WO2021180146A1 - 一种提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置 - Google Patents

一种提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置 Download PDF

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WO2021180146A1
WO2021180146A1 PCT/CN2021/080088 CN2021080088W WO2021180146A1 WO 2021180146 A1 WO2021180146 A1 WO 2021180146A1 CN 2021080088 W CN2021080088 W CN 2021080088W WO 2021180146 A1 WO2021180146 A1 WO 2021180146A1
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superconducting
improving
conductive layer
excitation efficiency
coil according
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French (fr)
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黄振
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上海交通大学
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F6/00—Superconducting magnets; Superconducting coils
    • H01F6/06—Coils, e.g. winding, insulating, terminating or casing arrangements therefor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F6/00—Superconducting magnets; Superconducting coils
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N60/00—Superconducting devices
    • H10N60/30—Devices switchable between superconducting and normal states
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/60—Superconducting electric elements or equipment; Power systems integrating superconducting elements or equipment

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  • the invention relates to the field of superconducting closed coil excitation, in particular to a device for improving the excitation efficiency of the superconducting closed coil.
  • Superconducting closed coil excitation technology is one of the key technologies in the application of superconducting magnets, which are used in fields such as magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and high-speed superconducting magnetic levitation.
  • the normal state resistance of continuous current switching should be infinite, but in reality, continuous current switching can be divided into on-state (or resistive state) or off-state without resistance.
  • the temperature control achieves resistance and no resistance. universal. In the normal state, the resistance should be large enough, and the current flowing through the continuous current switch should not be greater than 10% of the coil's operating current. Because the resistance of the continuous current switch to the normal state and the current flowing through it will generate dissipation energy other than the heater.
  • the excitation loss on the continuous current switch generally needs to be less than 1W, and in any case cannot be more than a few watts at most.
  • This requirement is relatively mature for low-temperature superconducting (LTS) switches.
  • low-temperature superconducting superconducting switches can use a special composite NbTi wire and Cu-Ni alloy matrix to increase their resistivity.
  • Coated conductors like the second-generation high-temperature superconducting material (REBCO) are coated with a micron-level silver coating and a copper stabilizing layer. If the original strip is directly used as a continuous current switch, its conductivity is relatively strong, especially at low temperatures. Down.
  • the more traditional method is to directly use the resistance of the superconducting material itself. It is also possible to increase the resistance value of the switch in the normal state by winding an inductive or non-inductive coil with a longer material length. However, the effect of the method to increase the resistance is Still not very significant.
  • Paper 1 A REBCO Persistent-Current Switch (PCS): Test Results and Switch Heater Performance
  • PCS Persistent-Current Switch
  • Paper 2 discloses a superconducting current switch. Its technical solution is simply to increase the physical length to increase the resistance of the current switch in the normal state. The switch in the actual device is as long as 10 cm.
  • Paper 2 (“Characteristics of a HTS Persistent Current Switch System Considering the n-Value", Yong Soo Yoon, et al. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPER CONDUCTIVITY, VOL. 16, NO. 2, JUNE 2006)
  • the technical solution of the conductive superconducting current switch is to assemble a longer strip into the form of a coil in order to increase the normal state resistance and reduce the volume.
  • the traditional thermal control superconducting switch made of superconducting coated conductor is made by using a section of superconducting material or winding the superconducting material into an inductive or non-inductive coil, and using a longer material length to increase the switch to normal
  • the resistance value of the superconducting switch made in this way is limited in the normal state and the coil type of the superconducting switch form takes up a lot of space and is cumbersome to make and waste the superconducting tape, even Under normal conditions, heat islands may be formed.
  • Superconducting switches made with inductive or non-inductive coils have a relatively large overall heat capacity, so the opening and closing speed is relatively slow.
  • the sapphire-based REBCO superconducting switch process is more complicated and it is difficult to make joints with some superconducting coils.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is how to improve the excitation efficiency of the superconducting closed coil in a simple, stable and efficient manner.
  • the present invention provides a device for improving the excitation efficiency of a superconducting closed coil.
  • the device includes a section of superconducting tape connected to an excitation superconducting coil.
  • a layer and a substrate, and the conductive layer is configured to have a pattern structure that blocks the passage of current.
  • the pattern structure has one or more geometric shapes on the surface of the conductive layer, and has a groove shape on the cross section of the conductive layer.
  • a single geometric shape of the machine includes vertical lines, oblique straight lines, curved lines, and closed polygons.
