WO2021090746A1 - 電気化学的酸素還元用触媒 - Google Patents
電気化学的酸素還元用触媒 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrochemical oxygen reduction catalyst.
- the polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) is small and efficient, and is expected to spread early from the viewpoint of global environmental problems.
- the polymer electrolyte used in PEFC is a strongly acidic cation exchange membrane, so the electrode catalyst needs to act stably under strongly acidic conditions.
- the only electrode catalyst that can withstand practical use is platinum or an alloy containing platinum.
- the price and rarity of platinum are one of the major factors that raise the cost of the entire system.
- the oxygen reduction reaction of the air electrode is slow, the overvoltage is large, and a large amount of platinum is used to obtain a sufficient reaction rate, which is a factor that raises the cost of the entire system.
- the low durability of the platinum catalyst in the air electrode is also a cause of not reducing the amount of platinum used. There is a strong need to reduce the amount of precious metals used in the air electrode in order to reduce the cost of the entire system.
- a method of alloying platinum and a method of using core-shell nanoparticles containing platinum are also known (see, for example, Patent Document 1). Further, a method of reducing overvoltage by modifying a platinum surface with a tetraazaporphyrin compound is also known (see, for example, Patent Document 2). Further, a method of reducing the overvoltage by modifying the surface of platinum with a melamine compound or the like is also known (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 1).
- a metal-air battery is a battery in which a metal such as zinc, iron, aluminum, etc. is used for the negative electrode and an air electrode is used for the positive electrode. Since these batteries can utilize oxygen in the air as the positive electrode side active material and the electric capacity is determined only by the negative electrode capacity, a high energy density can be realized. Also in this metal-air battery, it is known that the reaction on the air electrode (cathode electrode) side is an oxygen reduction reaction at the time of discharge and an oxygen evolution reaction at the time of charging. Therefore, in metal-air batteries as well, as in PEFC and the like, an air electrode using oxygen as an active material is used, and therefore, development of a catalyst having high activity against an oxygen reduction reaction is required.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 and Non-Patent Document 1 show durability at room temperature, the durability at 70 to 85 ° C., which is a practical temperature condition, is still sufficient. However, there is room for improvement in durability at 70 to 85 ° C., which is a practical temperature condition.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and is not only highly oxygen-reducing activity (small overvoltage), but also electrochemically highly durable at 70 to 85 ° C. as a practical temperature condition.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a catalyst for oxygen reduction.
- the present inventors have conducted extensive research in view of the above problems. As a result, the above-mentioned problems can be solved by containing nanoparticles containing platinum and at least one selected from the group consisting of a polymer having a specific melamine compound as a monomer and a specific thiolamine compound. I found out what I could do.
- the present invention has been further studied and completed based on such findings. That is, the present invention includes the following configurations.
- Item 1 Platinum-containing nanoparticles and An electrochemical oxygen reduction catalyst containing at least one selected from the group consisting of a polymer having a melamine compound as a monomer and a thiol melamine compound.
- the polymer using the melamine compound as a monomer has a general formula (1):
- R 8 , R 9 , R 10 and R 11 are the same or different, hydrogen atom, hydroxy group, halogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl. Indicates a group.
- R 12 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkaneylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group.
- R 8 , R 9 , R 10 and R 11 are substituted with a sulfonic acid or a derivative group thereof (-SO 3 M; M indicates a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal atom or NH 4).
- R 12 represent a substituted or unsubstituted allylene group.
- It is a polymer having a repeating unit represented by The thiol melamine compound has a general formula (2):
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are the same or different, hydrogen atom, hydroxy group, halogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, Alternatively, it indicates a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group.
- R 7 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group.
- a catalyst for electrochemical oxygen reduction which is a thiol melamine compound represented by.
- Item 2 The electrochemical oxygen reduction according to Item 1, wherein at least one selected from the group consisting of the polymer having the melamine compound as a monomer and the thiol melamine compound is supported on the nanoparticles containing the platinum. For catalyst.
- Item 3 10-80% of the electrochemical effective surface area (ECSA) of platinum-containing nanoparticles, which is evaluated from the amount of electricity caused by hydrogen desorption from the platinum surface, is a polymer having a melamine compound as a monomer and a thiol melamine compound.
- Item 2. The electrochemical oxygen reduction catalyst according to Item 2, which is covered with at least one selected from the group consisting of.
- the polymer using the melamine compound as a monomer has a general formula (1A):
- R 8 , R 9 , R 10 and R 11 are the same or different, hydrogen atom, hydroxy group, halogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl. Indicates a group.
- R 12a represents a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group.
- R 8a , R 9a , R 10a and R 11a are the same or different, hydrogen atom, hydroxy group, halogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl. Indicates a group. However, at least one of R 8a , R 9a , R 10a and R 11a is replaced with a sulfonic acid or a derivative group thereof (-SO 3 M; M indicates a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal atom or NH 4 ). ..
- R 12 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkaneylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group.
- Item 2 The catalyst for electrochemical oxygen reduction according to any one of Items 1 to 3, which is a polymer having a repeating unit represented by.
- Item 5 The electrochemical oxygen reduction catalyst according to Item 4, wherein in the general formula (1A), R 8 , R 9 , R 10 and R 11 are all hydrogen atoms.
- R 8a , R 9a , R 10a and R 11a is a sulfonic acid or a derivative group thereof (-SO 3 M; M represents a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal atom or NH 4 ).
- Item 4 The electrochemical oxygen reduction catalyst according to Item 4 or 5, wherein the alkyl group is substituted with (1) and the other is a hydrogen atom.
- Item 7. The catalyst for electrochemical oxygen reduction according to any one of Items 4 to 6, wherein in the general formula (1B), R 12 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group.
- Item 8. The electrochemical oxygen reduction according to any one of Items 1 to 7, wherein in the general formula (2), R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are all hydrogen atoms. For catalyst.
- Item 9 The catalyst for electrochemical oxygen reduction according to any one of Items 1 to 8, wherein in the general formula (2), R 7 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group.
- Item 10 The electrochemical oxygen reduction catalyst according to any one of Items 1 to 9, which is supported on a conductive carrier.
- Item 11 The electrochemical oxygen reduction catalyst according to Item 10, wherein the conductive carrier is a carbonaceous material.
- Item 12. The electrochemical oxygen reduction catalyst according to any one of Items 1 to 11, which is a cathode catalyst for a fuel cell.
- Item 13 An air electrode for a fuel cell or a metal-air battery using the electrochemical oxygen reduction catalyst according to any one of Items 1 to 12.
- Item 14 A fuel cell using the air electrode according to Item 13 as a positive electrode.
- Item 15 A metal-air battery using the air electrode according to Item 13 as a positive electrode.
- a catalyst for electrochemical oxygen reduction that not only has high oxygen reduction activity (small overvoltage) but also has high durability at 70 to 85 ° C. as a practical temperature condition.
