WO2021139644A1 - 一种皮革真实属性的鉴别方法 - Google Patents

一种皮革真实属性的鉴别方法 Download PDF

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WO2021139644A1
WO2021139644A1 PCT/CN2021/070261 CN2021070261W WO2021139644A1 WO 2021139644 A1 WO2021139644 A1 WO 2021139644A1 CN 2021070261 W CN2021070261 W CN 2021070261W WO 2021139644 A1 WO2021139644 A1 WO 2021139644A1
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leather
sample
compound
animal
mass
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PCT/CN2021/070261
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French (fr)
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马强
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中国检验检疫科学研究院
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Priority to US17/666,700 priority Critical patent/US20220229040A1/en

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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/62Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating the ionisation of gases, e.g. aerosols; by investigating electric discharges, e.g. emission of cathode
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/44Resins; Plastics; Rubber; Leather
    • G01N33/447Leather
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J49/00Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
    • H01J49/26Mass spectrometers or separator tubes
    • H01J49/34Dynamic spectrometers
    • H01J49/40Time-of-flight spectrometers
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J49/00Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
    • H01J49/26Mass spectrometers or separator tubes
    • H01J49/34Dynamic spectrometers
    • H01J49/42Stability-of-path spectrometers, e.g. monopole, quadrupole, multipole, farvitrons
    • H01J49/426Methods for controlling ions
    • H01J49/427Ejection and selection methods
    • H01J49/429Scanning an electric parameter, e.g. voltage amplitude or frequency
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N1/00Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
    • G01N1/02Devices for withdrawing samples
    • G01N1/04Devices for withdrawing samples in the solid state, e.g. by cutting
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2218/00Aspects of pattern recognition specially adapted for signal processing
    • G06F2218/12Classification; Matching
    • G06F2218/16Classification; Matching by matching signal segments
    • G06F2218/18Classification; Matching by matching signal segments by plotting the signal segments against each other, e.g. analysing scattergrams

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an identification method, in particular to an identification method of the true attributes of leather.
  • Natural leather is processed from animal skins, also known as animal leather. It is widely used in the production of clothing, shoes, bags, belts and other products. In recent years, with the development of market economy and the progress of science and technology, artificial leather and synthetic leather have been put on the market. .
  • the tanning raw materials of early leather were animal skins, of which cowhide and sheepskin were used the most. The raw hides are tanned after a series of processes such as water soaking, dehairing, liming, softening, pickling and so on. During the tanning process, the tanning agent molecules penetrate into the hides and cross-link and combine with the active groups of collagen molecules in the hides to increase the collagen structure.
  • the existing qualitative analysis and authenticity identification of leather and its products mainly use sensory identification methods, that is, the methods of sight and hand touch are used for identification. This method requires the identification personnel to have rich identification technology and experience, and it will inevitably be affected. The subjective influence of the discriminator.
  • detection methods that detect sample-labeled DNA or other characteristic biological macromolecules, but the costly pretreatment process is cumbersome and time-consuming.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the above-mentioned background technology and provide a method for quickly identifying the true attributes of leather based on rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry technology.
  • a method for identifying the true attributes of leather including the following steps:
  • Step 2 Actual sample detection: Open the LiveID software, select the model that has been built, the mass spectrometer uses the same parameters as in step (1), cut the surface of the actual leather sample with a preheated electric soldering iron, and generate an easy-to-analyze detection in real time result.
  • the electric soldering iron model is CS-20, the voltage is 220V, the temperature is 380°C, and the total length is 170mm;
  • the molecular ions in the leather sample enter the mass spectrometer for detection and analysis, using the isopropanol-leucine enkephalin mixture as the auxiliary solvent, the mass-to-charge ratio is 554.2615, and the concentration is 0.2ng/ ⁇ L; it is introduced into the port via a needle pump injection injector , Used to clean impurities, improve signal strength, lock quality correction.
  • the mass spectrum part is a quadrupole-time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometer equipped with a rapid evaporation in-situ ionization source, the scanning time is 1s; the mass scanning range is 50 ⁇ 1200; Both positive and negative ionization modes can be collected. Take the negative ion mode as an example to introduce this method.
  • the instrument parameters optimized with the total ion current response intensity and signal-to-noise ratio as observations are: cone voltage: 40V, heater bias: 60V, cutting length: 1cm, auxiliary solvent flow rate: 0.15mL/min.
  • the flow rate of the auxiliary solvent is less than 150 ⁇ L/min, the total ion current intensity increases with the increase of the flow rate, and when it is greater than 150 ⁇ L/min, it shows a downward trend; when the cutting length is less than 1cm, the total ion current intensity increases with the cutting length When the cutting length continues to increase, the total ion current intensity tends to be stable, and the cutting length is too long and is not conducive to the stability of the cutting process.
  • the manual sampling and analysis process can get better repeatability. Taking the peak area of the total ion current as a reference, the intra-day and inter-day precision of the rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry acquisition method can reach 4.68% and 7.18%, respectively.
  • the method for identifying the true attributes of leather of the present invention further includes step (A) between step one and step two: viewing the rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrum of the leather sample through MassLynx software, and preliminarily observing the characteristics of various animal leathers The difference in ion response between ions and different leathers.
  • the method for identifying the true attributes of leather of the present invention further includes step (B) after step (A): using Progenesis QI software to further analyze the rapid evaporation ionization mass spectrometry data:
  • Peak alignment Import all raw leather data into the Progenesis QI software, and automatically align all ions in the raw data. The alignment can accurately compare the compounds in each sample by correcting the drift of retention time;
  • Compound identification identify the compounds that may be contained in various natural animal leathers; identification steps: select identification method: Progenesis MetaScope; select search parameters: tutorial No Fragmentation; select compound database: Basic lipids, Biomolecule; set accuracy It is less than 5ppm, and the retention time deviation is within 0.1min;
  • the method for identifying the true attributes of leather of the present invention includes step three after step two: high-resolution electron scanning microscope to observe the flesh surface fiber and longitudinal section of the leather sample; or when the rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry method is used in real time
  • the identification result is negative, it means that the sample does not belong to any animal leather in the model.