  • the length of the pattern structure is the same as or less than the width of the conductive layer.
  • the depth of the pattern structure is the same as or less than or greater than the thickness of the conductive layer.
  • the side surface of the superconducting tape also has the conductive layer, and the conductive layer on the side surface is also configured to have the pattern structure that blocks the passage of current.
  • the width of the geometric shape located on the superconducting surface is less than or equal to the width of the geometric shape located on the side conductive layer.
  • the head and/or tail of the geometric shape located on the superconducting surface are connected with the geometric shape located on the side conductive layer.
  • the method of making the pattern structure is one or more of etching, laser ablation, chemical etching or mechanical processing.
  • the etching is wet etching or dry etching.
  • the device excites the closed superconducting coil through an external power supply or a magnetic flux pump.
  • the superconducting tape is wound into a coil form.
  • the substrate is also configured to have the pattern structure blocking the passage of current.
  • the conductive layer is a single layer and/or multiple layers.
  • the material of the conductive layer is copper and/or silver and/or stainless steel and/or alloys thereof.
  • the material of the superconducting layer is REBCO or iron-based superconductor.
  • the device further includes a buffer layer, and the buffer layer is a dielectric material.
  • the device excites the closed superconducting coil through an external power supply and/or a magnetic flux pump.
  • geometric figures are covered with insulating or weakly conductive materials.
  • the technical solution of the present invention solves the problem that the superconducting switch composed of superconducting coated conductors of single type and coil type has low resistance when it becomes normal, and solves the problem of coil type composed of superconducting coated conductors
  • the superconducting switch occupies a large space and is cumbersome to manufacture and wastes superconducting tape, and may even form a heat island problem in the normal state; it solves the problem of a coil type superconducting switch composed of superconducting coated conductors.
  • the speed of the superconducting switch is relatively slow in the process of switching between the resistive state and the non-resistive state; it solves the problem of the sapphire-based REBCO superconducting switch and The joints of the superconducting coil connections are difficult to make, and the switching process is complicated.
  • Figure 1 is a working principle diagram of a superconducting switch composed of superconducting coated conductors in the prior art
  • Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of a flux pump composed of a transformer or a DC power supply and an AC iron core coil in the prior art
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a conventional REBCO high-temperature superconducting bare tape (that is, a tape without packaging);
  • Figures 4a-4i are schematic diagrams of a superconducting switch or flux pump composed of a superconducting coated conductor in a preferred embodiment of the present invention where the alternating field (or traveling wave field) acts on the metal layer to scribe grooves;
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a superconducting coated conductor covered with copper and/or silver on the side during the preparation process;
  • Figures 6a-6e are the main positions of resistance or the main effect of the flux pump alternating field (or traveling wave field) in the normal state of the superconducting switch composed of superconducting coated conductors according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Schematic diagram of the regional superconducting surface.
  • the working principle diagram of using superconducting continuous current switch (abbreviated as: superconducting switch) to excite or supplement the superconducting closed coil, all or part of the superconducting material in the superconducting switch is the superconducting closed coil
  • the left picture shows the quenching of this part of the superconducting material by heating the superconducting switch, that is, changing from the superconducting state to the normal state (also known as the resistive state).
  • the superconducting after the quench The resistance at the switch is multiplied by the current flowing through to generate a voltage, and the value of this voltage is the voltage value when the superconducting coil (the superconducting material around which the superconducting coil is wound can be any superconducting material) is excited; the right picture In order to end the heating of the superconducting material at the superconducting switch after the excitation is completed, when the superconducting material returns to its own critical temperature and becomes superconducting, disconnect the input and/or output of the current source, and the current can close the coil Internal closed loop operation.
  • the closed coil can also be excited or supplemented by the magnetic flux pump technology (for example: some rectifier-type magnetic flux pumps or line Wave field type magnetic flux pump, etc.).
  • the magnetic flux pump technology for example: some rectifier-type magnetic flux pumps or line Wave field type magnetic flux pump, etc.
  • One of its characteristics is that an AC electromagnet is placed at the superconducting switch in Figure 1 to provide an external alternating magnetic field to cooperate with a transformer or a DC power supply (as shown in Figure 2), or a traveling wave field is used to generate a voltage where the superconducting coil is closed. Perform excitation or compensation.
  • the preparation methods of superconducting materials are generally divided into deposition of superconducting films on metal substrates (usually called coated conductors) and powder-in-tube method (Powder-in-tube method).