- 6 is a linear sweep voltammogram showing the results of Example 1 (durability test with melamine resin (1)). 6 is a linear sweep voltammogram showing the results of Example 2 (durability test with melamine resin (2)). 6 is a linear sweep voltammogram showing the results of Example 3 (durability test with a thiolamine compound). 6 is a linear sweep voltammogram showing the results of Comparative Example 1 (durability test using a non-supported platinum catalyst). It is a linear sweep voltammogram showing the result of Comparative Example 2 (durability test with melamine resin (3)).
- the electrochemical oxygen reduction catalyst of the present invention is a catalyst used for electrochemically reducing oxygen, and is a polymer containing platinum-containing nanoparticles and a melamine compound as monomers. And at least one selected from the group consisting of thiol melamine compounds. More specifically, at least one selected from the group consisting of a polymer having a melamine compound as a monomer and a thiol melamine compound from the viewpoint of oxygen reduction activity, durability at 70 to 85 ° C., which is a practical temperature condition, and the like. However, it is preferable that the thiol is supported on the nanoparticles containing platinum.
- the electrochemical oxygen reduction catalyst of the present invention may contain a polymer having the melamine compound as a monomer and a thiol melamine compound alone, or may contain two or more of them.
- Platinum-containing nanoparticles As the platinum-containing nanoparticles, a catalyst conventionally used for an air electrode for a fuel cell can be used. For example, platinum nanoparticles, platinum alloy nanoparticles, core-shell nanoparticles containing platinum, and the like can be mentioned.
- platinum alloy nanoparticles for example, an alloy of at least one of iron, nickel, manganese, copper, cobalt, chromium, titanium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, iridium, gold and the like and platinum is preferable.
- the content of platinum in the platinum alloy is preferably 50 to 95% by mass from the viewpoint of further reducing the overvoltage.
- the core may be made of a metal or an alloy thereof, which is cheaper than platinum, and the shell may be made of platinum from the viewpoint of further reducing overvoltage and reducing the amount of platinum used. preferable.
- the platinum alloy of the core portion the above-mentioned platinum alloy can be adopted.
- the average particle size of the above platinum-containing nanoparticles is not particularly limited.
- the use of nanoparticles with a small average particle size increases the active surface area, but platinum particles that are too small cannot exist stably at the practical temperature conditions of 70 to 85 ° C.
- the average particle size of the platinum-containing nanoparticles is preferably 2 nm to 40 nm, more preferably 2.4 nm to 30 nm, and even more preferably 3 nm to 20 nm.
- the average thickness of the shell portion is preferably 1 to 3 atomic layers.
- R 8 , R 9 , R 10 and R 11 are the same or different, hydrogen atom, hydroxy group, halogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl. Indicates a group.
- R 12 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkaneylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group.
- R 8 , R 9 , R 10 and R 11 are substituted with a sulfonic acid or a derivative group thereof (-SO 3 M; M indicates a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal atom or NH 4).
- R 12 represent a substituted or unsubstituted allylene group.
- It is a polymer having a repeating unit represented by.
- Examples of the halogen atom represented by R 8 , R 9 , R 10 and R 11 in the general formula (1) include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom and an iodine atom.
- examples of the alkyl group represented by R 8 , R 9 , R 10 and R 11 include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group and an isobutyl group.
- examples thereof include lower alkyl groups such as sec-butyl group, tert-butyl group, n-pentyl group and n-hexyl group (particularly, linear or branched alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 to 6 carbon atoms).
- this alkyl group is, for example, a substituent such as a hydroxy group, the above halogen atom, an amino group, a sulfonic acid or a derivative group thereof (-SO 3 M; M indicates a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal atom or NH 4 ). It is also possible to have 1 to 6 (particularly 1 to 3). In particular, when it is substituted with a sulfonic acid or a derivative group thereof (-SO 3 M; M indicates a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal atom or NH 4 ), it is at a practical temperature condition of 70 to 85 ° C. Durability can be further improved, and oxygen reduction activity can be further improved (overvoltage can be further reduced).
- examples of the alkali metal atom represented by M include a lithium atom, a sodium atom, a potassium atom, a cesium atom and the like.
- examples of the alkenyl group represented by R 8 , R 9 , R 10 and R 11 include a vinyl group, an allyl group, a 2-butenyl group, a 3-butenyl group, a 1-methylallyl group, and 2 -Lower alkenyl groups such as a pentanyl group and a 2-hexenyl group (particularly, a linear or branched alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms and 2 to 6 carbon atoms) can be mentioned. Further, this alkenyl group can also have 1 to 6 (particularly 1 to 3) substituents such as a hydroxy group, the halogen atom, an amino group, a sulfonic acid or a derivative group thereof.
- the durability at 70 to 85 ° C. which is a practical temperature condition, is further improved, and the oxygen reduction activity is further improved (overvoltage is further increased). Can be made smaller).
- examples of the aryl group represented by R 8 , R 9 , R 10 and R 11 include an aryl group such as a phenyl group, a naphthyl group and an anthracenyl group (particularly 6 to 20 carbon atoms and further carbon).
- aryl group such as a phenyl group, a naphthyl group and an anthracenyl group (particularly 6 to 20 carbon atoms and further carbon).
- Aryl groups of numbers 6-18) can be mentioned.
- this aryl group contains 1 to 6 substituents (particularly 1 to 3) such as a hydroxy group, the halogen atom, the alkyl group, the alkenyl group, the amino group, the sulfonic acid or a derivative group thereof. You can also have.
- the durability at 70 to 85 ° C. which is a practical temperature condition, is further improved, and the oxygen reduction activity is further improved (overvoltage is further increased). Can be made smaller).
- R 8 , R 9 , R 10 and R 11 the durability at 70 to 85 ° C., which is a practical temperature condition, is further improved, and the oxygen reduction activity is further improved ( From the viewpoint of further reducing the amount of platinum used by further reducing the overvoltage), a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group is preferable, and a hydrogen atom, the above.
- An alkyl group substituted with a sulfonic acid or a derivative group thereof, an alkenyl group substituted with the sulfonic acid or a derivative group thereof, an aryl group substituted with the sulfonic acid or a derivative group thereof and the like are more preferable, and a hydrogen atom and the sulfone described above are used.
- An alkyl group substituted with an acid or a derivative group thereof and the like are more preferable. It is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of synthesis that all of R 8 , R 9 , R 10 and R 11 are hydrogen atoms.
- the alkylene group represented by R 12 for example, methylene group, ethylene group, ethylidene group, trimethylene group, propylene group, propane-2,2-diyl group, a tetramethylene group, methyltrimethylene
- examples thereof include lower alkylene groups such as groups, ethylethylene groups and dimethylethylene groups (particularly, linear or branched alkylene groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 to 6 carbon atoms).