  • the two-layer cowhide sample, the grain surface is artificial synthetic material, and the flesh surface is dermal fiber.
  • the leather sample can be observed by scanning electron microscope.
  • the fine structure of the meat surface fiber determines whether the meat surface fiber is natural animal leather fiber;
  • the observation method includes the following steps: use tweezers to stick a small amount of fiber on the surface of the leather sample on the conductive glue of the sample plate, spray gold for 160 seconds, observe the microstructure of the fiber with a scanning electron microscope, accelerating voltage of 15.0kV, magnification of 6. ⁇ 80,000 times, working distance 12200 ⁇ m.
  • the method for identifying the true attributes of the leather of the present invention is a method that can overcome the subjective influence of the tester, does not require a pre-processing process, can easily identify and accurately locate the inherent difference between synthetic leather and natural leather and leather leather from different animal sources, and can Objectively reflect the rapid identification and detection method of the type of leather and leather products to be inspected.
  • the electron microscope method involved in the present invention overcomes the characteristics of fiber drift under the scanning electron microscope in the traditional method, and can clearly observe the thread structure of the natural leather flesh surface fiber, and this structure is obviously different from the man-made fiber. Therefore, it is easier to objectively distinguish between natural leather meat fiber and man-made fiber.
  • Figure 1 is an optimization diagram of instrument parameters in the present invention
  • Figure 2 shows the seven animal leather PCA-LDA models of the present invention
  • Figure 3 is a mass spectrum of seven animal leathers in the present invention.
  • Figure 4 is a visualization process diagram of deconvolution in the present invention.
  • Figure 5 shows seven animal leather PLS-DA models in the present invention
  • Figure 6 is a VIP-variable importance plot of seven animal leather PLS-DA models in the present invention.
  • Figure 7 is the measurement result of the actual sample in the present invention.
  • Figure 8 is a high-resolution scanning electron microscope observation view of the animal leather and actual samples of the present invention, where A, B, C, D, E, F, and G are natural cow leather, sheep leather, pig leather, deer leather, and ostrich The longitudinal section electron micrographs of leather, crocodile leather and python leather.
  • H is the typical thread structure of natural animal leather meat fiber (take pig leather meat fiber as an example), and I is artificial meat fiber.
  • Heater bias heater bias
  • outlier measure outlier measurement
  • start scan start scanning
  • End Scan End the scan
  • deconvolution After peak picking, ions are grouped by compound in a process called deconvolution: After peak picking, ions are grouped by compound. This process is called deconvolution;
  • Areas of the ion map showing the different adduct forms The areas on the ion map show different adduct forms
  • missing compounds can be added: If the profile of one ion of any compound does not match the majority of the compound, it Can be removed, similarly, missing compound ions can also be added;
  • Accepted ID The accepted ID
  • Tag tag
  • Grid size grid size
  • This compound's neutral mass and adducts are based on mass differences between its adduct forms: The neutral mass and adduct of the compound are obtained based on the mass difference between its different adduct forms;
  • the grid at the left shows all potential ion locations for this compound:
  • the grid on the left shows all possible ion positions of this compound;
  • Ion locations with a checkerboard pattern lie outside the m/z and RT range of your runs: The ions of the checkerboard pattern are outside the m/z and RT ranges of the run;
  • Neutral mass neutral mass
  • Retention time retention time
  • Relative intensity Relative intensity.
  • a quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer with rapid evaporation in-situ ionization source model: Xevo G2-XS; manufacturer: Waters, USA
  • MassLynx 4.1 Live ID, Progenesis QI 2.4, EZ info 3.0: American Waters;
  • a method for identifying the true attributes of leather including the following steps:
  • the electric soldering iron model is CS-20, the voltage is 220V, the temperature is 380°C, and the total length is 170mm;
  • the molecular ions in the leather sample enter the mass spectrometer for detection and analysis, using the isopropanol-leucine enkephalin mixture as the auxiliary solvent, the mass-to-charge ratio is 554.2615, and the concentration is 0.2ng/ ⁇ L; it is introduced into the port via a needle pump injection injector , Used to clean impurities, improve signal strength, lock quality correction.
  • the mass spectrometer part is a quadrupole-time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometer equipped with a fast evaporating in-situ ionization source.
  • the scan time is 1s; the mass scan range is 50 ⁇ 1200. It can be collected in positive and negative ionization modes;
  • the instrument parameters were optimized with reference to the total ion current response intensity and signal-to-noise ratio. As shown in Figure 1, the final instrument parameters were determined as follows: cone voltage: 40V, heater bias: 60V, cutting length: 1cm, auxiliary solvent flow rate: 0.15mL/min.
  • Step two actual sample detection: open the LiveID software, select the model that has been built, the mass spectrometer uses the same parameters as in step (1), cut the sample and generate easy-to-analyze detection results in real time.
  • a method for identifying the true attributes of leather including the following steps:
  • aerosols containing a large number of complex ion mixtures are generated.
  • the Venturi pump driven by 2bar nitrogen in an orthogonal manner is sucked into the mass spectrometer port through the PTFE tube and collides with the filament (4.5A, 4.2V, 800°C) .
  • the molecular ions in the leather sample enter the mass analyzer of the mass spectrometer for detection and analysis.
  • the isopropanol-leucine enkephalin mixture (mass-to-charge ratio 554.2615) (0.2ng/ ⁇ L) is used as the auxiliary solvent, and the sample is injected through a needle pump.
  • the introduction port of the detector is used to clean impurities, improve the signal strength, and lock the mass correction;
  • the mass spectrum part is a quadrupole-time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometer equipped with a fast evaporation in-situ ionization source, the scanning time is 1s; the mass scanning range is mass charge Ratio 50 ⁇ 1200; both positive and negative ionization modes can be collected.