  • Figure 3 shows a superconducting coated conductor, namely REBCO high-temperature superconducting bare tape (the bare tape is a strip without encapsulation, and the superconducting coated conductor with encapsulation tape is also suitable for the present invention
  • the package tape is generally made of conductive materials such as copper or stainless steel).
  • This superconducting coated conductor includes a copper stabilizer, a silver overlay, and a high-temperature superconducting layer ((RE)).
  • the superconducting layer When the superconducting layer is in the normal state (resistance state), the copper stabilizing layer and the silver covering layer are layers with relatively strong conductivity; the superconducting layer, buffer layer and substrate are layers with relatively weak conductivity.
  • the buffer layer is basically insulated in theory, but sometimes has weak conductivity. There are some slight differences between the REBCO superconducting bare tapes of different manufacturers (for example, the silver coating layer on the non-superconducting surface can be omitted, and the copper stabilization layer on the superconducting surface and/or non-superconducting surface can be absent), but the basic structure principle resemblance.
  • superconducting coated conductors also include other types of superconductors like some iron-based superconductors; the same point is that these superconducting coated conductors are basically made of a conductive layer (which can be made of copper).
  • the following conductive layers are exemplified by copper and/or silver. For other materials with better conductivity, the analogy can be used.
  • the technical solution of this embodiment is to block the copper stabilizing layer and/or the silver covering layer with relatively strong conductivity in the superconducting coated conductor on the path of the current, so as to force the current to flow through the relatively weak conductive layer as much as possible.
  • the superconducting layer normal state/resistance state
  • the buffer layer is basically insulated, greatly hinders the flow of current from the superconducting layer to the substrate through the buffer layer.
  • Substrates with relatively weak electrical conductivity can also choose to provide current barriers.
  • the technical solution described in this embodiment is to reduce or remove the flow capacity of the copper stabilizing layer and/or the silver covering layer and/or the substrate as a whole, thereby increasing the resistance of the superconducting switch in the normal state, and reducing the switch position when the closed coil is excited.
  • the loss of the superconducting closed coil can improve the excitation efficiency of the superconducting closed coil.
  • the flow blocking of the copper stabilizing layer and/or the silver covering layer can weaken the effect area of the alternating field (or traveling wave field) applied when the magnetic flux pump is working. This area is where the superconducting coil is closed).
  • the superconducting effect of the shielding current field and the external field generated in the conductive metal layer can also improve the excitation or compensation efficiency of the superconducting closed coil.
  • the barrier described in the above-mentioned embodiment can be that the conductive layer is completely separated (as shown in slot 2 / slot 3 in Figure 4a, Figure 4b, Figure 4d and Figure 4i) or partially separated (partial separation means that the separated grooves are still There may be copper and/or silver, etc., part of the separation may be in the conductive layer, that is, the width of the groove is less than the width of the substrate (as shown in Fig. 4c, Fig. 4e, Fig. 4f, Fig. 4g, Fig. 4h), and/or in the conductive layer In the vertical plane of the layer, that is, the depth of the groove is less than the thickness of the copper stabilizing layer and/or the silver covering layer, as shown in groove 1) in Fig.
  • the number of grooves is greater than or equal to 1, and the groove pattern is not limited to those shown in Figs. 4b to 4h.
  • the separation method is preferably wet (such as chemical) or dry (such as plasma) etching or laser ablation and/or scoring and/or scribing and/or scribing and/or dicing methods or using machining or Dicing machine dicing or cutting or chemical etching methods, etc. (the following only use scribing to replace these methods).
  • the substrate current blocking selection setting is similar to that of the conductive layer, except that the substrate material is changed from copper and/or silver.
  • the main area of the superconducting switch or flux pump alternating field (or traveling wave field) composed of superconducting coated conductors is shown in Figure 4a- Figure 4i (but the groove pattern is not limited to Figure 4a- Figure 4i).
  • the groove pattern is not limited to Figure 4a- Figure 4i.
  • it is a feasible solution such as vertical straight lines, horizontal straight lines, oblique straight lines, radial straight lines, curves, discontinuous lines, etc.
  • the overall resistance value when the conduction switch becomes the normal state can also be used to reduce the path and/or area of the circulating current formed by the shielding current in the relatively strong conductive layer when the alternating field (or traveling wave field) acts.
  • the preferred scribe grooves can be multiple (as shown by the dashed line in Figure 6a, as described above, the scribe groove pattern is not limited to straight lines, as long as it can reduce the copper stabilizing layer and/or the silver covering layer and/or the flow capacity of the substrate Slotting patterns are all feasible solutions).