- the alkylene group may also have 1 to 6 (particularly 1 to 3) substituents such as a hydroxy group, the halogen atom, the alkenyl group, the aryl group and the amino group.
- alkenylene group represented by R 12 for example, vinylene group, vinylidene group, 1-methylvinylene group, a propenylene group, butenylene group, 2-butenylene lower alkenylene group such as a group (especially A linear or branched alkenylene group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms and 2 to 6 carbon atoms) can be mentioned.
- the alkenylene group may also have 1 to 6 (particularly 1 to 3) substituents such as a hydroxy group, the halogen atom, the alkenyl group, the aryl group and the amino group.
- examples thereof include a cycloalkylene group such as a 1,2-diyl group (particularly, a cycloalkylene group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms and further having 6 to 18 carbon atoms).
- the cycloalkylene group may also have 1 to 6 (particularly 1 to 3) substituents such as a hydroxy group, the halogen atom, the alkyl group, the alkenyl group, the aryl group and the amino group.
- the arylene group represented by R 12 for example, a phenylene group, naphthylene group, anthracene Gilles group, phenanthrenediyl group, a biphenyl-diyl group, a fluorenediyl arylene group such as a group (especially 6 carbon atoms (20, and further, an arylene group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms).
- the arylene group can also have, for example, 1 to 6 substituents (particularly 1 to 3) such as a hydroxy group, the halogen atom, the alkyl group, the alkenyl group, the aryl group, and the amino group.
- R 12 is platinum by further improving the durability at 70 to 85 ° C., which is a practical temperature condition, and further improving the oxygen reduction activity (making the overvoltage smaller).
- Substituted or unsubstituted alkylene groups are preferable from the viewpoint of further reducing the amount of the alkylene group used.
- the above-mentioned sulfonic acid or a derivative group thereof is introduced into at least one of R 8 , R 9 , R 10 and R 11.
- R 12 As a group that is difficult to desorb, it is possible to improve the durability at 70 to 85 ° C., which is a practical temperature condition, and to improve the oxygen reduction activity (reduce the overvoltage). That is, in the general formula (1), when none of R 8 , R 9 , R 10 and R 11 is substituted with the above sulfonic acid or a derivative group thereof, R 12 is a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group.
- the polymer having the repeating unit represented by the general formula (1) as described above is, in other words, the general formula (1A) :.
- R 8 , R 9 , R 10 and R 11 are the same as described above.
- R 12a represents a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group.
- R 8a , R 9a , R 10a and R 11a are the same or different, hydrogen atom, hydroxy group, halogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl. Indicates a group. However, at least one of R 8a , R 9a , R 10a and R 11a is replaced with a sulfonic acid or a derivative group thereof (-SO 3 M; M indicates a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal atom or NH 4 ). .. R 12 is the same as described above.
- a polymer having a repeating unit represented by is preferable.
- the above-mentioned arylene group can be adopted as the arylene group represented by R 12a, and the type and number of substituents are also the same.
- the halogen atoms, alkyl groups, alkenyl groups and aryl groups represented by R 8a , R 9a , R 10a and R 11a can be adopted as described above, and the types and numbers of substituents are also the same. Is. However, in the general formula (1B) , at least one of R 8a , R 9a , R 10a and R 11a is substituted with the above-mentioned sulfonic acid or a derivative group thereof.
- the amount of platinum used can be further reduced. It is preferable that at least one of 8a , R 9a , R 10a and R 11a is an alkyl group substituted with the above sulfonic acid or a derivative group thereof, and the other is a hydrogen atom, and R 8a , R 9a , R 10a and R. It is more preferable that one of 11a is an alkyl group substituted with the above sulfonic acid or a derivative group thereof, and the other is a hydrogen atom.
- R 8a , R 9a , R 10a and R 11a are substituted with the sulfonic acid or its derivative group
- the number of the sulfonic acid or its derivative group is not particularly limited, and for example, 1 to 3 are used. Can be.
- Such a polymer using a melamine compound as a monomer is a polymer consisting of only repeating units represented by the general formula (1), and has a general formula (3):
- R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 and R 12 are the same as described above.
- n represents an integer from 2 to 1000.
- It can also be a melamine resin represented by.
- a typical example of such a polymer is a sulfonated melamine condensate (melamine sulfonic acid) represented by the following general formula (3A).
- the degree of polymerization of the polymer using the melamine compound as a monomer is not particularly limited, but is a practical temperature condition of 70 to 85 ° C.
- the average (typical) degree of polymerization is 2 to 1000 from the viewpoint of further improving the durability in the above and further improving the redox activity (further reducing the overvoltage) to further reduce the amount of platinum used. Is preferable, and 3 to 500 is more preferable.
- the terminal group of the polymer using the melamine compound as a monomer is not particularly limited. Usually, it can be a hydrogen atom, a hydroxy group, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, or the like.
- a polymer containing a melamine compound satisfying the above conditions as a monomer a known or commercially available product can be used.
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are the same or different, hydrogen atom, hydroxy group, halogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, Alternatively, it indicates a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group.
- R 7 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group.
- the R 1, R 2, R 3 , R 4, R 5 and R 6, further improve the durability in a practical temperature for example 70 ⁇ 85 ° C.
- Oxygen From the viewpoint of further reducing the amount of platinum used by further improving the reducing activity (further reducing the overvoltage), a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group.
- the hydrogen atom, the alkyl group substituted with the sulfonic acid or its derivative group, the alkenyl group substituted with the sulfonic acid or its derivative group, the aryl group substituted with the sulfonic acid or its derivative group, and the like are more preferable.
- a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group substituted with the above sulfonic acid or a derivative group thereof and the like are more preferable. It is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of synthesis that all of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are hydrogen atoms.
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 may be the same or different.
- an alkylene group an alkenylene group represented by R 7, a cycloalkylene group, an arylene group can be employed those mentioned above, it is the same kind and number of substituents.
- the R 7, further improves the durability before and after a practical temperature 70 ⁇ 85 ° C., also, by further improving the oxygen reduction activity (further reduced overvoltage)
- Substituted or unsubstituted alkylene groups are preferable from the viewpoint of further reducing the amount of platinum used.
- thiol melamine compound a known compound can be used, or it can be synthesized separately.
- the amounts of the polymer having the above-mentioned melamine compound as a monomer and the thiol melamine compound are not particularly limited.
- at least one selected from the group consisting of a polymer having a melamine compound as a monomer and a thiolamine compound is 0.1 to 1000 parts by mass, particularly 0.5 to 1000 parts by mass. It is preferably contained in an amount of 800 parts by mass (particularly supported).
