WO2021093909A1 - Verfahren zum bearbeiten flexibler substrate und vakuumbearbeitungsanlage zur umsetzung des verfahrens - Google Patents
Verfahren zum bearbeiten flexibler substrate und vakuumbearbeitungsanlage zur umsetzung des verfahrens Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021093909A1 WO2021093909A1 PCT/DE2020/000274 DE2020000274W WO2021093909A1 WO 2021093909 A1 WO2021093909 A1 WO 2021093909A1 DE 2020000274 W DE2020000274 W DE 2020000274W WO 2021093909 A1 WO2021093909 A1 WO 2021093909A1
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- Prior art keywords
- flexible substrate
- processing
- matrix
- grid
- construction material
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/56—Apparatus specially adapted for continuous coating; Arrangements for maintaining the vacuum, e.g. vacuum locks
- C23C14/562—Apparatus specially adapted for continuous coating; Arrangements for maintaining the vacuum, e.g. vacuum locks for coating elongated substrates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
- C23C16/54—Apparatus specially adapted for continuous coating
- C23C16/545—Apparatus specially adapted for continuous coating for coating elongated substrates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
- C23C4/137—Spraying in vacuum or in an inert atmosphere
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
- C23C4/14—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying for coating elongate material
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for processing flexible substrates in which a flexible substrate is moved through an evacuable process area of a vacuum processing system for processing with a processing instrument.
- the invention also relates to a vacuum processing system for implementing the method for processing flexible substrates, the vacuum processing system having at least one unwinding module, a winding module and an evacuable process area with a processing instrument or several processing instruments arranged between these modules.
- the invention relates in particular to the interaction of a vacuum processing system and its optimization for processing flexible film-like substrates, these being characterized by a very high proportion of free open volume.
- Flexible substrates in a so-called band shape or band-shaped substrates can consist of a wide variety of materials, such as, for example, plastics, metals, paper and textiles.
- Such flexible strip-shaped substrates are usually wound onto a roll, also called a coil, and are therefore referred to as a winding or a coil.
- the flexible strip-shaped substrates are unwound from a first reel, which is stored on an unwinding device or an unwinding module, processed in the evacuable process area of a vacuum processing system, which can include one or more connected modules, and then on another roll , which is mounted on a winding device or a winding module, wound up again.
- Such a device is referred to in its entirety as a “roll-to-roll” system or as a “roll-to-roll” winding device or as a “roll-to-roll” belt system.
- the system is used in vacuum technology, it is referred to as modular "roll-to-roll” vacuum processing systems.
- modular "roll-to-roll” vacuum processing systems Are in the modular If coating processes are carried out in the process areas of the “roll-to-roll” system, we speak of “roll-to-roll” vacuum coating systems.
- Physical and / or chemical process conditions are in particular pressure, temperature, amount of gas flow, type and composition of the gas in the processing area of the flexible substrate and the physical or chemical mode of action of the processing media, including processing instruments or processing tools or processing units, which are used to process the Belt material, mostly for processing or coating its surfaces, are used.
- the necessity to use a modular structure of the “roll-to-roll” vacuum coating system is derived from these process requirements or process conditions.
- connection devices between the individual modules or chambers, also unwinding device and winding device are viewed in this frame of reference as modules, to install devices with lock function that largely prevent pressure equalization and / or gas exchange, the transport of the however, allow flexible tape-shaped substrate.
- a gas exchange or a pressure equalization between neighboring rooms such as the modules or chambers is not completely prevented, but is considerably restricted, and usually even minimized to a close degree.
- Locks that prevent pressure equalization or gas exchange between the individual modules or chambers or chamber sections as far as possible, can be used as lock assemblies or as so-called lock chambers in modular vacuum coating systems.
- a lock assembly embodies so-called roller locks.
- roller locks two rollers are pressed against each other with a preset force.
- the rollers rotate in the opposite direction and are usually not driven. It is advantageous if the rollers experience an additional supporting force for their rotary movement.
- the rollers are inserted into a housing that only allows a connection path between the two adjacent chambers of a vacuum processing system between the rollers. Rollers of this type are usually coated with a material which prevents the surface of the flexible strip-shaped substrate from being influenced or not being influenced significantly.
- a lock assembly which is referred to as a roller lock and, in a first embodiment, consists of two rollers.
- a first and a second roller are arranged pretensioned in order to generate a contact pressure between the two rollers, whereby a very good seal between the two adjacent chambers, in the connecting area of which the lock roller pair is integrated, is achieved.
- Sealing components are arranged in the area of the walls, the side of these components facing the respective roller having a cylindrical shape. It is intended that the gap is kept as small as technically and technologically possible so that pressure equalization and gas exchange can be prevented as almost completely as possible.
- This roller lock consists of a roller, which is opposite to two corresponding sealing components, the band-shaped flexible material on the roller surface being transported through the gap between the roller and a sealing component from one chamber to a second.
- gap locks Another type of lock is represented by so-called gap locks.
- the strip material is guided through the gap locks in a freely hanging manner.
- the gap width i.e. the distance between the top and bottom of the room, which is spanned by the gap lock and through which the strip material is pulled, is no greater than ten times the thickness of the strip material. Areas within two to three times the thickness of the strip material are preferred.
- the length of such slit sluices is usually between 10 and 40 cm.
- lock chambers offer the possibility of a separate pump-out nozzle to which a pump or a pump system can be connected, whereby different pressure conditions or gas feeds can be implemented in the two modules or chambers adjoining the lock chamber.
- the vacuum coating system comprises a single vacuum chamber with a coating roller.
- the interior of the vacuum chamber is separated into various sub-chambers by partition walls, which thereby assume a modular function.
- the lower chambers can be evacuated by independent vacuum pumps. When the film material is transported through the lower chambers, the film surface can be coated using vacuum technology.
- film-like functional materials are described which fulfill at least one predetermined function and can be used for specific, specific physical, chemical, physicochemical, biological or other technical or technological purposes.
- These functional materials consist of at least one construction material, which is arranged as a film-like carrier medium comprising a total carrier volume with a cross-sectional dimension of ⁇ 100 ⁇ m.
- Foil-like materials like foils, are thin materials in sheet or web form with a large expansion in two dimensions and a comparatively small expansion in a third dimension.
- the difference between film-like materials and films is that the body is a film-like material, which is characterized by x, y and z, where x and y are the surface area of the body and z is the direction of the cross-sectional expansion, ie the measurable distance from one Side of the body to the opposite side of the body, characterize and Dc the length, Ay the width and Dz the cross-sectional extent of the film-like material, within this dimension it is contiguous but not permeated by a material, i.e. the material which consists of the film-like material, does not completely fill the three-dimensional space that is spanned by this body, macroscopically.
- the volume of the free space is at least as large as the volume that is claimed by the construction elements of the construction material. As a rule, however, the volume of the free space is even larger, in certain cases even much larger.
- the construction material is to be regarded as a matrix or a lattice and is composed of linear and node-shaped carrier elements that form the material components of the carrier medium and penetrate the total carrier volume, to form a band-like expansion with interconnected partial volumes of the total carrier volume located therein, which through in Support elements located in the vicinity are stretched.
- Such matrix or grid-like materials are enjoying increasing importance for use as a structural component in functional materials.
- Such functional materials are characterized, for example, by their electrical, magnetic, optical, acoustic, biological-chemical or other properties.
- these matrix or grid-shaped construction materials represent the starting material for further processing into functional materials.
- these matrix or grid-shaped construction materials are usually characterized by their special mechanical properties such as their rigidity or strength, their density, their hardness or their Wear resistance are characterized by thermally stable base materials such as glass or high-temperature plastics.
- Such high-temperature plastics are for example wise aramids, polyimides (PI), polyaryletherketone (PEAK), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or other thermally stable plastics.
- the matrix or grid-like construction materials can also consist of other materials, such as metals, generally referred to as metal wire, such as copper wire, aluminum wire, steel wire, wire made of metal alloys or metal-coated metal wire, or of mineral fibers, for example rock wool fibers.
- metal wire such as copper wire, aluminum wire, steel wire, wire made of metal alloys or metal-coated metal wire, or of mineral fibers, for example rock wool fibers.
- the invention is based on the object of specifying a method for processing flexible substrates and a vacuum processing system for implementing the method for processing flexible substrates, with which reliable processing that is uniform in all areas of a flexible matrix or grid-shaped substrate, in particular when performing a coating process, is made possible in a sufficient quality.
