lower alkyl halides (e.g ., methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (e.g ., dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates), long chain halides (e.g., decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), aralkyl halides (e.g, benzyl and phenethyl bromides), and others.
• Preferred salts include monohydrochloride, hydrogensulfate, methanesulfonate, phosphate or nitrate salts.
• the compounds of Formula (I) can be provided as amorphous solids or crystalline solids. Lyophilization can be employed to provide the compounds of Formula (I) as a solid.
• solvates e.g., hydrates of the Compounds of Formula (I) are also within the scope of the present invention.
• the term “solvate” means a physical association of a compound of Formula (I) with one or more solvent molecules, whether organic or inorganic. This physical association includes hydrogen bonding. In certain instances the solvate will be capable of isolation, for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of the crystalline solid.
• “Solvate” encompasses both solution-phase and isolable solvates. Exemplary solvates include hydrates, ethanolates, methanolates, isopropanolates, acetonitrile solvates, and ethyl acetate solvates. Methods of solvation are known in the art.
• Various forms of prodrugs are well known in the art and are described in Rautio,
• compounds of Formula (I) subsequent to their preparation, can be isolated and purified to obtain a composition containing an amount by weight equal to or greater than 99% of a compound of Formula (I) (“substantially pure”), which is then used or formulated as described herein. Such “substantially pure” compounds of Formula (I) are also contemplated herein as part of the present invention.
• “Stable compound” and “stable structure” are meant to indicate a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent.
• the present invention is intended to embody stable compounds.
• Helios inhibitor refers to an agent capable of decreasing Helios protein levels, decreasing Helios activity level and/or inhibiting Helios expression level in the cells to control Treg differentiation.
• the Helios inhibitor may be a reversible or irreversible inhibitor.
• Helios protein refers a protein that is a member of the Ikaros family of zinc finger proteins. In humans, Helios is encoded by the IKZF2 gene. Helios is also known as IKAROS family zinc finger 2, ANF1A2, ZNF1A2, ZNFN1A2, zinc finger protein, subfamily 1 A, 2, and Ikaros family zinc finger protein 2. The members of this protein family include Ikaros, Helios, Aiolos, Eos, and Pegasus. As used herein Helios protein includes various isoform, which includes the isoforms 1-5 listed below. Isoform 1 (UniProt Q9UKS7-1)
• Helios isoforms 1, 2, 4, 6, and 7 listed above includes the degron FHCNQCGASFTQKGNLLRHIKLH (SEQ ID NO: 6)(bold and underlined).
• a degron is a portion of a protein that plays a role in regulating protein degradation rates.
• Eos protein is encoded by the IKZF4 gene, and is also known as IKAROS family zinc finger 4, ZNFN1A4, zinc finger protein, subfamily 1A, 4, Ikaros family zinc finger protein 4, and KIAA1782.
• “Eos” protein includes isoforms encoded by the following two human isoforms 1 (Q9H2S9-1) and 2 (Q9H2S9-2):
• the ”Eos” protein isoforms 1 and 2 listed above includes the degron FHCNQCGASFTQKGNLLRHIKLH (SEQ ID NO: 6) (bold and underlined), which is the same as the degron for the “Helios” protein.
• Ikaros protein is encoded by the IKZF1 gene. Ikaros is also known as IKAROS family zinc finger 1, ZNFN1A1, zinc finger protein, subfamily 1A, 1, Ikaros family zinc finger protein 1, IK1, lymphoid transcription factor LyF-1, Hs.54452, PPP1R92, protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 92, PRO0758, CVID13, and CLL- associated antigen KW-6. Ikaros protein includes isoforms encoded by amino acid sequences Q13422-1, Q13422-2, Q13422-3, Q13422-4, Q13422-7, and Q13422-8. Ikaros protein also includes isoforms encoded by amino acid sequences Q 13422-5 and Q 13422- 6
• Aiolos protein is encoded by the IKZF3 gene.
• Aiolos protein is also known as IKAROS family zinc finger 3, ZNFN1A3, zinc finger protein, subfamily 1 A, 3, Ikaros family zinc finger protein 3, and AIO.
• Aiolos protein includes isoforms encoded by amino acid sequences Q9UKT9-1, Q9UKT9-3, Q9UKT9-4, Q9UKT9-6, Q9UKT9-7, Q9UKT9-8, Q9UKT9-9, and Q9UKT9-14.
• Aiolos protein also includes isoforms encoded by amino acid sequences Q9UKT9-2, Q9UKT9-5, Q9UKT9-10, Q9UKT9-11, Q9UKT9-12, and Q9UKT9-13, Q9UKT9-15, and Q9UKT9-16.
• Pegasus protein is also known as IKAROS family zinc finger 5, ZNFN1A5, zinc finger protein, subfamily 1A, 5, and Ikaros family zinc finger protein 5. Pegasus is encoded by the IKZF5 gene.
• contacting refers to the bringing together of indicated moieties in an in vitro system or an in vivo system.
• "contacting" Helios protein with a compound of Formula (I) includes the administration of a compound of the present invention to an individual or patient, such as a human, having Helios protein, as well as, for example, introducing a compound of Formula (I) into a sample containing a cellular or purified preparation containing Helios protein.
• treat refers to any type of intervention or process performed on, or administering an active agent to, the subject with the objective of reversing, alleviating, ameliorating, inhibiting, or slowing down or preventing the progression, development, severity or recurrence of a symptom, complication, condition or biochemical indicia associated with a disease.
• prophylaxis or “prevention” refers to administration to a subject who does not have a disease to prevent the disease from occurring.
• Treatment does not encompass prophylaxis or prevention.
• “Therapeutically effective amount” is intended to include an amount of a compound of the present invention alone or an amount of the combination of compounds claimed or an amount of a compound of the present invention in combination with other active ingredients effective to decrease Helios protein levels, decrease Helios activity levels and/or inhibit Helios expression levels in the cells, or effective to treat or prevent viral infections and proliferative disorders, such as cancer.
• an ex vivo cell can be part of a tissue sample excised from an organism such as a mammal.
• an in vitro cell can be a cell in a cell culture.
• an in vivo cell is a cell living in an organism such as a mammal.
• patient includes human and other mammalian subjects that receive either therapeutic or prophylactic treatment.
• subject includes any human or non-human animal.
• methods and compositions herein disclosed can be used to treat a subject having cancer.
• a non-human animal includes all vertebrates, e.g ., mammals and non-mammals, including non-human primates, sheep, dogs, cows, chickens, amphibians, reptiles, etc.
• the subject is a human subject.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carrier means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, manufacturing aid (e.g., lubricant, talc magnesium, calcium or zinc stearate, or steric acid), or solvent encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting the subject compound from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body.
• manufacturing aid e.g., lubricant, talc magnesium, calcium or zinc stearate, or steric acid
• solvent encapsulating material involved in carrying or transporting the subject compound from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body.
• Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation, including, /. e.
• adjuvant such as diluents, preserving agents, fillers, flow regulating agents, disintegrating agents, wetting agents, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, perfuming agents, antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, lubricating agents and dispensing agents, depending on the nature of the mode of administration and dosage forms; and not injurious to the patient.
• composition means a composition comprising a compound of the invention in combination with at least one additional pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the compounds of Formula (I) are useful for the treatment of cancer.
• the present invention provides a combined preparation of a compound of Formula (I), and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a stereoisomer thereof or a tautomer thereof, and additional therapeutic agent(s) for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of multiple diseases or disorders associated with the activity of Helios protein.
• the combined preparation can be used to decrease Helios protein level, Helios activity level and/or Helios expression level in the cells to control Treg differentiation.
• the compounds for Formula (I) and pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one compound of Formula (I) are useful in treating or preventing any diseases or conditions that are associated with the activity of Helios protein. These include viral and other infections (e.g ., skin infections, GI infection, urinary tract infections, genito-urinary infections, systemic infections), and proliferative diseases (e.g., cancer).
• the compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutical compositions comprising in at least one compound of Formula (I) may be administered to animals, preferably mammals (e.g, domesticated animals, cats, dogs, mice, rats), and more preferably humans. Any method of administration may be used to deliver the compound or pharmaceutical composition to the patient.
• the compound of Formula (I) or pharmaceutical composition comprising at least compound of Formula (I) is administered orally.
• the Formula (I) or pharmaceutical composition comprising at least compound of Formula (I) is administered parenterally.
• the compounds of Formula (I) can selectively decrease Helios protein levels, decrease Helios activity levels and/or inhibit Helios expression levels in the cells to control Treg differentiation.
• the compounds of Formula (I) can be used to selectively decrease Helios activity levels and/or inhibit Helios expression levels in the cells to control Treg differentiation in a cell or in an individual in need of a decrease in Helios protein levels, decrease in Helios activity levels and/or inhibition of Helios expression level by administering an inhibiting amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof.