- 10 to 80%, particularly 20 to 70% of the electrochemical effective surface area (ECSA) of the nanoparticles containing platinum which is evaluated from the amount of electricity caused by hydrogen desorption from the platinum surface, contains a melamine compound as a monomer. It is preferable that the compound is covered with at least one selected from the group consisting of the polymer and the thiolmelamine compound. That is, the coverage of the platinum-containing nanoparticles with these compounds is preferably 10 to 80%, particularly preferably 20 to 70%. When a plurality of the polymer having the melamine compound as a monomer and the thiol melamine compound are used, it is preferable to adjust the total amount so as to be within the above range.
- ECSA electrochemical effective surface area
- the conductive carrier is not particularly limited as long as it is conventionally used as a conductive carrier for a catalyst for electrochemically reducing oxygen.
- carbon black Ketjen black, furnace black, acetylene black
- carbonic materials such as activated carbon, graphite and glassy carbon
- conductive oxides such as tin and titanium.
- carbon black is preferable from the viewpoint of conductivity and surface area.
- the shape of the conductive carrier is not particularly limited, and it is preferable that the shape follows the shape of the air electrode.
- the shape of the electrochemical oxygen reduction catalyst of the present invention is not particularly limited, and it is preferable that the shape conforms to the shape of the air electrode.
- the electrochemical oxygen reduction catalyst of the present invention has an oxygen reduction activity of reducing oxygen to water, it can be suitably used as an electrode catalyst for a battery using oxygen as an active material. Specifically, it can be suitably used as an air electrode catalyst for a fuel cell (particularly a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, a phosphoric acid fuel cell, etc.) or a metal-air battery.
- the method for producing the electrochemical redox catalyst of the present invention is not particularly limited.
- at least one selected from the group consisting of the above-mentioned polymer having a melamine compound as a monomer and a thiol melamine compound is supported on nanoparticles containing platinum by a method such as a dissolution drying method, a coating method, or a vapor phase method. Can be made to.
- At least one selected from the group consisting of platinum-containing nanoparticles (particularly platinum catalyst), a polymer having a melamine compound as a monomer, and a thiol melamine compound is dissolved or dispersed (suspended) in a solvent in advance.
- a polymer having a melamine compound as a monomer and a thiol melamine compound was adsorbed on the platinum-containing nanoparticles (particularly the platinum catalyst). Then, if necessary, the obtained suspension is filtered to recover the powder, whereby the electrochemical oxygen reduction catalyst of the present invention can be obtained.
- At least one selected from the group consisting of a polymer containing a melamine compound as a monomer and a thiol melamine compound is molded on an electrode using platinum-containing nanoparticles (particularly a platinum catalyst).
- the containing solution can be applied.
- the nanoparticles containing platinum are supported on the conductive carrier, they can be supported by a conventional method.
- a polymer having a melamine compound as a monomer and a thiol melamine compound can also be supported on a catalyst in which platinum-containing nanoparticles are supported on a conductive carrier by the same method as described above.
- the above-mentioned solvent can be used without particular limitation as long as it can dissolve or disperse (suspend) nanoparticles containing platinum, a polymer having a melamine compound as a monomer, and a thiol melamine compound.
- organic solvents such as acetone, toluene, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile and dimethylformamide and water can be preferably used. These organic solvents and water can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the concentration of the platinum-containing nanoparticles (particularly the platinum catalyst) and at least one selected from the group consisting of the polymer containing the melamine compound as a monomer and the thiol melamine compound is not particularly limited, and the concentration is such that the above-mentioned amount is used. Can be adjusted.
- the concentration of the nanoparticles containing platinum (particularly the platinum catalyst) is preferably 0.1 to 10.0 g / L, more preferably 0.5 to 5.0 g / L.
- the concentration of the polymer containing the melamine compound as a monomer and the thiol melamine compound in the solvent is preferably 0.02 to 3.0 g / L, more preferably 0.05 to 1.5 g / L.
- Air electrode and battery The air electrode of the present invention is for a fuel cell using the above-mentioned electrochemical oxygen reduction catalyst of the present invention (particularly for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, a phosphoric acid fuel cell, etc.) or metal air.
- An air electrode for batteries is for a fuel cell using the above-mentioned electrochemical oxygen reduction catalyst of the present invention (particularly for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, a phosphoric acid fuel cell, etc.) or metal air.
- An air electrode for batteries is for a fuel cell using the above-mentioned electrochemical oxygen reduction catalyst of the present invention (particularly for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, a phosphoric acid fuel cell, etc.) or metal air.
- An air electrode for batteries is for a fuel cell using the above-mentioned electrochemical oxygen reduction catalyst of the present invention (particularly for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, a phosphoric acid fuel cell, etc.) or metal air.
- An air electrode for batteries is for
- Such an air electrode can be the same as a conventional air electrode except that the electrochemical oxygen reduction catalyst of the present invention is used as a catalyst.
- the air electrode of the present invention has an air electrode catalyst layer. Can have.
- the thickness of the air electrode catalyst layer is not particularly limited, and is usually about 0.1 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the amount of catalyst is also not particularly limited, and can be, for example, about 0.01 to 20 mg / cm 2.
- the method for forming such an air electrode catalyst layer is not particularly limited, and a catalyst ink produced by mixing the electrochemical oxygen reduction catalyst of the present invention and a resin solution in a gas diffusion layer, a current collector, or the like.
- the air electrode catalyst layer can be produced by a method of coating and drying.
- the configuration of other air poles can be the same as that of known air poles.
- a current collector such as carbon paper, carbon cloth, metal mesh, metal sintered body, foamed metal plate, metal porous body is arranged on the catalyst layer side of the air electrode, and a water repellent film, a diffusion film, an air distribution layer, etc. are formed. It can also be an arranged structure.
- the electrochemical oxygen reduction catalyst of the present invention and the polymer electrolyte membrane can be integrated and used by a known method.
- the electrochemical oxygen reduction catalyst of the present invention, an electrolyte material, a carbon material, or the like dispersed in water, a solvent, or the like is applied to an electrolyte membrane, or the catalyst layer applied to a base material is transferred to the electrolyte membrane. It is also possible to form a catalyst layer on the electrolyte membrane by the above.
- polymer electrolyte membrane examples include various ion exchange resin membranes such as perfluorocarbon type, styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer type, and polybenzimidazole type, inorganic polymer ion exchange membranes, and organic-inorganic composite polymer ion exchange membranes. Can be used.
- the structure of the fuel electrode is also not particularly limited, and can be the same as the structure of a known polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
- the catalyst for the fuel electrode various conventionally known metals, metal alloys, metal complexes and the like can be used. Metal types that can be used include precious metals such as platinum, palladium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, and gold used in conventional polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC), as well as nickel, silver, cobalt, iron, copper, and zinc. Such as base metals and the like can also be mentioned.