- the solution to this problem becomes particularly important for the execution of vacuum coating processes.
- the processing of film-like, flexible, matrix-like or grid-like materials is to be improved, which are a starting material or intermediate stages in the processing of the material in the sense of the production of a functional material.
- the object is achieved by a method for processing flexible substrates with the features according to claim 1 of the independent claims. Further developments are given in the dependent claims.
- the object is achieved by a vacuum processing system for implementing the method for processing flexible substrates with the features according to claim 11 of the independent claims. Further developments are given in the dependent claims.
- the term flexible, matrix-like or grid-like material is to be used both for a so-called starting material and for materials in all intermediate processing stages of a manufacturing process.
- the starting materials are in particular construction materials which have the shape of a matrix or a grid and consist of a plurality of individual carrier elements.
- the carrier elements are linear and thus large in a first dimension and small in a second and third dimension.
- These carrier elements can also have a knot-shaped design.
- an extension in an x-direction can be assumed as a first dimension, an extension in a second dimension being a y-direction and an extension in a third dimension being a z-direction.
- the x-direction can coincide with the transport direction of the flexible, matrix-shaped or grid-shaped construction material.
- Such linear carrier elements are carrier elements, the extent of which is approximately the same in the two dimensions in which the linear carrier element is designed to be small. These two dimensions, in which the linear carrier element is made small, can be, for example, the y-direction and the z-direction.
- the ratio of the large first dimension (x-direction) to the two smaller second and third dimensions (y-direction, z-direction) is at least 50: 1 Dimension 50 times larger than an extension of the carrier element in its second and third dimensions.
- the ratio of the dimensions of the two smaller second and third dimensions to one another is, for example, not less than 1: 5 and not greater than 5: 1.
- the extent of the third dimension is, for example, one Area between 5 times as large as the second dimension and 5 times smaller than the second dimension.
- the limits shown for the linear carrier elements can also be exceeded.
- the linear carrier elements are at least partially spaced apart from one another, so that the proportion of the surface effect of the linear carrier elements in relation to the geometric plane in which the surfaces of the linear carrier elements lie is as good as negligible and therefore no almost complete delimitation of the spanned partial volumes is effected from each other by the linear support elements.
- the carrier elements which penetrate the total carrier volume, are thus arranged in sections spaced from one another in such a way that partial volumes are spanned between adjacent carrier elements.
- the spanned partial volumes are designed as open, interconnected spaces.
- the total volume of the free partial volumes within the construction material is not smaller than the total volume that is occupied by the carrier elements.
- a construction material of this type can be described as a matrix or lattice that spans a band-like structure, which is traversed by a few linear support elements based on a unit area that is removed from the band plane can also cross at different angles and thereby form a knot, that is to say a knot-shaped carrier element, or meet in a knot-shaped carrier structure.
- the remaining volume area, which is located within the band-shaped matrix represents an empty space in the sense of a vacuum-technical processing. If the matrix or grid-shaped construction material is viewed from the top or bottom of the band, the property of the structure is It can be seen that it has more empty space than areas of space that are filled with solids.
- the situation is even more serious when the solid elements, i.e. the linear and node-shaped carrier elements, are to be coated with a material to be deposited.
- the coating unit which is arranged above and / or below the strip-like structure, is only opposed to a few surfaces of the solid elements of the matrix or lattice-shaped construction material, on which material deposition can be carried out by the operation of the coating units.
- the invention provides that a first layer of the flexible substrate or the matrix or grid-like construction material in a first transport direction and at least one second layer of the flexible substrate parallel or at least quasi-parallel to the first layer of the flexible substrate and closely spaced from it is transported in a second transport direction opposite to the first transport direction through a first free area in the evacuable process area.
- more layers are also transported closely spaced from one another and preferably parallel to one another through the evacuable process area in which at least one process source is arranged.
- the band-like structure of the flexible substrate or the matrix or grid-like construction material based on a removed unit area that lies in the band plane, is traversed by a particularly small number of line-like carrier elements, the number of each can be in opposite directions through the evacuable process area in which at least one process source is arranged, even higher than six, in certain cases even significantly higher. It is planned to transport up to 15 layers in opposite directions through the evacuable process area.
- a first layer of the flexible substrate is transported in a first transport direction through a first free area and subsequently in a third transport direction different from the first transport direction through a second free area.
- the flexible substrate is then deflected and closely spaced in at least one second layer and preferably parallel to the first layer in a fourth transport direction opposite the third transport direction through the second free area and subsequently in a second transport direction opposite the first transport direction through the first free area in evacuated process area transported.
- first group of rollers and a second group of rollers in a vacuum processing system, with several smaller-diameter rollers and several larger-diameter rollers, hereinafter referred to as smaller and larger rollers, being arranged in each roller group for deflecting the flexible substrate .
- a free area with at least one processing instrument through which the flexible substrate is transported in opposite directions and without a change of direction is arranged between the first roller group and the second roller group.
- the groups of rollers are arranged in such a way that the flexible substrate is transported in at least two opposing layers, preferably arranged parallel to one another, in a first transport direction and a second transport direction.
- a first role group, a second role group and a third role group are arranged, that a second free area is arranged between the first role group and the third role group and a third free area is arranged between the second role group and the third role group, wherein the roller groups are arranged in such a way that the flexible substrate in at least two layers arranged parallel to one another through the second free- rich and the third free area is transported.
- At least one processing instrument is arranged in the first and / or in the second free area, the flexible substrate being transported through the free areas in opposite directions and without a change in direction. It is also provided here that the transport direction of the flexible substrate through the second free area is at an angle to the transport direction of the flexible substrate through the third free area.
- linear and knot-shaped carrier elements can be provided with an enveloping coating, that is, the linear and knot-shaped carrier elements are completely covered with the material to be coated.
- the free areas between the linear and node-shaped carrier elements can be filled or filled with materials based on special vacuum coating processes.
- Layers can be built up on special areas of the linear carrier elements, for example on their inner edges and on areas of the node-shaped carrier elements that are already provided with an enveloping coating with the same coating material or a different material, which can be used to open the spaces of the ma - to cover trix-shaped or lattice-shaped construction material or the flexible substrate.
- the surface of the deposited materials can be appropriately functionalized, for example by means of an ion treatment.
- the peculiarity which is reflected in particular in the unique selling point of the structural structure of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material already described, leads to the fact that, in order to enable effective processing, that the processing technology has to be changed significantly compared to conventional film processing in vacuum chambers or in vacuum systems.
- the scalar flow of a vector field is particularly important in practice.
- Important scalar flows of vector fields are, for example, the volume flow, the magnetic flow and the electrical flow.
- the flow F can be understood as the number of particles, the mass, the energy and so on that moves through an area per time span. This state of the art can be found, for example, under the link: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluss_(Physik).
- a current is generally referred to as a quantity passing through a given cross-sectional area per unit of time, that is to say as: dQ dt '(1) where Q here refers to a quantity. If the quantity carries an energy, the current corresponds to an output.
- a stream is therefore a special flow that is characterized by the fact that a quantifiable amount is transported.
- the electric current or the current strength of the charge Qi_adung during a certain time unit t is also a flow F, namely the flow of the current density Fe ⁇ GqGh ⁇ o ⁇ q
- F current density where f is the vector field current flux density and A is the normal standing area.
- Further examples are the volume flow, i.e. the volume per time, the mass flow, i.e. the - weight-related - mass per time, the particle flow, i.e. the number of particles per time, e.g. sputtered particles in a vacuum coating process, the radiation flow, i.e. the electromagnetic radiation per Time, or the luminous flux, i.e. light or photons per time.
- This state of the art can be found, for example, under the link: https://www.chemie.de/lexikon/Fluss_(Physik).html.
- the electrical flow In contrast to the particle flow, nothing material is transported with an electrical flow.
- the electrical flow has mathematical properties that are similar to those of a real flow in a flow field, for example, it does not transport anything material such as charge carriers, but only transfers the effect of the underlying force field from one point to another.
- the flow F includes all processes, that is, both the material transport, for example a particle transport, and the immaterial transport, for example the expansion of a field.
- the basic idea is that the matrix or grid-shaped construction materials are influenced by the action of a river F in a configuration in which they lie on top of one another at a small distance from one another and move in a meandering manner.