  • the width, number and size of the slotting area can be based on the required normal state resistance of the superconducting switch (when using superconducting switch excitation) and alternating field (or traveling wave field). )
  • the area covered (when using magnetic flux pump excitation or supplemental magnetization) make a reasonable choice. If the number of slots is relatively large, resulting in a longer length of the superconducting tape used in the superconducting switch, it can also be wound into a coil form.
  • the sides may be wrapped with one or more materials that are the same as the conductive layer, such as copper and/or silver, in order to prevent superconducting surfaces and non-superconducting surfaces.
  • the surface current is conducted through the copper and/or silver wrapped on the side.
  • FIG. 6a and Fig. 6e is a schematic diagram of the superconducting surface in the main area of the superconducting switch or flux pump alternating field (or traveling wave field) composed of superconducting coated conductors after the production is completed
  • Fig. 6a shows the side groove pattern
  • FIG. 6e shows a situation where the overall size of the side scoring pattern is smaller than the overall size of the scoring pattern of the superconducting surface.
  • the scoring pattern shown in FIGS. 4a-4i is preferably in the area after the resection is completed in FIGS.
  • Fig. 6b is another modification of Fig. 6a, that is, the part wrapped with copper and/or silver on the side can be cut off in sections.
  • the number of cut-out segmented parts may correspond to one groove on the superconducting surface as shown in FIG. 6a, or may correspond to multiple grooves on the superconducting surface as shown in FIG. 6c.
  • Figures 6a-6c all show that the grooves on the superconducting surface and the grooves on the side are aligned at the seam of the two surfaces.
  • the alignment mentioned here refers to the grooves on the side.
  • the width of is greater than or equal to the width of the groove on the superconducting surface, that is, at this position, the groove on the superconducting surface is connected end to end with the groove on the side conductive layer.
  • Fig. 6d is another modification of Fig. 6b, that is, the groove on the superconducting surface and the groove on the side surface are not connected at the seam of the two surfaces, and there is a certain degree of misalignment.