- a single metal catalyst or metal complex selected from these metals, an alloy or a composite of metal complexes consisting of any combination of two or more metals may be used. Further, it can also be used as a composite catalyst of a metal catalyst selected from the above and another metal oxide, or as a supported catalyst in which catalyst fine particles are dispersed on a carrier such as a carbonaceous material or a metal oxide.
- a metal such as zinc, aluminum, magnesium, or iron can be used as the metal negative electrode in the metal-air battery.
- the specific structure of the metal negative electrode can be the same as that of a known metal-air battery.
- Other members are the same as those of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
- oxygen or air can be supplied or naturally diffused to the air electrode side.
- a fuel cell (particularly a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, a phosphoric acid fuel cell, etc.) can be supplied with a substance as a fuel on the fuel electrode side.
- the fuel material in addition to hydrogen gas, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and ethylene glycol, and solutions of formic acid, boron hydride, hydrazine and sugar can be used.
- the operating temperature varies depending on the electrolyte used, but is usually about 0 to 250 ° C., which is preferable. Is about 10 to 80 ° C.
- the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to Examples and Comparative Examples.
- the present invention is not limited to the following examples.
- the polymer having the melamine compound as a monomer and the thiol melamine compound the following compounds were used.
- Melamine resin (2) Accelerate 100 (sulfonated melamine condensate) manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- Synthesis Example 1 Melamine resin (1)
- the melamine resin (1) was synthesized by the following method.
- the reaction solvent 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone was added to 1,3-phenylenediamine and dissolved by stirring while substituting with nitrogen, and then 2-amino-4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine was added. Then, potassium carbonate was added and the mixture was stirred and dispersed for 15 minutes. After stirring in an oil bath at 150 ° C. for 85 hours, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, added dropwise to purified water (3000 mL) containing ammonia water (28%, 30 mL), and stirred for 30 minutes.
- the precipitate was separated by filtration, washed 3 times with purified water (150 mL), methanol (450 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 90 minutes. After removing methanol by filtration, the cells were washed 3 times with methanol (150 mL). Next, it was dried under heating and reduced pressure (60 ° C.) to obtain a brown solid (yield 54.4%).
- Synthesis Example 2 Thiolmelamine compound raw material 1 (2-chloro-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine; 1.45 g, 10 mmol (manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.)) and raw material 2 (2-aminoethane) Thiol; 771 mg, 10 mmol (manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) was suspended and dissolved in 25 mL of water in a reactor substituted with argon, and the mixture was stirred and refluxed for 3 hours. The clear solution was filtered, 2 mL of water containing 0.4 g of sodium hydroxide was added, and the mixture was stirred and refluxed for an additional hour.
- the reaction solution was returned to room temperature, the solid obtained by filtration was thoroughly washed with water, and then vacuum dried well to obtain the target thiolmelamine compound.
- ASAP-MS atmospheric pressure solid sample analysis probe mass spectrometry
- a peak of m / z 187 which is an ion of the product molecule + H, was observed, and the synthesis of the target product was confirmed.
- a 1 HNMR peak derived from an amino group different from that of raw material 1 was observed at 5.9 to 6.7 ppm, confirming the synthesis of the target product.
- Example 1 Durability test with melamine resin (1) Platinum catalyst (manufactured by Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo Co., Ltd., TEC10E50E; average particle size 2-3 nm) 5 mg of ultrapure water 5.14 mL and 2-propanol 1.62 mL mixed solvent The suspension was suspended in, and 3.6 ⁇ L of this suspension was dropped onto a glassy carbon electrode (area: 0.0707 cm 2) having a diameter of 3 mm manufactured by BAS Co., Ltd. and dried.
- Platinum catalyst manufactured by Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo Co., Ltd., TEC10E50E; average particle size 2-3 nm
- ultrapure water 5.14 mL
- 2-propanol 1.62 mL mixed solvent
- the suspension was suspended in, and 3.6 ⁇ L of this suspension was dropped onto a glassy carbon electrode (area: 0.0707 cm 2) having a diameter of 3 mm manufactured by BAS Co., Ltd. and dried.
- This catalyst-modified electrode was used as the working electrode, the reversible hydrogen electrode was used as the reference electrode, and the platinum coil was used as the counter electrode, and electrochemical measurement was performed using a three-electrode method.
- a 0.1 M aqueous solution of perchloric acid was used as the electrolytic solution.
- the cyclic voltammogram was measured under an argon atmosphere, and then the gas atmosphere was changed to oxygen, and the linear sweep voltammogram was measured from the low potential side. This evaluated the oxygen reduction activity when a catalyst containing neither a melamine resin nor a thiolamine compound was used.
- the electrode was taken out and immersed in a pyridine solution (0.7 mmol / L) of the melamine resin (1) for 10 minutes to adsorb the melamine resin (1) on the platinum catalyst, and then the same measurement as before the immersion was performed again. went. This makes it possible to evaluate the oxygen reduction activity of the catalyst in which the melamine resin (1) is supported on platinum. At this time, the coverage of the platinum catalyst with the melamine resin (1) calculated from ECSA was 65%.
- 3.6 ⁇ L of Nafion solution (a solution obtained by adding 27 ⁇ L of Nafion (Aldrich 5 wt%) to a mixed solvent of 5.14 mL of water + 1.62 mL of 2-propanol) was added dropwise to the catalyst-modified electrode carrying the melamine resin (1) at room temperature.
- the dried electrode is the working electrode
- the reversible hydrogen electrode is the reference electrode
- the platinum coil is the counter electrode
- the electrolytic solution is a 0.1 M perchloric acid aqueous solution
- the working electrode is set to 0.6 V at 77 ° C.
- a durability test was conducted in which a rectangular wave potential cycle held for 3 seconds and held at 1.0 V for 3 seconds was applied for 10,000 cycles. After that, the same measurement as before immersion was performed. Thereby, the oxygen reduction activity after the durability test when the catalyst containing the melamine resin (1) is used can be evaluated.
- Mass activity [1 / (amount of platinum on the electrode (g))] ⁇ (current value at 0.9V) (current value at 0.38V) / [(current value at 0.38V)-(0) Current value at .9V)] Calculated by
- the current value at 0.38 V represents the upper limit current value limited by mass transfer
- the mass activity value is a value that reflects only the catalytic activity excluding the effect of mass transfer. ..
- the mass activity at a potential of 0.9 V vs RHE was 410 Ag Pt -1 before immersion (before carrying melamine resin (1)) and 371 Ag Pt ⁇ after immersion (after supporting melamine resin (1)). Although it was 1, it became 450 Ag Pt -1 after the endurance test, and after the endurance test, the mass activity at a potential of 0.9 V vs RHE could be maintained at about 110%, deterioration was suppressed by the endurance test, and oxidation was performed. The reducing activity was high, and the overvoltage could be maintained at a low level.