- the river represents a stream or a spreading field, the source of which is a processing tool.
- the flow F is sent through a surface, the so-called flow exit surface, of the processing medium into the space, that is to say into the vacuum chamber.
- the flow spreads can have an effect by interacting with matter.
- the effect represents a targeted influencing of a solid, that is to say its surface or the area close to the surface.
- the effect that can be achieved by the flow F decreases the further the emitted field moves away from the processing instrument.
- the extent of the river F is limited, which of course is an arbitrary procedure.
- the containment means that only that is understood as a spatial extent of the flow F, in the opposite in each within this range site, the x by the coordinates, y and defined such that the intensity of the effect IWe k ung at the respective location is wherein IWe k un g represents the average effect of the flux F to a surface or near-surface region of a solid body, which is emitted from a surface of the working medium, and DI represents the maximum amount of the effect by which the average effect of small or larger may be.
- This area of the flow F is referred to as the usable flow F h u ⁇ G.
- the terms processing or process space are often used instead of the term usable flow.
- the top and bottom of the matrix or grid-shaped construction materials span a surface and should also be viewed as a surface in this context. Due to the small area that is occupied by the surface area of the carrier elements in relation to the total area of the usable flow F PI ⁇ QG , which is emitted through an area of the processing medium, the probability is that the carrier elements of the individual layers of the matrix or Lattice-shaped construction material in the area in which the layers running against each other can move, cover or overlap one another, low or extremely low.
- a device such as a vacuum processing system for processing flexible matrix or grid-shaped substrates, the device having an unwinding module and a winding module for the flexible substrate, devices for processing and means for guiding the flexible substrate from the unwinding module to the winding module.
- the flexible matrix or grid-shaped substrate to be processed has in particular a structure which results from a few linear and node-shaped carrier elements that run through it, and a remaining volume area that is located within the substrate and represents an empty space.
- the vacuum processing system has a modular structure with a module between the unwinding and winding modules or several adjacent modules through which the flexible matrix or grid-shaped substrate, which is also referred to as winding material, is transported.
- the residual gas pressure in a processing chamber or in a process room of the vacuum processing system should as a rule be below 10 "4 mbar, but must In any case, the process conditions are sufficient, so that it can also be smaller or larger than 10 "4 mbar. In machining processes, it can be significantly higher through the defined admission of a process gas.
- vacuum processing units or process sources can be used as the processing medium, also referred to as processing or process sources, with which, on the one hand, surface processing steps such as pretreatment, cleaning, drying, surface activation and / or polymerisation of the substrate to be processed, and, on the other hand, coatings are carried out become.
- Typical process sources in surface treatment are, for example, electron sources, ion sources or special laser devices in all their diversity.
- Process sources are devices with which a physical or chemical coating is usually carried out. The physical coating is called physical vapor deposition (PVD) and the chemical coating is called chemical vapor deposition (CVD).
- Typical sources are, for example, sputter sources, in particular magnetron sputter sources, vapor deposition, plasma physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition sources (PVD or CVD sources), of which there are a large number of different types of units and devices .
- PVD or CVD sources plasma physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition sources
- These process sources can also be used, with restrictions, for pretreatment, cleaning, drying, surface activation and / or polymerisation of the construction material.
- thermal spraying under vacuum conditions thermal vacuum spraying being understood to mean all technically possible variants of thermal spraying that can be used under vacuum conditions.
- the most common form is vacuum arc spraying.
- One task in the vacuum processing of the matrix or grid-shaped construction materials already described is either to process the surfaces of the linear and node-shaped support elements, for example if the construction material is the starting material for further processing, or to coat them with one or more substances .
- an enveloping coating of the linear and knot-shaped carrier elements with this substance or with these substances is provided, namely in the Shape that the matrix or grid shape of the coated construction material is retained, i.e. the free, interconnected partial volumes continue to exist in the carrier medium, but are reduced by the volume of the substance or substances enveloping the carrier elements.
- the band-shaped construction material lie several times at a short distance from one another, for example in a meander shape, usable through the usable flow F or through the processing space or through the processing space in which the processing process with at least one Process source is effective to lead.
- the effect of the energetic ions within the usable flow is almost the same, i.e. DI from equation (3) is a negligible quantity.
- the deposition rate i.e. the amount of during the time interval in which a defined section / area of the material to be coated is located in the process space, for any section / area of a layer of the matrix or grid-like construction material is almost is the same size after the position has left the process space again.
- the fact that the winding material, i.e. the construction material, moves back and forth through the process space closely spaced from one another ensures that relatively uniform processing is achieved after the matrix or grid-shaped construction material has finally left the process space.
- This processing method can be implemented by guiding the material to be wound, i.e. the construction material, over appropriate pulleys so that it crosses the process space several times and the distance between the opposing layers of the construction material is as small as technically possible.
- the process space in which, as already explained, a comparable intensity of action can be achieved, is often characterized in that its depth, which is to be understood as the length perpendicular to the belt plane or to the transport direction of the construction material, does not represent a great value, ie the exit expansion of the process space is relatively small. This fact is due to the mean free path of the particles causing the effect, i.e. the amount of a length that a particle (e.g. atom, molecule, ion or electron) travels on average in a given material before it collides with it in any form another particle comes.
- a particle e.g. atom, molecule, ion or electron
- This winding system and the process space are designed in such a way that the respective matrix or grid-shaped construction material used can withstand the thermal stress caused by a machining process and is not deformed or even destroyed outside of the permitted limits.
- deflection rollers are equipped or connected with a cooling device in order to ensure that at least part of the energy introduced by machining the linear and node-shaped carrier elements can be dissipated again.
- a further task in the vacuum processing of the matrix or grid-shaped construction materials already described is to fill the free spaces that are spanned by the linear and node-shaped carrier elements or by the linear and node-shaped carrier elements that have already been coated with a material, with a further material that is used for coating, to be filled in such a way that the free space area or the empty space of the band-shaped matrix or lattice-shaped construction material of this further material is filled up, whereby the filling procedure is to be understood in the sense of “bringing in” the material into the empty space of the matrix.
- the further material introduced into the free space areas can be characterized in that it embodies a porous, usually an open, porous structure.
- the winding material i.e. the construction material, is passed several times through the process space or through the usable flow Onutzbar within the process space, whose spreading field or the current that is emitted by the process source.
- the winding material is thereby kung direction at an acute angle to the basic WIR of the River nu O tzbar pulled by its edit box.
- the winding material is moved in a meandering manner through the processing field, so that both the winding material is moved in the direction of action of the flow into the acute angle and is pulled against it, with the winding material transport also running at the acute angle.
- the effect which is to be regarded as an interaction, is characterized by a preferred direction.
- This direction is called the basic flow direction or primary direction.
- the main part of the interaction acts in the predetermined direction, effects also occur within an angular distribution, that is, the effect is distributed over different directions in space, so that one can speak of a scattering of the angular distribution of the effect.
- the interaction represents an interaction between the energetic ions and the surface of the medium to be processed, such as the construction material, with the ions moving into a preferred move in a specific, predetermined direction. For example, collisions with neutral particles or interactions with similarly charged particles create an angular distribution of the moving ions, which is noticeable during surface treatment.
- the movement of the particles of the material to be deposited likewise runs in a preferred, predetermined direction, which represents the basic flow direction for the coating process. In the case of coating processes, this direction is determined by the thermal conditions.
- the flow On usable and its preferred direction always spreads from the energetically highest state, i.e. from the emitting surface of the processing medium or the process source through which the material to be separated, for example the material to be vaporized or the vaporized particles, the one in the bear processing instrument is / are generated, i.e. from the area that has the highest temperature to the energetically lowest state, i.e. into the area in which the lowest temperatures are present.
- the substrate to be coated like the construction material, has the lowest energy state. Collisions with other neutral particles, for example with gas atoms, or, if present, with charged particles or with photons, create an angular distribution of the particles that are deposited on the surface of the substrate and thus in turn represent an angular distribution of the effect.
- the porosity of the deposited layers even represents a very important requirement. It is therefore only important that the deposited Layer covers the free space area of the construction material, in the sense of a covering covering. It can therefore also be the case that the layer covering the free space area consists of several components which, in total, cause a complete covering of the free space area.