  • Part of the conductive layer on the superconducting surface is connected to the conductive layer on the side surface, and the resistance that this technical solution can improve is not as good as the three technical solutions shown in FIGS. 6a to 6c.
  • oxide superconducting materials such as REBCO, etc.
  • REBCO oxide superconducting materials

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Abstract

一种提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置，属于超导闭合线圈励磁领域。装置包括一段与励磁超导线圈相连的超导带材，超导带材包括导电层、超导层和基底，导电层被配置为具有阻隔电流通过的图样结构。导电层为单层或多层。导电层的材料为铜和/或银。超导层的材料为REBCO。装置还包括缓冲层，缓冲层为介电材料，基本绝缘。图样结构包括几何形状，优选为槽。槽被配置为在导电层的平面内，槽的长度与基底的宽度相同或不及。槽被配置为在导电层的平面内，槽的深度与导电层的厚度相同或不及。装置通过外接电源或磁通泵对闭合超导线圈励磁。装置表面覆盖有绝缘或弱导电性能的材料。所述装置以稳定高效的方式提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率。

Description

一种提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置 技术领域
本发明涉及超导闭合线圈励磁领域，尤其涉及一种提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置。
背景技术
超导闭合线圈励磁技术是超导磁体应用中的关键技术之一，应用于磁共振成像、核磁共振波谱仪、高速超导磁悬浮等领域。理想情况下，持续电流开关的正常态电阻应该是无穷大，但现实情况，持续电流开关分为开即正常态(或有阻态)或者关即无阻态，其中以通过温度控制实现有阻无阻最为普遍。正常态时电阻应该足够大，流过持续电流开关的电流不得大于线圈运行电流的10％。因为持续电流开关变为正常态的电阻和流过其的电流将会产生除了加热器以外的耗散能量。持续电流开关上的励磁损耗一般需要小于1W，任何情况下至多不能大于几瓦。这个要求对于低温超导(LTS)开关来说工艺相对成熟，例如：低温超导的超导开关可以使用一种特殊复合NbTi线和Cu-Ni合金基体来增加其电阻率等。类似二代高温超导材料(REBCO)等涂层导体由于其表面涂有微米级的银覆盖层和铜稳定层，如果直接使用原始带材做持续电流开关其导电性能相对太强，尤其在低温下。较为传统的方法是直接使用超导材料失超时本身的电阻，也可通过绕制有感或无感线圈用更长的材料长度来提高开关正常态时的电阻值，但是这样提高电阻的方法效果依旧不是很显著。
在现有技术中，论文1(“A REBCO Persistent-Current Switch(PCS):Test Results and Switch Heater Performance”，Philip C.Michael,et al.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY,VOL.27,NO.4,JUNE 2017)中公开了一种超导电流开关，其技术方案单纯为增加物理长度来增加电流开关正常态时的电阻，实际装置中的开关长达10厘米。论文2(“Characteristics of a HTS Persistent Current Switch System Considering the n-Value”，Yong Soo Yoon，et al.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY,VOL.16,NO.2,JUNE 2006)中公开了一种高温超导的超导电流开关，其技术方案将较长的带材组装为线圈形式，以便提高正常态电阻并减小体积。
传统由超导涂层导体构成的热控超导开关的制作方法是用一段超导材料或者将超导材料绕制成有感或无感线圈，用较长的材料长度来提高开关变为正常态时的电阻值，这样制作的由超导涂层导体构成的超导开关正常态电阻值有限并且线圈类型的超导开 关形式占用空间较大且制作起来比较麻烦且浪费超导带材，甚至正常态时可能会形成热岛。用有感或无感线圈制作的超导开关由于其整体热容较大，因此开和关的速度相对比较慢。蓝宝石为基底的REBCO超导开关工艺较为复杂且和有些超导线圈连接处的接头较为难做。
因此，本领域的技术人员致力于开发一种提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置，以便以稳定高效的方式提高超导闭合线圈的励磁效率。
发明内容