- Example 2 Durability test with melamine resin (2) Platinum catalyst (manufactured by Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo Co., Ltd., TEC10E50E; average particle size 2-3 nm) 5 mg of ultrapure water 5.14 mL and 2-propanol 1.62 mL mixed solvent The suspension was suspended in, and 3.6 ⁇ L of this suspension was dropped onto a glassy carbon electrode (area: 0.0707 cm 2) having a diameter of 3 mm manufactured by BAS Co., Ltd. and dried.
- Platinum catalyst manufactured by Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo Co., Ltd., TEC10E50E; average particle size 2-3 nm
- This catalyst-modified electrode was used as the working electrode, the reversible hydrogen electrode was used as the reference electrode, and the platinum coil was used as the counter electrode, and electrochemical measurement was performed using a three-electrode method.
- a 0.1 M aqueous solution of perchloric acid was used as the electrolytic solution.
- the cyclic voltammogram was measured under an argon atmosphere, and then the gas atmosphere was changed to oxygen, and the linear sweep voltammogram was measured from the low potential side. This evaluated the oxygen reduction activity when a catalyst containing neither a melamine resin nor a thiolamine compound was used.
- Example 1 3.6 ⁇ L of Nafion solution (a solution obtained by adding 27 ⁇ L of Nafion (Aldrich 5 wt%) to a mixed solvent of 5.14 mL of water + 1.62 mL of 2-propanol) was added dropwise to the catalyst-modified electrode carrying the melamine resin (2) at room temperature.
- the dried electrode is the working electrode
- the reversible hydrogen electrode is the reference electrode
- the platinum coil is the counter electrode
- the electrolytic solution is a 0.1 M perchloric acid aqueous solution
- the working electrode is set to 0.6 V at 77 ° C.
- a durability test was conducted in which a rectangular wave potential cycle held for 3 seconds and held at 1.0 V for 3 seconds was applied for 10,000 cycles. After that, the same measurement as before immersion was performed. Thereby, the oxygen reduction activity after the durability test when the catalyst containing the melamine resin (2) is used can be evaluated.
- the mass activity per 1 g of platinum was used as in Example 1.
- the mass activity at a potential of 0.9 V vs RHE was 409 Ag Pt- 1 before immersion (before carrying melamine resin (2)) and 501 Ag Pt ⁇ after immersion (after supporting melamine resin (2)). Although it was 1, it became 397 Ag Pt- 1 after the endurance test, and after the endurance test, the mass activity at a potential of 0.9 V vs RHE could be maintained at about 97%, deterioration was suppressed by the endurance test, and oxidation was performed. The reducing activity was high, and the overvoltage could be maintained at a low level.
- Example 3 Durability test with thiol melamine compound Platinum catalyst (manufactured by Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo Co., Ltd., TEC10E50E; average particle size 2-3 nm) is suspended in a mixed solvent of 5.14 mL of ultrapure water and 1.62 mL of 2-propanol. After turbidity, 3.6 ⁇ L of this suspension was added dropwise to a glassy carbon electrode (area: 0.0707 cm 2 ) having a diameter of 3 mm manufactured by BAS Co., Ltd. and dried.
- Platinum catalyst manufactured by Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo Co., Ltd., TEC10E50E; average particle size 2-3 nm
- This catalyst-modified electrode was used as the working electrode, the reversible hydrogen electrode was used as the reference electrode, and the platinum coil was used as the counter electrode, and electrochemical measurement was performed using a three-electrode method.
- a 0.1 M aqueous solution of perchloric acid was used as the electrolytic solution.
- the cyclic voltammogram was measured under an argon atmosphere, and then the gas atmosphere was changed to oxygen, and the linear sweep voltammogram was measured from the low potential side. This evaluated the oxygen reduction activity when a catalyst containing neither a melamine resin nor a thiolamine compound was used.
- the electrode was taken out and immersed in an acetone solution (0.7 mmol / L) of the thiol melamine compound for 10 minutes to adsorb the thiol melamine compound on the platinum catalyst, and then the same measurement as before the immersion was performed again.
- This makes it possible to evaluate the oxygen reduction activity of the catalyst in which the thiolamine compound is supported on platinum.
- the coverage of the platinum catalyst with the thiolmelamine compound calculated from ECSA was 47%.
- 3.6 ⁇ L of Nafion solution (a solution in which 27 ⁇ L of Nafion (Aldrich 5 wt%) was added to a mixed solvent of 5.14 mL of water + 1.62 mL of 2-propanol) was added dropwise to the catalyst-modified electrode carrying the thiol melamine compound and dried at room temperature.
- the working electrode is the working electrode
- the reversible hydrogen electrode is the reference electrode
- the platinum coil is the counter electrode
- the electrolytic solution is a 0.1 M perchloric acid aqueous solution
- the working electrode is set to 0.6 V at 77 ° C. for 3 seconds.
- a durability test was conducted in which a rectangular wave potential cycle of holding and holding at 1.0 V for 3 seconds was applied for 2800 cycles. After that, the same measurement as before immersion was performed. This makes it possible to evaluate the oxygen reduction activity after the durability test when a catalyst containing a thiolamine compound is used. As an index of activity, the mass activity per 1 g of platinum was used as in Example 1.
- the mass activity potential at 0.9V vs RHE, before immersion (thiol melamine compound carrying ago) is 330Ag Pt -1
- after immersion (after thiol melamine compound carrying) was 468Ag Pt -1
- the mass activity at a potential of 0.9 V vs RHE can be maintained at about 120%, deterioration is suppressed by the endurance test, and the redox activity is high. , The overvoltage could be kept small.
- Comparative Example 1 Durability test using a non-supported platinum catalyst 5 mg of a platinum catalyst (TEC10E50E manufactured by Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo Co., Ltd .; average particle size 2-3 nm) was used as a mixed solvent of 5.14 mL of ultrapure water and 1.62 mL of 2-propanol. The suspension was suspended, and 3.6 ⁇ L of this suspension was dropped onto a glassy carbon electrode (area: 0.0707 cm 2 ) having a diameter of 3 mm manufactured by BAS Co., Ltd. and dried.
- TEC10E50E manufactured by Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo Co., Ltd . average particle size 2-3 nm
- This catalyst-modified electrode was used as the working electrode, the reversible hydrogen electrode was used as the reference electrode, and the platinum coil was used as the counter electrode, and electrochemical measurement was performed using a three-electrode method.
- a 0.1 M aqueous solution of perchloric acid was used as the electrolytic solution.
- the cyclic voltammogram was measured under an argon atmosphere, and then the gas atmosphere was changed to oxygen, and the linear sweep voltammogram was measured from the low potential side. At this time, the electrode was rotated at 1600 rpm. This evaluated the oxygen reduction activity when a catalyst containing neither a melamine resin nor a thiolamine compound was used.