- This layer does not have to completely envelop the carrier elements or the carrier elements already coated in an enveloping manner, but can, for example, build up on a partial area of the carrier elements, for example the inner edge of the linear carrier elements.
- the construction material is guided once through the process space or through the processing field, which is generated by a process source.
- the construction material is drawn through the processing field at an acute or very acute angle to the determining flow direction, as a result of which the material used for coating is deposited in particular on areas of the linear support elements, but also on areas of the nodular ones.
- This coating process is carried out to the extent that the free space area of the construction material is completely covered by the material producing the layer, without a direct connection to an adjacent linear carrier element necessarily having to be carried out.
- the matrix or grid-like construction material which was characterized by large areas of free space, is converted into a film-like material.
- This resulting material can now be processed further using a conventional film processing technology from the prior art.
- Such a covering of the free space areas of the matrix or lattice-shaped construction material usually serves the purpose of applying a layer consisting of on the top and / or bottom of the winding material in a further step, i.e. in a second and technologically different coating process from the first to be able to build up one or more materials using vacuum technology, i.e. by vacuum coating processes.
- the covering layer helps to create a comprehensive coating, comparable to the coating of a film.
- the second coating process also makes it possible also to fill the empty space of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material with the material or the materials deposited during this coating process.
- a construction material or a film-like functional material is created that is surrounded by a compact, albeit usually porous, coating, which means that its external solid appearance is virtually indistinguishable or insignificant from a functional material in film form.
- a functional film for example an electrode film for using the material as an electrode.
- Fig. 1 a schematic representation of two different process sources according to the prior art
- Fig. 2 an exemplary winding device according to the invention in a vacuum coating system for a matrix or grid-shaped construction material
- FIG. 3 a further exemplary winding device according to the invention
- FIG. 4a a winding system for a matrix or grid-shaped construction material
- 5a to 5f a snapshot of the top view of a section of layers of the matrix or grid-like construction material moving over and against each other with an increasing number of layers
- FIG. 8b a basic illustration of a processing, in particular a coating, by means of a winding system according to FIG. 4b,
- FIGS. 11a to c exemplary configurations of vacuum processing systems with different process sources in different modules
- FIG. 12 a basic illustration of a layer structure on the linear support elements of the matrix or grid-like construction material 18 in two Variants and
- Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of two different processing media 11 or process sources from the prior art, which should help to understand the terms processing instrument 11, field, current, flow, effect and intensity of action as well as the idioms of usable flow 13, the predetermined direction of action of the River, the principal direction in which the river spreads or the spread of the river to be defined in more detail.
- FIG. 1 two different geometric shapes of the processing instruments 11 or process sources used in vacuum technology are shown schematically and in a generalized manner.
- One machining instrument 11, shown schematically and in a generalized manner has a cylindrical design and the other has a cuboid design.
- the processing instruments 11 can also have any other arbitrary shape.
- the form shown schematically and in a generalized manner in FIG. 1 reflects the most frequently used designs of such devices. However, it is also not infrequently the case that other shapes, for example composite shapes consisting of cuboid and cylindrical elements, are used.
- the processing instrument 11 represents the field relational It is an aggregate that emits electricity, ie it is the source by which the flow is generated.
- the flow 13, the field or current of which is generated in the processing instrument 11 or a process source 11, runs from a surface into the free space of the vacuum chamber.
- the spatial area in which the effect of the river 13 can be felt and can lead to a yield through interaction with the substrate to be coated is referred to as the usable expansion of the river.
- This area 12, from which the flow 13 spreads, is highlighted in FIG. 1 and is referred to as the effect-emitting area 12. Its existence is due to the fact that a process source 11 does not represent a point size, but always a body with a three-dimensional, finite geometric extension, so that the effect is always emitted from a flat structure, i.e. a surface.
- the effect that is caused by the flow represents a physical and / or chemical interaction process that acts on a solid, which is known as a substrate for the special application in vacuum technology, or in its near-surface area, whereby an effect or a Reaction is evoked.
- the effect is always associated with an energetic influence on the substrate, i.e. energy is transferred. This part of the effect is therefore referred to as the energy input into the substrate.
- An effect of a spreading river 13 can, for example, cause the cleaning of a substrate surface.
- Activation processes can be brought about by individual effects on the substrate surface or in the area of the substrate close to the surface.
- physical and / or chemical etching can also be carried out in this substrate area. be pulled.
- the properties of the river 13 can in turn produce specially designed effects, such as oxidation processes or other chemical reactions, in the surface region or on the surface of the substrate.
- the substrate surfaces can be coated with one or more materials.
- the evaporation material of the coating process represents the flow and the layer deposited on the solid fractions of the substrate represents the special effect.
- the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 represents the flexible substrate 18.
- a usable flow 13 is that spatial extent 13 of the flow in which its effect on influencing a substrate can develop, i.e. physical and / or chemical effects or reactions with the substrate, i.e. on its surface or near its surface Area.
- the spatial extent of the usable flow 13 is usually limited in such a way that the intensity has almost the same amount or an amount of the same order of magnitude at every point in the room. This limitation can be specified with the help of equation (3) and is therefore an arbitrary definition which, however, is a sensible measure from a technical point of view.
- the length 15 of the extent of the delimited field of action, which is defined perpendicular to the flow exit surface 12, is referred to as the extent of the flow 15.
- the flow 13 spreads in a preferred direction 16, which is determined by the process source 11 and by the flow exit area 12 and can be viewed as the primary direction 16 of the spread of the flow 13, ie the spread takes place in a fixed, predetermined direction that is determined by the Source and is predetermined by the flow exit area 12.
- the effect of the flow 13 occurs when interacting with the surface of the solid elements of a substrate or their near-surface areas from this preferred direction 16, i.e. the primary direction 16. Due to scattering processes, reflections and similar processes, the effect can experience an angular distribution 17, which the The intensity of the effect can indeed weaken, but it does not destroy it. Interactive processes are therefore carried out, the effects of which are subject to an angular distribution 17.
- FIG. 2 shows an exemplary winding device 1 according to the invention in a vacuum processing system for a matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18, which moves through a winding device 1, a so-called “roll-to-roll” system 1.
- the flexible matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is moved in the winding direction 19 over two roller groups 20 and 21 or roller groups 20 and 21, consisting of several larger rollers 23 or larger rollers 23 and several smaller rollers 24 or smaller rollers 24.
- This embodiment using larger rollers 23 and smaller rollers 24 is an example and can be adapted accordingly by a person skilled in the art; for reasons of space, for example, only smaller rollers 24 could be used.
- the flexible matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 moves in a small distance 25 from one another, lying one above the other, in opposite directions to one another.
- the length amount 25 marked by two opposite arrows pointing in opposite directions indicates the distance 25 between the top and bottom layers of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 conveyed in opposite directions.
- the usable flow 13 of the processing instrument 11 i.e. all layers of the flexible substrate 18.
- such a small distance between two adjacent and oppositely transported layers of the matrix or grid-like construction material 18 is in a range between approximately 1 mm and 10 mm, in particular this distance is 2.5 mm.
- FIG. 2 The guidance of the flexible matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 over five smaller rolls 24 and three larger rolls 23 in the first roll group 20 and over four smaller rolls 24 and four larger rolls 23 in the second roll group 21 is shown in FIG. 2 by means of corresponding directional arrows shown on the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18. It can be seen that, for example, a first (upper) layer of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is transported from the roller 24a of the first roller group 20 to the roller 24b of the second roller group 21 in a first transport direction 64.
- the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is deflected over a small roller 24b, a large roller 23a and a small roller 24c in such a way that the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is tight in a second layer of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 at a distance from the first layer of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 from the roller 24c of the second roller group 21 to the roller 24d of the first roller group 20 in a second transport direction 65.
- the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is deflected over a small roller 24d and a large roller 23b in such a way that the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 in a third layer of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is closely spaced from the second Position of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is transported from the large roller 23b of the first roller group 20 to a small roller 24e of the second roller group 21 again in the first transport direction 64.
- the matrix or grid-like construction material 18 is deflected over a small roller 24e and a large roller 23c, so that the matrix or grid-like construction material 18 in a fourth layer of the matrix or grid-like construction material 18 is closely spaced from the third layer of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is transported again in the second transport direction 65 from the large roller 23c of the second roller group 21 to a small roller 24f of the first roller group 20.