• the compound(s) of Formula (I) are sequentially administered prior to administration of the immuno-oncology agent. In another aspect, compound(s) of Formula (I) are administered concurrently with the immuno-oncology agent. In yet another aspect, compound(s) of Formula (I) are sequentially administered after administration of the immuno-oncology agent.
• compounds of Formula (I) may be co-formulated with an immuno-oncology agent.
• Immuno-oncology agents include, for example, a small molecule drug, antibody, or other biologic or small molecule.
• biologic immuno-oncology agents include, but are not limited to, cancer vaccines, antibodies, and cytokines.
• the antibody is a monoclonal antibody. In another aspect, the monoclonal antibody is humanized or human.
• the immuno-oncology agent is (i) an agonist of a stimulatory (including a co-stimulatory) receptor or (ii) an antagonist of an inhibitory (including a co- inhibitory) signal on T cells, both of which result in amplifying antigen-specific T cell responses (often referred to as immune checkpoint regulators).
• Certain of the stimulatory and inhibitory molecules are members of the immunoglobulin super family (IgSF).
• IgSF immunoglobulin super family
• B7 family which includes B7- 1, B7-2, B7-H1 (PD-L1), B7-DC (PD-L2), B7-H2 (ICOS-L), B7-H3, B7-H4, B7-H5 (VISTA), and B7-H6.
• TNF family of molecules that bind to cognate TNF receptor family members which includes CD40 and CD40L, OX-40, OX-40L, CD70, CD27L, CD30, CD30L, 4-1BBL, CD137 (4-1BB), TRAIL/Apo2-L, TRAILR1/DR4, TRAILR2/DR5, TRAILR3, TRAILR4, OPG, RANK, RANKL, TWEAKR/Fnl4, TWEAK, BAFFR, EDAR, XEDAR, TACI, APRIL, BCMA, LTpR, LIGHT, DcR3, HVEM, VEGETL1A, TRAMP/DR3, EDAR, EDA1, XEDAR, EDA2, TNFR1, Lymphotoxin a/TNFp, TNFR2, TNFa, LTpR, Lymphotoxin a 1b2, FAS, FA
• T cell responses can be stimulated by a combination of a compound of Formula (I) and one or more of (i) an antagonist of a protein that inhibits T cell activation (e.g., immune checkpoint inhibitors) such as CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, LAG-3, TIM-3, Galectin 9, CEACAM-1, BTLA, CD69, Galectin-1, TIGIT, CD113, GPR56, VISTA, 2B4, CD48, GARP, PD1H, LAIR1, TIM-1, and TIM-4, and (ii) an agonist of a protein that stimulates T cell activation such as B7-1, B7-2, CD28, 4-1BB (CD 137), 4-1BBL, ICOS, ICOS-L, 0X40, OX40L, GITR, GITRL, CD70, CD27, CD40, DR3 and CD28H.
• an antagonist of a protein that inhibits T cell activation e.g.,
• agents that can be combined with compounds of Formula (I) for the treatment of cancer include antagonists of inhibitory receptors on NK cells or agonists of activating receptors on NK cells.
• compounds of Formula (I) can be combined with antagonists of KIR, such as lirilumab.
• agents for combination therapies include agents that inhibit or deplete macrophages or monocytes, including but not limited to CSF-1R antagonists such as CSF-1R antagonist antibodies including RG7155 (WOl 1/70024, WOl 1/107553,
• compounds of Formula (I) can be used with one or more of agonistic agents that ligate positive costimulatory receptors, blocking agents that attenuate signaling through inhibitory receptors, antagonists, and one or more agents that increase systemically the frequency of anti-tumor T cells, agents that overcome distinct immune suppressive pathways within the tumor microenvironment (e.g., block inhibitory receptor engagement (e.g., PD-Ll/PD-1 interactions), deplete or inhibit Tregs (e.g., using an anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody (e.g., daclizumab) or by ex vivo anti-CD25 bead depletion), inhibit metabolic enzymes such as IDO, or reverse/prevent T cell anergy or exhaustion) and agents that trigger innate immune activation and/or inflammation at tumor sites.
• agonistic agents that ligate positive costimulatory receptors e.g., blocking agents that attenuate signaling through inhibitory receptors, antagonists, and one or more agents that increase systemically
• the immuno-oncology agent is a CTLA-4 antagonist, such as an antagonistic CTLA-4 antibody.
• CTLA-4 antibodies include, for example, YERVOY (ipilimumab) or tremelimumab.
• the immuno-oncology agent is a PD-1 antagonist, such as an antagonistic PD-1 antibody.
• Suitable PD-1 antibodies include, for example, OPDIVO (nivolumab), KEYTRUDA (pembrolizumab), or MEDI-0680 (AMP-514; WO2012/145493).
• the immuno-oncology agent may also include pidilizumab (CT-011), though its specificity for PD-1 binding has been questioned.
• Another approach to target the PD-1 receptor is the recombinant protein composed of the extracellular domain of PD-L2 (B7-DC) fused to the Fc portion of IgGl, called AMP-224.
• the immuno-oncology agent is a PD-L1 antagonist, such as an antagonistic PD-L1 antibody.
• Suitable PD-L1 antibodies include, for example, MPDL3280A (RG7446; WO2010/077634), durvalumab (MEDI4736), BMS-936559 (W0207/005874), and MSB0010718C (WO2013/79174).
• the immuno-oncology agent is a LAG-3 antagonist, such as an antagonistic LAG-3 antibody.
• Suitable LAG3 antibodies include, for example, BMS- 986016 (W010/19570, WO14/08218), or IMP-731 or IMP-321 (W008/132601,
• the immuno-oncology agent is a CD137 (4-1BB) agonist, such as an agonistic CD137 antibody.
• Suitable CD137 antibodies include, for example, urelumab and PF-05082566 (W012/32433).
• the immuno-oncology agent is a GITR agonist, such as an agonistic GITR antibody.
• GITR antibodies include, for example, BMS-986153, BMS-986156, TRX-518 (WO06/105021, W009/009116) and MK-4166 (WO 11/028683).
• the immuno-oncology agent is an IDO antagonist.
• IDO antagonists include, for example, INCB-024360 (W0206/122150, WO07/75598, WO08/36653, WO08/36642), indoximod, orNLG-919 (W009/73620, WO09/1156652, WOl 1/56652, W012/142237).
• the immuno-oncology agent is an 0X40 agonist, such as an agonistic 0X40 antibody.
• Suitable 0X40 antibodies include, for example, MEDI-6383 or MEDI-6469.
• the immuno-oncology agent is an OX40L antagonist, such as an antagonistic 0X40 antibody.
• OX40L antagonists include, for example, RG-7888 (WO06/029879).
• the immuno-oncology agent is a CD40 agonist, such as an agonistic CD40 antibody.
• the immuno-oncology agent is a CD40 antagonist, such as an antagonistic CD40 antibody.
• Suitable CD40 antibodies include, for example, lucatumumab or dacetuzumab.
• the immuno-oncology agent is a CD27 agonist, such as an agonistic CD27 antibody.
• Suitable CD27 antibodies include, for example, varlilumab.
• the immuno-oncology agent is MGA271 (to B7H3)
• the combination therapy is intended to embrace administration of these therapeutic agents in a sequential manner, that is, wherein each therapeutic agent is administered at a different time, as well as administration of these therapeutic agents, or at least two of the therapeutic agents, in a substantially simultaneous manner.
• Substantially simultaneous administration can be accomplished, for example, by administering to the subject a single dosage form having a fixed ratio of each therapeutic agent or in multiple, single dosage forms for each of the therapeutic agents.
• Sequential or substantially simultaneous administration of each therapeutic agent can be effected by any appropriate route including, but not limited to, oral routes, intravenous routes, intramuscular routes, and direct absorption through mucous membrane tissues.
• the therapeutic agents can be administered by the same route or by different routes.
• a first therapeutic agent of the combination selected may be administered by intravenous injection while the other therapeutic agents of the combination may be administered orally.
• all therapeutic agents may be administered orally or all therapeutic agents may be administered by intravenous injection.
• Combination therapy also can embrace the administration of the therapeutic agents as described above in further combination with other biologically active ingredients and non-drug therapies (e.g surgery or radiation treatment.)
• the combination therapy further comprises a non-drug treatment
• the non-drug treatment may be conducted at any suitable time so long as a beneficial effect from the co-action of the combination of the therapeutic agents and non-drug treatment is achieved.
• the beneficial effect is still achieved when the non-drug treatment is temporally removed from the administration of the therapeutic agents, perhaps by days or even weeks.
• Types of cancers that may be treated with the compound of Formula (I) include, but are not limited to, brain cancers, skin cancers, bladder cancers, ovarian cancers, breast cancers, gastric cancers, pancreatic cancers, prostate cancers, colon cancers, blood cancers, lung cancers and bone cancers.