  • the mass spectrometry parameters are: cone voltage: 40V, heater bias: 60V, cutting length: 1cm, auxiliary solvent flow rate: 0.15mL/min.
  • the figure shows the PCA-LDA diagram of seven animal leathers (bovine leather is represented by a solid circle, sheep leather is represented by a hollow square, pig leather is represented by a hollow circle, deer leather is represented by a diamond, and ostrich leather is represented by a star , Crocodile leather is represented by a triangle, python leather is represented by a solid square; each type of leather is sampled 10-60 times).
  • the verification method is to verify the correctness of the model's judgment by excluding a set of samples.
  • Table 1 is an example of the cross-validation results of the seven leather PCA-LDA models. As shown in the figure, the cross-validation accuracy of the leather identification model is 98.22%.
  • FIG. 3 it is an example of the mass spectrum of seven kinds of natural animal leather. It can be seen that the mass spectrum information of animal leather is mainly concentrated in the small molecule region (mass-to-charge ratio 200-400), among which the mass-to-charge mass spectra of deer and ostrich It is also richer than the ion information in the 500-650 range. Preliminarily observe the characteristic ions of various animal leathers and the differences in ion response between different leathers.
  • Peak alignment Import all raw leather data into ProgenesisQI.
  • the software automatically aligns all ions in the raw data.
  • the alignment can accurately compare the compounds in each sample by correcting the drift of retention time. This is the key stage of the original workflow. Its focus is to put all the data in the correct queue, so as to achieve accurate peak selection and fast, robust, and statistically driven analysis.
  • Compound identification Identify the compounds that may be contained in various natural animal leathers. Identification steps: select identification method: Progenesis MetaScope; select search parameters: tutorial No Fragmentation; select compound database: Basic lipids; set the accuracy to less than 5 ppm and retention time deviation within 0.1 min;
  • FIG. 6A Use the VIP-variable importance plot to view the relative influence of each ion on all responses, as shown in Figure 6A, in order from the most influential to the least influential.
  • Figure 6B shows the regression coefficients of VIP and PLS.
  • Important x variables have a larger VIP positive value and a larger positive or negative coefficient value. Based on this, compounds that have a greater impact on distinguishing different animal leathers can be found.
  • Example: The VIP value of the mass-to-charge ratio of 281.2493 is 5.3425 and has a large positive coefficient value, indicating that the mass-to-charge ratio of 281.2493 has a greater impact on the classification of leather from different animals. It is identified by searching the lipid profile library that it may contain a double Bonded eighteen carbon unsaturated fatty acids.
  • the observation method includes the following steps: use tweezers to stick a small amount of fiber on the flesh surface of the leather sample on the conductive glue of the sample plate, spray gold for 160 seconds, observe the microstructure of the fiber by scanning electron microscope, accelerating voltage 15.0kV, magnification 6 ⁇ 80,000 times, working distance 12200 ⁇ m.
  • the traditional method is to stick the longitudinal section of the cut leather sample on the conductive glue, and at the same time, the longitudinal section and the meat surface fiber characteristics. Because the meat surface fiber is not fixed on the sample plate separately, when the scanning electron microscope magnifies its height, the fiber Most of them are in a drifting state, and the microstructure of the natural leather flesh surface fiber cannot be clearly observed.
  • This method overcomes the drift characteristics of the fiber under the scanning electron microscope, and it can be clearly observed that all natural leather flesh surface fibers are present as shown in Figure 8H Thread structure. This structure is clearly different from man-made fibers.
  • Live ID software combined with rapid evaporative ionization technology allows us to build models to quickly identify the true attributes of leather products that are difficult to identify.
  • open the LiveID software select the model that has been built, and cut the sample according to the same instrument parameters as the established model, generate easy-to-analyze results in near real-time, and give "the true attributes of the sample” within a few seconds.
  • the intuitive answer is shown in Figure 7.
  • the proposed method is applied to actual leather samples and first-layer cowhide belt samples randomly selected on the market.
  • step three you can view and compare the mass spectrum profiles of leathers of different animal origins, and Table 3 shows the main characteristic ions and relative contents of different animal leathers, so that the real-time identification of actual samples can be performed at the same time. It can be manually confirmed to check whether the actual sample contains the characteristic ions of a certain animal leather and whether its mass spectrum contour conforms to the contour characteristics of a certain animal leather. At the same time, because the mass spectra of synthetic leather and natural leather are quite different, it can also be identified as natural leather or synthetic leather by looking at the mass spectrum.
  • step four you can accurately find the important ions in the model establishment (VIP>1, variance analysis p ⁇ 0.05) and the response intensity has changed more than 2 times), and by searching the corresponding database, the important ions can be determined according to the accurate mass and isotope ratio. Carry out preliminary identification of compounds in order to find the characteristic components in different animal leathers.