- the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is deflected over the small roller 24f, a large roller 23d and a small roller 24g in such a way that the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is in a fifth layer of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 closely spaced from the fourth layer of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 from the small roller 24g of the first roller group 20 to a large roller 23e of the second roller group 21 is transported again in the first transport direction 64.
- the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is deflected over the large roller 23e and a small roller 24h in such a way that the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 in a sixth layer of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is closely spaced from the fifth layer of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is transported again in the second transport direction 65 from the small roller 24h of the second roller group 21 to a small roller 24i of the first roller group 20. Subsequently, the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is transported directly or by means of further rollers, not shown, in the direction of a winding module 39, not shown, that the matrix or grid-shaped construction material onsmaterial 18 then takes up. In the example of FIG.
- the unwinding module 38 is arranged, for example, in such a way that the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is fed to the first small roll 24a directly or by means of further rolls, not shown.
- This process of deflecting the matrix or grid-like construction material 18 and transporting it between the first roller group 20 and the second roller group 21 or vice versa is carried out six times in FIG. 2, so that the matrix or grid-like construction material 18 is closely spaced - that is moved in six layers relative to one another through the free area 26 in a process chamber or a process area.
- a processing instrument 11 not shown in FIG. 2
- a process source 11 in the direction of the six-layer guidance of the matrix-shaped or lattice-shaped construction material 18
- an image results as it corresponds to the illustration in FIG. 5f.
- the process source “sees” the matrix or grid-like construction material 18 as shown in FIG.
- the winding device 1 does not necessarily have to be arranged horizontally, but it can also be arranged vertically or at an angle. If necessary, one should then no longer speak of layers of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 lying one above the other, but rather of layers lying next to one another.
- processing instruments 11 can be used in the free area 26 both on a first side of the closely spaced, preferably parallel and opposing, layers of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18, for example above, and on a second side, such as below, for example matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 are arranged.
- the number of processing instruments 11 to be arranged in the free area 26 can also vary.
- the winding system 1 is for surface processing processes, such as ion processing with energetic ions or for coating processes that cause an enveloping coating of the linear and node-shaped support elements of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18, as well as possibly with restrictions for coating processes that are used to fill the free spaces of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 are suitable.
- FIG. 3 a further exemplary “roll-to-roll” system 2 is shown schematically, which satisfies the inventive subject matter.
- This winding device 2 consists of three roller groups 20, 21 and 22.
- the winding system 2 includes two free areas in a process chamber, namely first free area 27 and second free area 28, through which the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is transported back and forth several times.
- the shielding plate 29, shown here by way of example only at one point, serves to prevent possible occurrences of an impact Effect of a flow F, which is shielded by the field or by the current that is generated in a machining instrument 11, in order to prevent rollers or rollers arranged behind the matrix or lattice-shaped construction material 18, which would be exposed to a direct effect, from this effect to protect.
- the matrix or grid-like construction material 18 is guided back and forth several times both in the free areas 26 of FIG. 2 and in the first free area 27 and in the second free area 28 of FIG. 3.
- the matrix-like or grid-like construction material 18 moves in opposite directions at a small distance 25 from one another, arranged one above the other.
- the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is thus guided in FIG. 3 through the first free area 27 in a first direction, such as a first transport direction 64 ', and in a second transport direction 65', which is opposite to the first transport direction 64 ' .
- first and third transport directions (64 ', 66) and the second and fourth transport directions (65', 67) which can be in a range between greater than 0 degrees and less than 180 degrees.
- the angle is in particular in a range between 30 degrees and 150 degrees. In the example of FIG. 3, an angle of approximately 60 degrees is selected.
- the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is first moved from the large roller 23a of the first roller group 20 through the first free area 27 to a large roller 23b of the third roller group 22 in a first transport direction 64 '.
- the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is then deflected over the large roller 23b and transported from the third roller group 22 a first time through the free area 28 to a further large roller 23c of the second roller group 21 in a third transport direction 66.
- the flexible matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is deflected over the large roller 23c and a small roller 24a and from the small roller 24a of the second roller group 21 a second time through the second free area 28 via the small roller 24b to a large roller 23d in the third roller group 22 transported in a fourth transport direction 67.
- the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is deflected over the large roller 23d and the small roller 24c and from the third roller group 22 to a small roller 24d in the first roller group 20 a second time through the free area 27 in one second transport direction 65 'trans ported.
- the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is then deflected over the small roller 24d, a large roller 23e and the small roller 24e and from the first roller group 20 to a small roller 24f in the third roller group 22 a third Once transported through the free area 27 again in the first transport direction 64 '.
- the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is subsequently deflected over the small roller 24f, a large roller 23f and another large roller 23g and a small roller 24g and from the third roller group 22 to a small roller 24h in the second Roller group 21 transported a third time through the free area 28 again in the third transport direction 66 benefits.
- the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is subsequently deflected over the small roller 24h, a large roller 23h and a small roller 24i and from the second roller group 21 to a small roller 24k in the third roller group 22 a fourth time the free area 28 is transported again in the fourth transport direction 67.
- the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is subsequently deflected over the small roller 24k, a large roller 23i and a large roller 23k and a small roller 24I and from the third roller group 22 to a small roller 24m in the first roller group 20 transported a fourth time through the free area 27 again in the second transport direction 65 '.
- the intended processing processes such as coating processes, for example, are completed and the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is transported to a winding module 39. In the example in FIG. 3, this transport takes place via the large rollers 23I, 23m, 23n and 23o.
- the unwinding module 38 is arranged, for example, in such a way that the matrix or grid-like construction material 18 is fed to the first large roll 23a directly or by means of further rolls not shown.
- the winding system 2 is also suitable for surface processing processes, such as ion processing with energetic ions, but especially for coating processes that serve to fill the free spaces of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18. If necessary, it can be used for coating processes to produce an enveloping coating of the linear and node-shaped carrier elements of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18.
- FIG. 4 two further winding systems, namely “roll-to-roll” system 3 in FIG. 4a and “roll-to-roll” system 4 in FIG. 4b, are shown schematically.
- Fig. 4a winding system 3 is shown, with which the flexible matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is moved in one layer through the roller system.
- rollers 23 are arranged in such a way that the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 8 is guided at an acute angle between three rollers in each case.
- the angle is ⁇
- a “roll-to-roll” system 4 which consists of two groups of rolls 20, 21, is shown schematically in FIG. 4b.
- the winding system 4 enables four free areas, twice each free area 27 and twice free area 28, through which the flexible substrate 18 or the matrix or grid-like construction material 18 is conveyed back and forth once.
- the matrix or grid-like construction material 18 thus moves in two layers in opposite directions through the free areas 27 and 28.
- the angle that is spanned between the layers of the matrix or grid-like construction material 18 is again extremely acute. In many applications this angle is ⁇ 10 °.
- the winding systems 3 and 4 in FIGS. 4a and 4b are suitable for surface processing processes, such as ion processing with energetic ions, but especially for coating processes that cover the free spaces of the matrix or grid-like construction material18.
- the extremely acute angle which is spanned between three rollers 23 in FIG. 4a or between the layers in FIG. 4b, causes a relatively thin layer to form on sections, for example on an edge, of the linear and knot-shaped sections during a coating process
- Carrier elements of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 builds up when the primary direction 16 of the particles of the coating material emitted by a machining instrument 11 represents one leg of the acute angle and the moving matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 represents the other leg.
- FIG. 5 the increase in the proportion of solids due to the covering of the individual layers of the matrix-like or lattice-like construction material 18 is shown schematically.
- Fig. 5a the detail of a layer of a fabric, which in the figure illustrates a large-meshed plain weave and corresponds to the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18, is shown schematically.
- 5b illustrates the snapshot when two such layers, FIG. 5c when three layers, FIG. 5d when four layers, FIG. 5e when five layers and FIG. 5f when six layers are arranged one above the other. It can be clearly seen that the more layers are on top of each other, the more the field of vision is filled with solid surface fractions of the carrier elements when viewing the top or bottom of the matrix or grid-like construction material.
- the surface treatment processes carried out on the solid components of the winding material can, because of the layering of the matrix or grid structure material 18 in the spatial domain of the unfolded by the machining tool 11 useable flow Usable b ar in which can achieve the desired effect, there is significantly more solid material than when a single layer of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is transported through this area.