有鉴于现有技术的上述缺陷，本发明所要解决的技术问题是如何以一种简便稳定高效的方式提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率。
为实现上述目的，本发明提供了一种提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置，所述装置包括一段与励磁超导线圈相连的超导带材，所述超导带材包括导电层，超导层和基底，所述导电层被配置为具有阻隔电流通过的图样结构。
进一步地，所述图样结构在所述导电层表面呈一个或多个几何形状，在所述导电层的截面上呈槽形。
进一步地，单个所述机几何形状包括垂直线、斜直线、曲线、封闭多边形。
进一步地，所述图样结构的长度与所述导电层的宽度相同或不及。
进一步地，所述图样结构的深度与所述导电层的厚度相同或不及或超过。
进一步地，所述超导带材的侧面也具有所述导电层，所述侧面的导电层也被配置为具有阻隔电流通过的所述图样结构。
进一步地，位于超导面的所述几何形状的宽度小于或等于位于所述侧面导电层的所述几何形状的宽度。
进一步地，位于超导面的所述几何形状的首和/或尾衔接与位于所述侧面导电层的所述几何形状。
进一步地，制作所述图样结构的方法为刻蚀、激光烧蚀、化学腐蚀或机械加工中一种或几种。
进一步地，所述刻蚀为湿法刻蚀或干法刻蚀。
进一步地，所述装置通过外接电源或磁通泵对所述闭合超导线圈励磁。
进一步地，所述超导带材绕制成线圈形式。
进一步地，所述基底也被配置为具有阻隔电流通过的所述图样结构。
进一步地，所述导电层为单层和/或多层。
进一步地，所述导电层的材料为铜和/或银和/或不锈钢和/或其合金。
进一步地，所述超导层的材料为REBCO或铁基超导体。
进一步地，所述装置还包括缓冲层，所述缓冲层为介电材料。
进一步地，所述装置通过外接电源和/或磁通泵对所述闭合超导线圈励磁。
进一步地，所述几何图形内覆盖有绝缘或弱导电性能的材料。
本发明所述技术方案解决了单根类型和线圈类型的由超导涂层导体构成的超导开关在变为正常态时电阻较小的问题，解决了线圈类型的由超导涂层导体构成的超导开关占用空间较大且制作起来比较麻烦且浪费超导带材，甚至正常态时可能会形成热岛的问题；解决了线圈类型的由超导涂层导体构成的超导开关，由于使用制作超导开关的材料相对较多致使其整体热容较大，因此超导开关在有阻态和无阻态相互切换过程中速度相对比较慢的问题；解决了蓝宝石为基底的REBCO超导开关和超导线圈连接处的接头较为难做，开关工艺复杂的问题。
以下将结合附图对本发明的构思、具体结构及产生的技术效果作进一步说明，以充分地了解本发明的目的、特征和效果。
附图说明
图1是现有技术中由超导涂层导体构成的超导开关工作原理图；
图2是现有技术中由变压器或直流电源和交流铁芯线圈组成的磁通泵示意图；
图3是现有的一种REBCO高温超导裸带(即没有加封装时的带材)剖视示意图；
图4a-图4i是本发明的一个较佳实施例的由超导涂层导体构成的超导开关或磁通泵交变场(或行波场)作用主要区域金属层划槽处示意图；
图5是超导涂层导体在制备过程中侧面包裹有铜和/或银的示意图；
图6a-图6e是本发明的一个较佳实施例的由超导涂层导体构成的超导开关正常态时产生电阻的主要位置或磁通泵交变场(或行波场)作用的主要区域超导面示意图。
具体实施方式
以下参考说明书附图介绍本发明的多个优选实施例，使其技术内容更加清楚和便于理解。本发明可以通过许多不同形式的实施例来得以体现，本发明的保护范围并非仅限于文中提到的实施例。
在附图中，结构相同的部件以相同数字标号表示，各处结构或功能相似的组件以相似数字标号表示。附图所示的每一组件的尺寸和厚度是任意示出的，本发明并没有限定每个组件的尺寸和厚度。为了使图示更清晰，附图中有些地方适当夸大了部件的厚度。
如图1所示，为利用超导持续电流开关(简称：超导开关)给超导闭合线圈励磁或补磁的工作原理图，超导开关里的全部或部分超导材料是超导闭合线圈的一部分，左图为通过对超导开关处加热使得这部分超导材料失超，即从超导态变为正常态(Normal state，也称为有阻态)，这时失超后超导开关处的电阻乘以流过的电流就产生 一个电压，这个电压的值就是给超导线圈(这里绕制超导线圈的超导材料可为任意超导材料)励磁时的电压值；右图为励磁完成后结束对超导开关处的超导材料的加热，超导材料恢复到自身临界温度以下变为超导态时，断开电流源的输入和/或输出，电流就可以在闭合线圈内闭环运行。
在本发明的另一个实施例中，不同于超导开关励磁时需要让超导材料失超，闭合线圈也可以通过磁通泵技术进行励磁或补磁(例如：有些整流型磁通泵或行波场型磁通泵等)。其特点之一就是在图1的超导开关处放置一个交流电磁铁提供外加交变磁场配合变压器或直流电源(如图2所示)或利用一个行波场作用在超导线圈闭合处产生电压，进行励磁或补磁。
超导材料的制备途径通常分为将超导薄膜沉积在金属基底上(通常叫做涂层导体Coated conductors)和粉末套管法(Powder-in-tube method)，本实施例针对对象为超导涂层导体。如图3所示为一种超导涂层导体，即REBCO高温超导裸带(裸带为一种没有加封装时的带材，带有封装带的超导涂层导体同样适用于本发明，封装带一般由铜或不锈钢等导电材料构成)的剖视示意图，这种超导涂层导体包括铜稳定层(Copper Stabilizer)，银覆盖层(Silver Overlayer)，高温超导层((RE)BCO-HTS)，缓冲层(Buffer Stack)和基底(Substrate)等。当超导层处于正常态(有阻态)的时候，铜稳定层和银覆盖层为导电性相对较强的层；超导层、缓冲层和基底为导电性相对较弱的层。缓冲层理论上基本绝缘，但有时也会有微弱的导电性。不同厂家的REBCO超导裸带会有一些微小的差别(例如非超导面的银覆盖层可以没有，超导面和/或非超导面的铜稳定层可以没有等)，但基本结构原理相似。除了REBCO超导带材，超导涂层导体还包括了类似一些铁基超导体(Iron-based superconductors)等其他类型的超导体；相同点是这些超导涂层导体基本上是由导电层(可由铜稳定层和/或银覆盖层和/或其合金层和/或不锈钢等一系列导电性较好的材料所构成)和/或超导层和/或缓冲层和/或基底等构成，不同点是构成超导层的材料不同。以下导电层以铜和/或银举例，如为其他导电性较好的材料，可以以此类推。