- 3.6 ⁇ L of Nafion solution (a solution obtained by adding 27 ⁇ L of Nafion (Aldrich 5 wt%) to a mixed solvent of 5.14 mL of water + 1.62 mL of 2-propanol) was added dropwise to this catalyst-modified electrode, and the electrode dried at room temperature was acted on.
- the electrode is a reversible hydrogen electrode
- the platinum coil is the counter electrode
- the electrolytic solution is a 0.1 M perchloric acid aqueous solution
- the working electrode is held at 0.7 ° C for 3 seconds at 77 ° C.
- a durability test was conducted in which a rectangular wave potential cycle held at 0 V for 3 seconds was applied to 2800 cycles or 10000 cycles.
- the mass activity per 1 g of platinum calculated from the current at a potential of 0.9 V vs RHE was 468 Ag Pt -1 before the endurance test in the endurance test of 2800 cycles, but after the endurance test.
- was 225 Ag Pt -1 and in the 10000 cycle endurance test, it was 532 Ag Pt -1 before the endurance test, but after the endurance test it became 257 Ag Pt -1 , and in each case, the potential was 0 after the endurance test.
- the mass activity at .9 V vs RHE was about 48%, and because it deteriorated by the durability test, the redox activity became low and the overvoltage became large.
- Comparative Example 2 Durability test using melamine resin (3) Platinum catalyst (manufactured by Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo Co., Ltd., TEC10E50E; average particle size 2-3 nm) 5 mg of ultrapure water 5.14 mL and 2-propanol 1.62 mL mixed solvent The suspension was suspended in, and 3.6 ⁇ L of this suspension was added dropwise to a glassy carbon electrode (surface area: 0.0707 cm 2 ) manufactured by BAS Co., Ltd., and dried.
- Platinum catalyst manufactured by Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo Co., Ltd., TEC10E50E; average particle size 2-3 nm
- This catalyst-modified electrode was used as the working electrode, the reversible hydrogen electrode was used as the reference electrode, and the platinum coil was used as the counter electrode, and electrochemical measurement was performed using a three-electrode method.
- a 0.1 M aqueous solution of perchloric acid was used as the electrolytic solution.
- the cyclic voltammogram was measured under an argon atmosphere, and then the gas atmosphere was changed to oxygen, and the linear sweep voltammogram was measured from the low potential side. This evaluated the oxygen reduction activity when a catalyst containing neither a melamine resin nor a thiolamine compound was used.
- Example 1 3.6 ⁇ L of Nafion solution (a solution obtained by adding 27 ⁇ L of Nafion (Aldrich 5 wt%) to a mixed solvent of 5.14 mL of water + 1.62 mL of 2-propanol) was added dropwise to the catalyst-modified electrode carrying the melamine resin (3) at room temperature.
- the dried electrode is the working electrode
- the reversible hydrogen electrode is the reference electrode
- the platinum coil is the counter electrode
- the electrolytic solution is a 0.1 M perchloric acid aqueous solution
- the working electrode is set to 0.6 V at 77 ° C.
- a durability test was conducted in which a rectangular wave potential cycle held for 3 seconds and held at 1.0 V for 3 seconds was applied to 2800 cycles and 10000 cycles. After that, the same measurement as before immersion was performed. Thereby, the oxygen reduction activity after the durability test when the catalyst containing the melamine resin (3) is used can be evaluated.
- the mass activity per 1 g of platinum was used as in Example 1.
- the mass activity at a potential of 0.9 V vs RHE was 440 Ag Pt -1 before immersion (before carrying melamine resin (3)) and after immersion (melamine resin (3)) in the durability test of 2800 cycles.
- the electrochemical oxygen reduction catalyst of the present invention can be used for, for example, an air electrode (cathode electrode) of a fuel cell, a metal-air battery, or the like.
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Abstract
Description
メラミン化合物をモノマーとする重合体及びチオールメラミン化合物よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種と
を含有する電気化学的酸素還元用触媒であって、
前記メラミン化合物をモノマーとする重合体が、一般式(1):
で表される繰り返し単位を有する重合体であり、
前記チオールメラミン化合物が、一般式(2):
で表されるチオールメラミン化合物である、電気化学的酸素還元用触媒。
、又は一般式(1B):
で表される繰り返し単位を有する重合体である、項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学的酸素還元用触媒。