• cancer types include neuroblastoma, intestine carcinoma such as rectum carcinoma, colon carcinoma, familiar adenomatous polyposis carcinoma and hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, esophageal carcinoma, labial carcinoma, larynx carcinoma, hypopharynx carcinoma, tongue carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, renal carcinoma, kidney parenchymal carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, cervix carcinoma, uterine corpus carcinoma, endometrium carcinoma, chorion carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, testis carcinoma, breast carcinoma, urinary carcinoma, melanoma, brain tumors such as glioblastoma, astrocytoma, meningioma, medulloblastoma and peripheral neuroectodermal tumors, Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, acute lymphatic leuk
• One or more additional pharmaceutical agents or treatment methods such as, for example, anti-viral agents, chemotherapeutics or other anti-cancer agents, immune enhancers, immunosuppressants, radiation, anti-tumor and anti-viral vaccines, cytokine therapy (e.g ., IL2 and GM-CSF), and/or tyrosine kinase inhibitors can be optionally used in combination with the compounds of Formula (I) for treatment of Helios protein associated diseases, disorders or conditions.
• the agents can be combined with the present compounds in a single dosage form, or the agents can be administered simultaneously or sequentially as separate dosage forms.
• Suitable chemotherapeutic or other anti-cancer agents include, for example, alkylating agents (including, without limitation, nitrogen mustards, ethylenimine derivatives, alkyl sulfonates, nitrosoureas and triazenes) such as uracil mustard, chlormethine, cyclophosphamide (CYTOXAN®), ifosfamide, melphalan, chlorambucil, pipobroman, triethylene-melamine, triethylenethiophosphoramine, busulfan, carmustine, lomustine, streptozocin, dacarbazine, and temozolomide.
• alkylating agents including, without limitation, nitrogen mustards, ethylenimine derivatives, alkyl sulfonates, nitrosoureas and triazenes
• alkylating agents including, without limitation, nitrogen mustards, ethylenimine derivatives, alkyl sulfonates, nitrosourea
• suitable agents for use in combination with the compounds of Formula (I) include: dacarbazine (DTIC), optionally, along with other chemotherapy drugs such as carmustine (BCNU) and cisplatin; the "Dartmouth regimen", which consists of DTIC, BCNU, cisplatin and tamoxifen; a combination of cisplatin, vinblastine, and DTIC, temozolomide or YERVOYTM.
• DTIC dacarbazine
• BCNU carmustine
• cisplatin the "Dartmouth regimen” which consists of DTIC, BCNU, cisplatin and tamoxifen
• a combination of cisplatin, vinblastine, and DTIC, temozolomide or YERVOYTM a combination of cisplatin, vinblastine, and DTIC, temozolomide or YERVOYTM.
• Compounds of Formula (I) may also be combined with immunotherapy drugs, including cytokines such as inter
• Antimelanoma vaccines are, in some ways, similar to the anti-virus vaccines which are used to prevent diseases caused by viruses such as polio, measles, and mumps. Weakened melanoma cells or parts of melanoma cells called antigens may be injected into a patient to stimulate the body's immune system to destroy melanoma cells.
• Melanomas that are confined to the arms or legs may also be treated with a combination of agents including one or more compounds of Formula (I), using a hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion technique.
• This treatment protocol temporarily separates the circulation of the involved limb from the rest of the body and injects high doses of chemotherapy into the artery feeding the limb, thus providing high doses to the area of the tumor without exposing internal organs to these doses that might otherwise cause severe side effects.
• the fluid is warmed to 38.9 °C to 40 °C.
• Melphalan is the drug most often used in this chemotherapy procedure. This can be given with another agent called tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
• TNF tumor necrosis factor
• Suitable chemotherapeutic or other anti-cancer agents include, for example, antimetabolites (including, without limitation, folic acid antagonists, pyrimidine analogs, purine analogs and adenosine deaminase inhibitors) such as methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, floxuridine, cytarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, fludarabine phosphate, pentostatine, and gemcitabine.
• antimetabolites including, without limitation, folic acid antagonists, pyrimidine analogs, purine analogs and adenosine deaminase inhibitors
• methotrexate including, without limitation, folic acid antagonists, pyrimidine analogs, purine analogs and adenosine deaminase inhibitors
• methotrexate including, without limitation, folic acid antagonists, pyrimidine analogs, purine analogs and adenosine deaminase inhibitors
• Suitable chemotherapeutic or other anti-cancer agents further include, for example, certain natural products and their derivatives (for example, vinca alkaloids, antitumor antibiotics, enzymes, lymphokines and epipodophyllotoxins) such as vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, bleomycin, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, ara-C, paclitaxel (Taxol), mithramycin, deoxyco-formycin, mitomycin-C, L-asparaginase, interferons (especially IFN-a), etoposide, and teniposide.
• certain natural products and their derivatives for example, vinca alkaloids, antitumor antibiotics, enzymes, lymphokines and epipodophyllotoxins
• vinblastine vincristine, vindesine
• bleomycin dactinomycin, daunorubicin,
• cytotoxic agents include navelbene, CPT-11, anastrazole, letrazole, capecitabine, reloxafme, and droloxafme.
• cytotoxic agents such as epidophyllotoxin; an antineoplastic enzyme; a topoisomerase inhibitor; procarbazine; mitoxantrone; platinum coordination complexes such as cisplatin and carboplatin; biological response modifiers; growth inhibitors; antihormonal therapeutic agents; leucovorin; tegafur; and haematopoietic growth factors.
• anti-cancer agent(s) include antibody therapeutics such as trastuzumab (HERCEPTIN®), antibodies to costimulatory molecules such as CTLA-4, 4-1BB and PD-1, or antibodies to cytokines (IL-IO or TGF-b).
• HERCEPTIN® antibodies to costimulatory molecules
• CTLA-4 costimulatory molecules
• 4-1BB antibodies to PD-1
• cytokines IL-IO or TGF-b
• anti-cancer agents also include those that block immune cell migration such as antagonists to chemokine receptors, including CCR2 and CCR4.
• anti-cancer agents also include those that augment the immune system such as adjuvants or adoptive T cell transfer.
• Anti-cancer vaccines include dendritic cells, synthetic peptides, DNA vaccines and recombinant viruses.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may optionally include at least one signal transduction inhibitor (STI).
• STI signal transduction inhibitor
• a "signal transduction inhibitor” is an agent that selectively inhibits one or more vital steps in signaling pathways, in the normal function of cancer cells, thereby leading to apoptosis.
• Suitable STIs include, but are not limited to: (i) bcr/abl kinase inhibitors such as, for example, STI 571 (GLEEVEC®); (ii) epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor inhibitors such as, for example, kinase inhibitors (IRESSA®, SSI-774) and antibodies (Imclone: C225 [Goldstein et ah, Clin. Cancer Res.,
• her-2/neu receptor inhibitors such as farnesyl transferase inhibitors (FTI) such as, for example, L-744,832 (Kohl et al., Nat. Med., l(8):792-797 (1995));
• FTI farnesyl transferase inhibitors
• inhibitors of Akt family kinases or the Akt pathway such as, for example, rapamycin (see, for example, Sekulic et al., Cancer Res., 60:3504- 3513 (200)
• cell cycle kinase inhibitors such as, for example, flavopiridol and UCN- 01 (see, for example, Sausville, Curr.
• At least one STI and at least one compound of Formula (I) may be in separate pharmaceutical compositions.
• at least one compound of Formula (I) and at least one STI may be administered to the patient concurrently or sequentially.
• At least one compound of Formula (I) may be administered first, at least one STI may be administered first, or at least one compound of Formula (I) and at least one STI may be administered at the same time. Additionally, when more than one compound of Formula (I) and/or STI is used, the compounds may be administered in any order.
• the present invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a chronic viral infection in a patient comprising at least one compound of Formula (I), optionally, at least one chemotherapeutic drug, and, optionally, at least one antiviral agent, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Also provided is a method for treating a chronic viral infection in a patient by administering an effective amount of the above pharmaceutical composition.
• At least one compound of Formula (I) and at least one chemotherapeutic agent are administered to the patient concurrently or sequentially.
• at least one compound of Formula (I) may be administered first, at least one chemotherapeutic agent may be administered first, or at least one compound of Formula (I) and the at least one STI may be administered at the same time.
• the compounds may be administered in any order.
• any antiviral agent or STI may also be administered at any point in comparison to the administration of the compound of Formula (I).
• Chronic viral infections that may be treated using the present combinatorial treatment include, but are not limited to, diseases caused by: hepatitis C virus (HCV), human papilloma virus (HPV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), varicella zoster virus, coxsackie virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
• HCV hepatitis C virus
• HPV human papilloma virus
• CMV cytomegalovirus
• HSV herpes simplex virus
• EBV Epstein-Barr virus
• varicella zoster virus coxsackie virus
• coxsackie virus human immunodeficiency virus
• Suitable antiviral agents contemplated for use in combination with the compound of Formula (I) can comprise nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors and other antiviral drugs.