本实施例的技术方案是将超导涂层导体中导电性相对较强的铜稳定层和/或银覆盖层在电流的通路上进行阻隔，尽可能的迫使电流流经导电性相对较弱的超导层(正常态/有阻态时)，由于缓冲层基本绝缘，大大阻碍了电流从超导层通过缓冲层流向基底。导电性能相对较弱的基底也可选择设置电流阻隔。本实施例所述技术方案是从整体上减少或去除铜稳定层和/或银覆盖层和/或基底的通流能力，从而提高超导开关正常态时候的电阻，降低闭合线圈励磁时开关处的损耗，提高超导闭合线圈的励磁效率。
在本发明的另一个通过磁通泵励磁的实施例中，对铜稳定层和/或银覆盖层的通流阻隔可以削弱磁通泵工作时外加交变场(或行波场)作用区域(此区域处于超导线圈闭合处)导电金属层中产生的屏蔽电流场和外加场的叠加效果，这同样能提高超导闭 合线圈的励磁或补磁效率。
上述实施例中所述的阻隔可为导电层完全分开(如图4a，图4b，图4d以及图4i中的槽2/槽3所示)或者部分分开(部分分开意味着分开的槽中仍可以有铜和/或银等，部分分开可以是在导电层内，即槽的宽度不及基底的宽度(如图4c，图4e，图4f，图4g，图4h)，和/或在与导电层垂直的面内，即槽的深度不及铜稳定层和/或银覆盖层的厚度，如图4i中的槽1)。槽的数量大于或等于1，划槽图样不限于图4b-图4h所示。分开方式优选为湿法(如化学)或干法(如等离子)刻蚀或激光烧蚀和/或刻痕和/或划槽和/或划线和/或划片的方法或使用机加工或划片机划片或切割或化学腐蚀的方法等等(以下仅用划槽来代替这些方法)。基底电流阻隔选择设置与导电层相似，只是由铜和/或银等变为了基底材料。
由超导涂层导体构成的超导开关或磁通泵交变场(或行波场)作用主要区域划槽示意图如图4a-图4i所示(但划槽图样不仅限于图4a-图4i中的形式，只要能减少铜稳定层和/或银覆盖层和/或基底通流能力的划槽图样都为可行方案，如垂直直线，水平直线，斜直线，放射直线、曲线，间断线等)，使得热控超导开关处于正常态的时候电流尽量流过导电性相对较弱(也就是电阻率相对较高)的超导层和/或缓冲层和/或基底，以此来提高超导开关变为正常态时的整体电阻值；也可以用于减少交变场(或行波场)作用时屏蔽电流在导电性相对较强层形成环流的路径和/或面积。
划槽时可以选择单面或双面(如图3所示，铜稳定层和/或银覆盖层可能会同时存在在超导涂层导体两面)，如果是单面优选为如图4所示的超导面(超导带材并非对称结构，以中间基底为中心参考，所谓超导面是基底上面有超导涂层的那一侧的最外面)。优选的划槽处可以为多处(如图6a短划线所示，同上所述，划槽图样不仅限于直线，只要能减少铜稳定层和/或银覆盖层和/或基底通流能力的划槽图样都为可行方案)，划槽处宽度，数量和划槽处区域大小可根据所需的超导开关正常态电阻值(当利用超导开关励磁)和交变场(或行波场)所覆盖面积(当利用磁通泵励磁或补磁)进行合理选择。如果划槽处数量比较多，导致超导开关所用超导带材长度较长，也可将其绕制成线圈形式。
如图5所示，超导涂层导体在实际生产制备过程中，侧面可能会包裹有铜和/或银等和导电层相同的一种或多种材料，为防止超导面和非超导面电流通过侧面包裹的铜和/或银导通，此时可以选择将准备制作超导开关或磁通泵交变场(或行波场)作用主要区域的侧面包裹有铜和/或银的部分部分切除或者完全切除，即应用在超导面上的划槽图样完全也可以应用到位于超导带材侧面的导电层上，例如切除以后平面图如图6a和图6e所示，图6a和图6e为制作完成后的由超导涂层导体构成的超导开关或磁通泵交变场(或行波场)作用主要区域超导面示意图，其中图6a示出了侧面划槽图样的整体尺寸大于超导面的划槽图样整体尺寸的情形，图6e示出了侧面划槽图样整体尺寸小 于超导面的划槽图样整体尺寸的情形。图4a-图4i所示的划槽图样优选处于图6a和图6e中的完成切除以后的区域，图6a和图6e所示的短划线用于示意图4a-图4i所示的划槽图样。由于超导开关或磁通泵交变场(或行波场)作用区域处带材的临界电流一般大于超导线圈的临界电流，因此切除侧面铜和/或银包裹处的时候也可以选择切入超导层一些。
热控超导开关通过加热使得开关处处于正常态的时候，加热范围需覆盖部分或者全部划槽处；磁通泵工作时交变场(或行波场)需覆盖部分或者全部划槽处(划槽处示意图如图6a和图6e短划线所示)。
图6b为图6a的另一种变换形式，即侧面包裹有铜和/或银的部分可以分段切除。切除分段部分的个数可以如图6a对应一条位于超导面的槽，也可以如图6c对应多条位于超导面的槽。
图6a-图6c所示出的三种技术方案均表现为在超导面上的槽与在侧面上的槽在两个面的接缝处对齐，这里所说的对齐是指位于侧面的槽的宽度大于或等于位于超导面的槽的宽度，即在这个位置上，位于超导面的槽首尾衔接与位于所述侧面导电层的槽，当电流流过此处时会被迫尽量多的进入电阻较高的超导涂层和/或基底，这样便达到了本实施例提高电阻的目的。