本発明の電気化学的酸素還元用触媒は、電気化学的に酸素還元するために用いられる触媒であり、白金を含有するナノ粒子と、メラミン化合物をモノマーとする重合体及びチオールメラミン化合物よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種とを含有する。より詳細には、酸素還元活性や、実用的な温度条件である70~85℃における耐久性等の観点から、メラミン化合物をモノマーとする重合体及びチオールメラミン化合物よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種が、白金を含有するナノ粒子上に担持されていることが好ましい。すなわち、白金を含有するナノ粒子が、これらの化合物により覆われていることが好ましい。本発明の電気化学的酸素還元用触媒は、当該メラミン化合物をモノマーとする重合体及びチオールメラミン化合物を単独で含むこともできるし、2種類以上含むこともできる。
白金を含有するナノ粒子としては、従来から燃料電池用空気極に用いられる触媒を使用することができる。例えば、白金ナノ粒子、白金合金ナノ粒子、白金を含むコアシェル型ナノ粒子等が挙げられる。
[1-2-1]メラミン化合物をモノマーとする重合体
メラミン化合物をモノマーとする重合体は、一般式(1):
で表される繰り返し単位を有する重合体である。
、又は一般式(1B):
で表される繰り返し単位を有する重合体が好ましい。
で表されるメラミン樹脂とすることもできる。
メラミン化合物をモノマーとする重合体の重合度(一般式(3)で表されるメラミン樹脂の場合はnに相当する)は、特に限定はないが、実用的な温度条件である70~85℃における耐久性をさらに向上させ、また、酸化還元活性をさらに向上させる(過電圧をさらに小さくする)ことで白金の使用量をより低減する観点から、その平均的(代表的)重合度は2~1000が好ましく、3~500がより好ましい。
チオールメラミン化合物は、一般式(2):
で表されるチオールメラミン化合物である。
上記の白金を含有するナノ粒子は導電性担体に担持させることにより、導電性をより向上させることができ、且つ、白金使用量を減少させることができる。導電性担体としては、従来から酸素を電気化学的に還元するための触媒の導電性担体に使用されるものであれば特に制限はなく、例えば、カーボンブラック(ケッチェンブラック、ファーネスブラック、アセチレンブラック等)、活性炭、黒鉛、グラッシーカーボン等の炭素質材料やスズやチタン等の導電性酸化物を挙げることができる。これらのなかでは、導電性と表面積の観点から、カーボンブラックが好ましい。
本発明の電気化学的酸素還元用触媒の形状は特に制限はなく、空気極の形状に沿った形状とすることが好ましい。
本発明の電気化学的酸化還元用触媒の製造方法は特に制限されない。例えば、溶解乾燥法、塗布法、気相法等の方法により、白金を含有するナノ粒子上に上記したメラミン化合物をモノマーとする重合体及びチオールメラミン化合物よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種を担持させることができる。
本発明の空気極は、上記した本発明の電気化学的酸素還元用触媒を用いた燃料電池用(特に固体高分子形燃料電池用、リン酸形燃料電池用等)又は金属空気電池用の空気極である。
メラミン樹脂(1)は以下の方法により合成した。1,3-フェニレンジアミンに反応溶媒の1-メチル-2-ピロリジノンを加えて窒素置換しつつ攪拌溶解させ、次に2-アミノ-4,6-ジクロロ-1,3,5-トリアジンを添加して攪拌溶解させ、次いで炭酸カリウムを添加して15分間攪拌分散させた。150℃のオイルバスで85時間攪拌したのち、室温まで冷却してアンモニア水(28%,30mL)を含む精製水(3000mL)に滴下し、30分間攪拌した。析出物を濾別して精製水(150mL)を用いて3度洗浄したのち、メタノール(450mL)を添加して90分間攪拌した。濾別によりメタノールを取り除いたのち、メタノール(150mL)を用いて3度洗浄した。次に加熱減圧下(60℃)で乾固することにより褐色固体を得た(収率54.4%)。
原料1(2-クロロ-4,6-ジアミノ-1,3,5-トリアジン;1.45g,10mmol(東京化成工業株式会社製))と原料2(2-アミノエタンチオール;771mg,10mmol(東京化成工業株式会社製))とをアルゴン置換した反応器内で25mLの水に懸濁・溶解し、3時間撹拌及び還流した。透明になった溶液を濾過し、0.4gの水酸化ナトリウムを含む水2mLを加えてさらに1時間撹拌及び還流した。その後反応液を常温に戻し、濾過して得られた固体をよく水で洗浄した後、よく真空乾燥させて目的物であるチオールメラミン化合物を得た。ASAP-MS(大気圧固体試料分析プローブ質量分析)を測定すると、生成物分子+Hのイオンであるm/z187のピークが観測され、目的物の合成が確認された。また、原料1とは異なるアミノ基由来の1HNMRピークが5.9~6.7ppmに観測され、目的物の合成が確認された。
白金触媒(田中貴金属工業(株)製,TEC10E50E;平均粒子径2-3nm)5mgを超純水5.14mLと2-プロパノール1.62mLの混合溶媒に懸濁し、この懸濁液3.6μLをビー・エー・エス(株)製の直径3mmのグラッシーカーボン電極(面積:0.0707cm2)に滴下して、乾燥させた。
質量活性=[1/(電極上の白金量(g))]×(0.9Vでの電流値)(0.38Vでの電流値)/[(0.38Vでの電流値)-(0.9Vでの電流値)]
によって算出した。
白金触媒(田中貴金属工業(株)製,TEC10E50E;平均粒子径2-3nm)5mgを超純水5.14mLと2-プロパノール1.62mLの混合溶媒に懸濁し、この懸濁液3.6μLをビー・エー・エス(株)製の直径3mmのグラッシーカーボン電極(面積:0.0707cm2)に滴下して、乾燥させた。
白金触媒(田中貴金属工業(株)製,TEC10E50E;平均粒子径2-3nm)5mgを超純水5.14mLと2-プロパノール1.62mLの混合溶媒に懸濁し、この懸濁液3.6μLをビー・エー・エス(株)製の直径3mmのグラッシーカーボン電極(面積:0.0707cm2)に滴下して、乾燥させた。
白金触媒(田中貴金属工業(株)製,TEC10E50E;平均粒子径2-3nm)5mgを超純水5.14mLと2-プロパノール1.62mLの混合溶媒に懸濁し、この懸濁液3.6μLをビー・エー・エス(株)製の直径3mmのグラッシーカーボン電極(面積:0.0707cm2)に滴下して、乾燥させた。
白金触媒(田中貴金属工業(株)製,TEC10E50E;平均粒子径2-3nm)5mgを超純水5.14mLと2-プロパノール1.62mLの混合溶媒に懸濁し、この懸濁液3.6μLをビー・エー・エス(株)製のグラッシーカーボン電極(表面積:0.0707cm2)に滴下して、乾燥させた。
Claims (15)
- 白金を含有するナノ粒子と、
メラミン化合物をモノマーとする重合体及びチオールメラミン化合物よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種と
を含有する電気化学的酸素還元用触媒であって、
前記メラミン化合物をモノマーとする重合体が、一般式(1):
で表される繰り返し単位を有する重合体であり、
前記チオールメラミン化合物が、一般式(2):
で表されるチオールメラミン化合物である、電気化学的酸素還元用触媒。 - 前記メラミン化合物をモノマーとする重合体及び前記チオールメラミン化合物よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種は、前記白金を含有するナノ粒子の上に担持されている、請求項1に記載の電気化学的酸素還元用触媒。
- 白金表面からの水素脱着に起因する電気量から評価される、白金を含有するナノ粒子の電気化学的有効表面積(ECSA)の10~80%が、メラミン化合物をモノマーとする重合体及びチオールメラミン化合物よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種で覆われている、請求項2に記載の電気化学的酸素還元用触媒。
- 前記メラミン化合物をモノマーとする重合体が、一般式(1A):
、又は一般式(1B):
で表される繰り返し単位を有する重合体である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学的酸素還元用触媒。 - 前記一般式(1A)において、R8、R9、R10及びR11がいずれも水素原子である、請求項4に記載の電気化学的酸素還元用触媒。
- 前記一般式(1B)において、R8a、R9a、R10a及びR11aの少なくとも1つがスルホン酸又はその誘導体基(-SO3M;Mは水素原子、アルカリ金属原子又はNH4を示す。)で置換されたアルキル基であり、その他が水素原子である、請求項4又は5に記載の電気化学的酸素還元用触媒。
- 前記一般式(1B)において、R12が置換若しくは非置換アルキレン基である、請求項4~6のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学的酸素還元用触媒。
- 前記一般式(2)において、R1、R2、R3、R4、R5及びR6がいずれも水素原子である、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学的酸素還元用触媒。
- 前記一般式(2)において、R7が置換若しくは非置換アルキレン基である、請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学的酸素還元用触媒。
- 導電性担体上に担持されている、請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学的酸素還元用触媒。
- 前記導電性担体が炭素質材料である、請求項10に記載の電気化学的酸素還元用触媒。
- 燃料電池用カソード触媒である、請求項1~11のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学的酸素還元用触媒。
- 請求項1~12のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学的酸素還元用触媒を用いた、燃料電池用又は金属空気電池用の空気極。
- 請求項13に記載の空気極を正極として用いた、燃料電池。
- 請求項13に記載の空気極を正極として用いた、金属空気電池。
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