• NRTIs nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
• NRTIs non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
• protease inhibitors and other antiviral drugs.
• Suitable NRTIs include zidovudine (AZT); didanosine (ddl); zalcitabine (ddC); stavudine (d4T); lamivudine (3TC); abacavir (1592U89); adefovir dipivoxil [bis(POM)-PMEA]; lobucavir (BMS-180194); BCH-I0652; emitricitabine [(-)- FTC]; beta-L-FD4 (also called beta-L-D4C and named beta-L-2',3'-dicleoxy-5-fluoro- cytidene); DAPD, ((-)-beta-D-2, 6-diamino-purine dioxolane); and lodenosine (FddA).
• ZT zidovudine
• ddl didanosine
• ddC zalcitabine
• stavudine d4T
• NNRTIs include nevirapine (BI-RG-587); delaviradine (BHAP, U- 90152); efavirenz (DMP-266); PNU-142721; AG-1549; MKC-442 (l-(ethoxy-methyl)-5- (l-methylethyl)-6-(phenylmethyl)-(2,4(lH,3H)-pyrimidinedione); and (+)-calanolide A (NSC-675451) and B.
• Typical suitable protease inhibitors include saquinavir (Ro 31- 8959); ritonavir (ABT-538); indinavir (MK-639); nelfnavir (AG-1343); amprenavir (141W94); lasinavir (BMS-234475); DMP-450; BMS-2322623; ABT-378; and AG-1549.
• Other antiviral agents include hydroxyurea, ribavirin, IL-2, IL-12, pentafuside and Yissum Project No.11607.
• the combination therapy is intended to embrace administration of these therapeutic agents in a sequential manner, that is, wherein each therapeutic agent is administered at a different time, as well as administration of these therapeutic agents, or at least two of the therapeutic agents, in a substantially simultaneous manner.
• Substantially simultaneous administration can be accomplished, for example, by administering to the subject a single dosage form having a fixed ratio of each therapeutic agent or in multiple, single dosage forms for each of the therapeutic agents.
• Sequential or substantially simultaneous administration of each therapeutic agent can be effected by any appropriate route including, but not limited to, oral routes, intravenous routes, intramuscular routes, and direct absorption through mucous membrane tissues.
• the therapeutic agents can be administered by the same route or by different routes.
• a first therapeutic agent of the combination selected may be administered by intravenous injection while the other therapeutic agents of the combination may be administered orally.
• all therapeutic agents may be administered orally or all therapeutic agents may be administered by intravenous injection.
• Combination therapy also can embrace the administration of the therapeutic agents as described above in further combination with other biologically active ingredients and non-drug therapies (e.g ., surgery or radiation treatment).
• the combination therapy further comprises a non-drug treatment
• the non-drug treatment may be conducted at any suitable time so long as a beneficial effect from the co-action of the combination of the therapeutic agents and non-drug treatment is achieved.
• the beneficial effect is still achieved when the non-drug treatment is temporally removed from the administration of the therapeutic agents, perhaps by days or even weeks.
• the invention also provides pharmaceutically compositions which comprise a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds of Formula (I), formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (additives) and/or diluents, and optionally, one or more additional therapeutic agents described above.
• the compounds of Formula (I) may be administered by any suitable route, preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition adapted to such a route, and in a dose effective for the treatment intended.
• the compounds and compositions of the compound of Formula (I) can be administered for any of the uses described herein by any suitable means, for example, orally, such as tablets, capsules (each of which includes sustained release or timed release formulations), pills, powders, granules, elixirs, tinctures, suspensions (including nanosuspensions, microsuspensions, spray-dried dispersions), syrups, and emulsions; sublingually; bucally; parenterally, such as by subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or intrasternal injection, or infusion techniques ( e.g ., as sterile injectable aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions); nasally, including administration to the nasal membranes, such as by inhalation spray; topically, such as in the form of a cream or ointment; or rectally such as in the form of suppositories. They can be administered alone, but generally will be administered with a pharmaceutical carrier selected on the basis of the chosen
• the pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of, for example, a tablet, capsule, liquid capsule, suspension, or liquid.
• the pharmaceutical composition is preferably made in the form of a dosage unit containing a particular amount of the active ingredient.
• the pharmaceutical composition may be provided as a tablet or capsule comprising an amount of active ingredient in the range of from about 0.1 to 1000 mg, preferably from about 0.25 to 250 mg, and more preferably from about 0.5 to 100 mg.
• a suitable daily dose for a human or other mammal may vary widely depending on the condition of the patient and other factors, but, can be determined using routine methods.
• any pharmaceutical composition contemplated herein can, for example, be delivered orally via any acceptable and suitable oral preparations.
• exemplary oral preparations include, but are not limited to, for example, tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous and oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard and soft capsules, liquid capsules, syrups, and elixirs.
• Pharmaceutical compositions intended for oral administration can be prepared according to any methods known in the art for manufacturing pharmaceutical compositions intended for oral administration.
• a pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the invention can contain at least one agent selected from sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents, demulcents, antioxidants, and preserving agents.
• a tablet can, for example, be prepared by admixing at least one compound of Formula (I) and/or at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof with at least one non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipient suitable for the manufacture of tablets.
• excipients include, but are not limited to, for example, inert diluents, such as, for example, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate, and sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, such as, for example, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium crosscarmellose, corn starch, and alginic acid; binding agents, such as, for example, starch, gelatin, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, and acacia; and lubricating agents, such as, for example, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and talc.
• a tablet can either be uncoated, or coated by known techniques to either mask the bad taste of an unpleasant tasting drug, or delay disintegration and absorption of the active ingredient in the gastrointestinal tract thereby sustaining the effects of the active ingredient for a longer period.
• exemplary water soluble taste masking materials include, but are not limited to, hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose and hydroxypropyl- cellulose.
• Exemplary time delay materials include, but are not limited to, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate butyrate.
• Hard gelatin capsules can, for example, be prepared by mixing at least one compound of Formula (I) and/or at least one salt thereof with at least one inert solid diluent, such as, for example, calcium carbonate; calcium phosphate; and kaolin.
• at least one inert solid diluent such as, for example, calcium carbonate; calcium phosphate; and kaolin.
• Soft gelatin capsules can, for example, be prepared by mixing at least one compound of Formula (I) and/or at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof with at least one water soluble carrier, such as, for example, polyethylene glycol; and at least one oil medium, such as, for example, peanut oil, liquid paraffin, and olive oil.
• at least one water soluble carrier such as, for example, polyethylene glycol
• at least one oil medium such as, for example, peanut oil, liquid paraffin, and olive oil.
• An aqueous suspension can be prepared, for example, by admixing at least one compound of Formula (I) and/or at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof with at least one excipient suitable for the manufacture of an aqueous suspension.
• excipients suitable for the manufacture of an aqueous suspension include, but are not limited to, for example, suspending agents, such as, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium alginate, alginic acid, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, gum tragacanth, and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents, such as, for example, a naturally-occurring phosphatide, e.g., lecithin; condensation products of alkylene oxide with fatty acids, such as, for example, polyoxyethylene stearate; condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, such as, for example heptadecaethylene-oxycetanol; condensation products of ethylene oxide with
• An aqueous suspension can also contain at least one preservative, such as, for example, ethyl and n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate; at least one coloring agent; at least one flavoring agent; and/or at least one sweetening agent, including but not limited to, for example, sucrose, saccharin, and aspartame.
• Oily suspensions can, for example, be prepared by suspending at least one compound of Formula (I) and/or at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in either a vegetable oil, such as, for example, arachis oil; olive oil; sesame oil; and coconut oil; or in mineral oil, such as, for example, liquid paraffin.
• An oily suspension can also contain at least one thickening agent, such as, for example, beeswax; hard paraffin; and cetyl alcohol.
• at least one of the sweetening agents already described hereinabove, and/or at least one flavoring agent can be added to the oily suspension.
• An oily suspension can further contain at least one preservative, including, but not limited to, for example, an anti-oxidant, such as, for example, butylated hydroxyanisol, and alpha-tocopherol.
• Dispersible powders and granules can, for example, be prepared by admixing at least one compound of Formula (I) and/or at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof with at least one dispersing and/or wetting agent; at least one suspending agent; and/or at least one preservative.
• Suitable dispersing agents, wetting agents, and suspending agents are as already described above.
• Exemplary preservatives include, but are not limited to, for example, anti-oxidants, e.g., ascorbic acid.
• dispersible powders and granules can also contain at least one excipient, including, but not limited to, for example, sweetening agents; flavoring agents; and coloring agents.
• An emulsion of at least one compound of Formula (I) and/or at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can, for example, be prepared as an oil-in-water emulsion.