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Abstract

一种皮革真实属性的鉴别方法,包括如下步骤。步骤一、模型建立:(1)采集不同动物来源的皮革样品,设置质谱仪参数,采用预热后的电烙铁切割皮革样品表面,使产生的样品离子进入质谱仪检测分析;(2)将分析得到的快速蒸发离子化质谱数据通过多变量统计模型,进行主成分分析和线性判别分析并进行交叉验证。步骤二、实际皮革样品检测:基于多变量统计模型,对实际皮革样品进行分析检测和真实属性鉴别。鉴别方法无需样品前处理,能够精准鉴别皮革制品真实属性。

Description

一种皮革真实属性的鉴别方法 技术领域
本发明涉及一种鉴别方法,特别是涉及一种皮革真实属性的鉴别方法。
背景技术
天然皮革由动物皮加工而成,又称动物皮革,广泛应用于生产服装、鞋、箱包、皮带等产品中,近年来,随着市场经济的发展及科学技术的进步,人造革及合成革投入市场。在皮革加工漫长的发展过程中,早期皮革的制革原料是动物皮,其中牛皮和羊皮的用量最大。生皮经过浸水、脱毛、浸灰、软化、浸酸等一系列工序后进行鞣制,鞣制过程中鞣剂分子向皮内渗透并与生皮中的胶原分子活性基团交联结合,增加了胶原结构的稳定性,提高了耐湿热稳定性,改善了耐酸、耐碱等性能。进入二十世纪,出现了人造革,人造革最早的雏形是用硝酸纤维素溶胶涂敷在织物表面制成的硝酸纤维素漆布;三十年代聚氯乙烯材料的工业化生产催生了以聚氯乙烯高分子材料涂覆的聚氯乙烯人工革,在天然皮革的替代方面实现了工业化的实际应用;六十年代随着聚氨酯工业和非织造技术在人工革产品中的应用,出现了聚氨酯人工革。
用于批量产品生产的天然皮革有近20种,其中真皮价格昂贵,且不同动物种类的真皮价格相差巨大,不法商人以低价皮革冒充真皮的行为屡见不鲜,极大的损害消费者的权益;在一般贸易和个人消费领域中,因皮革材质标注问题引起的纠纷时有发生,因此,在天然皮革的鉴别工作中,鉴别一种皮革是否为真皮,以及是何种动物真皮是尤为重要的。如何实现对天然皮革、特别是真皮种类的快速、准确鉴别是商贸机构、监管部门和消费者关注的焦点,对维护皮革产业的健康发展和保护消费者的合法权益具有重要的意义。
现有的皮革及其制品定性分析和真伪鉴别主要采用感官鉴别方法,也就是完全采用眼看、手摸的方法进行鉴别,这种方法要求鉴别人员有丰富的鉴别技术和经验,不可避免会受到鉴别者主观影响。另外,还有通过检测样品标记DNA或其他特征生物大分子的检测方法,但成本昂贵前处理过程较为繁琐、耗时较长。
发明内容
本发明的目的就是为了克服上述背景技术的不足,提供一种基于快速蒸发离子化质谱技术的皮革真实属性的快速鉴别方法。
一种皮革真实属性的鉴别方法,包括如下步骤:
步骤一、模型建立:
(1)采集不同动物的皮革样品,设置质谱仪参数,采用预热后的电烙铁切割皮革样品表面,切割过程中生成含有大量复杂离子混合物的气溶胶,进入质谱仪检测分析;
(2)将分析得到的快速蒸发离子化质谱数据直接导入LiveID软件当中,利用快速蒸发离子化质谱分析所得到的化学特征数据建立并验证多变量统计模型,进行主成分分析和线性判别分析,用于建立皮革样本的统计模型并对模型本身进行交叉验证;
步骤二、实际样品检测:打开LiveID软件,选择已建好的模型,质谱仪采用与步骤(1)中相同的参数,采用预热后的电烙铁切割实际皮革样品表面并实时生成易于解析的检测结果。
本发明所述的皮革真实属性的鉴别方法,其中,所述电烙铁型号为CS-20,电压为220V,温度为380℃,全长170mm;
切割动物皮革过程中生成含有大量复杂离子混合物的气溶胶,采用正交方式由2bar氮气驱动的文丘里泵通过聚四氟乙烯管道吸入质谱端口后与灯丝碰撞,所述灯丝规格为4.5A,4.2V,800℃;
随后皮革样品中的分子离子进入质谱仪检测分析,以异丙醇-亮氨酸脑啡肽混合物为辅助溶剂,质荷比554.2615,浓度为0.2ng/μL;经针泵注射进样器引入端口,用于清洗杂质、提高信号强度、锁定质量校正。
本发明所述的皮革真实属性的鉴别方法,其中,质谱部分为配有快速蒸发原位电离源的四极杆-飞行时间高分辨质谱,扫描时间为1s;质量扫描范围为质荷比50~1200;正负电离模式收集均可,以负离子模式为例介绍该方法。以总离子流响应强度及信噪比为观测值优化得到的仪器参数为:锥孔电压:40V,加热器偏压:60V,切割长度:1cm,辅助溶剂流速:0.15mL/min。如图1所示,在优化过程中发现,当锥孔电压在10到40V范围内,总离子流强度随着电压的增大而增大,超过40V时,随着电压的增大,响应强度呈明显减弱的趋势,噪音也随之增强;与锥孔电压类似,当加热器偏压小于60V时,总离子流强度随着偏压的增大而增大,大于60V时,呈明显下降趋势;当辅助溶剂流速小于150μL/min时,总离子流强度随着流速的增加而增大,大于150μL/min时,呈下降趋势;当切割长度小于1cm时, 总离子流强度随着切割长度的增加而明显增强,当切割长度继续增加时,总离子流强度趋于平稳,且切割长度过长不利于切割过程的稳定性。通过锥孔电压、加热器偏压、辅助溶剂流速及切割长度的优化可使手动采样分析过程得到较好的重复性。以总离子流的峰面积为参考,快速蒸发离子化质谱采集方法的日内、日间精密度分别可达到4.68%和7.18%。
本发明所述的皮革真实属性的鉴别方法,其中,步骤一和步骤二之间还包括步骤(A):通过MassLynx软件查看皮革样品的快速蒸发离子化质谱图,初步观测各类动物皮革的特征离子及不同皮革之间的离子响应的差异。
本发明所述的皮革真实属性的鉴别方法,其中,在步骤(A)之后还包括步骤(B):利用Progenesis QI软件对快速蒸发离子化质谱数据进一步分析:
(a)峰对齐:将所有皮革原始数据导入Progenesis QI软件中,对原始数据中的所有离子进行自动对齐,对齐可以通过纠正保留时间的漂移来精确地比较各样本中的化合物;
(b)分组:将所有皮革数据按动物属性分组;
(c)峰提取:即在样品数据中定位天然动物皮革中所含化合物;
(d)去卷积:在峰提取之后,对皮革样品中同一化合物不同加合形式的离子进行分组,基于同一化合物的不同加合物形式之间的质量差异计算出化合物的中性质量;当在样本中发现皮革样品中VIP值大于1的化合物时,通过查看去卷积来审查化合物结果的有效性,选择左侧列表中的化合物,然后使用屏幕其余部分中的可视化图形进行检查:首先使用去卷积矩阵,查找明显的问题,如果对某个离子不确定,则检查这个离子的质谱图是否与化合物的其它离子相匹配;