图6d为图6b的又一种变换形式，即在超导面上的槽与在侧面上的槽在两个面的接缝处不衔接，有一定程度上的错位，在这种情况下，部分超导面的导电层会和侧面的导电层连通，此技术方案所能提高的电阻不及图6a-图6c所示出的三种技术方案。
由于氧化物超导材料(如REBCO等)对水非常敏感,遇水后很快就会分解,转变为非超导材料,为防止裸露的氧化物超导层与水发生反应,优选用绝缘或者弱导电性能的材料覆盖槽中裸露氧化物超导层的表面。
以上详细描述了本发明的较佳具体实施例。应当理解，本领域的普通技术无需创造性劳动就可以根据本发明的构思作出诸多修改和变化。因此，凡本技术领域中技术人员依本发明的构思在现有技术的基础上通过逻辑分析、推理或者有限的实验可以得到的技术方案，皆应在由权利要求书所确定的保护范围内。

Claims (19)

  1. 一种提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置，其特征在于，所述装置包括一段与励磁超导线圈相连的超导带材，所述超导带材包括导电层，超导层和基底，所述导电层被配置为具有阻隔电流通过的图样结构。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置，其特征在于，所述图样结构在所述导电层表面呈一个或多个几何形状，在所述导电层的截面上呈槽形。
  3. 如权利要求2所述的提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置，其特征在于，单个所述几何形状包括垂直线、斜直线、曲线、封闭多边形。
  4. 如权利要求1所述的提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置，其特征在于，所述图样结构的长度与所述导电层的宽度相同或不及。
  5. 如权利要求1所述的提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置，其特征在于，所述图样结构的深度与所述导电层的厚度相同或不及或超过。
  6. 如权利要求2所述的提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置，其特征在于，所述超导带材的侧面也具有所述导电层，所述侧面的导电层也被配置为具有阻隔电流通过的所述图样结构。
  7. 如权利要求6所述的提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置，其特征在于，位于超导面的所述几何形状的宽度小于或等于位于所述侧面导电层的所述几何形状的宽度。
  8. 如权利要求6所述的提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置，其特征在于，位于超导面的所述几何形状的首和/或尾与位于所述侧面导电层的所述几何形状衔接。
  9. 如权利要求1所述的提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置，其特征在于，制作所述图样结构的方法为刻蚀、激光烧蚀、化学腐蚀或机械加工中一种或几种。
  10. 如权利要求9所述的提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置，其特征在于，所述刻蚀为湿法刻蚀或干法刻蚀。
  11. 如权利要求9所述的提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置，其特征在于，所述装置通过外接电源或磁通泵对所述闭合超导线圈励磁。
  12. 如权利要求1所述的提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置，其特征在于，所述超导带材绕制成线圈形式。
  13. 如权利要求1所述的提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置，其特征在于，所述导电层的材料为铜和/或银和/或不锈钢和/或其合金。
  14. 如权利要求1所述的提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置，其特征在于，所述基底也被配置为具有阻隔电流通过的所述图样结构。
  15. 如权利要求1所述的提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置，其特征在于，所述导电层为单层和/或多层。
  16. 如权利要求1所述的提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置，其特征在于，所述超导层的材料为REBCO或铁基超导体。
  17. 如权利要求1所述的提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置，其特征在于，所述装置还包括缓冲层，所述缓冲层为介电材料。
  18. 如权利要求1所述的提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置，其特征在于，所述装置通过外接电源和/或磁通泵对所述闭合超导线圈励磁。
  19. 如权利要求2所述的提高超导闭合线圈励磁效率的装置，其特征在于，所述几何图形内覆盖有绝缘或弱导电性能的材料。
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