• the oily phase of the emulsions comprising compounds of Formula (I) may be constituted from known ingredients in a known manner.
• the oil phase can be provided by, but is not limited to, for example, a vegetable oil, such as, for example, olive oil and arachis oil; a mineral oil, such as, for example, liquid paraffin; and mixtures thereof. While the phase may comprise merely an emulsifier, it may comprise a mixture of at least one emulsifier with a fat or an oil or with both a fat and an oil.
• Suitable emulsifying agents include, but are not limited to, for example, naturally-occurring phosphatides, e.g., soy bean lecithin; esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, such as, for example, sorbitan monooleate; and condensation products of partial esters with ethylene oxide, such as, for example, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
• a hydrophilic emulsifier is included together with a lipophilic emulsifier which acts as a stabilizer. It is also preferred to include both an oil and a fat.
• emulsifier(s) with or without stabilize ⁇ s) make-up the so-called emulsifying wax
• the wax together with the oil and fat make up the so-called emulsifying ointment base which forms the oily dispersed phase of the cream formulations.
• An emulsion can also contain a sweetening agent, a flavoring agent, a preservative, and/or an antioxidant.
• Emulsifiers and emulsion stabilizers suitable for use in the formulation of the present invention include Tween 60, Span 80, cetostearyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, glyceryl monostearate, sodium lauryl sulfate, glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax, or other materials well known in the art.
• the compounds of Formula (I) and/or at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can, for example, also be delivered intravenously, subcutaneously, and/or intramuscularly via any pharmaceutically acceptable and suitable injectable form.
• injectable forms include, but are not limited to, for example, sterile aqueous solutions comprising acceptable vehicles and solvents, such as, for example, water, Ringer’s solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution; sterile oil-in-water microemulsions; and aqueous or oleaginous suspensions.
• Formulations for parenteral administration may be in the form of aqueous or non- aqueous isotonic sterile injection solutions or suspensions. These solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders or granules using one or more of the carriers or diluents mentioned for use in the formulations for oral administration or by using other suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
• the compounds may be dissolved in water, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethanol, com oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, benzyl alcohol, sodium chloride, tragacanth gum, and/or various buffers. Other adjuvants and modes of administration are well and widely known in the pharmaceutical art.
• the active ingredient may also be administered by injection as a composition with suitable carriers including saline, dextrose, or water, or with cyclodextrin (i.e. Captisol), cosolvent solubilization (i.e. propylene glycol) or micellar solubilization (i.e. Tween 80).
• suitable carriers including saline, dextrose, or water, or with cyclodextrin (i.e. Captisol), cosolvent solubilization (i.e. propylene glycol) or micellar solubilization (i.e. Tween 80).
• the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
• a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
• acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer’s solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
• any bland fixed oil may be employed, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
• fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.
• a sterile injectable oil-in-water microemulsion can, for example, be prepared by 1) dissolving at least one compound of Formula (I) in an oily phase, such as, for example, a mixture of soybean oil and lecithin; 2) combining the Formula (I) containing oil phase with a water and glycerol mixture; and 3) processing the combination to form a microemulsion.
• an oily phase such as, for example, a mixture of soybean oil and lecithin
• combining the Formula (I) containing oil phase with a water and glycerol mixture and 3) processing the combination to form a microemulsion.
• a sterile aqueous or oleaginous suspension can be prepared in accordance with methods already known in the art.
• a sterile aqueous solution or suspension can be prepared with a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, such as, for example, 1,3-butane diol; and a sterile oleaginous suspension can be prepared with a sterile non-toxic acceptable solvent or suspending medium, such as, for example, sterile fixed oils, e.g., synthetic mono- or diglycerides; and fatty acids, such as, for example, oleic acid.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are formulated according to a number of factors well within the purview of those of ordinary skill in the art. These include, without limitation: the type and nature of the active agent being formulated; the subject to which the agent-containing composition is to be administered; the intended route of administration of the composition; and the therapeutic indication being targeted. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include both aqueous and non-aqueous liquid media, as well as a variety of solid and semi-solid dosage forms. Such carriers can include a number of different ingredients and additives in addition to the active agent, such additional ingredients being included in the formulation for a variety of reasons, e.g ., stabilization of the active agent, binders, etc., well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants, and vehicles that may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) such as d-alpha-tocopherol poly ethyleneglycol 1000 succinate, surfactants used in pharmaceutical dosage forms such as Tweens, polyethoxylated castor oil such as CREMOPHOR surfactant (BASF), or other similar polymeric delivery matrices, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone,
• Cyclodextrins such as alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrin, or chemically modified derivatives such as hydroxyalkylcyclodextrins, including 2- and 3-hydroxypropyl-cyclodextrins, or other solubilized derivatives may also be advantageously used to enhance delivery of compounds of the formulae described herein.
• the pharmaceutically active compounds of this invention can be processed in accordance with conventional methods of pharmacy to produce medicinal agents for administration to patients, including humans and other mammals.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be subjected to conventional pharmaceutical operations such as sterilization and/or may contain conventional adjuvants, such as preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, buffers etc. Tablets and pills can additionally be prepared with enteric coatings.
• Such compositions may also comprise adjuvants, such as wetting, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
• the active compounds of this invention are ordinarily combined with one or more adjuvants appropriate to the indicated route of administration.
• the compounds may be admixed with lactose, sucrose, starch powder, cellulose esters of alkanoic acids, cellulose alkyl esters, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, magnesium oxide, sodium and calcium salts of phosphoric and sulfuric acids, gelatin, acacia gum, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and/or polyvinyl alcohol, and then tableted or encapsulated for convenient administration.
• Such capsules or tablets may contain a controlled-release formulation as may be provided in a dispersion of active compound in hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose.
• the amounts of compounds that are administered and the dosage regimen for treating a disease condition with the compounds and/or compositions of this invention depends on a variety of factors, including the age, weight, sex, the medical condition of the subject, the type of disease, the severity of the disease, the route and frequency of administration, and the particular compound employed. Thus, the dosage regimen may vary widely, but can be determined routinely using standard methods.
• the daily dose can be administered in one to four doses per day. Other dosing schedules include one dose per week and one dose per two day cycle.
• compositions of this invention comprise at least one compound of Formula (I) and/or at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and optionally an additional agent selected from any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, and vehicle.
• Alternate compositions of this invention comprise a compound of the Formula (I) described herein, or a prodrug thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle.
• kits useful useful, for example, in the treatment or prevention of Helios protein-associated diseases or disorders, and other diseases referred to herein which include one or more containers containing a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I).
• kits can further include, if desired, one or more of various conventional pharmaceutical kit components, such as, for example, containers with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, additional containers, as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art.
• Instructions, either as inserts or as labels, indicating quantities of the components to be administered, guidelines for administration, and/or guidelines for mixing the components, can also be included in the kit.
• the dosage regimen for the compounds of the present invention will, of course, vary depending upon known factors, such as the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the particular agent and its mode and route of administration; the species, age, sex, health, medical condition, and weight of the recipient; the nature and extent of the symptoms; the kind of concurrent treatment; the frequency of treatment; the route of administration, the renal and hepatic function of the patient, and the effect desired.
• the daily oral dosage of each active ingredient when used for the indicated effects, will range between about 0.001 to about 5000 mg per day, preferably between about 0.01 to about 1000 mg per day, and most preferably between about 0.1 to about 250 mg per day. Intravenously, the most preferred doses will range from about 0.01 to about 10 mg/kg/minute during a constant rate infusion.
• Compounds of Formula (I) may be administered in a single daily dose, or the total daily dosage may be administered in divided doses of two, three, or four times daily.
• the compounds are typically administered in admixture with suitable pharmaceutical diluents, excipients, or carriers (collectively referred to herein as pharmaceutical carriers) suitably selected with respect to the intended form of administration, e.g ., oral tablets, capsules, elixirs, and syrups, and consistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices.
• suitable pharmaceutical diluents, excipients, or carriers suitably selected with respect to the intended form of administration, e.g ., oral tablets, capsules, elixirs, and syrups, and consistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices.
• Dosage forms suitable for administration may contain from about 1 milligram to about 200 milligrams of active ingredient per dosage unit.
• the active ingredient will ordinarily be present in an amount of about 0.1-95% by weight based on the total weight of the composition.
• a typical capsule for oral administration contains at least one of the compounds of Formula (I) (250 mg), lactose (75 mg), and magnesium stearate (15 mg). The mixture is passed through a 60 mesh sieve and packed into a No. 1 gelatin capsule.
• a typical injectable preparation is produced by aseptically placing at least one of the compounds of Formula (I) (250 mg) into a vial, aseptically freeze-drying and sealing. For use, the contents of the vial are mixed with 2 mL of physiological saline, to produce an injectable preparation.