(e)化合物鉴定:对各类天然动物皮革中可能含有的化合物进行鉴定;鉴定步骤:选择鉴定方法:Progenesis MetaScope;选择搜索参数:Tutorial No Fragmentation;选择化合物数据库:Basic lipids、Biomolecule;设置精确度为小于5ppm、保留时间偏差为0.1min之内;
(f)查看化合物分析结果:在此过程中可以详细查看所有动物皮革中所鉴定出的VIP值大于1的化合物;
(g)综合统计分析:主成分分析,利用化合物丰度水平来确定丰度变化的主轴,在主成分空间中对丰度数据进行变换和标绘,根据丰度变化对运行样本进行分离,建立PLS-DA模型,同一种动物来源的数据聚集在一个区域,不同动物来源的皮革有较明显的空间上的分区;
根据分组条件分析不同动物来源皮革的组间差异,通过变量重要性图查看每个离子对所有响应的相对影响,从影响最大的到影响最小的顺序排列,查看VIP与PLS回归系数,重要 的x变量有较大的VIP正值和较大的正或负系数值,依此找到对区分不同动物皮革影响较大的化合物;
(h)找出每种皮革的潜在的标志性化合物及每种皮革中主要化合物的相对含量。
本发明所述的皮革真实属性的鉴别方法,其中,步骤二之后还包括步骤三:高分辨电子扫面显微镜对皮革样品的肉面纤维及纵切面进行观测;或当快速蒸发离子化质谱方法实时鉴定结果为阴性时,说明该样品不属于该模型中任意一种动物皮革,比如二层牛皮样品,粒面为人工合成材料,肉面为真皮纤维,此时可利用扫描电子显微镜观测皮革样品的肉面纤维的精细结构来确定肉面纤维是否为天然动物皮革纤维;
观测方法包括如下步骤:用镊子将皮革样品肉面的少量纤维仅仅贴在样品盘的导电胶上,喷金时间160秒,利用扫描电子显微镜观测纤维的微观结构,加速电压15.0kV,放大倍数6~8万倍,工作距离12200μm。
本发明皮革真实属性的鉴别方法与现有技术不同之处在于:
本发明皮革真实属性的鉴别方法是一种可克服检测鉴别者主观影响,无需前处理过程、能够轻松辨别、精准定位人工合成皮革与天然皮革以及不同动物来源的真皮皮革之间的内在差异,能客观反映被检皮革及皮革制品种类的快速鉴别检测方法。
本发明中涉及的电镜方法克服了传统方法中扫描电镜下纤维漂移的特性,可以清晰观测到天然皮革肉面纤维的螺纹结构,而这种结构与人造纤维有明显的区别。因此更易于客观地区分天然皮革肉面纤维与人造纤维。
下面结合附图对本发明的皮革真实属性的鉴别方法作进一步说明。
附图说明
图1为本发明中仪器参数优化图;
图2为本发明中七种动物皮革PCA-LDA模型;
图3为本发明中七种动物皮革质谱图;
图4为本发明中去去卷积可视化过程图;
图5为本发明中七种动物皮革PLS-DA模型;
图6为本发明中七种动物皮革PLS-DA模型变量重要性图(VIP-variable importance plot);
图7为本发明中实际样品测定结果;
图8为本发明中动物皮革及实际样品的高分辨电子扫描显微镜观测图,其中A、B、C、D、E、F、G分别为天然牛皮革、羊皮革、猪皮革、鹿皮革、鸵鸟皮革、鳄鱼皮革、蟒蛇皮 革的纵切面电镜图,H分别为天然动物皮革肉面纤维典型的螺纹结构(以猪皮革肉面纤维为例)、I为人造肉面纤维。
其中,图1和图7中出现的英文的中文对照如下:
Cone:锥孔;
Flow rate:流速;
Sampling length:切样长度;
Heater bias:加热器偏压;
Result History:历史结果;
Lockmass:校正质量;
decision:结论;
confidence:确信度;
outlier measure:离群值测量;
start scan:开始扫描;
End Scan:结束扫描;
Cattle:牛;
pig:猪;
Outlier:离群值。
图4中出现的英文的中文对照如下:
Review deconvolution:去卷积核查;
After peak picking,ions are grouped by compound in a process called deconvolution:选峰后,离子按化合物进行分组,这个过程称为去卷积;
How does deconvolution work:去卷积是如何工作的;
Review compounds:查看化合物;
Select compounds below to view:选择下列化合物进行查看;
Areas of the ion map showing the different adduct forms:离子图上区域显示了不同的加合形式;
The mass and retention time profiles of their ions:离子的质量及保留时间;
These views can be used to confirm the validity of your interesting compounds:这些观察可以用来确定你感兴趣的化合物的有效性;
How do I use this screen:如何使用这个界面;
Optimize for your samples:优化你的样品;
If any compounds have an ion whose profile doesn’t match the majority in the compound,it can be removed,Likewise,missing compound ions can be added:如果任何化合物其中一个离子的轮廓与化合物中的大多数不匹配,它可以被移除,同样,缺失的化合物离子也可以被添加;
No filter applied:没有应用过滤;
Create:创建;
Compound:化合物;
Accepted ID:被接受的ID;
Tag:标签;
Mass Spectra:质谱图;
Chromatograms:色谱图;
Grid size:网格尺寸;
About this:关于;
This compound’s neutral mass and adducts are based on mass differences between its adduct forms:该化合物的中性质量和加合物是基于其不同加合物形式之间的质量差异得到的;
Reviewing assistance:辅助审查;
The grid at the left shows all potential ion locations for this compound:左边的网格显示了这种化合物所有可能的离子位置;
Can you see any ions that could be another adduct form of this compound?Or any that don’t belong here?你能看到这个化合物其他加和离子吗?或者不属于这里的?