- Fig. 6 is by means of the arrangement 5, the core of which is the winding system 1 from FIG. 2, the influencing of a matrix or grid-shaped construction material as 18, which moves through the winding system 1, shown schematically and generalized nert.
- the triggers for influencing the matrix or lattice-shaped construction material 18 are two processing instruments 11 in FIG. 6, which serve as a source for the expansion of the flow 30 into an open area 26 which is located between the roller system 20 and 21.
- One of the two processing instruments 11 is above the top layer of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 in the free area 26 and the second is below half of the lowermost layer of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is arranged.
- the expansion of the flow 30 runs from the flow exit surface 12 of the machining instrument 11 in the direction of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18.
- the forbidden zone 14 and the area of the usable flow 13 are penetrated by the flow 30. Since the extent of the area traversed by the flow 30 is characterized by its primary direction 16 (see FIG. 1), the effect on those solid components of the layers of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 that can be freely hit by the flow occurs. Furthermore, there is a high probability that the effect will be angularly distributed in the
- two processing instruments 11, which are shown schematically and abstractly in the representation in FIG. 1, is intended to reflect the technically and practically real possibility, that is, the real possibility that the influencing of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is, for example, in the form of processing can be realized from two principally qualitatively different directions, namely both above and below the layered conveyed matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18.
- top and bottom it is meant that in principle there are two opposite sides in which the matrix-like or grid-like construction material 18 expands flat.
- the processing instruments 11, which are used as the source of the flow producing an effect can be used. be arranged.
- the design form of the processing instruments 11 used, from which primary direction 16 and at what angle the processing instruments 11 their fields or Sending streams and how large their number is depends on quite a few different conditions and parameters. These include, among other things, structural conditions, requirements of the specially feeding machining process, the machining intensity, the prevention of mutual influencing of neighboring machining media and a few other conditions and parameters.
- the arrangement 5, which is shown in Fig. 6, can be used for surface treatment processes, such as cleaning, etching, chemical reaction processes, for example oxidation, nitriding or polymerization, of the matrix or lattice-shaped construction material 18, which represents the winding material.
- surface treatment processes such as cleaning, etching, chemical reaction processes, for example oxidation, nitriding or polymerization, of the matrix or lattice-shaped construction material 18, which represents the winding material.
- Such processing media 11 or processing instruments 11 are devices for cathode sputtering, such as planar magnetrons, tubular magnetrons or sputter ion sources, or thermal evaporation units, such as resistance evaporators, electron beam evaporators, arc evaporators or an arc evaporation device, laser evaporator and a few more.
- thermal evaporation units such as resistance evaporators, electron beam evaporators, arc evaporators or an arc evaporation device, laser evaporator and a few more.
- an appropriate working pressure must be selected, which is generally in the range between 1 ⁇ 10 3 mbar and 5 ⁇ 10 2 mbar.
- processing instruments 11 which can only transmit their field or their current from below to above. Others, in turn, offer the technical possibility of being able to send the field in all spatial directions. These device-specific conditions must be taken into account when arranging the units.
- the core element of the arrangement 6, which is shown in FIG. 7, is again the winding device 1 from FIG. 2. With the aid of FIG. te the influencing of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 are pointed out.
- the influencing of the matrix-shaped or lattice-shaped construction material 18 can be carried out at very special, fixed angles 31, for example the angle a.
- the angle a i.e. the angle 31 that is formed between the preferred direction 16 of the flow, i.e. the primary direction 16, and the amount of the movement direction 32 of the stack of layers of the matrix or lattice-shaped construction material 18, it is essential to ensure that the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 moves within the range of the usable flow 13. Care must therefore be taken very conscientiously that the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 does not come into contact with the area of the forbidden zone 14.
- the effect, the causal source of which is the processing instrument 11 is influenced by a second effect, which is therefore to be referred to as a secondary effect can be and is to be understood as an influencing effect.
- a second processing instrument 33 which is to be referred to as an effect influencing instrument 33, is used as the causal source for the secondary effect.
- This source emits a second field or a second current, the flow 34 of which, that is to say a second flow 34, also produces an effect.
- this second flow 34 also emerges from a flow exit area of the effect influencing instrument 33.
- This emitted special flow 34 is that it interacts with the flow 13, the causal source of which is the processing instrument 11 and is emitted through its flow exit surface 12, on the surface or in the near-surface area of the solid components of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18, however, neither brings about the effect nor the reaction that is to be achieved as an influence, i.e. as a processing. That is, the secondary effect does not make any direct or direct contribution to influencing the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18.
- the secondary effect calls on the basis of the interaction with the flow, which the machining instrument 11 emits, only influences this effect, the effect of the effect on the surface or in the near-surface area of the solid components of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18.
- the interaction can lead to the intensity of the effect increasing, remaining the same or decreasing. It is dependent on the parameters of the effect influencing instrument 33 and the associated flow 34. However, the interaction between the two flows 13 and 34 always leads to the surface or the near-surface area of the solid components of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 influencing effect experiences a further additional orientation. In general, a new angular distribution arises from the preferred direction 16 with its angular distribution 17 as a function of the second flow 34 with its angular distribution 36.
- the secondary direction 35 can dominate or even completely cover the primary direction 16 in the new angular distribution.
- the effect can be brought into the interior of the stack of layers, so to speak, into the free areas of the layers of the matrix or lattice-shaped construction material 18 moving in a meandering manner against one another, and the solid components in the layers can be influenced, whereby a correspondingly effective Processing of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is achieved.
- the flow is a particle flow and the effect is a layer structure
- the coating components ie the particles that are to be deposited, even if they can penetrate into the free spaces of the meandering layers of the wound material, can only be deposited at the points where this is also possible.
- the deposition or binding of the separated particles can only take place on solid components.
- these are the line-shaped or node-shaped carrier elements of the matrix-shaped or grid-shaped construction material 18, which can also already be coated in an enveloping manner. This means that only this proportion of the particles produced for the coating contributes to the coating effect. All other particles are virtually lost.
- the processing instruments 11 are arranged above the meandering ge against each other moving layers of the matrix or grid-shaped Konstrukomsma material 18. However, they could just as well be arranged below.
- the linear carrier elements with or without an enveloping coating, but also the remaining carrier elements with or without an enveloping coating are to be coated with one or more materials, namely in such a way that the free space areas of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 are covered, without having to strive for a volume-covering filling with the substances used for coating, then arrangements 7, as shown in Fig. 8, namely in Fig. 8a arrangements 7a and in Fig. 8b arrangements 7b schematically and abstractly, can be used .
- these figures are illustrations, that is, they are simply used to illustrate the coating principle. Which and how many coating units, how and in which arrangement are deployed and used, ultimately depends on the respective conditions. Such conditions are, for example, the size of the space available for the installation of the units, the prevention of mutual interference, the material properties of the matrix or grid-like construction material 18 to be coated and others.
- the carrier elements or the enveloping coated carrier elements are coated with the principles sketched in FIG. 8. If the coating process is carried out sufficiently intensively, a thin layer is formed, which extends to the next Support element can range, wherein a contact or connection with the support element does not necessarily have to develop. However, this expansion of the layer produces a surface-covering effect, that is, the free spaces that span between the carrier elements or enveloping coated carrier elements are covered by this layer without creating a volume-filling situation. However, a covering veil is formed. In this case, the constellation can certainly arise that several covering layers are formed which in their entirety cover the free space and thus cause the free space area to be completely covered.
- Such a method is always used when a layer structure is to take place above and / or below the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18. This can then be realized afterwards using a conventional coating process.
- FIG. 9 an arrangement 8 is shown schematically and abstractly, which reflects the method of the layer structure of a matrix or grid-shaped construction material as 18 in the form of an illustration.
- the arrangement 8 is divided into two parts.
- the first sub-assembly 37a is used, as the assembly 7a in Fig. 8 demonstrates, the closure of the free spaces of the matrix or lattice-shaped construction material 18, which is used as a flexible substrate 18, with the material to be coated in the form of a coating.
- the second sub-arrangement 37b corresponds to a conventional coating structure with processing instruments 11 in order to be able to coat the upper and / or lower side with one or more substances in a vacuum on the basis of the technology of conventional film processing.
- the vacuum processing system 9 has a modular structure and consists of an unwinding module 38, a processing module 40 and a winding module 39.
- Each module has a pump nozzle 41, which enables pumping via a respective pumping system 42, which can consist of various combinations of the components valves, high vacuum and backing pumps , which enables individual chambers or modules.