• compositions comprising, as an active ingredient, a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds of Formula (I), alone or in combination with a pharmaceutical carrier.
• compounds of Formula (I) can be used alone, in combination with other compounds of Formula (I), or in combination with one or more other therapeutic agent(s), e.g ., an anticancer agent or other pharmaceutically active material.
• the compounds of Formula (I), which may be used in a suitable hydrated form, and/or the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, are formulated into pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms by conventional methods known to those of skill in the art.
• Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which is effective to achieve the therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.
• the selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the particular compound of Formula (I) employed, or the ester, salt or amide thereof, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion or metabolism of the particular compound being employed, the rate and extent of absorption, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with the particular compound employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.
• a physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required.
• the physician or veterinarian could start doses of the compounds of Formula (I) employed in the pharmaceutical composition at levels lower than that required in order to achieve the therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until the effect is achieved.
• a suitable daily dose of a compound of Formula (I) will be that amount of the compound which is the lowest dose effective to produce a therapeutic effect. Such an effective dose will generally depend upon the factors described above. Generally, oral, intravenous, intracerebroventricular and subcutaneous doses of the compounds of Formula (I) for a patient will range from about 0.01 to about 50 mg per kilogram of body weight per day.
• the effective daily dose of the active compound may be administered as two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day, optionally, in unit dosage forms. In certain aspects of the invention, dosing is one administration per day.
• composition While it is possible for a compound of Formula (I) to be administered alone, it is preferable to administer the compound as a pharmaceutical formulation (composition).
• therapeutic agents when employed in combination with the compounds of Formula (I), may be used, for example, in those amounts indicated in the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) or as otherwise determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
• PDR Physicians’ Desk Reference
• such other therapeutic agent(s) may be administered prior to, simultaneously with, or following the administration of the inventive compounds.
• the compounds of the present invention can be prepared in a number of ways well known to one skilled in the art of organic synthesis.
• the compounds of the present invention can be synthesized using the methods described below, together with synthetic methods known in the art of synthetic organic chemistry, or variations thereon as appreciated by those skilled in the art. Preferred methods include, but are not limited to, those described below. All references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
• the compounds of this invention may be prepared using the reactions and techniques described in this section.
• the reactions are performed in solvents appropriate to the reagents and materials employed and are suitable for the transformations being effected.
• all proposed reaction conditions including choice of solvent, reaction atmosphere, reaction temperature, duration of the experiment and work up procedures, are chosen to be the conditions standard for that reaction, which should be readily recognized by one skilled in the art. It is understood by one skilled in the art of organic synthesis that the functionality present on various portions of the molecule must be compatible with the reagents and reactions proposed. Such restrictions to the substituents that are compatible with the reaction conditions will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art and alternate methods must then be used.
• the leaving group, L, of 1 can be converted a suitable coupling partner, M, using conditions well known to one of ordinary skill in the art or methods described herein to afford intermediate 2.
• M is a boronic acid or boronate ester
• 2 can be united with a suitably substituted heterocycle 3 in a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction using a suitable palladium catalyst (e.g. Pd(PPh3)4 or l,r-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II)) in the presence of a suitable base (e.g. cesium carbonate, potassium phosphate, or sodium bicarbonate) to give 4.
• a suitable palladium catalyst e.g. Pd(PPh3)4 or l,r-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II)
• a suitable base e.g. cesium carbonate, potassium phosphate, or sodium bicarbonate
• M is a stannane
• 2 can be united with a suitably substituted heterocycle 3 in a Stille coupling reaction using a suitable catalyst system (e.g. Pd(PPh 3 )4 or bis(triphenylphosphine)dichloropalladium(II)/CuI) to give 4.
• a suitable catalyst system e.g. Pd(PPh 3 )4 or bis(triphenylphosphine)dichloropalladium(II)/CuI
• Intermediate 4 can be converted to 5 via treatment with a protic acid such as benzenesulfonic acid.
• 4 can be converted to 5 by treatment with a base (e.g. K2CO3, K3PO4, or LiHMDS).
• intermediate 4 may spontaneously cyclize to 5 under the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling or Stille coupling conditions employed to prepare it.
• the leaving group, L, of 6 can be converted a suitable coupling partner, M, using conditions well known to one of ordinary skill in the art or methods described herein to afford intermediate 7.
• M is a boronic acid or boronate ester
• 7 can be united with a suitably substituted heterocycle 3 in a Suzuki- Miyaura coupling reaction using a suitable palladium catalyst (e.g. Pd(PPh 3 )4 or 1,1'- bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II)) in the presence of a suitable base (e.g.
• M is a stannane
• 7 can be united with a suitably substituted heterocycle 3 in a Stille coupling reaction using a suitable catalyst system (e.g. Pd(PPh3)4 or bis(triphenylphosphine)dichloropalladium(II)/CuI) to give 8.
• a suitable catalyst system e.g. Pd(PPh3)4 or bis(triphenylphosphine)dichloropalladium(II)/CuI
• the benzylic methyl group can be brominated through the action of NBS in the presence of a radical initiator such as light or AIBN to afford bromide 9.
• Bromide 9 can be condensed with 3-aminopiperidine- 2,6-dione (10) in the presence of a base (e.g. diisopropylethylamine or triethylamine) to afford 5.
• a base e.g. diisopropylethylamine or triethyl
• R /er/-butyl
• intermediate 12 can be further elaborated to compound 5 by methods described in Scheme 1.
• the carboxylic acid of 13 can be activated toward intramolecular attack by the pendant primary amide by the action of thionyl chloride/dimethylformamide or carbonyldiimidazole/dimethylaminopyridine to afford 5.
• isoindolinones substituted with a suitable leaving group L are useful intermediates in the synthesis of Formula (I) compounds.
• Examples are identified by the example and step in which they were prepared (e.g., “1-A” denotes the Example 1, step A), or by the example only where the compound is the title compound of the example (for example, “1” denotes the title compound of Example 1).
• LiHMDS lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide m-CPBA 3-chloroperbenzoic acid
• Pd2(dba)3 tris-(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 /tVra r/.sftri phenyl phosphine)palladium PhS0 3 H benzene sulfonic acid TEA triethylamine THF tetrahydrofuran TPGS D-a-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate XantPhos 4,5 -bi s(diphenylphosphino)-9,9 dimethylxanthene XPhos Pd G2 chloro(2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',4',6'-triisopropyl-l,l'- biphenyl) [2-(2 '-amino- 1 , 1 '-biphenyl)]palladium(II)
• Analytical HPLC Method 1 Waters XBridge C18, 2.1 mm x 50 mm, 1.7 pm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 0.1 % trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 0.1 % trifluoroacetic acid; Temperature: 50 °C; Gradient: 0 %B to 100 %B over 3 min, then a 0.50 min hold at 100 %B; Flow: 1 mL/min; Detection: MS and UV (220 nm).
• Analytical HPLC Method 2 Column: Waters XBridge C18, 2.1 mm x 50 mm, 1.7 pm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile: water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Temperature: 50 °C; Gradient: 0 %B to 100 %B over 3 min, then a 0.50 min hold at 100 %B; Flow: 1 mL/min; Detection: MS and UV (220 nm).
• Preparative HPLC Method 7 Phenomenex Luna Axi C18, 100 mm x 30 mm, 5- pm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile: water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile: water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Gradient: a 2-min hold at 7% B, 7-100% B over 10 min, then a 3-min hold at 100% B; Flow Rate: 30 mL/min; Fraction collection was triggered by UV signals.
• Preparative HPLC Method 10 Phenomenex Luna Axi C18, 100 mm x 30 mm, 5- pm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile: water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile: water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Gradient: a 3 min hold at 40% B, 40-100% B over 4.5 min, then a 3-min hold at 100% B; Flow Rate: 30 mL/min; Fraction collection was triggered by UV signals.
• Example 1 3-(l-Oxo-5-(quinolin-2-yl)isoindolin-2-yl)piperidine-2,6-dione
• a vial was charged with Preparation IB (30 mg, 0.068 mmol) and 2- chloroquinoline (16.57 mg, 0.101 mmol) and flushed with nitrogen.
• the solids were suspended in dioxane (540 pL), treated with cesium carbonate (2M in water, 101 pL,
• Example 52 /V- ⁇ 3-[2-(2,6-Dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-l-oxo-2,3-dihydro-lH-isoindol-5-yl] isoquinolin- 1 -yl ⁇ -N-methylacetamide
• a vial was charged with l-bromo-3-methoxy-2-m ethylbenzene (800 mg, 3.98 mmol), /V-bromosuccinimide (744 mg, 4.18 mmol), and CCU (10 mL), followed by A1BN (16.33 mg, 0.099 mmol).
• the vial was sealed and heated at 75 °C overnight.
• the reaction mixture cooled to room temperature.