Hover over an ion to compare mass and RT profiles:停留在一个离子上去比较它的质量和保留时间;
Right-click to add it to.or remove it from the compound:右击可将其添加或从化合物中移除;
Ion locations with a checkerboard pattern lie outside the m/z and RT range of your runs:棋盘图案的离子位于运行的m/z和RT范围之外;
Peak:峰;
Neutral mass:中性质量;
Retention time:保留时间;
Relative intensity:相对强度。
具体实施方式
仪器与软件:
1、电烙铁(electric soldering iron)型号:CS-20;厂家:TAIYO ELECTRIC IND.CO.,LTD(日本TAIYO电气公司)
2、离子源、质谱信息
一种带有快速蒸发原位电离源的四极杆-飞行时间质谱仪,型号:Xevo G2-XS;厂家:美国Waters公司
3、软件信息
MassLynx 4.1、Live ID、Progenesis QI 2.4、EZ info3.0:美国Waters公司;
4、扫描电子显微镜
型号:Hitachi S-4800。
实施例1
一种皮革真实属性的鉴别方法,包括如下步骤:
步骤一、模型建立:
(1)采集不同动物的皮革样品,设置质谱仪参数,采用预热后的电烙铁切割皮革样品表面,切割过程中生成含有大量复杂离子混合物的气溶胶,进入质谱仪检测分析;
所述电烙铁型号为CS-20,电压为220V,温度为380℃,全长170mm;
切割动物皮革过程中生成含有大量复杂离子混合物的气溶胶,采用正交方式由2bar氮气驱动的文丘里泵通过聚四氟乙烯管道吸入质谱端口后与灯丝碰撞,所述灯丝规格为4.5A,4.2V,800℃;
随后皮革样品中的分子离子进入质谱仪检测分析,以异丙醇-亮氨酸脑啡肽混合物为辅助溶剂,质荷比554.2615,浓度为0.2ng/μL;经针泵注射进样器引入端口,用于清洗杂质、提高信号强度、锁定质量校正。
质谱部分为配有快速蒸发原位电离源的四极杆-飞行时间高分辨质谱,扫描时间为1s;质量扫描范围为质荷比50~1200;以正负电离模式收集均可;
以总离子流响应强度及信噪比为参考优化仪器参数,如图1所示,最终确定仪器参数为:锥孔电压:40V,加热器偏压:60V,切割长度:1cm,辅助溶剂流速:0.15mL/min。
(2)将分析得到的原始快速蒸发离子化数据直接导入LiveID软件当中,利用快速蒸发离子化分析所得到的化学特征数据建立并验证多变量统计模型,进行主成分分析和线性判别分析,用于建立皮革样本的统计模型并对模型本身进行交叉验证;
步骤二、实际样品检测:打开LiveID软件,选择已建好的模型,质谱仪采用与步骤(1)中相同的参数,切割样品并实时生成易于解析的检测结果。
实施例2
一种皮革真实属性的鉴别方法,包括如下步骤:
一、基于快速蒸发离子化技术对不同动物来源真皮皮革样品分析:
将电烙铁(一种电热探头式手持采样装置)(CS-20,220V,温度380℃,全长170mm)预热后切割皮革样品表面;
切割动物皮革过程中生成含有大量复杂离子混合物的气溶胶,采用正交方式由2bar氮气驱动的文丘里泵通过聚四氟乙烯管道吸入质谱端口后与灯丝(4.5A,4.2V,800℃)碰撞。随后皮革样品中的分子离子进入质谱仪质量分析器检测分析,以异丙醇-亮氨酸脑啡肽混合物(质荷比554.2615)(0.2ng/μL)为辅助溶剂,经针泵注射进样器引入端口,用于清洗杂质、提高信号强度、锁定质量校正;质谱部分为配有快速蒸发原位电离源的四极杆-飞行时间高分辨质谱,扫描时间为1s;质量扫描范围为质荷比50~1200;正负电离模式收集均可。
质谱参数为:锥孔电压:40V,加热器偏压:60V,切割长度:1cm,辅助溶剂流速:0.15mL/min。
二、模型建立及交叉验证
将不同动物来源皮革的原始快速蒸发离子化数据直接导入LiveID软件当中,根据不同的动物进行分组、命名,借助LiveID软件,利用快速蒸发离子化分析所得到的化学特征数据建立并验证多变量统计模型。如图2所示,进行主成分分析(PCA)和线性判别分析(LDA)用于建立被检测动物皮革样本的统计模型。图中显示的是七种动物皮革的PCA-LDA图(牛皮革用实心圆形表示,羊皮革用空心正方形表示,猪皮革用空心圆形表示,鹿皮革用菱形表示,鸵鸟皮革用星形表示,鳄鱼皮革用三角形表示,蟒蛇皮革用实心正方形表示;每种皮革采样10-60次)。建好模型后对模型本身进行交叉验证,验证方法是通过排除一组样本在外,以验证模型 判断的正确率。表1为该七种皮革PCA-LDA模型交叉验证结果示例,如图所示,皮革鉴定模型的交叉验证正确率为98.22%。
表1 七种皮革PCA-LDA模型交叉验证结果
Figure PCTCN2021070261-appb-000001
三、通过MassLynx软件查看皮革样品的快速蒸发离子化质谱图
如图3所示,是七种天然动物皮革的质谱图示例,可以看出动物皮革的质谱信息主要集中在小分子区域(质荷比200~400),其中鹿和鸵鸟的质谱中在质荷比500~650区间的离子信息也较为丰富。初步观测各类动物皮革的特征离子及不同皮革之间的离子响应的差异。
四、利用Progenesis QI软件对快速蒸发离子化数据进一步分析:
(a)峰对齐:将所有皮革原始数据导入Progenesis QI中,软件对原始数据中的所有离子进行自动对齐,对齐可以通过纠正保留时间的漂移来精确地比较各样本中的化合物。这是原始工作流的关键阶段。它的重点是将所有的数据放到正确的队列中,从而实现准确的峰值选择和快速、稳健、统计驱动的分析。