- the neighboring modules are each connected via a common opening, which must be sealed to the outside, i.e. to the atmospheric pressure range. As a result, there are no locks integrated between the individual modules, so that the chamber system can also be evacuated with the aid of just one pump system, consisting of a vacuum pump pipe feed, valve, backing pump and high vacuum pump.
- FIG. 10a four machining instruments 11 are built into the machining module 40 of the vacuum machining system 9 by way of example.
- these aggregates are ion sources 11 which emit linearly accelerated energetic ions for processing the surfaces of the solid components of the meandering matrix or grid-like construction material 18.
- FIGS. 10b and 10c two processing instruments 11 are used in the processing modules 40 of the vacuum processing system 9 by way of example.
- these aggregates are cathode sputtering devices 11, that is, in Fig. 10b each is a planar magnetron 11 and in Fig. 10c each is a tubular magnetron 11, with the aid of which above and below the meandering matrix or lattice-shaped construction material 18 a coating process is carried out.
- This arrangement is used to achieve an enveloping coating of the linear and node-shaped carrier elements of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18. Further necessary conditions for this process which effects an enveloping coating, such as the parameters of the working pressure, must be set and adapted to the process requirements.
- FIG. 10 is intended to reflect the variability of the processing options which are possible with the aid of the winding devices according to the invention, here as a representative the arrangement 1 from FIG. 2, for matrix or grid-shaped construction materials 18.
- FIG. 11 various system configurations 10a, 10b and 10c, which without exception represent “roll-to-roll” vacuum processing systems, are presented, in which the principle of effective processing of matrix or grid-shaped construction materials 18 is presented. All systems have an unwinding module 38 and a winding module 39. All modules can be evacuated separately, since each module has a pump nozzle 41 to which a pumping system 42 adapted to the specific function is connected.
- FIG. 11a a “roll-to-roll” vacuum processing system 10a for the internal filling of the free spaces of a matrix or grid-like construction material 18 with a coating material is shown schematically and in abstract form.
- the first processing step takes place in module 43 stat.
- This step embodies ion processing.
- ion sources 11 By using ion sources 11, the surface of the solid components of the matrix or grid-like construction material 18 is processed with energetic ions. An activation process can take place at the same time.
- a working pressure in the range between 1 ⁇ 10 04 mbar and 8 ⁇ 10 04 mbar must be able to be set in this module.
- only one pressure value is required in the unwinding module 38 which is in the range of 10 01 mbar or even higher, ie the pressure difference between the unwinding module 38 and module 43 is extremely large.
- the lock chamber 51 contains roller locks and produces an extremely high level of tightness. As a result, even with large pressure differences, it is possible to largely prevent a disruptive gas exchange from developing from the unwinding module 38 to the module 43.
- the winding device for the transport of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 in the module 43 corresponds to the winding device 1, which is shown cally in FIG.
- the construction material 18 in the form of a matrix or lattice can be moved in a meandering manner past the four ion sources 11 used by way of example, that is, two above and two below the stack of layers.
- a lock chamber 52 In order to avoid gas exchange between module 44 and module 43 as far as possible, a lock chamber 52, this time, for example, a slit lock, has again been installed between these two chambers.
- the difference in the working pressure ranges between the two modules is less than that between module 43 and unwind module 38.
- the use of a ner gap lock 52, as shown in Fig. 11a between the modules 43 and 44 is Darge, sufficient for many applications.
- a winding device 1 which is shown schematically in FIG. 2, is also installed in module 44.
- Vacuum arc spray devices 11 are installed in module 45 as processing instruments 11. With the help of these units, the free spaces that are spanned by the line and node-shaped support elements of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 that have been coated in the module 44 to be enveloping, are filled with a material.
- the matrix or grid-like construction material 18 is trans ported over the winding device 2 from FIG.
- this winding device 2 which consists of three groups of rollers 20, 21 and 22, two layer packages are formed, in which the matrix or grid-like construction material 18 moves in a meandering manner on the processing media.
- a vacuum arc spray device 11 is arranged on each side of the layer, with the aid of which the coating process for filling the free spaces is to take place.
- a further preferred direction for a portion of the generated particle flow is generated, which is referred to as the secondary direction .
- the secondary direction Due to further interaction processes occurring in the vicinity of the surface of the matrix or lattice-shaped construction material 18, the generated particles also experience angular distributions. On the basis of these interaction processes occurring during the coating process, the free spaces are filled with the coating material which is sprayed by the vacuum arc spraying devices 11.
- the working pressure for vacuum arc spraying is between 10 +02 mbar and 10 +03 mbar, i.e.
- a “roll-to-roll” vacuum processing system 10 for coating the top and bottom of a matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is shown schematically in FIG. 11b.
- module 46 with the aid of the winding device 7a, as shown schematically in FIG Covering the free space areas of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is achieved without having to achieve a volume-covering filling with the substances used for coating. If the coating process is carried out sufficiently intensively, a layer is formed, the extent of which can extend to the next carrier element. This expansion of the layer represents a surface-covering object. This means that the free spaces that span between the carrier elements or the enveloping coated carrier elements are covered by this building-up layer. Since this coating process often requires a large amount of coating material, it makes sense to carry out this process to arrange several modules of the module 46 type one behind the other before, for example, module 47 is integrated.
- tubular magnetrons 11 used which the material to be deposited in each case at the acute angle that of the moving matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 through three pulleys, for example by the left upper pulley 53, the lower left pulley 54 and the upper right adjacent pulley 55 is strained, deposited into it or released or sputtered off.
- Fig. 11b five tubular magnetrons are shown schematically by way of example. The magnetrons are arranged in such a way that the movement of the particles of the material to be sputtered is preferably almost in the plane that is spanned by the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18.
- the linear support elements are coated, namely in the form that a layer extends in the direction from which the particles come from the machining instrument 11, i.e. from the Tubular magnetron, impinge, builds on the solid elements.
- this correspondingly thinly grown layer the possible thickness of which is, as it were, predetermined by the width of the carrier elements, can also have a relatively strongly pronounced porous structure. If the coating process is carried out sufficiently intensively, the layer that forms gradually begins to close the free space that is spanned by the linear carrier elements.
- the working pressure in this module is, for example, in the range from 1 * 10 03 mbar to approximately 5 ⁇ 10 01 mbar.
- module 47 the free spaces that span between the carrier elements are coated with the same or with a further material.
- This material is evaporated with the aid of an electron beam evaporation device 11, as a result of which the evaporation particles of the material that are produced penetrate into the matrix or grid-like construction material 18 coated with a thin layer or even coat it to a small extent.
- the probability that the steam flow 59 can completely penetrate the meandering moving matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is extremely low, not to say it is close to zero.
- the winding device 1 from FIG. 2 is again used as the transport system for the winding material, which executes a meandering movement of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 in opposite directions, so that it is possible with the electron beam evaporation device 11 to clear the free spaces of the matrix or To fill lattice-shaped construction material 18.
- the electron beam evaporation device 11 is arranged only below the stack of layers because the electron beam is shot into a crucible in which the coating material is located and the coating material is evaporated out of the crucible.
- the crucible thus represents the actual source. All additional units, for example hollow cathodes, with whose plasma the vaporization cloud is activated, are not shown.
- the working pressure range in which the electron beam evaporation device 11 operates is between 10 05 mbar and 10 01 mbar.
- a lock chamber 51 as shown schematically in FIG. 10b, or other connecting devices, such as roller locks or slit locks.
- a coating process is carried out in module 48 which is equivalent to conventional film coating.
- Each side of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is coated on a large coating roller 56.
- the material to be deposited is evaporated with electron beam evaporation devices 11, as a result of which a layer consisting of the evaporated material is built up on both sides of the matrix or lattice-shaped construction material 18.
- the working pressure range in module 48 is again between 10 05 mbar and 10 01 mbar, but generally corresponds to that which prevails in module 47 when the same material is evaporated. For this reason, it is not necessary to install a connecting device that performs a lock function between module 47 and module 48. At best, a slit sluice could possibly be necessary.
- the pressure value in the winding module 39 has a high value compared to module 48, it is advisable, as shown in FIG. 10b, to install a lock chamber 51 in order to obtain a clean separation between module 48 and winding module 39. If the pressure value in the winding module 39 corresponds approximately to that of the module 48, then other connecting devices, such as, for example, gap locks, are sufficient.