• the precipitate was isolated by removing the liquid with a pipette and removing traces of solvent under vacuum to give the product which was contaminated by succinimide.
• the crude Preparation 54A was used without purification.
• Example 54 3-[5-(3-Amino-5-methoxyisoquinolin-l-yl)-l-oxo-2,3-dihydro-lH-isoindol- 2-yl]piperidine-2,6-dione
• Preparation 84C 200 mg, 0.746 mmol was added phosphoryl trichloride (3.49 mL, 37.3 mmol) and the resulting mixture stirred at room temperature. After 3 days, LCMS showed the product as the major peak. The reaction mixture was concentrated, and purified using a 24 gram silica gel column by ISCO, and eluting with 2-100% DCM/hexanes to afford Preparation 84D.
• Preparation 84D (40 mg, 0.140 mmol) and 28% aqueous NH3 (1.942 mL, 13.96 mmol) were added to a sealed tube, followed by MeOH (0.5 mL). The tube was sealed and heated to 140 °C for 2 h. LCMS showed the product, but the reaction was not complete. The reaction mixture was purified by Preparative HPLC Method 1 to obtain 13 mg of Preparation 84E.
• Example 124 was a side product obtained during the final synthetic step (cyclization using AcOH as solvent) in the preparation of Example 123.
• MS (ES): m/z 429.2 [M+H] + .
• HPLC a T Ret 1.21 min.
• Example 126 was a side product obtained during the final synthetic step (cyclization using AcOH as solvent) in the preparation of Example 125.
• MS (ES): m/z 415.2 [M+H] + .
• HPLC a T Ret 1.29 min. 3 ⁇ 4 NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-de) d 8.74 (s, 1H),
• Example 128 was prepared according to General Procedure 2 using (R)-7-chloro-
• Preparation 128A (450 mg, 2.1 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (10 mL) at 0 °C. Sodium hydride (152 mg, 6.34 mmol) was added in one portion. The reaction mixture was stirred for 20 min, then iodomethane (0.224 mL, 3.59 mmol) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with water. The reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with aqueous saturated NaCl, and dried over sodium sulfate. The product was purified by ISCO using a silica gel column and eluting with 1-2% EtO Ac/hexanes to afford Preparation 129B in 79% yield.
• Preparation 130A (1.00 g, 3.90 mmol) and 28% aqueous NH3 (10.86 mL, 78 mmol) were added to a sealed tube, followed by the addition of MeOH (0.5 mL). The reaction mixture was heated to 140 °C for 4 hours and cooled. The mixture was rotovapped to remove the majority of the methanol, and diluted with iced-water. The precipitate (product) was filtered and air dried. The solid residue was purified by using Preparative HPLC Method 2 to obtain 50% yield of Preparation 130B.
• Preparation 130B (30 mg, 0.135 mmol), HATU (64.0 mg, 0.168 mmol) and DMF (1 mL) were added to a sealed tube, followed by triethylamine (0.038 mL, 0.270 mmol). After 10 minutes, dimethylamine (6.68 mg, 0.148 mmol) was added. The tube was sealed and heated to 50 °C for 2 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with 15% EtOH/EtOAc and washed with 10% aqueous LiCl. The organic layer was concentrated and purified using Preparative HPLC Method 2 to obtain 14 mg (42% yield) Preparation 130C.
• the second sample of the crude intermediate was suspended in 1 mL solution of PhSOsH in AcOH (0.228 M) and microwaved for 10 min at 120 °C.
• the sample was concentrated to dryness, and the residue dissolved in 1.8 mL of DMSO, and purified using Preparative HPLC Method 1 to afford Example 134.
• the vial was sealed and the air was replaced with nitrogen.
• the reaction mixture was heated at 130 °C for 30 min in the microwave.
• the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed with brine, and the organic layer separated and concentrated.
• Preparation 135A (140 mg, 0.318 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (15 mL) and cooled in an ice-water bath followed by dropwise addition of thionyl chloride (0.461 mL, 6.36 mmol). After 5 minutes, the ice bath was removed, and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After 1 hour, the reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness to afford Preparation 135B (100% yield).
• Example 138 was prepared according to the General Procedure 1 using 2-chloro- 6-(2,2-dimethylhydrazineyl)pyridine as the aryl halide.
• MS (ES): m/z 380.3 [M+H] + .
• HPLC a T Ret 1.05 min.
• reaction mixture was concentrated, then 1 mL of benzenesulfonic acid solution in acetonitrile (1.44 gram in 40 mL ACN) was added and the reaction mixture was heated in the microwave for 10 minutes at 155 °C.
• the reaction mixture was concentrated and the crude material was purified via preparative LC/MS with the following conditions: Column: XBridge Cl 8, 200 mm x 19 mm, 5-pm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile: water with ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile: water with ammonium acetate; Gradient: a 5-minute hold at 0% B, 0- 22% B over 28 minutes, then a 0-minute hold at 100% B; Flow Rate: 20 mL/min;
• the reaction mixture was concentrated, then 1 mL of benzenesulfonic acid solution in acetonitrile (1.44 gram in 40 mL ACN) was added and the reaction mixture was heated in the microwave for 10 minutes at 155 °C.
• the crude material was purified via preparative LC/MS with the following conditions:
• the reaction mixture was concentrated and the crude material was purified via preparative LC/MS with the following conditions: Column: XBridge Cl 8, 200 mm x 19 mm, 5-pm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile: water with ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile: water with ammonium acetate; Gradient: a 0-minute hold at 6% B, 6- 46% B over 20 minutes, then a 0-minute hold at 100% B; Flow Rate: 20 mL/min;
• the reaction mixture was concentrated and the crude material was purified via preparative LC/MS with the following conditions: Column: XBridge Cl 8, 200 mm x 19 mm, 5-pm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile: water with ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile: water with ammonium acetate; Gradient: a 0-minute hold at 0% B, 0- 55% B over 23 minutes, then a 0-minute hold at 100% B; Flow Rate: 20 mL/min;
• the reaction mixture was concentrated and the crude material was purified via preparative LC/MS with the following conditions: Column: XBridge Cl 8, 200 mm x 19 mm, 5-pm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile: water with ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile: water with ammonium acetate; Gradient: a 0-minute hold at 0% B, 0-40% B over 20 minutes, then a 0-minute hold at 100% B; Flow Rate: 20 mL/min; Column Temperature: 25 °C. Fraction collection was triggered by MS signals. Fractions containing the product were combined and dried via centrifugal evaporation.
• the reaction mixture was concentrated and the crude material was purified via preparative LC/MS with the following conditions: Column: XBridge Cl 8, 200 mm x 19 mm, 5-pm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile: water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile: water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; Gradient: a 0-minute hold at 10% B, 10-55% B over 27 minutes, then a 0-minute hold at 100% B; Flow Rate: 20 mL/min; Column Temperature: 25 °C. Fraction collection was triggered by MS signals.
• the reaction mixture was concentrated and the crude material was purified via preparative LC/MS with the following conditions: Column: XBridge Cl 8, 200 mm x 19 mm, 5-pm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile: water with ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile: water with ammonium acetate; Gradient: a 0-minute hold at 18% B, 18-58% B over 25 minutes, then a 0-minute hold at 100% B; Flow Rate: 20 mL/min; Column Temperature: 25 °C. Fraction collection was triggered by MS and UV signals. Fractions containing the product were combined and dried via centrifugal evaporation.
• Example 145 To a suspension of Example 145 and sodium iodide (37.2 mg, 0.248 mmol) in MeCN (827 pL) was added trimethylchlorosilane (31.7 pL, 0.248 mmol) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was heated at 80 °C overnight.
• Preparation 150 A 2-(5 , 6,7, 8-tetrahy droi soquinolin- 1 -yl)i soindoline- 1 , 3 -dione
• Preparation 150B l-(l,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline 2-oxide
• m-CPBA 29.0 mg, 0.168 mmol
• DCM 1,3-bis(trimethyl)
• the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight.
• the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous Na2S2Cb.
• the reaction mixture was diluted with CH2CI2. The layers were separated.
• the reaction mixture was microwaved at 130 °C for 15 minutes.
• the reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2X).
• the organic phases were combined, concentrated and dried under high vacuum, then dissolved in AcOH (0.5 mL) and benzenesulfonic acid (22.02 mg, 0.139 mmol) was added.
• the reaction vial was sealed and heated in the microwave for 10 minutes at 155 °C.
• Preparation 153B 2-(l,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-3-methoxy-4-methylpyridine 1-oxide
• m-CPBA 313 mg, 1.812 mmol
• the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight.
• the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous Na2S2Cb.
• the reaction mixture was diluted with CH2CI2. The layers were separated.