(b)分组:将所有皮革数据按动物属性分组;
(c)峰提取:即在样品数据中定位天然动物皮革中所含化合物;
(d)去卷积:在峰提取之后,对皮革样品中同一化合物不同加合形式的离子进行分组,基于同一化合物的不同加合物形式之间的质量差异计算出化合物的中性质量。当在样本中发 现皮革样品中有趣的化合物时,通过查看去卷积来审查化合物结果的有效性,选择左侧列表中的化合物,然后使用屏幕其余部分中的可视化图形进行检查:首先使用去卷积矩阵,查找明显的问题。如果对某个离子不确定,则检查这个离子的质谱和色谱图是否与化合物中的其他离子相匹配。过程可视化如图4所示。
(e)化合物鉴定:对各类天然动物皮革中可能含有的化合物进行鉴定。鉴定步骤:选择鉴定方法:Progenesis MetaScope;选择搜索参数:Tutorial No Fragmentation;选择化合物数据库:Basic lipids;设置精确度为小于5ppm、保留时间偏差为0.1min之内;
(f)查看化合物分析结果:在此过程中可以详细查看所有动物皮革中所鉴定出的感兴趣的化合物;感兴趣的化合物是指变量重要性图(VIP-variable importance plot)中VIP值大于1的化合物。同时可过滤出具有统计学意义(t检验p<0.05)且响应强度改变2倍以上的化合物。
(g)综合统计分析:主成分分析,利用化合物丰度水平来确定丰度变化的主轴,在主成分空间中对丰度数据进行变换和标绘,根据丰度变化对运行样本进行分离,建立PLS-DA模型如图5所示,同一种动物来源的数据聚集在一个区域,不同动物来源的皮革有较明显的空间上的分区,图5A为七种动物皮革PLS-DA中主成分1、2、3的3D得分图,图5B为七种动物皮革PLS-DA中主成分1、2得分图。根据分组条件分析不同动物来源皮革的组间差异。通过变量重要性图(VIP-variable importance plot)查看每个离子对所有响应的相对影响,如图6A所示,从影响最大的到影响最小的顺序排列。图6B显示了VIP与PLS回归系数,重要的x变量有较大的VIP正值和较大的正或负系数值,依此找到对区分不同动物皮革影响较大的化合物。例:质荷比281.2493的VIP值为5.3425且具有较大的正系数值,说明质荷比281.2493对不同动物来源皮革的分类具有较大的影响,通过搜索脂质谱库鉴定其可能为含一个双键的十八碳不饱和脂肪酸。
(h)找出每种皮革的潜在的标志性化合物及每种皮革中主要化合物的相对含量,如表2、表3所示。
表2.基于快速蒸发离子化方法不同动物皮革中可能存在的脂肪酸链组成
Figure PCTCN2021070261-appb-000002
表3.不同动物皮革中的主要小分子脂质化合物相对含量
Figure PCTCN2021070261-appb-000003
四、扫描电子显微镜对皮革样品的肉面纤维及纵切面进行观测;或当快速蒸发离子化方法实时鉴定结果为阴性时,说明该样品不属于该模型中任意一种动物皮革,比如二层牛皮样品,粒面为人工合成材料,肉面为真皮纤维,此时可利用扫描电子显微镜观测皮革样品的肉面纤维的精细结构来确定肉面纤维是否为天然动物皮革纤维;
观测方法包括如下步骤:用镊子将皮革样品肉面的少量纤维仅仅贴在样品盘的导电胶上,喷金时间160秒,利用扫描电镜观测纤维的微观结构,加速电压15.0kV,放大倍数6~8万倍,工作距离12200μm。
传统的方法是将切割好的皮革样品的纵切面贴在导电胶上,同时纵切面及肉面纤维特征,由于肉面纤维没有单独固定在样品盘上,当扫描电镜对其高度放大时,纤维多处于漂移状态,无法清晰地观测到天然皮革肉面纤维的微观结构,本方法则克服了纤维扫描电镜下漂 移的特性,可以清晰观测到所有天然皮革肉面纤维都存在如图8H所示的螺纹结构。这种结构与人造纤维有明显的区别。
五、实际样品实时测定
Live ID软件结合快速蒸发离子化技术使我们能够建立模型进而快速鉴定那些难以鉴别的皮革制品的真实属性。对模型进行交叉验证后,打开LiveID软件,选择已建好的模型,按照建立模型相同的仪器参数,切割样品,近乎实时地生成易于解析的结果,并在数秒内给出“样品真实属性”这样的直观回答,如图7所示。将所提出的方法应用于实际皮料样品以及市场上随机抽取的头层牛皮皮带样品。如图7A中可以看出该皮料样品实时测定结果为猪,说明该皮料的真实属性是猪皮革,确信度为100%;图7B中可以看出该皮带样品的实时测定结果为牛,说明该皮带样品的真实属性是牛皮革,三次重复测试确信度分别为99.89%、93.92%、99.77%。
在本发明中,通过步骤三可以查看和比较不同动物来源的皮革的质谱轮廓,并在表3中给出了不同动物皮革中主要的特征离子及相对含量,使得在进行实际样品实时鉴别的同时能够进行人工确认,核查实际样品中是否含有某一动物皮革的特征离子以及其质谱轮廓是否符合某一动物皮革的轮廓特征。同时,由于人工合成皮革与天然皮革的质谱差异较大,通过查看质谱图也可以鉴别出是天然皮革或人工合成皮革。通过步骤四可以精准找到模型建立中的重要离子(VIP>1、方差分析p<0.05)且响应强度改变2倍以上),并通过搜索相应的数据库,依据精确质量数和同位素比例对重要的离子进行化合物的初步鉴定,以期找到不同动物皮革中的特征成分。
以上所述的实施例仅仅是对本发明的优选实施方式进行描述,并非对本发明的范围进行限定,在不脱离本发明设计精神的前提下,本领域普通技术人员对本发明的技术方案作出的各种变形和改进,均应落入本发明权利要求书确定的保护范围内。

Claims (6)