- the “roll-to-roll” vacuum processing system 10 which is shown schematically in FIG. 11c, can be used.
- Arc thermal spray technology enables deposition rates that meet this requirement.
- the layer that is created by this coating process is rather roughly structured compared to other vacuum coating processes, whereby the dimensions of the structural elements that are formed during the coating process can be up to 10 ⁇ m.
- the advantage of this coating technology is that the free spaces can be closed comparatively quickly.
- the matrix or grid-like construction material 18 is guided in module 49 over a winding device 4, as it is used in FIG. 4b.
- the working pressure for the vacuum-arc spraying is between 10 +02 mbar and 10 +03 mbar and is thus compared with other vacuum deposition process, a very high range. Since the working pressure mbar and in the module 50 is generally in the range between 10 05 10 01 mbar, for this reason it is advisable to install a lock chamber 52 as a roller lock between module 49 and module 50, which can be pumped out separately. If a correspondingly large gas throughput becomes necessary in both chambers, it nevertheless proves to be necessary in most applications to install a lock chamber as a slit lock, as shown in FIG. 11c.
- module 50 When installing a roller lock as a lock chamber 52, various coating methods can then be used in module 50, which are also used for film coating.
- FIG. 11 c both sides of the matrix or grid-like construction material 18 are coated with the aid of tubular magnetrons 11.
- FIG. 12 a basic illustration of a layer structure on the linear support elements of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 is shown in two variants.
- the matrix or lattice-shaped construction material 18 is shown alone, which in the example consists of so-called weft threads 60 and warp threads 61, from which a fabric, which represents a form of the construction material, is made up.
- the middle part of FIG. 12 shows an action taking place from one side of the matrix or lattice-shaped construction material 18 by a machining instrument 11 (not shown).
- the primary direction 16 of the machining instrument 11 is shown.
- the middle part of FIG a growing out of the layers in a sequence from top to bottom.
- the material to be coated begins to build up or attach to the linear carrier elements, which here correspond to a weft thread 60, of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18. If the coating time is sufficiently long, the entire three-dimensional free space that is spanned by the linear and node-shaped carrier elements is covered or covered over, but the free volumes are not filled.
- the layer 62 begins to grow initially on a linear carrier element. This growth of the layer 62 is continued, for example, until the three-dimensional free spaces (for example meshes in the case of woven fabrics) are increasingly covered. In the lower part of the middle illustration, the growth has progressed in such a way that the layer 62 extends over the next linear carrier element of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 without having to have contact with this further carrier element. In the meantime, a separate layer 62 has formed on this further carrier element. As can be seen in the lower part of the central illustration in FIG. there is an overlap 63 of the layers 62 and thus an overlap of the free spaces of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18. In the right part of FIG - working instruments 11 shown.
- a preferred direction 16 of the two processing instruments 11 is shown, for example from above and from below the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18.
- the structure of the layer 62 forming on the linear support elements is again shown in its course from top to bottom.
- two layers 62 are formed on each linear carrier element, which here in turn corresponds to a weft thread 60. After the growth of the layers 62 has progressed accordingly, an overlap 63 also occurs in this second variant.
- Such a layer structure with a cover 63 can be achieved, for example, with the arrangements according to FIGS. 2, 3 and 8.
- a matrix-like or lattice-like construction material 18 covered in this way can subsequently be further processed or coated in a manner comparable to a film by means of methods known from the prior art.
- FIG. 13 shows a basic illustration of the filling of the free spaces of the matrix or lattice-shaped construction material 18, which in the example consists of so-called weft threads 60 and warp threads 61.
- the free spaces are thus the areas between the weft threads 60 and the warp threads 61.
- Such a filling of free spaces of the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18 can be achieved, for example, with the arrangements according to FIG.
- a first processing instrument 11 is responsible for the actual effect, that is to say the material deposition.
- the second processing instrument 11, which bears the reference number 33 in FIG. 7, is intended to produce a second effect or a secondary effect through its secondary flow 34 oriented in a secondary direction 35, which increases the usable flow 13, i.e. the Particles emitted by the processing instrument 11 influence their deposition on the matrix or grid-shaped construction material 18.
- This influencing has the effect that the emitted particles of the machining instrument 11 can successively fill the free space that the line-shaped and node-shaped carrier elements of the matrix or lattice-shaped construction material 18 used as an example in FIG.
- Impact influencing instrument impact influencing instrument; second processing instrument; Gas nozzle Secondary flow; second river; flow
- Variant coating module using vacuum arc spraying devices
- roller lock Sluice chamber roller lock Sluice chamber, slit sluice upper left deflecting roller lower left deflecting roller upper right next to it deflecting roller large coating drum roller sluice gap sluice steam flow weft threads warp threads layer overlap, 64 'first transport direction, 65' second transport direction third transport direction fourth transport direction
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA3164689A CA3164689A1 (en) | 2019-11-14 | 2020-11-07 | Method for processing flexible substrates and vacuum processing system for implementing the method |
US17/755,925 US20220380890A1 (en) | 2019-11-14 | 2020-11-07 | Method for Processing Flexible Substrates and Vacuum Processing System for Implementing the Method |
JP2022528034A JP2023502058A (ja) | 2019-11-14 | 2020-11-07 | フレキシブル基板の処理方法およびその方法を実施するための真空処理装置 |
CN202080079254.0A CN114729444B (zh) | 2019-11-14 | 2020-11-07 | 用于处理柔性衬底的方法和用于实施方法的真空处理系统 |
EP20820776.1A EP4058616A1 (de) | 2019-11-14 | 2020-11-07 | Verfahren zum bearbeiten flexibler substrate und vakuumbearbeitungsanlage zur umsetzung des verfahrens |
KR1020227018538A KR20220100898A (ko) | 2019-11-14 | 2020-11-07 | 가요성 기판 프로세싱 방법 및 그 방법을 실시하기 위한 진공 프로세싱 시스템 |
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DE102019007935.3 | 2019-11-14 | ||
DE102019007935.3A DE102019007935B4 (de) | 2019-11-14 | 2019-11-14 | Verfahren zum Bearbeiten flexibler Substrate und Vakuumbearbeitungsanlage zur Umsetzung des Verfahrens |
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WO2021093909A1 true WO2021093909A1 (de) | 2021-05-20 |
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PCT/DE2020/000274 WO2021093909A1 (de) | 2019-11-14 | 2020-11-07 | Verfahren zum bearbeiten flexibler substrate und vakuumbearbeitungsanlage zur umsetzung des verfahrens |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20220380890A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP4058616A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2023502058A (de) |
KR (1) | KR20220100898A (de) |
CN (1) | CN114729444B (de) |
CA (1) | CA3164689A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102019007935B4 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2021093909A1 (de) |
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SE2330071A1 (en) * | 2023-02-09 | 2024-08-10 | Stora Enso Oyj | In-line web material processing machine and method for producing a coated material |
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2019
- 2019-11-14 DE DE102019007935.3A patent/DE102019007935B4/de active Active
-
2020
- 2020-11-07 KR KR1020227018538A patent/KR20220100898A/ko unknown
- 2020-11-07 WO PCT/DE2020/000274 patent/WO2021093909A1/de unknown
- 2020-11-07 EP EP20820776.1A patent/EP4058616A1/de active Pending
- 2020-11-07 JP JP2022528034A patent/JP2023502058A/ja active Pending
- 2020-11-07 US US17/755,925 patent/US20220380890A1/en active Pending
- 2020-11-07 CN CN202080079254.0A patent/CN114729444B/zh active Active
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EP2113585A1 (de) * | 2008-04-29 | 2009-11-04 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Vakuumbeschichten eines Bandes durch Verdrehen und mehrmaliges Führen des Bandes entlang einer Walze vorbei an einer Behandlungszone |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20220380890A1 (en) | 2022-12-01 |
CN114729444B (zh) | 2024-04-23 |
EP4058616A1 (de) | 2022-09-21 |
CN114729444A (zh) | 2022-07-08 |
JP2023502058A (ja) | 2023-01-20 |
DE102019007935A1 (de) | 2021-05-20 |
DE102019007935B4 (de) | 2023-06-29 |
CA3164689A1 (en) | 2021-05-20 |
KR20220100898A (ko) | 2022-07-18 |
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