• a vial was charged with tert-butyl 5-amino-5-oxo-4-(l-oxo-5-(4, 4,5,5- tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)isoindolin-2-yl)pentanoate (54.4 mg, 0.122 mmol), Preparation 154B (26 mg, 0.111 mmol), Pd(PPh3)4 (12.86 mg, 0.011 mmol) andNaHC03 (0.5 M aqueous solution) (668 pL, 0.334 mmol) followed by dioxane (556 pL). The vial was sealed, evacuated, and back-filled with N2. The reaction mixture was microwaved at 130 °C for 15 minutes.
• the reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3X). The organic phases were combined, dried over Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated to afford an orange residue which was further dried under high vacuum.
• the crude material was dissolved in 1.6 mL AcOH and benzenesulfonic acid (19.36 mg, 0.122 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was sealed and heated in the microwave for 10 minutes at 155 °C.
• Example 155 To a nitrogen-flushed vial containing a suspension of Preparation 155C (18.5 mg, 50 pmol), 2-methoxy-6-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridine (23.5 mg, 100 pmol), and XPhos Pd G2 (2.0 mg, 2.5 pmol) in DMF (500 pL) (degassed) was added tripotassium phosphate (21.2 mg, 100 pmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 90 °C in a microwave reactor. After 3 hours, the reaction mixture was filtered, diluted with EtOAc (5 mL), and washed with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (2 mL).
• the aqueous phase was back-extracted with EtOAc (5 mL), and the combined organic layers were concentrated in vacuo.
• the crude intermediate was suspended in acetonitrile (840 pL), then benzenesulfonic acid (26.6 mg, 168 pmol) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at 90 °C. After 3 hours, a second portion of benzenesulfonic acid (26.6 mg, 168 pmol) was added and stirring was resumed at 90 °C. After a total time of 4.5 hours, the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and concentrated in vacuo.
• the crude material was purified via preparative HPLC (Column: XB ridge Cl 8, 200 mm x 19 mm, 5-pm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile: water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile: water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; Gradient: a 0-minute hold at 13% B, 13-53% B over 20 minutes, then a 0-minute hold at 100% B; Flow Rate: 20 mL/min; Column Temperature: 25 °C). Fractions containing the product were combined and dried via centrifugal evaporation.
• the crude material was purified via preparative HPLC (Column: XBridge Cl 8, 200 mm x 19 mm, 5-pm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile: water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile: water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; Gradient: a 0-minute hold at 4% B, 4- 44% B over 20 minutes, then a 0-minute hold at 100% B; Flow Rate: 20 mL/min;
• Example 151 N-(6-(2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-l-oxoisoindolin-5-yl)-3,4-dimethylpyridin-2-yl) acetamide
• acetyl chloride 5.37 mg, 0.068 mmol
• Hunig's base 0.016 mL, 0.091 mmol
• the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h, and then concentrated to dryness.
• the residue obtained was dissolved in 1.5 mL of 2 M solution of PhSChH in AcOH, and microwaved for 0.5 h at 130 °C, and then purified by Preparative HPLC Method 1 to obtain the titled product in 49% yield.
• reaction mixture was filtered through a Celite pad in a Buchner funnel.
• the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 950 mg of crude mass, which was purified by silica gel column chromatography (Isolera) using 50-80% EtOAc- hexane as eluent to afford tert-butyl (S)-5-amino-4-(5-(6-amino-3,5- dicyanopyridin-2-yl)-l-oxoisoindolin-2-yl)-5-oxopentanoate (500 mg, 1.003 mmol, 59.4%) as a light yellow solid.
• the reaction mixture was purged with N2 for 10 min, followed by the addition of PdCl2(dppf)-CH2Cl2 adduct (0.046 g, 0.056 mmol).
• the tube was sealed immediately and was stirred at 100 °C for 3 h.
• the reaction vessel was allowed to cool to ambient temperature.
• the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (50 mL), filtered through a bed of Celite, and concentrated in vacuo to afford the crude product.
• the crude product obtained was purified by column chromatography (Grace, 25 g snap, dry pack) over silica gel (230-400 mesh) by eluting with 0-20% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether.
• Preparation 171A and 171B 2-amino-6-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinonitrile and 6- amino-2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinonitrile
• the resulting reaction mixture was degassed by bubbling nitrogen gas into the reaction mixture for 10 minutes. Then tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (46.8 mg, 0.041 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture, and the resulting reaction mixture was heated at 120 °C in a microwave reactor for 1 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was poured into water (30 mL) and was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 50 mL). Organic phases were combined, washed with brine (30 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2S04, and concentrated under reduced pressure to get a crude residue.
• Phosphoryl chloride (10 mL) was added to a mixture of 6-hydroxy-2-oxo-4- propyl-l,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile (3 g, 16.84 mmol) and tetramethylammonium chloride (3.69 g, 33.7 mmol) dropwise at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere in a sealed tube. The mixture was then heated at 145 °C for 20 h. After 20 h, TLC analysis indicated complete consumption of starting material. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature, poured over crushed ice, and stirred for 2 h.
• the crude material was purified by flash silica-gel (230-400 mesh) column with 10-15% EtOAc in petroleum ether to yield 2- amino-6-chloro-4-propylnicotinonitrile - 171C (170 mg, 0.864 mmol, 9.29 % yield) as white solid.
• the second isomer eluted at 30% of EtOAc concentration to yield 6-amino- 2-chloro-4-propylnicotinonitrile - 171D (340 mg, 1.732 mmol, 18.62 % yield) as a white solid.
• reaction mixture was degassed by bubbling with nitrogen gas into reaction mixture for 10 minutes. Then tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (59.1 mg, 0.051 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture, and the resulting reaction mixture was heated at 120 °C under microwave irradiation in a MW reactor for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then poured in water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 x 50 mL). Organic phases were combined and washed with brine (20 mL). Combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to get a crude residue.
• reaction mixture was degassed by bubbling with nitrogen gas into reaction mixture for 10 minutes. Then tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (59.1 mg, 0.051 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture, and the resulting reaction mixture was heated to 120 °C under microwave irradiation in MW reactor for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then poured in water (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 x 50 mL). Organic phases were combined and washed with brine (20 mL). Combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to get a crude residue.
• reaction mixture was degassed by bubbling with nitrogen gas into reaction mixture for 10 minutes. Then tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (71.0 mg, 0.061 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and resulting reaction mixture was heated at 120 °C under microwave irradiation in MW reactor for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then poured in water (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 x 50 mL). Organic phases were combined and washed with brine (20 mL). Combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous Na2S04, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to get a crude residue.
• reaction mixture was heated at 50 °C in a pressure vessel. After 48 h, the mixture was cooled in an ice bath and the resultant mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to get 1 g of crude mass, which was purified silica gel column chromatography (Isolera) using 10-20% EtOAc- Hexane as eluent to afford a regioisomeric mixture of 2- amino-6-chloro-5-(trifluorornethyl) nicotinonitrile and 6-amino-2-chloro-5- (trifluoromethyl)nicotine-nitrile (250 mg, 71.0%) as a white solid.
• Isolera silica gel column chromatography
• reaction mixture was degassed by bubbling nitrogen gas into reaction mixture for 10 minutes. Then tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (37.1 mg, 0.032 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and resulting reaction mixture was heated at 120 °C in a microwave reactor for 1 h. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was poured in water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 x 50 mL). Organic phases were combined, washed with brine (30 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2S04 and concentrated under reduced pressure to get a crude residue.
• reaction mixture was degassed by bubbling nitrogen gas into reaction mixture for 10 minutes. Then tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (14.08 mg, 0.012 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and resulting reaction mixture was heated in microwave reactor at 120 °C for 1 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was poured into water (30 mL) and was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 50 mL). Organic phases were combined, washed with brine (30 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2S04, and concentrated under reduced pressure to get a crude residue.
• tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) 14.08 mg, 0.012 mmol
• the resulting reaction mixture was degassed by bubbling with nitrogen gas into the reaction mixture for 10 minutes. Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (0.052 g, 0.045 mmol) was added and the resulting reaction mixture was heated at 120 °C under MW for 1 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was poured into water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 X 50 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (20 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SC>4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to get a crude residue.
• the resulting reaction mixture was further degassed by bubbling with nitrogen gas into the reaction mixture for 10 minutes. Then tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (0.052 g, 0.045 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was heated at 120 °C under MW irradiation for 1 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was poured in water (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 x 50 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (20 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SC>4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to get a crude residue.
• tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (26.9 mg, 0.023 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and the resulting reaction mixture was heated in microwave reactor at 120 °C for 1 h. Progress of reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. The reaction mixture was then poured in water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 x 30 mL). Organic phases were combined, washed with brine (30 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2S04 and concentrated under reduced pressure to get a crude residue.
• PdCh(dppf)-CH2Cl2 adduct 22.97 mg, 0.028 mmol
• the tube was sealed, heated to 100 °C and allowed to stir for 2 h.
• the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and filtered through celite pad.

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