  1. 一种皮革真实属性的鉴别方法,其特征在于:包括如下步骤:
    步骤一、模型建立:
    (1)采集不同动物的皮革样品,设置质谱仪参数,采用预热后的电烙铁切割皮革样品粒面表面,切割过程中生成含有大量复杂离子混合物的气溶胶,进入质谱仪检测分析;
    (2)将分析得到的快速蒸发离子化质谱数据直接导入LiveID软件当中,利用快速蒸发离子化质谱分析所得到的化学特征数据建立并验证多变量统计模型,进行主成分分析和线性判别分析,用于建立皮革样本的统计模型并对模型本身进行交叉验证;
    步骤二、实际皮革样品检测:打开LiveID软件,选择已建好的模型,质谱仪采用与步骤(1)中相同的参数,采用预热后的电烙铁切割实际皮革样品表面并实时生成易于解析的检测结果。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的皮革真实属性的鉴别方法,其特征在于:所述电烙铁型号为CS-20,电压为220V,温度为380℃,全长170mm;
    切割动物皮革过程中生成含有大量复杂离子混合物的气溶胶,采用正交方式由2bar氮气驱动的文丘里泵通过聚四氟乙烯管道吸入质谱端口后与灯丝碰撞,所述灯丝规格为4.5A,4.2V,800℃;
    随后皮革样品中的分子离子进入质谱仪检测分析,以异丙醇-亮氨酸脑啡肽混合物为辅助溶剂,负离子模式下质荷比554.2615,正离子模式下质荷比556.2771,浓度为0.2ng/μL;经针泵注射进样器引入端口,用于清洗杂质、提高信号强度、锁定质量校正。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的皮革真实属性的鉴别方法,其特征在于:质谱部分为配有快速蒸发原位电离源的四极杆-飞行时间高分辨质谱,扫描时间为1s;质量扫描范围为质荷比50~1200;正负电离模式收集均可;
    质谱参数为:锥孔电压:40V,加热器偏压:60V,切割长度:1cm,辅助溶剂流速:0.15mL/min。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的皮革真实属性的鉴别方法,其特征在于:步骤一和步骤二之间还包括步骤(A):通过MassLynx软件查看皮革样品的快速蒸发离子化质谱图,初步观测各类动物皮革的特征离子及不同皮革之间的离子响应的差异。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的皮革真实属性的鉴别方法,其特征在于:在步骤(A)之后还包括步骤(B):利用Progenesis QI软件对快速蒸发离子化质谱数据进一步分析:
    (a)峰对齐:将所有皮革原始数据导入Progenesis QI软件中,对原始数据中的所有离子进行自动对齐,可以通过纠正保留时间的漂移来精确地比较各样本中的化合物;
    (b)分组:将所有皮革数据按动物属性分组;
    (c)峰提取:即在样品数据中定位天然动物皮革中所含化合物;
    (d)去卷积:在峰提取之后,对皮革样品中同一化合物不同加合形式的离子进行分组,基于同一化合物的不同加合物形式之间的质量差异计算出化合物的中性质量;当在样本中发现皮革样品中VIP值大于1的化合物时,通过查看去卷积来审查化合物结果的有效性,选择左侧列表中的化合物,然后使用屏幕其余部分中的可视化图形进行检查:首先使用去卷积矩阵,查找明显的问题,如果对某个离子不确定,则检查这个离子的质谱图是否与化合物的其它离子相匹配;
    (e)化合物鉴定:对各类动物皮革中可能含有的化合物进行鉴定;鉴定步骤:选择鉴定方法:Progenesis MetaScope;选择搜索参数:Tutorial No Fragmentation;选择化合物数据库:Basic lipids;设置精确度为小于5ppm、保留时间偏差为0.1min之内;
    (f)查看化合物分析结果:在此过程中可以详细查看所有动物皮革中所鉴定出的VIP值大于1的化合物;
    (g)综合统计分析:主成分分析,利用化合物丰度水平来确定丰度变化的主轴,在主成分空间中对丰度数据进行变换和标绘,根据丰度变化对运行样本进行分离,建立PLS-DA模型,同一种动物来源的数据聚集在一个区域,不同动物来源的皮革有较明显的空间上的分区;
    根据分组条件分析不同动物来源皮革的组间差异,通过变量重要性图查看每个离子对所有响应的相对影响,从影响最大到影响最小的顺序排列,查看VIP与PLS回归系数,重要的x变量有较大的VIP正值和较大的正或负系数值,依此找到对区分不同动物皮革影响较大的化合物;
    (h)找出每种皮革的潜在的标志性化合物及每种皮革中主要化合物的相对含量。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的皮革真实属性的鉴别方法,其特征在于:
    步骤二之后还包括步骤三:扫描电子显微镜对皮革样品的肉面纤维及纵切面进行观测;或当快速蒸发离子化质谱方法实时鉴定结果为阴性时,说明该样品不属于该模型中任意一种动物皮革,比如二层牛皮样品,粒面为人工合成材料,肉面为真皮纤维,此时可利用扫描电子显微镜观测皮革样品的肉面纤维的精细结构来确定肉面纤维是否为天然动物皮革纤维;
    观测方法包括如下步骤:用镊子将皮革样品肉面的少量纤维仅仅贴在样品盘的导电胶上,喷金时间160秒,利用扫描电子显微镜观测纤维的微观结构,加速电压15.0kV,放大 倍数6~8万倍,工作距离12200μm。
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